Coordinators

.
 MEMBERS OF REVIEW COMMITTEE OF

S.No. Subject Expert Designation School

1. SH. PUNDRIKAKSH KAUDINYA PRINCIPAL RPVV, RAJ

Group Leader NIWAS MARG

4. MAYANK KUMAR SINGH LECTURER RPVV,

MEMBER SHALIMAR
BAGH

5. GARIMA SINGH SOLANKI LECTURER GGSSS

MEMBER C-BLOCK
DILSHAD
GARDEN

6 DEVINDER KUMAR LECTURER RPVV

MEMBER KISHAN GANJ

i
 CLASS XII (2017-18)
(THEORY)

Time: 3 hrs. Max. Marks: 70

No. of Marks
Periods
Unit-I Electrostatics 22
Chapter-1 : Electric Charges and Fields
Chapter-2: Electrostatic Potential and 15
Capacitance
Unit-II Current Electricity 20
Chapter-3: Current Electricity
Unit-III Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 22
Chapter-4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
Chapter-5: Magnetism and Matter 16
Unit-IV Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating 20
Currents
Chapter-6: Electromagnetic Induction
Chapter-7: Alternating Current
Unit-V Electromagnetic Waves 04
Chapter-8: Electromagnetic Waves
Unit-VI Optics 25 17
Chapter-9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Chapter-10: Wave Optics
Unit-VII Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 08
Chapter-11: Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Unit-VIII Atoms and Nuclei 14 10
Chapter-12: Atoms
Chapter-13: Nuclei
Unit-IX Electronic Devices 15
Chapter- 14: Semiconductor Electronics :
Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits 12
Unit-X Communication Systems 10
Chapter-15: Communication Systems
Total 160 70

ii
 SYLLABUS
Unit I : Electrostatics 22 Periods
Chapter-1: Electric Charges and Fields
Electric Charges; Conservation of charge; Coulomb’s law-force
between two point charges; forces between multiple charges;
superposition principle and continuous charge distribution.
Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines,
electric dipole, electric field due to a dipole, torque on a dipole in
uniform electric field.
Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s theorem and its applications to find
field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite
plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside
and outside).
Chapter-2: Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Electric potential; potential difference; electric potential due to a
point charge, a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces;
electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of
electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators; free charges and bound charges inside
a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation; capacitors and
capacitance; combination of capacitors in series and in parallel;
capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric
medium between the plates; energy stored in a capacitor.
Unit II : Current Electricity 20 Periods
Chapter-3: Current Electricity
Electric current; flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor;
drift velocity; mobility and their relation with electric current; Ohm’s
law; electrical resistance; V-l characteristics (linear and non-linear),
electrical energy and power; electrical resistivity and conductivity;
Carbon resistors; colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel
combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
Internal resistance of a cell; potential difference and emf of a cell;
combination of cells in series and in parallel; Kirchhoff’s laws and
simple applications; Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge.

iii
 Potentiometer - principle and its applications to measure potential
difference and for comparing EMF of two cells; measurement of
internal resistance of a cell.
Unit III : Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism 22 Periods
Chapter-4: Moving Charges and Magnetism
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot - Savart law
and its application to current carrying circular loop.
Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire.
Straight and toroidal solenoids (only qualitative treatment); force on
a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields; Cyclotron.
Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field;
force between two parallel current-carrying conductors-definition of
ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic
field; moving coil galvanometer-its current sensitivity and conversion
to ammeter and voltmeter.
Chapter-5: Magnetism and Matter
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment;
magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron; magnetic field
intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and
perpendicular to its axis; torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet)
in a uniform magnetic field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid;
magnetic field lines; earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements.
Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances, with examples.
Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths; permanent
magnets.
Unit IV : Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents 20 Periods
Chapter-6 : Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s laws, induced EMF and current;
Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual induction.
Chapter-7: Alternating Current
Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/
voltage; reactance and impedance; LC oscillations (qualitative
treatment only); LCR series circuit; resonance; power in AC circuits,
power factor; wattless current.
AC generator and transformer.

iv
 Unit V : Electromagnetic waves 04 Periods
Chapter-8 : Electromagnetic Waves
Basic idea of displacement current, Electromagnetic waves, their
characteristics, their Transverse nature (qualitative ideas only).
Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared,
visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays) including elementary facts
about their uses.
Unit VI : Optics 25 Periods
Chapter-9: Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
Ray Optics: Reflection of light; spherical mirrors; mirror formula;
refraction of light; total internal reflection and its applications;
optical; fibres; refraction at spherical surfaces; lenses; thin lens
formula; lensmaker’s formula; magnification, power of a lens;
combination of thin lenses in contact; refraction and dispersion of
light through a prism.
Scattering of light - blue colour of sky and reddish appearance of the
sun at sunrise and sunset.
Optical instruments: Microscopes and astronomical telescopes
(reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
Chapter-10 : Wave Optics
Wave optics: Wave front and Huygen’s principle; reflection and
refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts.
Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygen’s principle.
Interference; Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe
width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light; diffraction
due to a single slit; width of central maximum; resolving power of
microscope and astronomical telescope, polarisation; plane polarised
light; Brewster’s law; uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.
Unit VII : Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 08 Periods
Chapter-11 : Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
Dual nature of radiation; Photoelectric effect; Hertz and Lenard’s
observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of light.
Matter waves-wave nature of particles; de-Broglie relation; Davisson-
Germer experiment (experimental details should be omitted; only
conclusion should be explained).

v
 Unit VIII : Atoms and Nuclei 14 Periods
Chapter-12 : Atoms
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom;
Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.
Chapter-13: Nuclei
Composition and size of nucleus; Radioactivity; alpha, beta and
gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law.
Mass-energy relation; mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and
its variation with mass number; nuclear fission; nuclear fusion.
Unit IX : Electronic Devices 15 Periods
Chapter-14 : Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and
Simple Circuits
Energy bands in conductors; semiconductors and insulators
(qualitative ideas only) Semiconductor diode - I-V characteristics
in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier;
Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell
and Zener diode and their characteristics; zener diode as a voltage
regulator.
Junction transistor; transistor action; characteristics of a transistor and
transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration); basic idea
of analog and digital;signals Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND
and NOR).
Unit X : Communication Systems ‘ 10 Periods Chapter-15: Communication
Systems
Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth
of signals (speech, TV and digital data); bandwidth of transmission
medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere,
sky and space wave propagation, satellite communication. Need for
modulation, amplitude modulation.

vi
 PRACTICALS (Total Periods 60)
The record to be submitted by the students at the time of their annual
examination has to include :
 Record of at least 15 Experiments [with a minimum of 6 from each section],
to be performed by the students.
 Record of at least 5 Activities [with a minimum of 2 each from section A and
section B], to be demonstrated by the teachers.
 The Report of the project to be carried out by the students.

Evaluation Scheme
Time Allowed : Three hours Max. Marks: 30
Two experiments one from each section 8 + 8 Marks
Practical record [experiments and activities] 6 Marks
Investigatory Project 3 Marks
Viva on experiments, activities and project 5 Marks
Total 30 marks

SECTION-A

Experiments
1. To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph for
potential difference versus current.
2. To find resistance of a given wire using metre bridge and hence determine
the resistivity (specific resistance) of its material.
3. To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistances using a metre bridge.
4. To verify the laws of combination (parallel) of resistances using a metre
bridge.
5. To compare the EMF of two given primary cells using potentiometer.
6. To determine the internal resistance of given primary cell using potentiometer.
7. To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method and
to find its figure of merit.
8. To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit)
into a voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same.
9. To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit)
into an ammeter of desired range and to verify the same.
10. To find the frequency of AC mains with a sonometer.

vii
Activities
(For the purpose of demonstration only)
1. To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without
iron core.
2. To measure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and check continuity
of a given circuit using multimeter.
3. To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off)
switches, a fuse and a power source.
4. To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
5. To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady
current.
6. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery,
resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that
are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit
diagram.

SECTION-B

Experiments
1. To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a concave mirror
and to find the focal length.
2. To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex lens.
3. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and
v or between 1/u and 1/v.
4. To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.
5. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a
graph between angle of incidence and angle of deviation.
6. To determine refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
7. To find refractive index of a liquid by using convex lens and plane mirror.
8. To draw the I-V characteristic curve for a p-n junction in forward bias and
reverse bias.
9. To draw the characteristic curve of a zener diode and to determine its reverse
break down voltage.
10. To study the characteristic of a common - emitter npn or pnp transistor and
to find out the values of current and voltage gains.

viii
 Activities
(For the purpose of demonstration only)
1. To identify a diode, an LED, a transistor, an 1C, a resistor and a capacitor
from a mixed collection of such items.
2. Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of transistor, (ii) distinguish between
npn and pnp type transistors, (iii) see the unidirectional flow of current in
case of a diode and an LED, (iv) check whether a given electronic component
(e.g., diode, transistor or 1C) is in working order.
3. To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on
an LDR.
4. To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident
obliquely on a glass slab.
5. To observe polarization of light using two Polaroids.
6. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.
7. To study the nature and size of the image formed by a (i) convex lens, (ii)
concave mirror, on a screen by using a candle and a screen (for different
distances of the candle from the lens/mirror).
8. To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two
lenses from the given set of lenses.

Suggested Investigatory Projects

1. To study various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of a cell

depends.
2. To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit containing an LDR
because of a variation in
(a) the power of the incandescent lamp, used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR
(keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance).
(b) the distance of a incandescent lamp (of fixed power) used to ‘illuminate’
the LDR.
3. To find the refractive indices of (a) water (b) oil (transparent) using a plane
mirror, an equi convex lens (made from a glass of known refractive index)
and an adjustable object needle.
4. To design an appropriate logic gate combination for a given truth table.

ix
 5. To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) output and input voltage
and (ii) number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self
designed transformer.
6. To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of
incidence using a hollow prism filled one by one, with different transparent
fluids.
7. To estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical styrofoam
(or pith) balls suspended in a vertical plane by making use of Coulomb’s
law.
8. To set up a common base transistor circuit and to study its input and output
characteristic and to calculate its current gain.
9. To study the factor on which the self inductance of a coil depends by
observing the effect of this coil, when put in series with a resistor/(bulb) in
a circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable frequency.
10. To construct a switch using a transistor and to draw the graph between the
input and output voltage and mark the cut-off, saturation and active regions.
11. To study the earth’s magnetic field using a tangent galvanometer.

x
 Practical Examination for Visually Impaired
Students of Classes XI and XII
Evaluation Scheme

Time Allowed: Two hours Max. Marks: 30

Identification/ Familiarity with the apparatus 5 marks

Written test (based on given /prescribed practicals) 10 marks
Practical Record 5 marks
Viva 10 marks
Total 30 marks

General Guidelines
 The practical examination will be of two hour duration.
 A separate list of ten experiments is included here.
 The written examination in practicals for these students will be conducted at
the time of practical examination of all other students.
 The written test will be of 30 minutes duration.
 The question paper given to the students should be legibly typed. It should
contain a total of 15 practical skill based very short answer type questions. A
student would be required to answer any 10 questions.
 A writer may be allowed to such students as per CBSE examination rules.
 All questions included in the question papers should be related to the listed
practicals. Every question should require about two minutes to be answered.
 These students are also required to maintain a practical file. A student is
expected to record at least five of the listed experiments as per the specific
instructions for each subject. These practicals should be duly checked and
signed by the internal examiner.
 The format of writing any experiment in the practical file should include
aim, apparatus required, simple theory, procedure, related practical skills,
precautions etc.
 Questions may be generated jointly by the external/internal examiners and
used for assessment.
 The viva questions may include questions based on basic theory/principle/
concept, apparatus/ materials/chemicals required, procedure, precautions,
sources of error etc.

xi
 Class XII
A. Items for Identification/ familiarity with the apparatus for assessment in
practicals (All experiments)
Meter scale, general shape of the voltmeter/ammeter, battery/power supply,
connecting wires, standard resistances, connecting wires, voltmeter/
ammeter, meter bridge, screw gauge, jockey Galvanometer, Resistance Box,
standard Resistance, connecting wires, Potentiometer, jockey, Galvanometer,
Lechlanche cell, Daniell cell (simple distinction between the two vis-a-
vis their outer (glass and copper) containers), rheostat connecting wires,
Galvanometer, resistance box, Plug-in and tapping keys, connecting wires
battery/power supply, Diode, Transistor, 1C, Resistor (Wire-wound or carbon
ones with two wires connected to two ends), capacitors (one or two types),
Inductors, Simple electric/electronic bell, battery/power supply, Plug-in and
tapping keys, Convex lens, concave lens, convex mirror, concave mirror, Core/
hollow wooden cylinder, insulated wire, ferromagnetic rod, Transformer core,
insulated wire.
B. List of Practicals
1. To determine the resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph between
voltage and current.
2. To verify the laws of combination (series/parallel combination) of resistances
by Ohm’s law.
3. To find the resistance of a given wire using a meter bridge and hence determine
the specific resistance (resistivity) of its material.
4. To compare the e.m.f of two given primary cells using a potentiometer.
5. To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection method.
6. To identify a
(i) diode, transistor and IC
(ii) resistor, capacitor and inductor, from a mixed collection of such items.
7. To understand the principle of (i) a NOT gate (ii) an OR gate (iii)an AND gate
and to make their equivalent circuits using a bell and cells/battery and keys /
switches.

xii
 8. To observe the difference between
(i) a convex lens and a concave lens
(ii) a convex mirror and a concave mirror and to estimate the likely difference
between the power of two given convex /concave lenses.
9. To design an inductor coil and to know the effect of
(i) change in the number of turns
(ii) introduction of ferromagnetic material as its core material on the inductance
of the coil.
10. To design a (i) step up (ii) step down transformer on a given core and know
the relation between its input and output voltages.
Note : The above practicals may be carried out in an experiential manner rather
than recording observations.

Prescribed Books :

1. Physics, Class XI, Part -I and II, Published by NCERT.

2. Physics, Class XII, Part -I and II, Published by NCERT.
3. The list of other related books and manuals brought out by NCERT (consider
multimedia also).


xiii
 QUESTION WISE BREAK UP

Type of Question Mark per Question Total No. of Questions Total Marks

VSA 1 5 05
SA-I 2 5 10
SA-II 3 12 36
VBQ 4 1 04
LA 5 3 15
Total — 26 70

1. Internal Choice : There is no overall choice in the paper. However, there is

an internal choice in one question of 2 marks weightage, one question of 3
marks weightage and all the three questions of 5 marks weightage.
2. The above template is only a sample. Suitable internal variations may be made
for generating similar templates keeping the overall weightage to different
form of questions and typology of questions same.

xiv
 PHYSICS (Code No. 042)
QUESTION PAPER DESIGN
CLASS-XII (2016-17)

Time 3 Hours Max. Marks: 70

S. Typology of Very Short Short Short Value Long Total %
No. Questions Answer Answer-1 Answer -II based Answer Marks Weightage
(VSA) (SA-I) (SA-II) 3 question (LA)
(1 mark) (2 marks) (marks) (4 marks) (5 marks)

1. Remembering - (Knowledge
based Simple recall
questions, to know
specific facts, terms, 2 1 1 — — 7 10%
concepts, principles, or
theories, Identify, define,
or recite, information)
2. Understanding -
(Comprehension -to be
familiar with meaning and
to understand conceptually, — 2 4 — 1 21 30%
interpret, compare,
contrast, explain,
paraphrase information)
3. Application - (Use abstract
information in concrete
situation, to apply
knowledge to new
situations, Use given — 2 4 — 1 21 30%
content to interpret a
situation, provide an
example, or solve a
problem)
4. Higher Order Thinking Skills
(Analysis and Synthesis-
Classify, compare, contrast,
or differentiate between
different pieces of 2 — 1 — 1 10 14%
information, Organize
and /or integrate unique
pieces of information from a
variety of sources)
5. Evaluation - (Appraise,
judge, and/or justify the
value or worth of a decision 1 — 2 1 — 11 16%
or outcome, or to predict
outcomes based on values)

TOTAL 5 × 1 = 5 5 × 2 = 10 12 × 3 = 36 1 × 4 = 4 3 × 5 = 15 70(26) 100%

xv
 Index
S. No Unit Pg. No.

