System

The elevators can be broadly classified as either:

1. Electric traction type or
2. Hydraulic type.

ELECTRIC TRACTION TYPE HYDRAULIC TYPE

•Traction elevators have an elevator car and •Hydraulic elevators, on the other hand, are raised
counterweight attached to opposite ends of hoist by forcing pressurized oil through a valve into a
ropes. The hoist ropes pass over a driving steel cylinder located above ground or
machine that raises and lowers the car. Traction underground. The pressure forces a piston to rise,
elevators run on load-bearing rails in the elevator lifting the elevator platform and car enclosure
hoistway. mounted on it. The car is lowered by opening the
valve and allowing the weight of the car to force oil
•Traction elevators are most often used in mid- from the cylinder in a controlled manner. When the
rise and high-rise buildings with five or more valve is closed the car is stopped. Since the weight
floors. of hydraulic elevator cars is borne by the piston,
there is no need for a structural framework or
load-bearing rails.

•Hydraulic elevators are commonly found in low-

rise buildings with two to five floors.
ELECTRIC TRACTION TYPE

LIFT
COMPONENTS
 Compensating
LIFT Chain
SYSTEMS
LIFT LIFT LIFT LIFT
COMP (1) COMP (2) COMP (3) COMP (4)

[Source: CIBSE Guide D]

HYDRAULIC TYPE
 Hydraulic lift
– Advantages:
• Capacity for very heavy loads (eg. Goods
Lift)
• Accuracy in floor leveling
• Smooth ride characteristics
• Low-level plant room
• No structural loads from winding gear
• Pump room can be located up to 10 m from
the shaft
• Maximum travel of 21 m; speed up to 0.75
m/s

Hydraulic lift
– Jack arrangements
• Direct-acting
• Single side-acting: direct or indirect
• Twin side-acting: direct or indirect
– Power units
• Tank or oil reservoir
• Pump
• Pump motor (e.g. single-speed AC
induction type)
• Flow control valve block

[Source: CIBSE Guide D]

Advantages :
• Need no motor room
• The entire lift system located
within the lift shaft .
• The smooth and quiet
driving unit (situated within
the head of the shaft) work
most efficiently with the
counter-weight system greatly
reducing power consumption.
• These systems are also
simple to maintain, without
the need of oils that need
replacing after a number of
years.

Disadvantages :
• Not suitable for heavy use.

Specifications:
• Capacities of 4 persons up to
33 persons.
• Maximum travel – 80m.

7
 Item Description

Main Switch Provides the main electrical power to the lift. The power is usually 415
volts A.C, 3 phase.
Lift Controller Controls the lift’s movement and signals using electrical and
electronic circuits.
Hoisting Motor Provides force for vertical movement of the lifts.

Brake A very important Safety Equipment in the lift system. The Brakes hold
the lift in its position when the lift is not travelling.
Gearbox (For Geared Changes the force ratio and rotation to attain the desire travelling
Machine) speed.

Bearing To reduce friction during rotation of the pulley, wheels and gears.

Governor An automatic device which brings the lift car or counterweight or

both to rest by operating the safety gear in the event of the speed in a
downward direction exceeding the predetermined speed limit.
Stop the lift if the speed exceeds certain value.
It is actuated by centrifugal force and trips a switch when the motor
speed has increased 20 percent over its rated nameplate speed.

LIFT
COMPONENTS
 Item Description

Guide Rail Installed inside the lift shaft. Its function is to guide the car and
counterweight vertical movement inside the lift shaft.
Overrun Clamp A safety device. Keeps the lift within fixed upper and lower limits.
Will stop the lift if the limits are exceeded.
Car Operating Panel Installed inside the lift car, normally nearest to the car entrance. The
COP consists of push button or other device employed to actuate the
control equipment of the lift car.
Car Door Means the hinged or sliding portion of a lift car controlling access to
the lift car.
Counterweight To counter balance the lift car. Normally the counterweight is 50% of
the car capacity plus the overall weight of an empty lift car.

Balance the lift to reduce the power usage.

Compensating Ropes Rope or chain suspended from the car frame and / or the counter
weight to balance the weight or part of the weight of the suspension
ropes throughout the travel of the lift car.