1. Unit I and II Electrostatics and Current Electricity 1 – 61

2. Unit III and IV Magnetic Effects of current 62 – 108

and Megnetism

3. Unit V and VI Electromagnetic Waves and Optics 109 – 143

4. Unit VII and VIII Dual Nature of Matter and 144 – 168

Radiation

5. Unit IX and X Electronic Devices and

Communication System 169 – 195

xvi
KEY POINTS
Physical Quantity Formulae Used SI Unit

Quantization of charge q = + ne C

Coulomb’s force | F| = N

In vector form = =

Dielectric constant (or relative KD = ∈r = = = Unit less

permitivity) =

Hence F0 > Fm as free space has

minimum permitivity

Linear charge density λ= Cm–1

Surface charge density σ= Cm–2

Volume charge density ρ= Cm–3

Electric field due to a

 kq1 
point charge  In numerical, we use E = 2 
 r 

Unit I - II 1
The components of electric field, Ex = = NC–1

Ez =

Torque on a dipole in a uniform (or τ = pE sin θ) Nm

electric field
→
Electric dipole moment p = q ⋅ (2a ) or Cm

Potential energy of a dipole in a U= (or U = – pE cos θ) J

uniform electric field

Electric field on axial line of an Eaxial = NC–1

electric dipole

When 2a << r, Eaxial =

Electric field on equatorial line Eequatorial =

of an electric dipole
When 2a << r, Eequatorial

dV → →
Electric field as a gradient of E= − or E⋅ d r =
− dV
dr
potential

Electric potential differences VA – VB = Volts (or JC–1)

between ponts A & B

Electric potential at a point VA = =

2 Physics Class - XII)

Electric potential due to a V=
system of charges
1 p cos θ 
V= = r a
4π ∈ (r − a 2 cos 2 θ)
2  

Electric potential at any point due When, θ = 0° or θ = 180°,

to an electric dipole V=

If r >> a, V =

When, θ = 90°, Vequi = 0

Total electric flux through a φe = = Nm2C–1

closed surface S

⇒ E × Effective Area =

Electric field due to line charge E= NC–1 (or V/m)

Electric field due to an infinite E=

plane sheet of charge

Electric field between two infinitely E =

charged plane parallel sheets

having change density s and –s

Electric field due to a uniformly E=

charged spherical shell

When r = R, E0 =

When r < R, E × 4πr2 = 0 E = 0

Unit I - II 3
Electrical capacitance C= F(SI Unit)

Capacitance of an isolated sphere C = 4π∈0 r

Capacitance of a parallel plate C=

Capacitors in series
Capacitors in parallel C = C1 + C2 + C3

Capacitance of a parallel plate C=

capacitor with dielectric slab

between plates

Capacitance of a parallel plate

capacitor with conducting slab

between plates
Energy stored in a charged U= J

capacitor
Resultant electric field in a where Cm–1

polarised dielectric slab

= Applied electric field and

= Electric field due to

polarization

Polarization density P = nα E = χE Vm–1 or Nc–1

Dielectric constant (in terms of KD = 1 + χ
electric susceptibility or atomic
polarisability)

4 Physics Class - XII)

 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
IMPORTANT FORMULA

 eE
1. Drift Velocity vd =
− τ – electric fuld
m
τ = Relaxation time
2. Relation b/w l = enAVd e = charge on electrons.
current and m = mass of electron
Drift Velocity n = number density of electrons
3. Ohm’s Law V = RI A = Cross Section Area

4. Resistance R= V = potential difference across

conductor
5. Specific Resistance ρ= l = length of conductor
or Resistivity
6. Current density j = I/A = neVd
7. Electrical Conductivity σ = 1/ρ

8. Resistances in Series Req = R1 + R2 + R3

Parallel

9. Temperature Rt = R0 (1 + αt) Rt = Resistance at t°C

Dependance of a ® Cofficent of temprature
Resistance t – Temperature
10. Internal Resistance r= Ro ® Resistance at 0°C
of a cell

11. Power P = VI = I2R =

12. Cells in Series Eeq = E1 + E2

E1 E2
Equivalent emf Eeq = E1 – E2 E1 > E2
A B
Equivalent Internal req = r1 + r2 E1 & E2 are emf of two cells

Unit I - II 5
 Resistance r1 and r2 are their internal
resistances respectively
Equivalent Current I= n = no. of cells in series.

13. Cells in parallel Equivalent e.m.f.

Eeq =

Equivalent resistance

req =

Equivalent Current I= m = number of cells in parallel

14. Kirchoff’s Laws Σi = o (at a junction) i = Current

ΣiR = ΣE R = Resistance
(in a closed loop)
E = e.m.f.
15. Wheatstone Bridge P, Q, R and S are resistances in
(balanced condition) Ohm in four arms of Wheatstone
Bridge.

16. Slide wire Bridge or S= R

metre Bridge
17. Potentiometer

Comparison of Emf l1 and l2 are balancing lengths

on potentiometer wire for cells
E1 and E2

Internal Resistance r= l1 and l2 are balancing lengths on

potentiometer wire for emt E and
Pot. diff. V across R.
=

6 Physics Class - XII)

 UNIT–I & UNIT–II
ELECTROSTATICS AND
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
QUESTIONS

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1. Draw schematically an equipotential surface of a uniform electrostatic field
along x-axis.
Ans.
2. Sketch field lines due to (i) two equal positive charges near each other (ii)
a dipole.
Ans. + –
+

3. Name the physical quantity whose SI unit is volt/meter. Is it a scalar or a

vector quantity ?
Ans. Electric field intensity. It is a vector quantity.
4. Two point charges repel each other with a force F when placed in water of
dielectric constant 81. What will be the force between them when placed
the same distance apart in air ?

Ans. ∈r = ⇒ F0 = ∈r Fm ⇒ F0 = 81 Fm

5. Electric dipole moment of CuSO4 molecule is 3.2 × 10–32 Cm. Find the
separation between copper and sulphate ions.

Ans. p = q(2a) ⇒ a = = 10–13

6. Net capacitance of three identical capacitors connected in parallel is

12 microfarad. What will be the net capacitance when two of them are
connected in (i) parallel (ii) series ?

Ans. Cp = 12µf ⇒ C = = 4µF.

Cp = C1 + C2 = 8µF

Unit I - II 7
 Cs = = = 2µF

7. A charge q is placed at the centre of an imaginary spherical surface. What

will be the electric flux due to this charge through any half of the sphere.

Ans. φ =

φ′ =

8. Draw the electric field vs distance (from the centre) graph for (i) a long
charged rod having linear charge density λ < 0 (ii) spherical shell of radius
R and charge Q > 0.
Ans.

9. Diagrammatically represent the position of a dipole in (i) stable (ii) unstable

equilibrium when placed in a uniform electric field.
Ans.

10. A charge Q is distribution over a metal sphere of radius R. What is the

electric field and electric potential at the centre ? Ans. E = 0, V = kQ/R
Ans. Electric field inside conductor E = 0

E = = 0 ⇒ V = Constant = =

11. If a body contains n1 electrons and n2 protons then what is the total charge
on the body ?
Ans. Q = q1 + q2 +.... + qn. (Additive property of charge)
Q = (n2 – n1)e

8 Physics Class - XII)

 12. What is the total positive or negative charge present in 1 molecule of water.
Ans. H2O has 10 electrons (2 of hydrogen and 8 of oxygen)
Total charge = 10e
13. How does the energy of dipole change when it is rotated from unstable
equilibrium to stable equilibrium in a uniform electric field.
Ans. Work done = pE (cos 180° – cos 0°)
= – 2pE
i.e., energy decreases.
14. Write the ratio of electric field intensity due to a dipole at a point on the
equatorial line to the field at a point on the axial line, when the points are
at the same distance from the centre of dipole.
2kp kp
Ans. Eaxial = 3 Eequatorial = 3
r r
∴ Eaxial = 2Eequatorial
15. Draw equipotential surface for a dipole.
Ans.

16. An uncharged conductor A placed on an insulating stand is brought near a

charged insulated conductor B. What happens to the charge and potential
of B ?
Ans. Total charge = 0 + q = q remains same.
P. D. decreases due to induced charge on A.
17. A point charge Q is placed at point O shown in Fig. Is the potential difference
VA – VB positive, negative or zero, if Q is (i) positive (ii) negative charge.

Ans. VA – VB > 0 for Q > 0 and VA – VB < 0 for Q < 0

As electric field lines are in the direction of decreasing potential.
18. An electron and proton are released from rest in a uniform electrostatic
field. Which of them will have larger acceleration ?

Unit I - II 9
Ans. acceleration = , mp > me
ap < ae
19. In an uniform electric field of strength E, a charged particle Q moves point
A to point B in the direction of the field and back from B to A. Calculate
the ratio of the work done by the electric field in taking the charge particle
from A to B and from B to A.
Ans. = – 1

WAB + WBA = 0
| WAB | = | – WBA |
20. If a dipole having charge ±2µC is placed inside a sphere of radius 2 m, what
is the net flux linked with the sphere.

Ans. Net flux = = =0

21. Four charges + q, – q, + q, – q are placed as shown in the figure. What is

the work done in bringing a test charge from ∞ to point 0.

OA = OB = OC = OD

Ans. V0 =
W = q × V0 = 0
22. Calculate electric flux linked with a sphere of radius 1m and charge of 1C
at its centre.
Ans. Electric flux linked with the sphare (closed surface)
φe = q/e0 = V-m
23. If the metallic conductor shown in the figure is continuously charged from
which of the points A, B, C or D does the charge leak first. Justify.

10 Physics Class - XII)

Ans. Charge leaks from A first as surface charge density (σ) at A (sharp ends) is
more.
24. What is dielectric strength ? Write the value of dielectric strength of
air.
Ans. Maximum electric field which can be safely applied across a dielectric
before its break down is called dielectric strength.
Dielectric strength of air = 3 × 106 V/m.
25. Two charges – q and + q are located at points A (0, 0, – a) and B (0, 0, +
a). How much work is done in moving a test charge from point (b, 0, 0) to
Q (– b, 0, 0) ?

Ans. W =  Edr cos 90° = 0

∴ E along equitorial line of dipole is parallel to dipole, hence perpendi-
cular to displacement.
26. If an electron is accelerated by a Potential difference of 1 Volt, Calculate
the gain in energy in Joule and electron volt.
Ans. Gain in Energy = eV = 1.6 × 10–19 × 1 = 1.6 × 10–19 J
∆K = 1e × 1 volt = 1.6 × 10–19 C × 1 volt
1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J

= eV = 1eV.
27. Draw schematically the equipotential surface corresponding to a field
that uniformly increases in magnitude but remains in a constant (say z)
direction.
Ans.

E increases therefore, equipotential surface are closer i.e., d1 > d2.

28. Figure shows six charged lumps of plastic coin. The cross-section of a
Guassian surface S is indicated. What is the net electric flux through the
surface ?

Unit I - II 11
 S

Ans. φ = .

29. Without referring to the formula C = ∈0 A/d. Explain why the capacitance
of a parallel plate capacitor reduces on increasing the separation between
the plates ?
Ans. P. D. = V = E × d
‘d’ increases hence V increases.

as C = ∴ C decreases.

30. Draw field lines to show the position of null point for two charges + Q1
and – Q2 when magnitude of Q1 > Q2 and mark the position of null point.

Q2
+ Q –
1 N

Ans. |Q1| > |Q2 |, N is the neutral point.

31. How does the relaxation time of electron in the conductor change when
temperature of the conductor decreases.
Ans. When temperature of the conductor decreases, ionic vibration in the
conductor decreases so relaxation time increases.
32. Sketch a graph showing variation of resistivity with temperature of (i)
Copper (ii) Carbon.

12 Physics Class - XII)

Ans.

33. The emf of the driver cell (Auxiliary battery) in the potentiometer experiment
should be greater than emf of the cell to be determined. Why ?
Ans. If emf of a driver cell is less, then null point will not be obtained on the
potentiometer wire.
34. You are required to select a carbon resistor of resistance 47kΩ + 10% from
a large collection. What should be the sequence of color bands used to code
it ?
Ans. Yellow, Violet, Orange, Silver.
35. Find the value of i in the given circuit :

Ans. On applying Kirchoff current law on junction A, B, C and D, encircled

current will flow, then finally at junction A
2 + 3 = I + 4
so, I = + 1A
36. Two wire one of copper and other of manganin have same resistance and
equal length. Which wire is thicker ?
lc l ρ A
Ans. R = ρc =
ρm m ⇒ c =c < 1
Ac A m ρm A m
∴ Manganin is thicker.

Unit I - II 13
 37. You are given three constants wires P, Q and R of length and area of
cross-section (L, A), respectively. Which has highest
resistance ?
lc l ρ A
ρc =
ρm m ⇒ c =c < 1
Ac A m ρm A m
Ans. RP = RQ =

RQ = RR = ⇒ RQ = 4RP, RR =

Q has the highest resistance,

38. V – I graph for a metallic wire at two different temperatures T1 and T2
is as shown in the figure. Which of the two temperatures is higher and
why ?

Ans. Slope of T1 is large, so T1 represents higher temperature as resistance

increases with temperature for a conductor

R = = slope.

39. Out of V – I graph for parallel and series combination of two metallic
resistors, which one represents parallel combination of resistors ? Justify
your answer.

14 Physics Class - XII)

Ans. The resistance for parallel combination in lesser than for series combination
for a given set of resistors. Hence B represents parallel combination sinc
is more. Hence Resistance = is less.

40. Why is the potentiometer preferred to a voltmeter for measuring emf of a

cell ?
Ans. Emf measured by the potentiometer is more accurate because the cell is in
open circuit giving no current.
41. How can a given 4 wires potentiometer be made more sensitive ?
Ans. By connecting a resistance in series with the potentiometer wire in the
primary circuit, the potential drop across the wire is reduced.
42. Why is copper not used for making potentiometer wires ?
Ans. Copper has high temperature coefficient of resistance and hence not
preferred.
43. In the figure, what is the potential difference between A and B ?

Ans. VA – VB = – 8 volt.
44. A copper wire of resistance R is uniformally stretched till its length is
increased to n times its original length. What will be its new resistance ?
Ans. R′ = n2R

R′ = = = n2R

45. Two resistance 5Ω and 7Ω are joined as shown to two batteries of emf
2V and 3V. If the 3V battery is short circuited. What will be the current
through 5Ω

Ans. I =

46. Calculate the equivalent resistance between points A and B in the figure
given below.

Unit I - II 15
Ans. We obtain using wheatstone bridge balencing condition.

47. What is the largest voltage that can be safely put across a resistor marked
196Ω, 1W ?

Ans. P = = P R = 1 × 196 = 196

V = 14 Volt.
48. When does the terminal voltage of a cell become (i) greater than its emf
(ii) less than its emf ?
Ans. (i) When the cell is being charged terminal potential difference (V) becomes
greater than emf (E), V = E + Ir
(ii) When the cell is discharged, then V < E
V = E – I r
49. A car battery is of 12V. Eight dry cells of 1.5 V connected in series also
give 12V, but such a combination is not used to start a car. Why ?
Ans. Dry cell used in series will have high resistance (= 10Ω) and hence provide
low current, while a car battery has low internal resistance (0. 1Ω) and hence
gives high current for the same emf, needed to start the car.
50. Two electric lamps A and B marked 220 V, 100W and 220V, 60W
respectively. Which of the two lamps has higher resistance ?

Ans. As R = lamp has higher resistance.

51. Resistors of high value are made up of carbon. Why ?

Ans. High resistivity and low temperature Coefficient of resistance.

16 Physics Class - XII)

 52. A metal rod of square cross-section area A having length l has current I
flowing through it, when a potential difference of V volt is applied across
its ends (figure I). Now the rod is cut parallel to its length in two Identical
pieces and joined as shown in (figure-II). What potential difference must
be maintained across the length 2l so that the current in the rod is still
remains I ?

Ans. R1 =

R2 = = 4R1

I = =

V V
= 2
R1 4R1
V2 = 4V
53. (a) Define torque acting on a dipole moment Placed in a uniform electric
field Express it in the vector form and point out the direction along
which it acts.
(b) What happens if the electric field is non-uniform ?
(c) What would happen if the external field is increasing (i) Parallel to
(ii) anti-parallel to ?
54. State the condition under which the terminal potential difference across a
battery and its emf are equal.
Ans. When battery is in open circuit i.e. when no current is being drawn from
the cell. Vopen = emf of cell or battery
55. State the condition for maximum current to be drawn from a cell.

Ans. I = for I maximum R = 0 i.e., for maximum current the terminals of

a cell must be short circuited.

Unit I - II 17
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
1. An oil drop of mass m carrying charge – Q is to be held stationary in the
gravitational field of the earth. What is the magnitude and direction of the
electrostatic field required for this purpose ? Ans. E = mg/Q, downward
2. Draw E and V versus r on the same graph for a point charge.
3. Find position around dipole at which electric potential due to dipole is zero
but has non zero electric field intensity. →
1 p
Ans. Equitorial position, V = 0, E = (a <<r)
4π ∈0 r 3

4. Derive an expression for the work done in rotating an electric dipole

from its equilibrium position to an angle θ with the uniform electrostatic
field.
5. A electrostatic field line can not be discontinuous.Why ?
6. A thin long conductor has linear charge density of 20 µC/m. Calculate the
electric field intensity at a point 5 cm from it. Draw a graph to show variation
of electric field intensity with distance from the conductor.
Ans. 72 × 105 N/C
7. What is the ratio of electric field intensity at a point on the equatorial line
to the field at a point on axial line when the points are at the same distance
from the centre of the dipole ? Ans. 1 : 2
8. Show that the electric field intensity at a point can be given as negative of
potential gradient.
9. A charged metallic sphere A having charge qA is brought in contact with an
uncharged metallic sphere of same radius and then separated by a distance

d. What is the electrostatic force between them. Ans.

10. An electron and a proton travel through equal distances in the same uniform
electric field E. Compare their time of travel. (Neglect gravity)
11. Two point charges – q and + q are placed 2l metre apart, as shown in Fig.
Give the direction of electric field at points A, B, C and D, A is mid point
between charges – q and + q.