LIFT
COMPONENTS
 Item Description

Landing Indicator A device that indicates the position of the elevator car in the
hoistway.

It is called a hall position indicator when placed at a landing, or car

position indicator when placed in the car.
Buffer A device at the lift pit. It is designed to stop a descending car or
counterweight beyond normal limit of travel by storing or absorbing
and dissipating the kinetic energy of the car or counterweight.
Act as a cushion .
-SPRING BUFFER : FOR SLOW SPEED LIFT
-OIL BUFFER : FOR HIGH SPEED LIFT
Landing Door Door installed at every landing where the lift serves the floor. The
landing doors will remain closed when the lift is not there. This landing
doors open and close automatically when the lift car is at that particular
landing.
Locking A device that is installed at all landing doors and gates. The unlocking
is controlled by the position of the lift car and includes the gate lock. A
special key allows authorised personnel to unlock and open the
doors. Client are discourage to be in possession of any landing door
keys.
LIFT
COMPONENTS
 Item Description

Landing Calls (Call Button) Enable the users to call the lift.

Wire Ropes :

Main Hoisting Ropes Used to suspend the lift car and counter weight.

Governor Rope To operate the overspeed governor and safety gears.

Magnetic Switch A switch that triggers when a magnetic field passes it.

Shaft Information Contains a magnets that work in conjunction with the magnetic
switches. There are other types of shaft information that are installed
with the more advance lift (e.g : Dual Tacho Feedback). Basically the
shaft information sends electrical signals to the lift controller via
travelling cables so that the controller knows where the lift is and able
to instruct the lift to slow down and to stop accurately at the landing, to
open or close the lift door.

LIFT
COMPONENTS
 • Categories of Lift
• Major lift components:
– Prime mover
– (electric – geared/gearless & motor roomless or hydraulic)
– Lift car (car frame, the car itself)
– Counterweight
– Guide rails
– Entrances/Doors
– Safety gear & overspeed governor
– Buffers (energy accumulation, energy dissipation)
– Car & landing fixtures (buttons, indicators & switches)
– Roping systems (compensating ropes, traction ropes)

LIFT SYSTEM
 Gearless
In gearless elevators the motor turns the sheave directly. A
brake is mounted between the motor and drive sheave to hold
the elevator stationary at a floor. This brake is usually an
external drum type, which is actuated by spring force.

Gearless traction elevators are specified for high-speed

applications having effective speeds varying from 2.5 m/s
(400 fpm) to 10.0 m/s (2000 fpm). These are generally used
on taller structures with more than 10 stories. In terms of
energy performance, gearless drive has no gear transmission
loss thus have a transmission efficiency of 100%.

Gearless traction machines use low torque electric motors

(generally DC motors) driven by motor generator (MG) drive or
silicon-controlled rectifiers (SCR).

Modern gearless traction machines use variable-voltage;

variable frequency (VVVF) drives systems.

[Source: CIBSE Guide D]

 Geared
In a geared machine, the motor turns a gear train that rotates
the sheave. Geared traction machines are used for medium-
speed applications and have effective speeds from 0.5 m/s
(100 fpm) to 2.0 m/s (400 fpm). The slower speeds are for
freight operation, while the higher speeds are typically used
for passenger service in mid-rise buildings of ten stories
or less.

The geared elevator system most commonly use a worm gear

reducer, which is composed of a worm gear, typically called
the worm, and a larger round gear, typically called the worm
gear.

These two gears which have rotational axes perpendicular to

each other that not only decreases the rotational speed of the
traction pulley, but also change the plane of rotation.

By decreasing the rotation speed, we are also increasing the

output torque, therefore, adding the ability to lift larger objects
for a given pulley diameter.

A worm gear is chosen over other types of gearing possibilities

because of its compactness, precise speed control, quite
operation and its ability to withstand higher shock loads. It can
also be easily attached to the motor shaft and has high
resistance to reverse shaft rotation.

[Source: CIBSE Guide D]

 GUIDE RAIL: Installed inside the lift shaft. Its function is to
guide the car and counterweight vertical movement inside the
lift shaft.

[Source: CIBSE Guide D]

 COUNTER WEIGHT : To counter balance the lift car. Normally the counterweight
is 50% of the car capacity plus the overall weight of an empty lift car. Balance the
lift to reduce the power usage.

[Source: CIBSE Guide D]

[Source: CIBSE Guide D]
 DOOR OPERATOR : A motor-driven device mounted on the car
which opens and closes the car doors.
[Source: CIBSE Guide D]
 LANDING DOOR:
Door installed at every landing
where the lift serves the floor.
The landing doors will remain
closed when the lift is not there.
This landing doors open and
close automatically when the
lift car is at that particular
landing.

CAR DOOR:
Means the hinged or sliding
portion of a lift car controlling
access to the lift car.

[Source: CIBSE Guide D]

 GOVERNOR:
An automatic device which brings the
lift car or counterweight or both to
rest by operating the safety gear in
the event of the speed in a
downward direction exceeding the
predetermined speed limit.

Stop the lift if the speed exceeds

certain value.

- Consist of a sheave, flyweights and

rope clamping device.

[Source: CIBSE Guide D]

SAFETY GEAR
Is the term given to a
mechanical clamping
device located on the
car, the prime function of
which is to grip the guide
rails to prevent the
uncontrolled descent of
the car if the lifting ropes
were to part.

The safety gear will

usually be located under
the car frame.

[Source: CIBSE Guide D]

BUFFERS:
Are placed below the car
and counterweight to
arrest them should they
over travel into the lift pit.

There are two type of

buffers :

SPRING BUFFER : For

slow speed lift.

OIL BUFFER : For high

speed lift.

[Source: CIBSE Guide D]

 Typical lift machine room

[Source: http://www.elevator-world.com]
 Geared machine and baseplate assembly

[Source: http://www.elevator-world.com]
CEILING PANEL
CALL BUTTON
CAR OPERATING PANEL (COP)
INDICATOR
Roping Arrangements :

A roping system is used to attach

the motor/gear reducer, the
elevator car and the
counterweight. There are many
different kinds of arrangements
that can be used; the two most
common are:

1. One to One roping (1:1) also

called traction drum
arrangement

1. Two to One Roping (2:1) also

called lifting drum
arrangement.
• PASSENGER LIFTS

• BED / PASSENGER LIFTS

• GOOD / SERVICE LIFTS

• FIREMAN’S LIFT

• OKU LIFT

NEXT
• PASSENGER LIFT
Capacity : 6 to 23 people (1600kg)
Speed : 1 to 3 m/s

• BEDS/PASSENGER
Capacity : 23 people (1600 kg)
Speed : 1 to 1.6 m/s
NEXT
• GOODS/SERVICE
Capacity : >900 kg
Speed : 0.5 to 3.5 m/s

• OKU LIFT
Capacity : 1430KG
Speed : 1m/s
Floor Area : 1800mm. X 1800mm (For Whleed Chair)
For Building More Than 7.4m

NEXT
• Firefighting or fireman’s lift
– Specific provisions include
• Break-glass key switch (at G/F to control the lift)
• Min. duty load, say 630 kg (for firefighting
equipment)
• Min. internal dimensions (m), 1.1(W) x 1.4(D) x
2.0(H)
• An emergency hatch in the car roof
• Manufactured from non-combustible material
• A two-way intercom
• 1 hour fire-resisting doors of 0.8 m (W) x 2 m (H)
• A max. of 60 sec to run full building height
• Dual power supplies (normal + emergency) NEXT
Lift Shaft
• Lift shaft should have the following features:
– Water-tightness (Water proofing)
– Means of drainage
– Smooth painted finish
– Permanent inspection lights
– Have no other services (except this for the lift)
• SPEED GOVERNOR
Mechanical and electrical, stop the lift when over speeding
(prevent overspeeding) – 110% of rated speed.

• BUFFER
Spring or oil, to stop lift car and/or counterweight
should it overtravel downwards.

• SAFETY GEAR
Stops the lift should it overspeed in the downwards
direction.

• BRAKE
Stops the lift in the failure of Normal supply and when
the lift stops at a landing.
• WORM GEAR
Non slipping even when machine is not running.

• ELECTRICAL FUSES
Prevent overloading of electrical equipment and
components.