18 Physics Class - XII)

 D

B –q A +q C
2l

12. The electric potential V at any point in space is given V = 20x3 volt, where
x is in meter. Calculate the electric intensity at point P (1, 0, 2).
Ans. 60 NC–1
13. Justify why two equipotential surfaces cannot intersect.
14. Find equivalent capacitance between A and B in the combination given
below : each capacitor is of 2 µF. Ans. 6/7 µF

15. What is the electric field at O in Figures (i), (ii) and (iii), ABCD is a square
of side r.

2q 4q
Ans. (i) Zero, (ii) 2 (iii)
4πε 0 r 4πε 0
16. What should be the charge on a sphere of radius 4 cm, so that when it is
brought in contact with another sphere of radius 2 cm carrying charge of
10 µC, there is no transfer of charge from one sphere to other ?
Ans. Va = Vb, Q = 20µC.
17. For an isolated parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C and potential
difference V, what will be change in (i) charge on the plates (ii) potential
difference across the plates (iii) electric field between the plates (iv)
energy stored in the capacitor, when the distance between the plates is
increased ?
Unit I - II 19
Ans. (i) No change (ii) increases (iii) No change (iv) increases.
18. Does the maximum charge given to a metallic sphere of radius R depend
on whether it is hollow or solid ? Give reason for your answer.
Ans. No, charge resides on the surface of conductor.
19. Two charges Q1 and Q2 are separated by distance r. Under what conditions
will the electric field be zero on the line joining them (i) between the charges
(ii) outside the charge ?
Ans. (i) Charge are alike (ii) Unlike charges of unequal magnitude.
20. Obtain an expression for the electric field due to electric dipole at any point
on the equatorial line.
21. The electric field component in the figure are
Calculate the electric flux through, (1, 2, 3) the square surfaces of side
5 m.

22. Calculate the work required to separate two charges 5µc and – 2µc placed
at (– 3 cm, 0, 0) and (+ 3 cm, 0, 0) infinitely away from each other.
Ans. 1.5 J
23. What is electric field between the plates with the separation of 2 cm and (i)
with air (ii) dielectric medium of dielectric constant K. Electric potential
of each plate is marked in the following figure.
_____________ 150 V

(i) ______________ – 50 V Ans. E0 = 104 NC–1, E =

24. A RAM (Random access Memory) chip a storage device like parallel plate
capacitor has a capacity of 55pF. If the capacitor is charged to 5.3V, how
may excess electrons are on its negative plate ? Ans. 1.8 × 109
25. The figure shows the Q (charge) versus V (potential) graph for a combination
of two capacitors. identify the graph representing the parallel combination.

20 Physics Class - XII)

 Ans. A represents parallel combination
26. Calculate the work done in taking a charge of 1 µC in a uniform electric
field of 10 N/C from B to C given AB = 5 cm along the field and AC = 10
cm perpendicular to electric field.

Ans. WAB = WBC = 50 × 10–8 J. WAC = 0J

27. Two charges – q and + q are located at points A (0, 0, – a) and B (0, 0, + a)
respectively. How much work is done in moving a test charge from point
P (7, 0, 0) to Q (– 3, 0, 0) ? (zero)
28. The potential at a point A is – 500 V and that at another point B is + 500 V.
What is the work done by external agent to take 2 units (S.I.) of negative
charge from B to A. WBA = 2000 J
29. How does the (i) Potential energy of mutual interaction (ii) net electrostatic
P.E. of two charges change when they are placed in an external electric field.
30. With the help of an example, show that Farad is a very large unit of
capacitance.
31. What is meant by dielectric polarisation ? Why does the electric field inside
a dielectric decreases when it in placed in an external field ?
32. In charging a capacitor of capacitance C by a source of emf V, energy
supplied by the sources QV and the energy stored in the capacitor is ½QV.
Justify the difference.
33. An electric dipole of dipole moment p, is held perpendicular to an electric
field; (i) p = E0 i (i) E = E0 × i. If the dipole is released does it have (a)

Unit I - II 21
 only rotational motion (b) only translatory motion (c) both translatory and
rotatory motion explain?
34. The net charge of a system is zero. Will the electric field intensity due to
this system also be zero.
35. A point charge Q is kept at the intersection of (i) face diagonals (ii) diagonals
of a cube of side a. What is the electric flux linked with the cube in (i) &
(ii) ?
36. There are two large parallel metallic plates S1 and S2 carrying surface charge
densities σ1 and σ2 respectively (σ1 > σ2) placed at a distance d apart in
vacuum. Find the work done by the electric field in moving a point charge
q a distance a (a < d) from S1 and S2 along a line making an angle π/4 with
the normal to the plates.
37. Define mobility of electron in a conductor. How does electron mobility
change when (i) temperature of conductor is decreased (ii) Applied potential
difference is doubled at constant temperature ?
38. On what factor does potential gradient of a potentiometer wire depend ?
39. What are superconductors ? Give one of their applications.
40. Two copper wires with their lengths in the ratio 1 : 2 and resistances in
the ratio 1 : 2 are connected (i) in series (ii) in parallel with a battery.
What will be the ratio of drift velocities of free electrons in two wires in (i)
and (ii) ? Ans. (1 : 1, 2 : 1)
41. The current through a wire depends on time as i = i0 + at where i0 = 4A and
a = 2As–1. Find the charge crossing a section of wire in 10 seconds.
42. Three identical resistors R1, R2 and R3 are connected to a battery as shown
in the figure.What will be the ratio of voltages across R1 and R2. Support
your answer with calculations. (2 : 1)
E

R2

R1
R3

43. In the arrangement of resistors shown, what fraction of current I will pass
through 5Ω resistor ?

22 Physics Class - XII)

 5Ω

10Ω
44. A 100W and a 200 W domestic bulbs joined in series are connected to the
mains. Which bulb will glow more brightly ? Justify. (100W)
45. A 100W and a 200 W domestic bulbs joined in parallel are connected to
the mains. Which bulb will glow more brightly ? Justify. (200W)
46. A battery has an emf of 12V and an internal resistance of 2Ω. Calculate
the potential difference between the terminal of cell if (a) current is drawn
from the battery (b) battery is charged by an external source.
47. A uniform wire of resistance R ohm is bent into a circular loop as shown
in the figure. Compute effective resistance between diametrically opposite
points A and B. [Ans. R/4]

48. In a potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25V gives a balance point

at 35 cm length of the wire. If the cell is replaced by another cell, then the
balance point shifts to 63 cm. What is the emf of the second cell ?
[Ans. 2.25V]
49. In a meter bridge, the balance point is found to be 39.5 cm from end A. The
known resistance Y is 12.5Ω. Determine unknown resistance X.
[Ans. 8. 16Ω]

50. A meterbridge is in balance condition. Now if galvanometer and cell are

interchanged, the galvanometer shows no deflection. Give reason.
[Ans. Galvanometer will show no deflection. Proportionality of the arms
are retained as the galvanometer and cell are interchanged.]

Unit I - II 23
 51. If the emf of the driving cell be decreased. What will be effect on the position
of zero deflection in a potentiometer.
52. Why should the area of cross section of the meter bridge wire be uniform
? Explain.
53. Given any two limitations of Ohm’s law.
54. Which one of the two, an ammeter or a milliammeter has a higher resistance
and why ?
55. Name two factors on which the resistivity of a given material depends ? A
carbon resistor has a value of 62kΩ with a tolerance of 5%. Give the colour
code for the resistor.
56. If the electron drift speed is so small (~ 10–3 m/s) and the electron’s
charge is very small, how can we still obtain a large amount of current in
a conductor.
57. A battery of emf 2.0 volts and internal resistance 0.1Ω is being charged with
a current of 5.0 A. What is the potential difference between the terminals
of the battery ?
A B
5A 2.0V 0.1Ω
58. Why should the jockey be not rubbed against potentiometer wire ?
59. What is meant by the sensitivity of a potentiometer of any given length ?
60. Five identical cells, each of emf E and internal resistance r, are connected
in series to form (a) an open (b) closed circuit. If an ideal voltmeter is
connected across three cells, what will be its reading ?
[Ans. (a) 3E; (b) zero]
61. An electron in a hydrogen atom is considered to be revolving around a

proton with a velocity in a circular orbit of radius If I is the

equivalent current, express it in terms of m, e, n

62. In the given circuit, with steady current, calculate the potential drop across
the capacitor in terms of V.

24 Physics Class - XII)

 63. A cell of e.m.f. ‘E’ and internal resistance ‘r’ is connected across a variable
resistor ‘R’. Plot a graph showing the variation of terminal potential ‘V’
with resistance ‘R’. Predict from the graph the condition under which ‘V’
becomes equal to ‘E’.
64. Winding of rheostat wire are quite close to each other why do not they get
short circuted ?
Ans. The wire has a coating of insulating oxide over it which insulate the
winding from each other.
65. Why is it necessary to obtain the balance point in the middle of bridge wire
? Explain.
66. What are the possible cause of one side deflection in Galvanometer while
performing potentiometer experiment ?
Ans. (i) Either +ve terminals of all the cells are not connected to same end
of potentiometer.
or
(ii) The total potential drop across wire is less than the emf to be measured.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

1. Define electrostatic potential and its unit. Obtain expression for electrostatic
potential at a point P in the field due to a point charge.
2. Calculate the electrostatic potential energy for a system of three point
charges placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side ‘a’.
3. What is polarization of charge ? With the help of a diagram show why
the electric field between the plates of capacitor reduces on introducing a
dielectric slab. Define dielectric constant on the basis of these fields.
4. Using Gauss’s theorem in electrostatics, deduce an expression for electric
field intensity due to a charged spherical shell at a point (i) inside (ii) on

Unit I - II 25
 its surface (iii) outside it. Graphically show the variation of electric field
intensity with distance from the centre of shell.
5. Three capacitors are connected first in series and then in parallel. Find the
equivalent capacitance for each type of combination.
6. A charge Q is distributed over two concentric hollow sphere of radii r
and R (R > r), such that their surface density of charges are equal. Find
Potential at the common centre.
7. Derive an expression for the energy density of a parallel plate capacitor.
8. You are given an air filled parallel plate capacitor. Two slabs of dielectric
constants K1 and K2 having been filled in between the two plates of the
capacitor as shown in Fig. What will be the capacitance of the capacitor of
initial area was A distance between plates d ?

Ans. C1 = (K1 + K2)C0

C2 =

9. In the figure shown, calculate the total flux of the electrostatic field through
the sphere S1 and S2. The wire AB shown of length l has a liner charge
density λ given λ = kx where x is the distance measured along the wire
from end A.

l l
1 2
Ans. Total charge on wire AB = Q = ∫ =
λdx ∫ k x=
dx kl
o o
2

By Gauss’s theorem.

26 Physics Class - XII)

 Total flux through S1 =

Total flux through S2 =

10. Explain why charge given to a hollow conductor is transferred immediately

to outer surface of the conductor.
11. Derive an expression for total work done in rotating an electric dipole
through an angle θ in an uniform electric field. Hence calculate the potential
energy of the dipole.
12. Define electric flux. Write its SI unit. An electric flux of f units passes
normally through a spherical Gaussian surface of radius r, due to point
charge placed at the centre.
(1) What is the charge enclosed by Gaussian surface ?
(2) If radius of Gaussian surface is doubled, what will be the flux
through it ?
13. A conducting slab of thickness ‘t’ is introduced between the plates of
a parallel plate capacitor, separated by a distance d (t < d). Derive an
expression for the capacitance of the capacitor. What will be its capacitance
when t = d ?
14. If a dielectric slab is introduced between the plates of a parallel plate
capacitor after the battery is disconnected, then how do the following
quantities change.
(i) Charge
(ii) Potential
(iii) Capacitance
(iv) Energy.
15. What is an equipotential surface ? Write three properties Sketch equipotential
surfaces of
(i) Isolated point charge
(ii) Uniform electric field
(iii) Dipole
16. If charge Q is given to a parallel plate capacitor and E is the electric field
between the plates of the capacitor the force on each plate is 1/2 QE and

Unit I - II 27
 if charge Q is placed between the plates experiences a force equal to QE.
Give reason to explain the above.
17. Two metal spheres A and B of radius r and 2r whose centres are separated
by a distance of 6r are given charge Q, are at potential V1 and V2. Find the
ratio of V1/V2. These spheres are connected to each other with the help of
a connecting wire keeping the separation unchanged, what is the amount
of charge that will flow through the wire ?

18. Define specific resistance. Write its SI unit. Derive an expression for
resistivity of a wire in terms of its material’s parameters, number density
of free electrons and relaxation time.
19. A potential difference V is applied across a conductor of length L and
diameter D. How are the electric field E and the resistance R of the conductor
affected when (i) V is halved (ii) L is halved (iii) D is doubled. Justify your
answer.
20. Define drift velocity. A conductor of length L is connected to a dc source of
emf E. If the length of conductor is tripled by stretching it, keeping E constant,
explain how do the following factors would vary in the conductor ?
(i) Drift speed of electrons (ii) Resistance and (iii) Resistivity
21. Define potential gradient. How can potential gradient of a potentiometers
be determined experimentally. In the graph shown here, a plot of potential
drop versus length of the potentiometer is made for two potentiometers.
Which is more sensitive – A or B ?

28 Physics Class - XII)

 22. Define conductivity of a substance. Give its SI units. How does it vary
with temperature for (i) Copper (ii) Silicon ?
23. Two cells of emf E1 and E2 having internal resistance r1 and r2 are connected
in parallel. Calculate Eeq and req for the combination.
24. The graph A and B shows how the current varies wiht applied potential
difference across a filament lamp and nichrome wire respectively. Using
the graph, find the ratio of the values of the resistance of filament lamp to
the nichrome wire
(i) when potential difference across them is 12 V.

(ii) when potential difference across them is 4V. Give reason for the change
in ratio of resistance in (i) and (ii).
25. Electron drift speed is estimated to be only a few mm/s for currents in the
range of few amperes ? How then is current established almost the instant
a circuit is closed.
26. Give three differences between e.m.f. and terminal potential difference of
a cell.
27. Define the terms resistivity and conductivity and state their S. I. units.
Draw a graph showing the variation of resistivity with temperature for a
typical semiconductor.
28. The current flowing through a conductor is 2mA at 50V and 3mA at 60V.
Is it an ohmic or non-ohmic conductor ? Give reason.
29. Nichrome and copper wires of same length and area of cross section are
connected in series, current is passed through them why does the nichrome
wire get heated first ?

Unit I - II 29
 30. Under what conditions is the heat produced in an electric circuit :
(i) directly proportional
(ii) inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)

1. Two charged capacitors are connected by a conducting wire. Calculate
common potential of capacitors (ii) ratio of their charges at common
potential. Show that energy is lost in this process.
2. Derive an expression for the strength of electric field intensity at a point on
the axis of a uniformly charged circular coil of radius R carrying charge Q.
3. Derive an expression for potential at any point distant r from the centre O
of dipole making an angle θ with the dipole.
4. Suppose that three points are set at equal distance r = 90 cm from the
centre of a dipole, point A and B are on either side of the dipole on the axis
(A closer to +ve charge and B closer to negative charge) point C which is
on the perpendicular bisector through the line joining the charges. What
would be the electric potential due to the dipole of dipole moment 3.6 ×
10 19 Cm at points A, B and C ?
5. Derive an expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor with
dielectric slab of thickness t(t < d) between the plates separated by distance
d. How would the following (i) energy (ii) charge, (iii) potential be affected
(a) if dielectric slab is introduced with battery disconnected, (b) dielectric
slab is introduced after the battery is connected.
6. Derive an expression for torque experienced by dipole placed in uniform
electric field. Hence define electric dipole moment.
7. State Gauss’s theorem. Derive an expression for the electric field due to
a charged plane sheet. Find the potential difference between the plates of
a parallel plate capacitor having surface density of charge 5 × 10–8 Cm–2
with the separation between plates being 4 mm.
8. Define current density. Give its SI unit. Whether it is vector or scalar ?
How does it vary when (i) potential difference across wire increases (ii)
length of wire increases (iii) temperature of wire increases (iv) Area of
cross-section of wire increases justify your answer.
30 Physics Class - XII)
 9. Using Gauss’s theorem obtain an expression for electric field intensity
due to a plane sheet of charge. Hence obtain expression for electric field
intensity in a parallel plate capacitor.
10. Write any four important results regarding electro statics of conductors.
11. State Kirchhoffs’s rules for electrical networks. Use them to explain the
principle of Wheatstone bridge for determining an unknown resistance.
How is it realized in actual practice in the laboratory ? Write the formula
used.
12. Define emf and terminal potential difference of a cell. When is the terminal
charging potential difference greater than emf ? Explain how emf and
terminal potential difference can be compared using a potentiometer and
hence determine internal resistance of the cell.
13. For three cells of emf E1, E2 and E3 with internal resistance r1, r2, r3
respectively connected in parallel, obtain an expression for net internal
resistance and effective current. What would be the maximum current
possible if the emf of each cell is E and internal resistance is r each ?
14. Derive an expression for drift velocity of the electron in conductor. Hence
deduce ohm’s law.
15. State the principle of potentiometer. How can it be used to :
(i) Compare e.m.f. of two cells
(ii) Measure internal resistance of a cell ?
16. Explain how does the conductivity of a :
(i) Metallic conductor
(ii) Semi conductor and
(iii) Insulator varies with the rise of temperature.
17. Derive expression for equivalent e.m.f. and equivalent resistance of a :
(a) Series combination
(b) Parallel combination
of three cells with e.m.f. E1, E2, E3 & internal resistances r1, r2, r3
respectively.

Unit I - II 31
 18. Deduce the condition for balance in a Wheatstone bridge. Using the
principle of Wheatstone bridge, describe the method to determine the
specific resistance of a wire in the laboratory. Draw the circuit diagram and
write the formula used. Write any two important precautions you would
observe while performing the experiment.

NUMERICALS
1. What should be the position of charge q = 5µC for it to be in equilibrium on
the line joining two charges q1 = – 4 µC and q2 = 16 µC separated by 9 cm.
Will the position change for any other value of charge q ? (9 cm from – 4
µC)
2. Two point charges 4e and e each, at a separation r in air, exert force of
magnitude F. They are immersed in a medium of dielectric constant 16.
What should be the separation between the charges so that the force between
them remains unchanged. (1/4 the original separation)
3. Two capacitors of capacitance 10 µF and 20 µF are connected in series
with a 6V battery. If E is the energy stored in 20 µF capacitor what will be
the total energy supplied by the battery in terms of E. (6E)
4. Two point charges 6 µC and 2 µC are separated by 3 cm in free space.
Calculate the work done in separating them to infinity. (3. 6 joule)
5. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 10 cm. D is the mid point of BC
charge 100 µC,– 100µC and 75 µC are placed at B, C and D respectively.
What is the force experienced by a 1 µC positive charge placed at A ?

6. A point charge of 2 µC is kept fixed at the origin. Another point charge of

4 µC is brought from a far point to a distance of 50 cm from origin. (a) Cal-
culate the electrostatic potential energy of the two charge system. Another
charge of 11 µC is brought to a point 100 cm from each of the two charges.
What is the work done ? (a) 144 × 10–3 J
7. A 5 MeV α particle is projected towards a stationary nucleus of atomic
number 40. Calculate distance of closest approach. (1.1 × 10–4 m)

32 Physics Class - XII)

 8. To what potential must a insulated sphere of radius 10 cm be charged so
that the surface density of charge is equal to 1 µC/m2. (1.13 × 104V)
9. A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same area as the plates
of parallel plate capacitor but its thickness is where d is separation
between plates, How does the capacitance change when the slab is inserted
between the plates ?
10. A point charge developes an electric field of 40 N/C and a potential
difference of 10 J/C at a point. Calculate the magnitude of the charge and
the distance from the point charge. (2.9 × 10–10 C, 25 cm)
11. Figure shows three circuits, each consisting of a switch and two capacitors
initially charged as indicated. After the switch has been closed, in which
circuit (if any) will the charges on the left hand capacitor (i) increase (ii)
decrease (iii) remain same ?

(1 remains unchanged, 2 increases, 3 decreases).

12. For what value of C does the equivalent capacitance between A and B is
1µF in the given circuit.

All capacitance given in micro farad Ans. 2 µF

13. A pendulum bob of mass 80 mg and carrying charge of 3 × 10–8 C is
placed in an horizontal electric field. It comes to equilibrium position at an
angle of 37° with the vertical. Calculate the intensity of electric field. (g =
10m/s2) (2 × 104 N/C)
14. Eight charged water droplets each of radius 1 mm and charge 10 × 10–10 C
coalesce to form a single drop. Calculate the potential of the bigger drop.
(3600 V)

Unit I - II 33
 15. What potential difference must be applied to produce an electric field that
can accelerate an electron to 1/10 of velocity of light. (2.6 × 103 V)
16. A 10 µF capacitor can withstand a maximum voltage of 100 V across it,
whereas another 20 µF capacitor can withstand a maximum voltage of
only 25 V. What is the maximum voltage that can be put across their series
combination ?
17. Three concentric spherical metallic shells A < B < C of radii a, b, c
(a < b < c) have surface densities σ, – σ and σ respectively. Find the potential
of three shells A, B and C (ii). If shells A and C are at the same potential
obtain relation between a, b, c.
18. Four point charges are placed at the corners of the square of edge a as shown
in the figure. Find the work done in disassembling the system of charges.

19. Find the potential at A and C in the following circuit :

20. Two capacitors A and B with capacitances 3 µF and 2 µF are charged

100 V and 180 V respectively. The capapitors are connected as shown in the
diagram with the uncharged capacitor C. Calculate the (i) final charge on
the three capacitors (ii) amount of electrostatic energy stored in the system
before and after the completion of the circuit.

34 Physics Class - XII)

 21. Fig. shows two parallel plate capacitors X and Y having same area of plates
and same separation between them : X has air while Y has dielectric of
constant 4 as medium between plates

(a) calculate capacitance of each capacitor, if equivalent capacitance of

combination is 4µF (b) calculate potential difference between plate X and
Y (c) what is the ratio of electrostatic energy stored in X & Y.
Ans. (a) 5µF, 20µF, (b) 9.6V, 2.4V (c) 4
22.

In the following arrangement of capacitors, the energy stored in the 6µF

capacitor is E.
Find :
(i) Energy stored in 12 µF capacitors.
(ii) Energy stored in 3µF capacitor.
(iii) Total energy drawn from the battery.

Ans. (i) E = = = 3 × 10–6 V2

V2 =

Unit I - II 35
 Energy stored in 12µF capacitor =

= 2E
(ii) Charge on 6µF capacitor
Q1 =
=
Charge on 12µF capacitor
Q2 =
=
=
Charge on 3µF capacitor Q = Q1 + Q2
=
Energy stored in 3µF capacitor

= =

= 18E
(ii)
Capacitance of parallel combination = 18µF
Charge on parallel combination Q = CV
= 18 × 10–6 V
Charge on 3µF = Q = 3 × 10–6 V1
18 × 10–6 V = 3 × 10–6 V1
V1 = 6V

Energy stored in 3µF capacitor =

= 18E
(iii) Total eEnergy drawn = E + 2E + 18E = 21E
23. The charge passing through a conductor is a function of time and is given as
q = 2t2 – 4t + 3 milli coulomb. Calculate (i) current through the conductor (ii)

36 Physics Class - XII)

 potential difference across it at t = 4 second. Given resistance of conductor
is 4 ohm. Ans. I = 12A, V = 48 V
24. The resistance of a platinum wire at a point 0°C is 5.00 ohm and its resistance
at steam point is 5.40Ω. When the wire is immersed in a hot oil bath, the
resistance becomes 5.80Ω. Calculate the temperature of the oil bath and
temperature coefficient of resistance of platinum.
Ans. a = 0.004°C; T = 200°C
25. Three identical cells, each of emf 2V and internal resistance 0.2 ohm, are
connected in series to an external resistor of 7.4 ohm. Calculate the current
in the circuit and the terminal potential difference across an equivalent.
Ans. I = 0.75; V = 5.55 V
26. Calculate the equivalent resistance and current shown by the ammeter in
the circuit diagram given. Ans. R = 2Ω ; I = 5A

27. A storage battery of emf 12V and internal resistance of 1.5Ω is being
charged by a 12V supply. How much resistance is to be put in series for
charging the battery safely, by maintaining a constant charging current of
6A. Ans. R = 16.5 Ω
28. Three cells are connected in parallel, with their like poles connected
together, with wires of negligible resistance. If the emf of the cell are 2V,
1V and 4V and if their internal resistance are 4Ω, 3Ω and 2 Ω respectively,

find the current through each cell.

29. A 16 ohm resistance wire is bent to form a square. A source of emf 9 volt is
connected across one of its sides. Calculate the potential difference across
any one of its diagonals. Ans. 1V

Unit I - II 37
 30. A length of uniform ‘heating wire’ made of nichrome has a resistance 72
Ω. At what rate is the energy dissipated if a potential difference of 120V is
applied across (a) full length of wire (b) half the length of wire (wire is cut
into two). Why is it not advisable to use the half length of wire ?
Ans. (a) 200W, (b) 400W, 400W >> 200W but since current becomes large
so it is not advisable to use half the length
31. With a certain unknown resistance X in the left gap and a resistance of 8Ω
in the right gap, null point is obtained on the metre bridge wire. On putting
another 8Ω in parallel with 8Ω resistance in the right gap, the null point is
found to shift by 15 cm. Find the value of X from these observations.
Ans. 8/3 Ω
32. Figure show a potentiometer circuit for comparison of two resistances.
The balance point with a standard resistance R = 10Ω is found to be 160
cm. While that with the unknown resistance X is 134.4 cm. Determine the
value of X. [Ans. 2 Ω]

33. In a potentiometer, a standard cell of emf 5V of negligible internal resistance

maintains a steady current through Potentiometer wire of length 5m. Two
primary cells of emf E1 and E2 are joined in series with (i) same polarity
(ii) opposite polarity. The balancing point are found at length 350 cm and
50 cm in two cases respectively.
(i) Draw necessary circuit diagram
(ii) Find the value of emf E1 and E2 of the two cells (if E1 > E2)
Ans. E1 = 2V, E2 = 1.5V

38 Physics Class - XII)

 34. Potential difference across terminals of a cell are measured (in volt)
against different current (in ampere) flowing through the cell. A graph was
drawn which was a straight line ABC. Using the data given in the graph.
Determine (i) the emf. (ii) The internal resistance of the cell.
Ans. r = 5Ω emf = 1.4V

35. Four cells each of internal resistance 0.8Ω and emf 1.4V, d are connected
(i) in series (ii) in parallel. The terminals of the battery are joined to the
lamp of resistance 10Ω. Find the current through the lamp and each cell in
both the cases.
Ans. Is = 0.424A, Ip = 0.137A current through each cell is 0.03A
36. In the figure, an ammeter A and a resistor of resistance R = 4Ω have been
connected to the terminals of the source to form a complete circuit. The
emf of the source is 12V having an internal resistance of 2Ω. Calculate
voltmeter and ammeter reading.
Ans. Voltmeter reading : 8V, Ammeter reading = 2A

37. In the circuit shown, the reading of voltmeter is 20V. Calculate resistance
of voltmeter. What will be the reading of voltmeter if this is put across
200Ω resistance ?

Unit I - II 39
 38. For the circuit given below, find the potential difference b/w points B
and D. Ans. 1.46 Volts

39. (i) Calculate Equivalent Resistance of the given electrical network b/w
points A and B.
(ii) Also calculate the current through CD & ACB if a 10V d.c. source
is connected b/w points A and B and the value of R = 2Ω.

40. A potentiometer wire AB of length 1m is connected to a driver cell of emf

3V as shown in figure. When a cell of emf 1.5V is used in the secondary
circuit, the balance point is found to be 60 cm. On replacing this cell by a
cell of unknown emf, the balance point shifts to 80 cm. :

40 Physics Class - XII)

 (i) Calculate unknown emf of ε′ the cell.
(ii) Explain with reason, whether the circuit works if the driver cell is
replaced with another a cell of emf IV.
(iii) Does the high resistance R, used in the secondary circuit affect the
balance point ? Justify your answer.
41. A battery of emf 10V and internal resistance 3Ω is connected to a
resistor. If the current in the circuit is 0.5A, what is the resistance of the
resistor ? What is the terminal voltage of the battery when the circuit is
closed ?
42. A network of resistance is connected to a 16V battery with internal
resistance of 1Ω as shown in Fig. on next page.
(i) Compute the equivalent resistance of the network.
(ii) Obtain the current in each resistor.
(iii) Obtain the voltage drop VAB, VBC & VCD.

43. The number density of conduction electrons in a Copper Conductor

estimated to be 8.5 × 1028 m–3. How long does an electron take to drift
from one end of a wire 3.0 m long to its other end ? The area of cross
section of the wire is 2.0 × 10–6 m2 and it is carrying a current of 3.0 A.

Unit I - II 41
 44. A voltmeter of resistance 400Ω is used to measure the potential difference
across the 100Ω resistor in the circuit shown in figure. What will be the
reading of voltmeter.

45. Find magnitude of current supplied by battery. Also find potential difference
between points P and Q in the given fig. Ans.1A, 1.5V

46. A copper wire of length 3 m and radius r is nickel plated till its radius
becomes 2r. What would be the effective resistance of the wire, if specific
resistance of copper and nickel are ρc and ρn respectively.

[Hint : Pc = Rn =

R= .

47. In the figure, if the potential at point P is 100V, what is the potential at point
Q?

Ans. – 10V

42 Physics Class - XII)

 48. Given two resistors X and Y whose resistances are to be determined using
an ammeter of resistance 0.5Ω and a voltmeter of resistance 20 kΩ. It is
known that X is in the range of a few ohms, while Y is in the range of
several thousand ohm. In each case, which of the two connection shown
should be chosen for resistance measurement ?

Ans. Small resistance : X will be preferred; large resistance :

Y will be preferred
49. When resistance of 2Ω is connected across the terminals of a battery,
the current is 0.5A. When the resistance across the terminal is 5Ω, the
current is 0.25A. (i) Determine the emf of the battery (ii) What will be
current drawn from the cell when it is short circuited.
Ans. E = 1.5 V, I = 1.5A
50. A part of a circuit in steady state, along with the currents flowing in
the branches and the resistances, is shown in the figure. Calculate energy
stored in the capacitor of 4µF capacitance. Ans. VAB = 20V, U = 8 × 10–4 J

51. With two resistance wires in two gaps of a meter bridge, balance point was
found to be 1/3m from zero end, when a 6Ω coil is connected in series with
smaller of two resistances the balance point shifted to 2/3m from the same
end. Find resistances of two wires. Ans. 2Ω, 4Ω
52. A voltmeter with resistance 500Ω is used to measure the emf of a cell of
internal resistance 4Ω. What will be the percentage error in the reading of
the voltmeter. Ans. 0.8%

Unit I - II 43
 VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
1. Geeta has dry hair. A comb ran through her dry hair attract small bits of
paper. She observes that Neeta with oily hair combs her hair; the comb could
not attract small bits of paper. She consults her teacher for this and gets the
answer. She then goes to the junior classes and shows this phenomenon
as Physics Experiment to them. All the junior feel very happy and tell her
that they will also look for such interesting things in nature and try to find
the answers she succeeds in forming a Science Club in her school. What
according to you are the values displayed Geeta ?
2. A picnic was arranged by schools for the student of XII class. After some
time it was raining heavily accompanied by thundering & lightening. The
student got afraid. Some students went inside the room. The students asked
for the key of the car and set inside the car folding their legs on the seat.
The other students called them to come out but they refused. They knew
that charge inside the conducting shell is zero as told by the teacher and
told other not to stand near the electric pole when it is lightening.
What value was displayed by these students ?
3. Renu, Ritu and Kajal lived in a resettlement colony where they observed
most houses stole power from transmission lines using hooks. They
had learnt in school about fire caused due to electric short circuit. They
decided to make people aware to the risks involved an also the importance
of paying their electricity bills. They got all their friends and responsible
elders together and with the help of the electricity board, succeeded in
changing the situation.
(i) What value did Renu, Ritu and Kajal have ?
(ii) A low voltage supply from which one needs high currents must have
a very low internal resistance, why ?
(iii) A high tension supply of say 6 KV must have a very large internal
resistance. Why ?
4. Rahul and Rohit bought an electric iron. They had a 2 pin plug. Rahul
was keen to start using the new iron with the 2 pin plug. However, Rohit
insisted that they buy a 3 pin plug before using it. Rahul got angry. Rohit

44 Physics Class - XII)

 patiently explained the importance of using a 3 pin plug and the earthing
wire. He said that if the metallic body of the iron came in contact with
the live wire at 220 volt, they would get an electric shock. If earthed, the
current would go to the earth and the potential of the metallic body would
not rise. The iron would then ne safe to use hearing Rohit, Rahul calmed
down and agreed.
(i) What value did Rahul and Rohit have ?
(ii) Which has greater resistance 1 K watt electric heater or 100 watt
electric bulb, both marked 220 volts ?

HINTS FOR 2 MARKS QUESTIONS

10. =
14.