• ROPES
Sufficient ropes with generous safety factor to
prevent any mishap (a minor mistake or accident)10
- 15 % safety factor.
• OVERLOAD NON-START
Micro switches beneath lift platform to prevent starting of
lift when it’s overload

• DOOR INTERLOCK
To ensure both car and landing doors are fully closed
before the lift starts moving. This is an electro-
mechanical interlock.

• DOOR SAFETY
Rectractable shoe, light ray, electronic door to prevent
closure of doors when an object e.g. a person etc is
present between the doors.
 The following shall be required and installed as JKR
No.
indicated : REQUIREMENT
**

1 Load weighing device / Load By-Pass (80% of Required

rated load)

2 Limited door reversal Control (Safety Edge) Required

(The door will automatically stop and reverse
when obstructed)
3 Door knudging control Required

4 Advance Door Opening (For High Speed Lift Only Required

– 2.5 m/sec and above)

5 Automatic fan and light cut-off (For Energy Required

Saving)
6 Dual Tacho Feedback Required

7 Anti-Nuisence Function Designer’s

Decision

8 Attendant Service Control Required

9 Fire Alarm Operation Mode Required

10 Emergency power operational mode with Required

Generator Set Power Supply.

11 Lift Intercom System Required

12 Rechargeable nickle cadmium battery with Required

trickle charger unit via a change over
contact ( For 3 hr operational of exhaust
fan & fluorescent lamp)
13 Multibeam light curtain sensor Required

14 (EBOPS) Emergency Battery Operated Power Required

Supply:
A batteries operated device to provide
power for the lighting and fan in the
lift car when there is a power
failure. The batteries are trickle
charged by the main power under normal
circumstances. The minimum operation
time shall be no less than two (2)
15 Overload-Protection
hours. Device which shall Required
operate such that when the car becomes
overloaded the lift car shall not start and
an alarm both audio and visual on the
car panel shall be activated.

16 Emergency Car Light which shall cut in Required

and illuminate the car during a power
failure. The emergency car light shall be
powered by a Ni-Cd battery which shall be
able to provide illumination for not less
than 3 hours.
17 Lift Intercom System Required
Communication between the master unit
on ground Floor/Control Room, each lift
car and the machine room.

18 Lift supervisory board : Required

a. Computerised *
b. Non – Computerised *

19 Battery Power Supply : A heavy duty Required

12V, rechargeable Nickel-Cadium battery
with trickle charger unit shall be
provided for each lift to serve the alarm
bell, lift intercom system, emergency
lighting and ventilation fan, via a
changeover contact upon failure of normal
electrical power supply.

20 Fan Switch Required

21 Light Switch Required

22 A lift Attendant switch on the car operating Required

panel to facilitate loading and unloading of
goods.- For Goods Lift

23 Car Locking Device Required

The device that prevents lift
car from being opened from
inside the lift car when the
car is not positioned within
the landing zone. This will
prevent trapped passengers
exposing themselves to the
danger of falling down to the
lift shaft when trying to
escape from the lift car
unaided

24 Leveling accuracy to be within +/- 5 mm Required

25 Fire Rating for Landing Door
i) Protected Lobbies ---- 1 hr Required
ii) Unprotected Lobbies ---- 2 hrs

26 Automatic Rescue Device/ARD. Required

The Lifts shall be provided with
electronically controlled automatic rescue
device. The device shall operate
automatically to take the lift car to the
nearest floor and open the door in case of
power failure. The unit shall be wired and
assembled in an independent box and
shall be supplied complete with battery
charger.

27 **150mm wide stainless steel c/w rubber Required/Not

crash / bumper rails shall be provided at Required
suitable heights all round the lift car.
(optional features for designers to decide)
– Only for goods lift
Full load bypass

If the car load has exceeded 80% of the rated load or capacity of
the elevator, the elevator will automatically ignore all the hall calls in
the direction of service and respond car calls only. The hall calls
remain registered and will be served on the next trip (single car), or
by another elevator (group).
Nudging

If door are prevented from closing after an extended

period of time, nudging takes place (unless probihited by
law). During nudging, the doors start to close at a
reduced speed, and the door warning buzzer sounds
until the door fully closed.
Anti-nuisance function

All calls are automatically cancelled to avoid

unnecessary stops caused by registration of nuisance
car calls registered do not correlate with the car load.
 - SEKIAN –
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