21. φ = =
φ1 = 0, φ2 = 50 Vm, φ3 = 150 Vm
28. WBA = 90 (VB – VA) = 2 × 1000 = 2000 J

40. = ⇒ ⇒ = ∴ =1

(i) in series neA, (Vd) = neA2(Vd)2 ⇒ =1

(ii) i1R1 = i2R2 ⇒ =

43. Current through 5Ω = =

Unit I - II 45
 64. Sensitivity of Wheatstone Bridge is maximum when resistance of all
its four arms are nearly of same order, so the accuracy of result of the
experiment will be highest, if balance point is in the middle of wire.
32. In the capacitor the voltage increases from O to V, hence energy stored
will correspond to average which will be ½ QV. While the source is at
constant emf V. So energy supplied will be QV. The difference between
the two goes as heat and emf radiations.
35. Construct a closed system such that charge is enclosed within it. For the
charge on one face, we need to have two cubes place such that charge is
on the common face. According to Gauss’s theorem total flux through the
Gaussian surface (both cubes) is equal to . Therefore the flux through
one cube will be equal to

36. Work done = fd cos θ = qEd cos θ =

e
61. I = = v → speed
2πr / v
ev
=
2πr
ee 2 me 2 me5
= =
n 2πn 2 2πn3
62. In steady state the branch containing C can be omitted hence the current

I = =

For loop EBCDE

– VC – V + 2V – 1 (2R) = 0

⇒ VC =

51. If e.m.f. decreases ⇒ decreases ⇒ position of zero deflection increases.

52. Otherwise resistance per unit length of Bridge wire be different over
different length of meter Bridge.

46 Physics Class - XII)

 54. Milliammeter. To produce large deflection due to small current we need a
large number of turns we need a large number of turns in armature coil ⇒
Resistance increases.
55. Temperature, Material Blue, Red, Orange, Gold
56. The electron number density is of the order of 1029 m–3 , ⇒ the net current
can be very high even if the drift spread is low.
57. V = E + ir
= 2 + 0.15
= 2.15V
58. Affects the uniformity of the cross-section area of wire and hence changes
the potential drop across wire.
59. A potentiometer is said to be sensitive if :
(i) It can measure very small potential differences.
(ii) For a small change in potential difference being measured it shows
large change in balancing length.

HINTS FOR NUMERICALS

9. V = =

V =

C = = =

14. r = 1 mm

= ⇒ R = 2 mm

Q = 8q = 8 × 10 × 10–10 C

V =

= = 36000 Volt

Unit I - II 47
 21. Cx = C, Cy = KC = 4C

= C = 4 ⇒ C = 5µf

(a) Ceq = Cx = 5µf

Cy = 20µf

(b) = 12 (Vx = V, Vy = as q constant)

V = 9.6 Volt, Vx = 9.6 Volt, Vy = 2.4 Volt

(c) = =4

31. = ...(1)

= = ⇒ Rp = 4,

= ...(2)
⇒ u sing (1) & (2)
l2 – 85l + 1500 = 0
l = 25 cm or l = 60 cm
At l = 60 cm using (1) X =
l = 60 cm using (1) X = 12Ω.

32. ix = = =

= = = ⇒ x = 2 Ω.

HINTS FOR 3 MARKS QUESTIONS

16. If E′ be the electric field due to each plate (of large dimensions) then net
electric field between them
E = E′ + E′ ⇒ E′ = E/2
Force on change Q at some point between the plates F = QE
Force on one plate of the capacitor due to another plate F′ = QE′ = QE/2

48 Physics Class - XII)

 17. V1 = =

V2 = = =

Vcommon = = = V′

Charge transferred equal to

q′ = C1V1 – C1V′ =

= =

28. R1 = = = 25,000Ω

R2 = = = 20,000Ω.
As resistance changes with I, therefore conductor is non ohmic.
29. Rate of production of heat, P = I2R, for given l, P × R, ∴ ρnichrome > ρcu
∴ RNichrome > Rcu of same length and area of cross section.
30. (i) If I in circuit is constant because H = I2 Rt

(ii) If V in circuit is constant because H =

NUMERICALS

17. VA =
= k 4πaσ – k4πbσ + k4πcσ
= 4πaσ (a – b + c)

VB = =

Unit I - II 49
 =

VC =

When VA = VC

ac – bc + c2 = a2 – b2 + c2
c (a – b) = (a – b) (a + b)
c = a + b
19. Q = CV
Total charge Q = Total capacitance in series × voltage

= = 10 × 10–3 coulomb

VAB = = = 10V

VBC = = = 2V.

When B is earthed VB = 0, VA = 10V and VC = – 2V.

21. Before dielectric is introduced.

EA = EB =

E = EA + EB = CV2
After disconnecting the battery and then introducing dielectric

E′A =

E′B = =

50 Physics Class - XII)

 =
E′ = E′A + E′B

33. Pot. gradient k = = 1Vm–1

l1 = 350 cm = 3.5 m
E1 + E2 = kl1 = 3.5 ...(1)
E1 – E2 = 0.5 ...(2)
E1 = 2V, E2 = 1.5 Volt
39. RAB = 2Ω

ICD = 0, IACB = = = 2.5A

40. (i) ⇒ = = 2.0V

(ii) The circuit will not work if emf of driven cell is IV,/total Voltage
across AB is 1 V, which cannot balance the voltage 1.5V.
(iii) No, since at balance point no current flows through galvanometer G.
i.e., cell remains in open circuit.

Unit I - II 51
 41. E = I (R + r)

10 = 0.5 (R + 3)

R = 17Ω

V = E – Ir = 10 – 0.5 × 3 = 8.5V

42. Req = 7W

I4Ω = 1A, I1Ω = 2A, I12Ω = I6Ω = A,

VAB = 4V, VBC = 2V, VCD = 8V

43. I = enAVd =

t = = 2.7 × 104 s

44. I = = = 0.3A

P.d. across voltmeter & 100Ω combination

= = 24V.

When, I << r,

52 Physics Class - XII)

 45. RAB = 4.5Ω

i = = = 1A.

iAP = iAQ = 0.5A, VAP = 3 ⇒ Vp = 3 Volt

VAQ = 1.5 VQ = 4.5 Volt

VQ – VP = 1.5 Volt

51. For two resistor P and Q

= = = ...(i)

Q = 2P, P < Q

Now, P′ = P + 6, I′ = 2/3

= = =

= ...(ii)

On solving (i) & (ii), P = 2Ω, Q = 4Ω.

Unit I - II 53
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION CONCEPT MAP

Change in Change in θ Change in Area

B (orientation) A

Induced e.m.f.

Farady's low Lenz's law

dφ –dφm
eα e=
dt dt

e.m. Induction

A.C. generator eddy current Self induction Mutual induction

e = NABw Sinwt e.m.f induced in a ϕ = Li and φ2 = Mi and
Emax = NABw body of conducter di di
e=–L e2 = –M
dt dt

Uses :
(i) Induction furnace
Self inductance of Mutual inductance of two
(ii) Induction Breaks
solenoid solenoid coil system
µNA µNNA
2

Ways to reduce eddy L= 0 M= 0 1 2

current l l
(i) By using lamurated
sheet Transformer
(ii) By making holes in
conducting sheet ep Np Is
= =
es Ns Ip

Energy losses in Transformar

(i) Copper loss
(ii) Iron loss
(iii) Hysteresis loss
(iv) Leakage of flux

54 Physics Class - XII)

 ALTERNATING CURRENT CONCEPT MAP
Mean value R.M.S
half cycle Value
A.C. Voltage
2E 0 E = E0 sin wt E0
E av = E rms =
π 2

Pure resistive circuit Pure inductive circuit Pure capacitive circuit

e = e0 sin wt e = e0 sin wt e = e0 sin wt
I = I0 sin ωt  π  π
e0 I = I0 sin  wt –  I = I0 sin  wt + 
I0 = e  2  2
R I0 = 0 e
XL I0 = 0
XC

Phasor diagram and graph Phasor diagram and graph Phasor diagram and graph
VL

I VR I I
VC
VR and I are in same phase Voltage lead current by π/2 Current lead voltage by
in phase π/2 in phase

XL vs ν XC Vs ν

Z Vs ν XL XC
Z

R v V

vr
v
Series LCR Cirucit
e = e0 sin wt
I = I0 sin (wt + φ)
e0
I0 =
Z
Z = R 2 + (X L – X C ) 2
Resonance in LCR Phasor diagrams XL – XC
Circuit XL = XC & tan φ =
VL R
1 Veff
Wr =
bLC
C VL–VC
Power in a.c. circuit
I VR
I0 P = Vsms Isms cos φ
I
VC cos φ = 0 (Pure L&C circuit)
1max cos φ = 1 (Pure resistive or
LCR at resonance)
2 Veff = VR 2 + (VL –VC ) 2
2∆ω
VL = IXL, VC = IXC, VR = IR
ωr ω→
Quality factor

Wr 1 L
Q= =
2∆ω R C

Unit I - II 55
 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Magnetic flux φm = N BA cos θ
Faraday’s law :
1. Whenever magnetic flux passing through a loop is changed then e.m.f. is
induced in the loop, which lasts as long as the flux is changing.
2. Induced emf = rate of change of magnetic flux
d φm
e=–
dt

3. Ways of inducing e.m.f. :

(i) By changing magnetic field, B.

(ii) By changing area of the coil, A.
(iii) By changing orientation of the coil, Q.
1 d φm
4. Induced current = = –
R dt
5. e.m.f. induced in a moving conducting rod e = – B v l
6. Self inductance : φm = Li

and e =

7. Self inductance of a solenoid L = µr µ0 n2 Al

56 Physics Class - XII)

 8. Mutual inductance : φ2 = Mi1 or φ1 = Mi2

or e2 =

9. Mutual inductance of two solenoid-coil coaxial system

M =

10. Eddy current : current induced in the body of conductor placed in a time or
space varying magnetic field.
Eddy current cause heating effect.
11. Method to reduce eddy current losses :
(i) By making slots in conductor. (ii) By using laminated sheets
12. A.C. generator.
Principle : Electromagnetic induction
Induced e.m.f. produced in a.c. generator e = NAB ω sin ωt
13. Transformer :
Principle : Mutual induction
step up Transformer Np < Ns
Step down Transformer Np > Ns
Ratio between input and output parameters :

= =

Losses in Transformer and methods of reducing them :

1. Copper Loss (Joule heating effect) : Reduced by increasing thickness of
copper wire used in the coils.
2. Iron loss (eddy current loss) : Reduced by laminating the cores.
3. Hysteresis loss : Material should have small hysteresis loop area (i.e., soft
iron core)
4. Leakage of flux : By using material of high permeability and winding the
primary & secondary coils over each other.

Unit I - II 57
 ALTERNATING CURRENT
1. In a.c. circuit V = V0 sin ωt
I = I0 sin (ωt + φ)
2. r.m.s. value of current & voltage :
V0
Irms = , Vrms =
2
3. Mean/Average value of current or voltage over a half cycle.

Im = , Vm =

4. Purely resistive a.c. circuit : V = V0 sin ωt

I = I0 sin ωt
i.e., e and I both are in same phase.
Voltage and current are in same phases :

I0 =

5. Purely capacitive circuit :

V = V0 sin ωt, I = I0 sin

current leads the voltage by in phase

V0
I0 =
Xc

58 Physics Class - XII)

 where χC = [Capacitive reactance] & ω = 2πv

6. Purely inductive a.c. circuit :

V = V0 sin ωt
I = I0 sin

i.e., voltage leads the current by in phase

I0 =

where XL = ωL (Inductive reactance)

7. Series LCR circuit : V = V0 sin ωt

I = I0 sin (ωt + φ)
V0
where I0 = ,Z= [Impedence]
Z

and tan φ =

Unit I - II 59
Phasor diagram :
Veff =

VL = IXL, VC = IXC, VR = IR

Impedence Triangle :

From ∆ OAB :
cos φ =

and tan φ =

Graph impendence V/s frequency :

→
8. Resonance : XL = XC

ωr = or vr =

60 Physics Class - XII)

 Imax = (at v = vr)

Resonance curve :
Band width = 2∆w
= w2 – w1

At resonance Z = R, φ = 0
i.e., voltage and current both are in the same phase.
9. Quality factor

Q = or Q =

10. Average power of LCR circuit

P = Vrms Irms cos φ

cos φ = Power factor =

Important Points :
(i) For a pure inductive or capacitive circuit

∴ cos φ = 0 So P = O
(ii) For pure resistive circuit or LCR circuit at resonance
cos φ = 1
Paverge = Vrms . Irms = Papparent


Unit I - II 61
 KEY POINTS
Physical Quantity Formulae SI Unit

Biot-Savart’s Law = Tesla (T);

= 104 Gauss = 1T

Magnetic field due to a straight B= T

current carrying conductor

Magnetic field at the centre of B= T

a circular loop B= (For n loops)

Magnetic Field at a Point on the B= T

Axis of a current carrying loop

When, x = 0, B =

For a << x, B =

For n loops, B =

Ampere’s Circuital Law T–m

62 Physics Class - XII)

Magnetic field due to a long B = µ0nI T
straight solenoid
At the end of solenoid,

B= µ0nI

If solenoid is filled with

material having magnetic
permeability µr
B = µ0µr nI
Magnetic field due to a toroidal B = µ0 nI T
solenoid

Motion of a charged particle y= m

inside electric field

Megnetic force on a moving =q N

charge
Or F = B qv sin θ

Lorentz Force (Electric and = N

Magnetic)
The Cyclotron

Radius of circular path r=

The period of circular motion T=

The cyclotron frequency v=

Maximum energy of the positive = qV

ions

The radius corresponding to r=

maximum velocity

Unit III - IV 63
The maximum velocity vmax =

The radius of helical path when

and are inclined to each

other by an angle θ r=

→ →
Force on a current carrying cond- = I  l × B  N
uctor placed in a magnetic field  

Force per unit length betwen two f= Nm–1

parallel current carrying
conductors

Magnetic dipole moment = Am2 or JT–1

Torque on a rectangular current

carrying loop ABCD =

= MB sin α
If coil has n turns,
= n B I A sin α
α → angle between
normal drawn on the
plane of loop and
magnetic field

Period of oscillation of bar T= S

magnet if external magnetic

field

The potential energy associated U=– = – MB cos θ

with magnetic field

Current through a galvanometer I= A

φ→ angle by which the coil G→galvanometer constant

rotates

64 Physics Class - XII)

Sensitivity of a galvanometer or

Current sensitivity Is = rad A–1

Voltage sensitivity Vs = rad V–1

The current loop as a magnetic B= T

dipole on axis at very large

distance from the centre

Gyromagnetic ratio C Kg–1

→ Angular momentum

Bohr magneton (µe)min = h Am2

= 9.27×10–24

Magnetic dipole moment = JT–1 or Am2

Magnetic field on axial line Baxial = T

of a bar magnet
When, l < < r,

Beq =

Gauss’s Law in magnetism Tm2 or weber

Magnetic inclination (or Dip) tan δ = , δ→ angle of dip

Magnetic intensity (or Magnetic H= = nI Am–1

field strength) n is the no. of terms/length

Intensity of magnetization Im = Am–1

Unit III - IV 65
Magnetic flux φ= Weber (Tm2)

Magnetic induction (or Magnetic B = B0 + µ0Im T

flux density or Magnetic field) = µ0 (H + Im)

Magnetic susceptibility χm =

Magnetic permeability µ= TmA–1

(or NA–2)

Relative permeability (µ)

Curie’s Law χm = , C → curie constant

Conversion of a Galvanometer
into Ammeter

Conversion of a Galvanometer
into voltmeter

R= –G

G is Galvanometer Resistance

66 Physics Class - XII)

 UNIT–III & UNIT–IV

MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF
CURRENT AND MAGNETISM
&
E.M.I. AND ALTERNATING
CURRENT
QUESTIONS

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 Mark)

1. Every magnetic field configuration must have a north pole and a south
pole? What about the field due to a toroid?
Ans. No, pole exists only when the source has some net magnetic moment.
There is no pole in toroid. Magnetic field due to a toroid B = µ0 nl
2. How are the figure of merit and current sensitivity of galvanometer
related with each other ?
Ans. Reciprocal.
3. Show graphically the variation of magnetic field due to a straight conductor
of uniform cross-section or radius ‘a’ and carrying steady currently as
a function of distance r (a > r) from the axis of the conductor.
Ans.

4. The force per unit length between two parallel long current carrying
conductor is F. If the current in each conductor is tripled, what would
be the value of the force per unit length between them?

Unit III - IV 67
 Ans. F =

F= = 9 times

5. How does the angle of dip vary from equator to poles?

Ans. 0º to 90º
6. What is the effect on the current measuring range of a galvanometer
when it is shunted?
Ans. Increased.
7. An electric current flows in a horizontal wire from East to West. What
will be the direction of magnetic field due to current at a point (i) North
of wire; (ii) above the wire.
Ans.

(i) Going into the plane of the paper.

(ii) Going out of the plane of paper.
8. Suggest a method to shield a certain region of space from magnetic
fields.
Ans. By using a ferromagnetic case. Put an iron ring in the magnetic field
inside the ring field will be zero.
9. Why the core of a moving coil galvanometer is made of soft iron?
Ans. To increase magnetic flux linked and sensitivity.
10. Where on the earth’s surface is the vertical component of earth’s magnetic
field zero?
Ans. At equator.
11. If the current is increased by 1% in a moving coil galvanometer. What
will be percentage increase in deflection?
Ans. 1%.
12. Write S.I. unit of (i) Pole strength and (ii) Magnetic dipole moment.
Ans. (i) Am
(ii) Am2
13. If the magnetic field is parallel to the positive y-axis and the charged
particle is moving along the positive x-axis, which way would the
Lorentz force be for (a) an electron (negative charge), (b) a proton
(positive charge) ?

68 Physics Class - XII)

 Ans. When velocity ( ) of positively charged particle is along x-axis and
the magnetic field ( ) is along y-axis, so × is along the z-axis
(Fleming’s left hand rule).
Therefore,
(a) for electron Lorentz force will be along -z axis;
(b) for a positive charge (proton) the force is along +z axis.
14. If a toroid uses Bismuth at its core, will the field in the core be lesser
or greater than when it is empty?
Ans. Bismuth is diamagnetic, hence, the overall magnetic field will be slightly
less.
15. An electron beam projected along + x-axis, experiences a force due to a
magnetic field along the + y-axis. What is the direction of the magnetic
field?
Ans. + Z-axis
16. What do you understand by figure of merit ?
Ans. Figure of merit is defined as the current required per division of deflection
derivation

K = , SI unit A/div

in observation for half deflection method

ig = Kθ, ig =

k =

It enables us to find current required for full scale deflection.

17. What is the direction of magnetic dipole moment ?
Ans. S to N.
18. What is the angle of dip at a place where vertical and horizontal
component of earth’s field are equal ?
Ans. 45°

Unit III - IV 69
 19. Does a charge Particle gain K.E. when passed through magnetic field
region? Justify.
Ans. No, as the magnetic force acting on the charge particle is always
perpendicular to the velocity, hence
dω → →
= f . v = f v cos 90° = 0
dt
∴ there is no gain in KE of particle.
20. Sketch the magnetic field lines for a current carrying circular loop.
Ans.

21. Why core of a transformer is laminated ?

Ans. To reduce loss due to eddy currents.
22. What is the direction of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 seen
from the top when current I in the wire is increasing steadily ?

Ans.

23. In which of the following cases will the mutual inductance be (i)
minimum (ii) maximum?

Ans. (i) b (ii) c

70 Physics Class - XII)

 24.
In a series L–C–R circuit, voltages across inductor, capacitor, and resistor
are VL, VC and VR respectively. What is the phase difference between
(i) VL and VR (ii) VL and VC?
π
Ans. (i) (ii) π
2
25. Why can’t transformer be used to step up or step down dc voltage?
Ans. In steady current no induction phenomenon will take place.
26. In an a.c. circuit, instantaneous voltage and current are V = 200 sin
300 t volt and i = 8 cos 300t ampere respectively. What is the average
power dissipated in the circuit?

π
Ans. As the phase difference between current and voltage is .
2

π
∴ Pav = IvEv cos
=0
2
27. Sketch a graph that shows change in reactance with frequency of a
series LCR circuit. (x) (ν)
Ans.

28. A coil A is connected to an A.C. ammeter and another coil B to A

source of alternaing e.m.f. How will the reading of ammeter change if
a copper plate is introduced between the coils as shown.

Ans. Reading of ammeter will decrease due to eddy currents.

Unit III - IV 71
 29. In a circuit instantaneously voltage and current are V = 150 sin 314t
volt and i = 12 cos 314t ampere respectively. Is the nature of circuit is
capacitive or inductive ?

Ans. i = 12 sin

i.e. Current is ahead the voltage by a phase difference of . Hence

circuit is a capacitive circuit.
30. In a series L–C–R circuit VL = VC ≠ VR. What is the value of power
factor?
Ans. At Resonance cos φ = 1.
31.
In an inductor L, current passed I0 and energy stored in it is U. If the
current is now reduced to I0/2, what will be the new energy stored in
the inductor?

Ans. UL ∝ I2 ⇒ U′ =

32. A square loop a, b, c, d of a conducting wire has been changed into a

rectangular loop a′, b′, c′, d′ as shown in figure. What is the direction
of induced current in the loop?

Ans. Clockwise.
33. Twelve wires of equal lengths are connected in the form of a skeleton of
a cube, which is moving with a velocity in the direction of magnetic
field . Find the emf in each arm of the cube.

72 Physics Class - XII)

 Ans. emf in each branch will be zero since V & B are parallel for all arms.

∴ =q =0

34. Current versus frequency (I – v) graphs for two different series L–C–R
circuits have been shown in adjoining diagram. R1 and R2 are resistances
of the two circuits. Which one is greater–R1 or R2?

Ans. R1 > R2 as I is smaller in larger resistance.

35. Why do we prefer carbon brushes than copper in an a.c. generator?
Ans. Corrosion free and small expansion on heating maintains proper
contact.
36. What are the values of capacitive and inductive reactance in a dc circuit?

Ans. XC = ∞ for dc υ = 0 XC = =∞

XL = 0 & XL = ω L = 2πυL = 0
37.
Give the direction of the induced current in a coil mounted on an
insulating stand when a bar magnet is quickly moved along the axis of
the coil from one side to the other as shown in figure.

Unit III - IV 73
 Ans. If observer is situated at the side from which bar magnet enters the
loop. The direction of current is clockwise when magnet moves towards
the loop and direction of current is anticlockwise when magnet moves
away from the loop.
38. In figure, the arm PQ is moved from x = 0 to x = 2b with constant
speed V. Consider the magnet field as shown in figure. Write
(i) direction of induced current in rod
(ii) polarity induced across rod. 

Ans. Hint ∴ P (+), Q (–)

39. A wire moves with some speed perpendicular to a magnetic field. Why
is emf induced across the rod?
Ans. Lorentz force acting on the free charge carrier of conducting wire hence
polarity developed across it.
40. Predict the polarity of the capacitor in the situation described in the
figure below.
Ans. Plate a will be positive with respect to ‘b’. When the observer is looking
from the side of moving bar magnet.

41. A circular coil rotates about its vertical diameter in a uniform horizontal
magnetic field. What is the average emf induced in the coil?
Ans. Zero
42. Define RMS Value of Current.

74 Physics Class - XII)

 Ans. RMS value of ac is defined as that value of direct current which produces
the same heating effect in a given resistor as is produced by the given
alternating current when passed for the same time.

Irms = = 0.707 I0

43.
In given figure three curves a, b and c shows variation of resistance, (R)
capacitive reactance (xc) and inductive (xL) reactance with frequency.
Identify the respective curves for these.

a
b
X/R (Ω)

f(Hin
Frequency 3) Hz

44.
A long straight wire with current i passes (without touching) three square
wire loops with edge lengths 2L, 1.5L and L. The loops are widely
spaced (so as do not affect one another). Loops 1 and 3 are symmetric
about the long wire. Rank the loops according to the size of the current
induced in them if current i is (a) constant and (b) increasing.

Ans. (a) No induced current

(b) Current will be induced only in loop 2.
45. In an L–C circuit, current is oscillating with frequency 4 × 106 Hz.
What is the frequency with which magnetic energy is oscillating?
Ans. υm = 2υ = 8 × 106 Hz.
46. A current carrying wire (straight) passes inside a triangular coil as shown
in figure. The current in the wire is perpendicular to paper inwards.
Find the direction of induced current in the loop if current in the wire
is increasing with time.

Unit III - IV 75
 Ans. Magnetic field line are tangential to the triangular plane θ = 90º so
φ=0

47. Wire carrying a study current and rod AB are in the same plane the
rod move parallel to wire with velocity v then which end of the rod is
at higher potential.
I S 5A
A

B
Ans. End A will be at higher potential.
48. The current i in an induction coil varies with time t according to the graph

Draw the graph of induced e.m.f. with time.

Ans.

49. Can a capacitor of suitable capacitance replace an inductor in an AC

circuit?
Ans. Yes, because average power consumed in both is least while controlling
an AC.

76 Physics Class - XII)

 50. In the given figure,

a cylinderical bar magnet is rotated about its axis. A wire is connected

from the axis and is made to touch the cylinderical surface through a
contact. Then, current in the Ammeter is.....
Ans. When cylinderical bar magnet is rotated about its axis, no change in
magnetic flux linked with the circuit take place hence no e.m.f. is induced
hence no current flows through the ammeter (A)
SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
1. Write the four measures that can be taken to increase the sensitivity of
galvanometer.
2. A galvanometer of resistance 120Ω gives full scale deflection for a
current of 5mA. How can it be converted into an ammeter of range 0
to 5A? Also determine the net resistance of the ammeter.
3. A current loop is placed in a uniform magnetic field in the following
orientations (1) and (2). Calculate the magnetic moment in each case.

4. A current of 10A flows through a semicircular wire of radius 2 cm as

shown in figure (a). What is direction and magnitude of the magnetic
field at the centre of semicircle? Would your answer change if the wire
were bent as shown in figure (b) ?

Unit III - IV 77
 5. A proton and an alpha particle of the same enter, in turn, a region of
uniform magnetic field acting perpendicular to their direction of motion.
Deduce the ratio of the radii of the circular paths described by the proton
and alpha particle.
6. Why does the susceptibility of dimagnetic substance independent of
temperature ?
Ans. As there is no permanent dipoles in dimagnetic substance, so, there is
no meaning of randomness of dipoles on increasing temp.
7. Mention two properties of soft iron due to which it is preferred for
making electromagnet.
Ans. Low retentivity, low coercivity
8. A magnetic dipole of magnetic moment M is kept in a magnetic field
B. What is the minimum and maximum potential energy? Also give the
most stable position and most unstable position of magnetic dipole.
9. What will be (i) Pole strength, (ii) Magnetic moment of each of new
piece of bar magnet if the magnet is cut into two equal pieces :
(a) normal to its length?
(b) along its length?
10. A steady current I flows along an infinitely long straight wire with circular
cross-section of radius R. What will be the magnetic field outside and
inside the wire at a point r distance far from the axis of wire?
11. A circular coil of n turns and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound
and rewound to make another square coil of side ‘a’ keeping number
of turns and current same. Calculate the ratio of magnetic moment of
the new coil and the original coil.
12. A coil of N turns and radius R carries a current I. It is unwound and
rewound to make another coil of radius R/2, current remaining the same.
Calculate the ratio of the magnetic moment of the new coil and original
coil.
13. At a place horizontal component of the earths magnetic field is B
and angle of dip at the place is 60°. What is the value of horizontal
component of the earths magnetic field.
(i) at Equator; (ii) at a place where dip angle is 30°
14. A galvanometer coil has a resistance G. 1% of the total current goes
through the coil and rest through the shunt. What is the resistance of
the shunt in terms of G?

78 Physics Class - XII)

 15. Prove that magnetic moment of a hydrogen atom in its ground state is
eh/4πm. Symbols have their usual meaning.
16. Each of conductors shown in figure carries 2A of current into or out
of page. Two paths are indicated for the line integral . What is
the value of the integral for the path (a) and (b).

17. What is the radius of the path of an electron (mass 9 × 10–31 kg and
charge 1.6 × 10–19 C) moving at a speed of 3 × 107 m/s in a magnetic
field of 6 × 10–4 T perpendicular to it? What is its frequency? Calculate
its energy in keV. (1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J).
Ans. Radius, r = mv/(qB)
= 9.1 × 10–31 kg × 3 × 107 ms–1/(1.6 × 10–19 C × 6 × 10–4 T) = 20 cm
v = v/(2πr) = 1.7 ×107 Hz
E = (1/2)mv2 = (1/2) 9 × 10–31 kg × 9 × 1014 m2/s2
= 40.5 × 10–17 J = 4 × 10–16 J = 2.5 keV.
18. Why is it necessary for voltmeter to have a higher resistance?
Ans. Since voltmeter is to be connected across two points in parallel, if it
has low resistance, a part of current will pass through it which will
decrease actual potential difference to be measured.
19. Can d.c. ammeter use for measurement of alternating current?
Ans. No, it is based on the principle of torque. When ac is passing through
it (of freq. 50 Hz). It will not respond to frequent change in direction
due to inertia hence would show zero deflection.
20. Define the term magnetic dipole moment of a current loop. Write the
expression for the magnetic moment when an electron revolves at a
speed ‘v’, around an orbit of radius ‘r’ in hydrogen atom.
Ans. The product of the current in the loop to the area of the loop is the
magnetic dipole moment of a current loop.
The magnetic moment of electron

Unit III - IV 79
 21. An ac source of rms voltage V is put across a series combination of
an inductor L, capacitor C and a resistor R. If VL, VC and VR are the
rms voltage across L, C and R respectively then why is V ≠ VL + VC
+ VR? Write correct relation among VL, VC and VR.
Ans. Hint :
VL, VC and VR are not in the same phase
VL + VC + VR > V
22. A bar magnet is falling with some acceleration ‘a’ along the vertical axis
of a coil as shown in fig. What will be the acceleration of the magnet
(whether a > g or a < g or a = g) if (a) coil ends are not connected to
each other? (b) coil ends are connected to each other?

23.
The series L–C–R circuit shown in fig. is in resonance state. What is
the voltage across the inductor?

Ans. [Hint VL = I XL where I = ]

24. The division marked on the scale of an a.c. ammeter are not equally
spaced. Why?
25. Circuit shown here uses an air filled parallel plate capacitor. A mica
sheet is now introduced between the plates of capacitor. Explain with
reason the effect on brightness of the bulb B.

80 Physics Class - XII)

 26. In the figure shown, coils P and Q are identical and moving apart with
same velocity V. Induced currents in the coils are I1 and I2. Find I1/I2.
× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×

× × × × l × ×
V b V
× × × × × ×
l
× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×
b

27. An electron moving through magnetic field does not experience mgnetic
force, under what conditions is this possible ?
Ans. when electron moving parallel to magnetic field.
28. A 1.5 µF capacitor is charged to 57V. The charging battery is then
disconnected, and a 12 mH coil is connected in series with the capacitor
so that LC Oscillations occur. What is the maximum current in the coil?
Assume that the circuit has no resistance.
29. The self inductance of the motor of an electric fan is 10H. What should
be the capacitance of the capacitor to which it should be connected in
order to impart maximum power at 50Hz?
30. A galvanometer needs 50mV for full scale deflection of 50 Divisions.
Find it voltage sensitivity. What must be its resistance if its current
sensitivity is 1 Div/A.
θ 50Div
Ans. Vs = = = 103 div/ v Is → Current sensitivity
V 50mv

Rg = = 10–3W VS → Voltage sensitivity

31. How does an inductor behave in an AC circuit at very high frequency?

Justify.
32. An electric bulb is connected in series with an inductor and an AC
source. When switch is closed. After sometime an iron rod is inserted
into the interior of inductor. How will the brightness of bulb be affected?
Justify your answer.

Unit III - IV 81
 Ans. Decreases, due to increase in inductive reactance.
33. Show that in the free oscillation of an LC circuit, the sum of energies
stored in the capacitor and the inductor is constant with time.

Ans. Hint : U = LI2 +

34. Show that the potential difference across the LC combination is zero at
the resonating frequency in series LCR circuit
Ans. Hint : P.d. across L is = IXL
P.D. across C is = IXC
⇒ V = IXL – IXC
at resonance XL = XC
⇒ V = O.
34. When a large amount of current is passing through solenoid, it contract,
explain why ?
Ans. Current in two consecutive turns being in same direction make them to
form unlike poles together hence, they attract each other.
35. for circuits used for transmitting electric power, a low power factor
implies large power loss in transmission. Explain.
∴ P = VI cos θ

I =

If cos θ is low I will be high ⇒ Large power loss.

36. An applied voltage signal consists of a superposition of DC Voltage and
an AC Voltage of high frequency. The circuit consists of an inductor
and a capacitor in series. Show that the DC signal will appear across
C where as AC signal will appear across L.
37. A bar magnet M is dropped so that is falls vertically through the coil
C. The graph obtained for voltage produced across the coil Vs time is
shown in figure.

82 Physics Class - XII)

 (i) Explain the shape of the graph.
(ii) Why is the negative peak longer than the positive peak ?
Ans. (i) When the bar magnet moves towards the coil magnetic flux passing
through the coil increases as velocity of magnet increases in downward
direction, e.m.f. induced also increases, due to formation of similar
pole repulsive force decreases the rate of increase of flux.
(ii) once the magnet has passed through the coil, flux decreases in

downward direction but increases as self induced e.m.f. in the

coil maintains its flux in the same direction. Thus due to the addition
of self induced e.m.f. in same direction according to Lenz’s law.
38. What is the significance of Q-factor in a series LCR resonant circuit ?
39. How does mutual inductance of a pair of coils kept coaxially at a
distance in air change when
(i) the distance between the coils is increased?
(ii) an iron rod is kept between them?
40. Two circular conductors are perpendicular to each other as shown in
figure. If the current is changed in conductor B, will a current be induced
in the conductor A,

41. What is a radial magnetic field? Why is it required in a galvanometer ?

Ans. Using concave shaped pole of magnet and placing soft iron cylinderical
core, A magnetic field, having field lines along radii is called as radial
magnetic field.
To make Torque independent of ‘θ’ (constant) radial magnetic field is
required τ = NIAB sin θ
for radial Magnetic Field θ = 90°
τ = NIAB. (independent of θ)

Unit III - IV 83
 42. The hysterisis loop of material depends not only on the nature of material
but also on the history of its magnetization cycles. Suggest a use of this
property of material.
Ans. The value of magnetization is record/memory of its cycles of
magnetisation. If information bits can be made correspond to these
cycles, the system displaying such hysterisis loop can act as a device
for storing information’s.
43. A wire in the form of a tightly wound Solenoid is connected to a DC
source, and carries a current. If the coil is stretched so that there are
gaps between successive elements of the spiral coil, will the current
increase or decrease ? Explain ?
Ans. When the coil is stretched so that there are gaps between successive
elements of the spiral coil i.e. the wires are pulled apart which lead
to the flux leak through the gaps. According to Lenz’s law, the e.m.f.
produced must oppose this decrease, which can be done by an increase
in current. So, the current will increase.
44. Show that the induced charge does not depend upon rate of change of
flux.

Ans. | E | = N

i =

∴ dq =
45. Consider a magnet surrounded by a wire with an on/off switch S (figure).
If the switch is thrown from the ‘off’ position (open circuit) to the ‘on’
position (Closed circuit) will a current flow in the circuit ? Explain.

Ans. φ = BA cos θ so flux linked will change only when either B or A or

the angle between B and A change.

84 Physics Class - XII)

 When switch is thrown from off position to the on position, then
neither B nor A nor the angle between A and B change. Thus there is
no change in magnetic flux linked with the coil, hence no electromotive
force (e.m.f.) is produced and consequently no current will flow in the
circuit.
Short answers Questions (3 marks)
1. Derive the expression for force between two infinitely long parallel
straight wires carrying current in the same direction. Hence define
‘ampere’ on the basis of above derivation.
2. Define (i) Hysterisis (ii) Retentivity (iii) Coercivity
3. Distinguish between diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic
substances in terms of susceptibility and relative permeability.
4. Name all the three elements of earth magnetic field and define them
with the help of relevant diagram.
5. Describe the path of a charged particle moving in a uniform magnetic
field with initial velocity
(i)  parallel to (or along) the field.
(ii) perpendicular to the field.
(iii) at an arbitrary angle θ (0º < θ < 90º).
6. Obtain an expression for the magnetic moment of an electron moving
with a speed ‘v’ in a circular orbit of radius ‘r’. How does the magnetic
moment change when :
(i) the frequency of revolution is doubled?
(ii) the orbital radius is halved?
7. State Ampere, circuital law. Use the law to obtain an expression for the
magnetic field due to a toroid.
8. Obtain an expression for magnetic field due to a long solenoid at a point
inside the solenoid and on the axis of solenoid.
9. Derive an expression for the torque on a magnetic dipole placed in a
magnetic field and hence define magnetic moment.
10. Derive an expression for magnetic field intensity due to a bar magnet
(magnetic dipole) at any point (i) Along its axis (ii) Perpendicular to
the axis.
11. Derive an expression for the torque acting on a loop of N turns of area
A of each turn carrying current I, when held in a uniform magnetic
field B.
12. How can a moving coil galvanometer be converted into a voltmeter
of a given range. Write the necessary mathematical steps to obtain the
value of resistance required for this purpose.

Unit III - IV 85
 13. A long wire is first bent into a circular coil of one turn and then into a
circular coil of smaller radius having n turns. If the same current passes
in both the cases, find the ratio of the magnetic fields produced at the
centres in the two cases.
Ans. When there is only one turn, the magnetic field at the centre,

B =

2πa′ × n = 2πa ⇒ a′ = a/n

The magnetic field at its centre, B1 = = n2B

The ratio is, B1/B = n2

14. Obtain an expression for the self inductance of a straight solenoid of
length l and radius r (l > > r).
15. Distinguish between : (i) resistance and reactance (ii) reactance and
impedance.
16. In a series L–C–R circuit XL, XC and R are the inductive reactance,
capacitive reactance and resistance respectively at a certain frequency f.
If the frequency of a.c. is doubled, what will be the values of reactances
and resistance of the circuit?

Ans. [Hint : XL = ωL, XC = , R independent]

17. What are eddy currents? Write their four applications.

18. In a series L–R circuit, XL = R and power factor of the circuit is P1.
When capacitor with capacitance C such that XL = XC is put in series,
the power factor becomes P2. Find P1/P2.
Ans. [Hint P = cos θ = ]

19. Instantaneous value of a.c. voltage through an inductor of inductance L

is e = e0 cos ωt. Obtain an expression for instantaneous current through
the inductor. Also draw the phasor diagram.
20. In an inductor of inductance L, current passing is I0. Derive an expression
for energy stored in it. In what forms is this energy stored?

86 Physics Class - XII)

 21. Which of the following curves may represent the reactance of a series
LC combination.

22. A sinusoidal e.m.f. device operates at amplitude E0 and frequency

across a purely (1) resistive (2) capacitive (3) inductive circuit. If the
frequency of driving source is increased. How would (a) amplitude E0
and (b) amplitude I0 increase, decrease or remain same in each case?
23. A conducting rod held horizontally along East-West direction is dropped
from rest at certain height near Earth’s surface. Why should there be
an induced e.m.f. across the ends of the rod? Draw a graph showing
the variation of e.m.f. as a function of time from the instant it begins
to fall.
Ans. Hint : e = Bln and n = gt

24. In an LC circuit, resistance of the circuit is negligible. If time period

of oscillation is T then :
(i) at what time is the energy stored completely electrical
(ii) at what time is the energy stored completely magnetic
(iii) at what time is the total energy shared equally between the inductor
and capacitor.
Ans. (i) t = 0, T/2, 3T/2,........
(ii) t = T/4, 3T/4, 5T/4...........

(iii) t =

Unit III - IV 87
 25. An alternating voltage of frequency f is applied across a series LCR
circuit. Let fr be the resonance frequency for the circuit. Will the current
in the circuit lag, lead or remain in phase with the applied voltage when
(i) f > fr (ii) f < fr (iii) f = fr? Explain your answer in each case.
Ans. (i) Current will lag because.
VL < VC Hence VL – VC > O
(ii) Current will lead, because.
VL < VC Hence VL – VC < O
(iii) In phase
26. Figure (a), (b), (c) show three alternating circuits with equal currents.
If the frequency of alternating emf be increased, what will be the effect
on current in the three cases? Explain.

Ans. (i) No effect, R is not affected by frequency.

(ii) Current will decrease as XL increase.
(iii) Current will increase as XC decrease.
27. Study the circuit (a) and (b) shown in the figure and answer the following
questions.

(a) Under which condition the rms current in the two circuits to be the
same?
(b) Can the r.m.s. current in circuit (b) larger than that of in (a) ?

Ans. Irms(a) = Irms(b) =

88 Physics Class - XII)

 (a)
Irms(a) = Irms(b)

when XL = Xc (resonance condition)

I rms(a) Z
= = 1
I rms(b) R
(b) As z R
Irms(a) Irms(b)
No, the rms current in circuit (b), cannot be larger than that in (a).
28. Can the instantaneous power output of an AC source ever be negative ?
Can average power output be negative ? Justify your answer.
Ans. Yes, Instantaneous power output of an AC source can be negative.

Instantaneous power output P = EI = [cos φ – cos (2ωt + φ)]

No, Pavc = Vrms Irms cos f

Pavc > 0

cos φ = >0
29. A device ‘X’ is connected to an AC source. The variation of voltage,
current and power in one complete cycle is shown in fig.

(a) Which curves shows power consumption over a full cycle?

(b) What is the average power consumption over a cycle?
(c) Identify the device X if curve B shows voltage.
Ans. (a) A (a curve of power have a max. Amplitude of V and I)
(b) Zero.
(c) as average power is zero the device is a capacitor.

Unit III - IV 89
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
1. How will a diamagnetic, paramagnetic and a ferromagnetic material
behave when kept in a non-uniform external magnetic field? Give two
examples of each of these materials. Name two main characteristics of
a ferromagnetic material which help us to decide suitability for making.
(i) Permanent magnet (ii) Electromagnet.
2. State Biot-Savart law. Use it to obtain the magnetic field at an axial
point, distance d from the centre of a circular coil of radius ‘a’ and
carrying current I. Also compare the magnitudes of the magnetic field
of this coil at its centre and at an axial point for which the value of d
is .
3. Write an expression for the force experienced by a charged particle
moving in a uniform magnetic field B. With the help of diagram, explain
the principle and working of a cyclotron. Show that cyclotron frequency
does not depend on the speed of the particle.
*4. Write the principle, working of a moving coil galvanometer with the
help of neat labelled diagram. What is the importance of radial field and
phosphor bronze used in the construction of moving coil galvanometer?
5. Draw a labelled diagram to explain the principle and working of an a.c.
generator. Deduce the expression for emf generated. Why cannot the
current produced by an a.c. generator be measured with a moving coil
ammeter?
6. Explain, with the help of a neat and labelled diagram, the principle,
construction and working of a transformer.
7. An L–C circuit contains inductor of inductance L and capacitor of
capacitance C with an initial charge q0. The resistance of the circuit is
negligible. Let the instant the circuit is closed be t = 0.
(i) What is the total energy stored initially?
(ii) What is the maximum current through inductor?
(iii) What is the frequency at which charge on the capacitor will oscillate?
(iv) If a resistor is inserted in the circuit, how much energy is eventually
dissipated as heat?

90 Physics Class - XII)

 8. An a.c. i = i0 sin ωt is passed through a series combination of an inductor
(L), a capacitor (C) and a resistor (R). Use the phasor diagram to obtain
expressions for the (a) impedance of the circuit and phase angle between
voltage across the combination and current passed in it. Hence show
that the current

(i) leads the voltage when ω <

(ii) is in phase with voltage when ω = .

9.
Write two differences in each of resistance, reactance and impedance
for an ac circuit. Derive an expression for power dissipated in series
LCR circuit.

NUMERICALS
1. An electron travels on a circular path of radius 10 m in a magnetic field
of 2 × 10–3 T. Calculate the speed of electron. What is the potential
difference through which it must be accelerated to acquire this speed?
[Ans. Speed = 3.56 × 109 m/s; V = 3.56 × 107 volts]
2. A charge particle of mass m and charge q entered into magnetic field B
normally after accelerating by potential difference V. Calculate radius

of its circular path. [Ans. r = ]

3. Calculate the magnetic field due to a circular coil of 500 turns and of
mean diameter 0.1m, carrying a current of 14A (i) at a point on the
axis distance 0.12 m from the centre of the coil (ii) at the centre of the
coil.
[Ans. (i) 5.0 × 10–3 Tesla; (ii) 8.8 × 10–2 Tesla]
4. An electron of kinetic energy 10 keV moves perpendicular to the direction
of a uniform magnetic field of 0.8 milli tesla. Calculate the time period
of rotation of the electron in the magnetic field.
[Ans. 4.467 × 10–8 s.]
5. If the current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer is increased by
20% and its resistance also increased by 50% then how will the voltage
sensitivity of the galvanometer be affected? [Ans. 25% decrease]

Unit III - IV 91
 6. A uniform wire is bent into one turn circular loop and same wire is
again bent in two circular loop. For the same current passed in both
the cases compare the magnetic field induction at their centres.
[Ans. Increased 4 times]
7. A horizontal electrical power line carries a current of 90A from east to
west direction. What is the magnitude and direction of magnetic field
produced by the power line at a point 1.5 m below it?
[Ans. 1.2 × 10–5 T South ward]
8. A galvanometer with a coil of resistance shows full scale deflection
for a potential difference 25mV. What should be the value of resistance
to convert the galvanometer into a voltmeter of range 0V to 5V. How
should it be converted? [Ans. 1910 Ω in series]
9. Two identical circular loops P and Q carrying equal currents are placed
such that their geometrical axis are perpendicular to each other as
shown in figure. And the direction of current appear’s anticlockwise
as seen from point O which is equidistant from loop P and Q. Find
the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field produced at the
point O.

tan θ = = 1, θ = π/4. [Ans. ]

10. A cyclotron’s oscillator frequency is 10 MHz. What should be the

operating magnetic field for accelerating protons, if the radius of its dees
is 60 cm ? What is the kinetic energy of the proton beam produced by
the accelerator? Given e = 1.6 × 10–19 C, m = 1.67 × 10–27 kg. Express
your answer in units of MeV [1MeV = 1.6 × 10–13 J].
[Ans. B = 0.656T, Emax = 7.421 MeV]
11. The coil of a galvanometer is 0.02 × 0.08 m2. It consists of 200 turns
of fine wire and is in a magnetic field of 0.2 tesla. The restoring torque
92 Physics Class - XII)
 constant of the suspension fibre is 10–6 Nm per degree. Assuming the
magnetic field to be radial.
(i) What is the maximum current that can be measured by the
galvanometer, if the scale can accommodate 30° deflection?
(ii) What is the smallest, current that can be detected if the minimum
observable deflection is 0.1°?
[Ans. (i) 4.69 × 10–4 A; (ii) 1.56 × 10–6 A]
12. A voltmeter reads 5V at full scale deflection and is graded according
to its resistance per volt at full scale deflection as 5000ΩV–1. How will
you convert it into a voltmeter that reads 20V at full scale deflection?
Will it still be graded as 5000 ΩV–1? Will you prefer this voltmeter to
one that is graded as 2000 ΩV–1? [Ans. 7.5 × 104 Ω]
13. A short bar magnet placed with its axis at 30° with an external field
1000G experiences a torque of 0.02 Nm. (i) What is the magnetic
moment of the magnet. (ii) What is the work done in turning it from
its most stable equilibrium to most unstable equilibrium position?
[Ans. (i) 0.4 Am2; (ii) 0.08 J]
14. What is the magnitude of the equatorial and axial fields due to a bar
magnet of length 4 cm at a distance of 40 cm from its mid point? The
magnetic moment of the bar magnet is a 0.5Am2.
[Ans. BE = 7.8125 × 10–7 T; BA = 15.625 × 10–7 T]
15. What is the magnitude of magnetic force per unit length on a wire
carrying a current of 8A and making an angle of 30° with the direction
of a uniform magnetic field of 0.15T?
16. Two moving coil galvanometers, M1 and M2 have the following
specifications.
R1 = 10Ω, N1 = 30, A1 = 3.6 × 10–3m2, B1 = 0.25T
R2 = 14Ω, N2 = 42, A2 = 1.8 × 10–3m2, B2 = 0.50T
Given that the spring constants are the same for the two galvanometers,
determine the ratio of (a) current sensitivity (b) voltage sensitivity of
M1 & M2. [Ans. (a) 5/7 (b) 1:1]
17. In the given diagram, a small magnetised needle is placed at a point O.
The arrow shows the direction of its magnetic moment. The other arrows
Unit III - IV 93
 shown different positions and orientations of the magnetic moment of
another identical magnetic needs B.

(a) In which configuration is the systems not in equilibrium?

(b) In which configuration is the system.
(i) stable and (ii) unstable equilibrium?
(c) Which configuration corresponds to the lowest potential energy
among all the configurations shown?
18. In the circuit, the current is to be measured. What is the value of the
current if the ammeter shown :

(a) is a galvanometer with a resistance RG = 60 Ω,

(b) is a galvanometer described in (i) but converted to an ammeter by
a shunt resistance rs = 0.02Ω
(c) is an ideal ammeter with zero resistance?
19. An element ∆I = ∆x· is placed at the origin and carries a large current
I = 10A. What is the magnetic field on the y-axis at a distance of 0.5
m. ∆x = 1 cm.
Y

0.5

X
|∆x|

94 Physics Class - XII)

 20. A straight wire of mass 200 g and length 1.5 m carries a current of
2A. It is suspended in mid-air by a uniform horizontal magnetic field
B. What is the magnitude of the magnetic field?
21. A rectangular loop of sides 25 cm and 10 cm carrying current of 15A
is placed with its longer side parallel to a long straight conductor
2.0 cm apart carrying a current of 25A. What is the new force on the
loop ? [Ans. 7.82 × 10–4 N towards the conductor]
Hint :

F1 = = 9·38 × 10–4 N attractive

F2 = = 1.56 × 10–4 N repulsive

Net F = F1 – F2 = 7.82 × 10–4 N

22.
In a chamber of a uniform magnetic field 6.5G is maintained. An electron
is shot into the field with a speed of 4.8 × 106 ms–1 normal to the field.
Explain why the path of electron is a circle.
(a) Determine the radius of the circular orbit (e = 1.6 × 10–19 C, me =
9.1 × 10–31 kg)
(b) Obtain the frequency of resolution of the electron in its circular
orbit.

Hint : (a) r =
= 4.2 cm

(b) frequency v = = 18 MHz

23.
The horizontal and vertical components of earth’s magnetic field at a
place are 0.22G and 0.38G respectively. Calculate the angle of dip and
resultant intensity of earth’s field.

Unit III - IV 95
 Hint : tan δ =
= 1.73 = 60º, B = = 0.44 G

24. Figure shows the path of an electron that passes through two regions
containing uniform magnetic fields of magnitude B1 and B2. Its path in
each region is a half circle. (a) which field is stronger? (b) What are
the directions of two fields? (c) Is the time spend by the electron in
the , region greater than, less than, or the same as the time spent in

region?
[Ans. (a) B1 > B2; (b) B1 inward; B2 outward (c) Time spent in
B1 < Time spent in B2]

25.
In a series C–R circuit, applied voltage is V = 110 sin 314t volt. What
is the (i) The peak voltage (ii) Average voltage over half cycle ?
26. Magnetic flux linked with each turn of a 25 turns coil is 6 milliweber.
The flux is reduced to 1 mWb in 0.5s. Find induced emf in the coil.
27. The current through an inductive circuit of inductance 4mH is i = 12
cos 300t ampere. Calculate :
(i) Reactance of the circuit.
(ii) Peak voltage across the inductor.
28. A power transmission line feeds input power at 2400 V to a step down
ideal transformer having 4000 turns in its primary. What should be
number of turns in its secondary to get power output at 240V?
29. The magnetic flux linked with a closed circuit of resistance 8Ω varies
with time according to the expression φ = (5t2 – 4t + 2) where φ is
in milliweber and t in second. Calculate the value of induce current at
t = 15 s.

96 Physics Class - XII)

 30.
A capacitor, a resistor and henry inductor are connected in series

to an a.c. source of 50 Hz. Calculate capacitance of capacitor if the

current is in phase with voltage.
31. A series C–R circuit consists of a capacitance 16 mF and resistance 8Ω.
If the input a.c. voltage is (200 V, 50 Hz), Calculate (i) voltage across
capacitor and resistor. (ii) Phase by which voltage lags/leads current.
32. A rectangular conducting loop of length l and breadth b enters a uniform
magnetic field B as shown below.

The loop is moving at constant speed v and at t = 0 it just enters the

field B. Sketch the following graphs for the time interval t = 0 to
t=
.

(i) Magnetic flux – time

(ii) Induced emf – time
(iii) Power – time
Resistance of the loop is R.
33. A charged 8mF capacitor having charge 5mC is connected to a 5mH
inductor. What is :
(i) the frequency of current oscillations?
(ii) the frequency of electrical energy oscillations in the capacitor?
(iii) the maximum current in the inductor?
(iv) the magnetic energy in the inductor at the instant when charge on
capacitor is 4mC?
34. A 31.4Ω resistor and 0.1H inductor are connected in series to a 200V,
50Hz ac source. Calculate
(i) the current in the circuit
(ii) the voltage (rms) across the inductor and the resistor.
(iii) is the algebraic sum of voltages across inductor and resistor more
than the source voltage ? If yes, resolve the paradox.

Unit III - IV 97
 35. A square loop of side 12 cm with its sides parallel to X and Y-axis is
moved with a velocity of 8 cm/s in positive x-direction. Magnetic field
exists in z-directions.
(i) Determine the direction and magnitude of induced emf if the field
changes with 10–3 Tesla/cm along negative z-direction.
(ii) Determine the direction and magnitude of induced emf if field
changes with 10–3 Tesla/s along +z direction.
Ans. (i) Rate of change of flux = induced emf
2 –3
= (0.12) × 10 × 8
= 11.52 × 10–5 Wb/s in +z direction.
(ii) Rate of change of flux = induced emf
= (0.12)2 × 10–3 × 8
= 11.52 × 10–5 Wb/s in –z direction.
36. Figure shows a wire ab of length l which can slide on a U-shaped rail
of negligible resistance. The resistance of the wire is R. The wire is
pulled to the right with a constant speed v. Draw an equivalent circuit
diagram representing the induced emf by a battery. Find the current in
the wire.

37. A loop, made of straight edges has six corners at A(0, 0, 0), B(1, 0,
0), C(1, 1, 0), D(0, 1, 0), E(0, 1, 1) and F(0, 0, 1) a magnetic field B
= B0 (i+k) T is present in the region. Find the flux passing through the
loop ABCDEFA?

98 Physics Class - XII)

 Ans. Loop ABCDA lie in x-y plane whose area vector A1 = where
ADEFA lie in y-z plane where are vector A2 =

φ = B.A, A = A1 + A2 = ( + )

B = B0 = 2 B0L2 Wb.
38. A coil of 0.01 H inductance and 1Ω resistance is connected to 200V, 50
Hz AC supply. Find the impendence and time lag between maximum
alternating voltage and current.

Ans. Z= = = 3.3Ω

tan φ = = = 3.14

φ 72º

Phase diff. φ = rad.

ω= , time lag ∆t =

= s
39. An electrical device draws 2 KW power from AC mains (Voltage = 223V,

Vrms = ). The current differ (lags) in phase by φ

as compared to voltage. Find
(a) R
(b) XC – XL
(c) Im

Ans. P = 2KW = 2000W ; tan φ = ; Im = I0 ? R = ? XC – XL = ?

Vrms = V = 223V

Z = = 25Ω

Unit III - IV 99
 Z =
625 = R2 + (XL – XC)2

Again
tan φ =

XL – XC =

using this R = 20Ω; XL – XC = 15Ω, I = = = 8·92 A,

Im = I = 12.6A
40. In a LCR circuit, the plot of Imax versus ω is shown in figure. Find the
bandwith ?

Ans. Irms = = 0.7 At

from diagram w1 = 0.8 rad/s

w2 = 1.2 rad/s

∆w = 1.2 – 0.8 = 0.4 rad/s
41. An inductor of unknown value, a capacitor of 100µF and a resistor of
10Ω are connected in series to a 200V, 50Hz ac source. It is found that
the power factor of the circuit is unity. Calculate the inductance of the
inductor and the current amplitude.
Ans. L = 0.10 H, I0 = 28.3A

100 Physics Class - XII)

 42. A 100 turn coil of area 0.1 m2 rotates at half a revolution per second.
It is placed in a magnetic field of 0.01 T perpendicular to the axis of
rotation of the coil. Calculate max. e.m.f. generated in the coil.
Ans. ε0 = 0.314 Volt.
43. The magnetic flux linked with a large circular coil of radius R is 0.5
× 10–3 Wb, when current of 0.5A flows through a small neighbouring
coil of radius r. Calculate the coefficient of mutual inductance for the
given pair of coils.
If the current through the small coil suddenly falls to zero, what would
be the effect in the larger coil.
Ans. M = 1mH.
If the current through small coil suddenly falls to zero, [as, e2 = – M

] so initially large current is induced in larger coil, which soon

becomes zero.

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

1. Ravi heared about the saving of electric energy. He decided to use

fluorescent tubes of 40W in place of electric bulbs of 100 W to save
electricity. He purchased fluorescent tubes and directly connected the
tubes to a.c mains. The fluorescent tubes did not glow. He called the
electrician to resolve the problem the electrician used choke coil (inductor)
and the tubes started glowing.
Answer these questions—
(i) What were the values displayed by Mr. Ravi and electrician ?
(ii) Why is choke coil (Inductor) needed in the fluorescent tube with
a.c. mains?
(iii) Why an ordinary resistor can not be used instead of the choke coil
(i.e. inductor)?
2. Tushar was using a galvanometer in the practical class. Unfortunately it
fell from his hand and broke. He was upset, some of his friends advised
him not to tell the teacher but Tushar decided to tell his teacher. Teacher
listened to him patiently and on knowing that the act was not intentional,
Unit III - IV 101
 but just an accident, did not scold him and used the opportunity to show
the internal structure of galvanometer to the whole class.
(i) What are the value displayed by Tushar.
(ii) Explain the principal, construction and working of moving coil
galvanometer.
3. Pooja went to the market with her mother and decided to come back
home by metro. At Metro station they were made to pass through a
gate way for security check. Pooja passed through it and was waiting
for her mother to come. She heard a long beep when her mother passed
through metal detector. Pooja was confused why metal detector beeped
in case of her mother. She asked the duty staff, who explained her in
detail. Both were satisfied with the security system.
(i) What values are displayed by Pooja ?
(ii) What is cause of sound through metal detector ?
(iii) Write the principle on which a Metal detector words.
4. Mohan went on an educational trip to thermal power plant with his
teacher. Teacher told to the students about Nicola Tesla and his role in
the development of commercial generators to produce electric power. He
also explained laws behind the working of generators. Mohan listened
all that carefully and made a project on a.c. generator.
(i) What were the values displayed by teacher and Mohan ?
(ii) State the underlying principle of a.c. generator.
(iii) A coil having 100 turns of area of cross section 1m2 is rotated
at frequency of 100 Hz in a magnetic filed of 2T. Compute the
maximum e.m.f. induced in the coil.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS

2. S = × 120 = 0.12Ω.

3. (i) – mB (ii) zero

4. (i) B = = 5π ×10–5 T (inwards).

(ii) B = 5p × 10–5 T (inwards).

5. rp = and rα = = 2rα ⇒ .

102 Physics Class - XII)

 7. Low Retentivity and high permeability.
8. Minimum potential = – MB when θ = 0 (most stable position)
Maximum potential = MB when θ = 180º (most unstable position).
9. (a) Pole strength same; magnetic moment half.
(b) Pole strength half; magnetic moment half.

10. B (2πr) = µ0

B = (R r)

= µ0I

∴ B = (r R)
2
11. M1 = NIπR2; M2 = NIa2 ∴ M2 = a 2
M1 R
2πrN = 4aN ⇒ a =

= π/4

12. = (As N2 = 2N1)

13. 2B, .

16. (a) = µ0I = 2µ0 Tm

(b) zero

Unit III - IV 103

 22. (i) a = g because the induced emf set up in the coil does not produce
any current and hence no opposition to the falling bar magnet.
(ii) a < g because of the opposite effect caused by induced current.

23. Current at resonance I = .

∴ Voltage across inductor VL = I.XL = IωL = (2πv) L.

24. A.C. ammeter works on the principle of heating effect H α I2.

25. Brightness of bulb depends on current. P α I2 and

I= where Z = and

XC =

X C α , when mica sheet is introduced capacitance C increases

,
XC decreases, current increases and therefore brightness increases.
26. Current I = ε/R

In coil P, I1 = E1/R =

Bvl b
In coil Q, I2 = E2/R = I2/I2 = .
R l
27. Electro magnetic energy is conserved.
µE(max) = µB(max)

1/2 = LI2

I = 637 mA
–6
28. 10 F.
40. No current is induced in coil A since angle is 90.

104 Physics Class - XII)

 ANSWER FOR NUMERICALS

15. Force experienced by current carrying conductor in magnetic field.

F= = IBL sin θ

Hence, force permit length, f = IB sin 30º

= 8 × 0.15 × 1/2 = 0.6 Nm–1

16. (a) Current sensitivity,

Ratio of current Sensitivity =

= = 5/7

(b) Voltage sensitivity,

Ratio of voltage sensitivity =

= =1

17. (a) For equilibrium, the dipole moment should be parallel or auto parallel
to B. Hence, AB1 and AB2 are not in equilibrium.
(b) (i) for stable equilibrium, the dipole moments should be parallel,
examples : AB5 and AB6 (ii) for unstable equilibrium, the dipole
moment should be anti parallel examples : AB3 and AB4.
(c) Potential energy is minimum when angle between M and B is 0º,
i.e, U = – MB Example : AB6.
18. (a) Total resistance, RG + 3 = 63Ω.

Hence, I = = 0.048A

Unit III - IV 105

 (b) Resistance of the galvanometer as ammeter is

= 0.02Ω

Total resistance R = 0.02Ω + 3Ω = 3.02Ω

Hence, I = = 0.99A.
(c) For the ideal ammeter, resistance is zero, the current,
I = 3/3 = 1.00A.

19. From Biot-Savart’s Law, = Id sin θ /r2

dI = ∆x = 1 cm = 10–2 m, I = 10A, r = y = 0.5 m
µ0/4π = 10–7 Tm/A, θ = 90º so sin θ = 1

= 4 × 10–8 T along + z axis

20. Force experienced by wire Fm = BIl (due to map field)

The force due to gravity, Fg = mg

mg = BIl ⇒ B = mg/Il =
= 0.657 T

[Earth’s mag. field 4 × 10–5 T is negligible]

25. (i) V0 = 110 volt

(ii) Vav1/2 = = = 70 volt.

26. Induced emf ε = – N = –25 = 0.25 volt.

27. (i) Reactance XL = ωL = 300 × 4 × 10–3 = 1.2 Ω.

(ii) Peak Voltage V0 = i0XL = 12 × 1.2 = 14.4 volt.
28. In ideal transformer Pin = P0
VPIP = VSIS

NS = × 4000 = 400

106 Physics Class - XII)

 29.
Induced current I = ε/R

where ε = = – 10t + 4
ε = – 10(15) + 4 = – 146 mV
where φ = 5t2 – 4t + 2 and R = 8Ω

∴ I=– A = – .018A
30. When V and I in phase

XL = XC, v =

C =

= 2.5 × 10–5 = 25 µF.

31. Current in the circuit I =

When Z= XC =

Then total voltage across capacitor and resistor.

VC = iXC’ VR = IR.

(ii) tan φ = [V lags current]

32.
(i) φ = Blb

(ii) ε0 = Bvb

(iii) P0 =

Unit III - IV 107

 33. (i) Frequency of current oscillations

v=

(ii) Frequency of electrical energy oscillation vc = 2v

q0
(iii) Maximum current in the circuit I0 =
LC
(iv) Magnetic energy in the inductor when charge on capacitor is 4mC.

UL = U – UC =

Here q0 = 5mC; q = 4mC

34. Current in the circuit :

(i) I = , where Z =

(ii) RMS voltage across L and R

VL = I . XL; VR = IR
(iii) (VL + VR) > V because VL and VR are not in same phase.



108 Physics Class - XII)

 Unit V & VI
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
AND OPTICS

KEY POINTS
1. EM waves are produced by accelerated (only by the change in speed)
charged particles.
2. and vectors oscillate with the frequency of oscillating charged
particles.
3. Propagation of wave along x-direction.

4. Properties of em waves :
(i) Transverse nature
(ii) Can travel though vacuum.

(iii) n → Speed of EM waves.

(iv) Speed of em wave C = 3 × 108 m/s in vacuum and

C=

(v) In any medium n =

Unit V - VI 109
 Where µ = µr µ0 ε = εr εo
= n refractive index of medium

Also v =
(vi) A material medium is not required for the propagation of e.m.
waves.

(vii) Wave intensity equals average of Pointing vector I = .

(viii) Average electric and average magnetic energy densities are equal.

UE = and UB =

 In an em spectrum, diffferent waves have different frequency and wavelengths.

 Penetration power of em waves depends on frequency. Higher, the frequency
larger the penetration power.
 Wavelength λ and frequency v are related with each other v = λν. Here V is
the wave velocity. n = υ λ
 A wave travelling along + x axis is represented by
Ey = Eoy cos(ωt – kx)
Bz = Boz cos(ωt – kx)

ω = = 2πv

= λv = v wave speed

k =

v → frequency

= wave number.

110 Physics Class - XII)

Electromagnetic Soectrum

Name Wavelength range Production Uses

Gamma Rays < 10–12 m Gamma rays produced in treatment of cancer
in radio active decay of and to carry out
nucleus nuclear reactions.
x-rays 10–9 m to 10–12 m x-ray tubes or inner used as diagnostic tool
shell electrons in medical to find out
fractures in bones. to
find crack, flaws in
metal part of machine
UV rays 4 × 10–7 to 10–9 m by very hot bodies like in water purifier
sun and by UV lamps in detection of forged
documents, in food
preservation.
–7
Visible light 7 × 10 m to by accelerated tiny to see every thing
4 × 10–7m (electrons) charge around us
particles
IR rays 10–3 m to due to vibration of in green houses to keep
7 × 10–7 m atoms plant warm to reveal
secret writings on
walls in photography
during fog and smoke
–1 –3
Microwaves 10 m to 10 m produced in klystron in RADAR
Valve and magnetron in microwave ovens
Valve
Radio waves > 0.1 m by accelerated charged in radio telecommuni-
particles excited cation system in radio
electrical circuits astrology
excited
Displacement Current—Current produced due to time varying electric field
or electric flux.
ID = , φe is electric flux

Modified Ampere’s Circuital law by Maxwell

→ →  d φe 
�∫
B .d l = µ 0  IC + ε 0 dt 
Ic → Conduction current
IC = ID

Unit V - VI 111
 OPTICS
RAY OPTICS
GIST
1. REFLECTION BY CONVEX AND CONCAVE MIRRORS

a.
Mirror formula where u is the object distance, v is the

image distance and f is the focal length.

v f −v f
b. Magnification m ==
– = m is –ve for real images
u f f −u
and +ve for virtual images.
c. Focal length of a mirror depends up only on the curvature of the
mirror . It does not depend on the material of the mirror or

on wave length of light.

2.
REFRACTION
d. Ray of light bends when it enters from one medium to the other,
having different optical densities.
When light wave travels from one medium to another, the wave
length and velocity changes but frequency of light wave remains
the same.
e. Sun can be seen before actual sunrise and after actual sun set due
to Atmospheric refraction.
f. An object under water (any medium) appears to be raised due to
refraction when observed obliquely.

n=
n ® refractive index
and shift in the position (apparent) of object is
x=
where t is the actual depth of the medium.

g. Snell’s law states that for a given colour of light, the ratio of sine
of the angle of incidence to sine of angle of refraction is a constant,
when light travels from one medium to another. θ n1
1

n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2
n2
θ2

112 Physics Class - XII)

 h. Absolute refractive index is the ratio between the velocities of light
in vacuum to velocity of light in medium. For air regractive index is
1.003 for practical uses taken to be 1

n=
3. T.I.R.
i. When a ray of light travels from denser to rarer medium and if the
angle of incidence is greater than critical angle, the ray of light is
refiected back to the denser medium. This phenomenon is called
total internal refiection. (T.I.R.)

sin C =

Essential conditions for T.I.R.

1. Light should travel from denser to rarer medium.
2. Angle of incidence must be greater than critical angle
( i > iC)
j. Diamond has a high refractive index, resulting with a low critical
angle (C = 24.40). This promotes a multiple total internal reflection
causing its brilliance and luster. Working of an optical fibre and
formation of mirage are the examples of T.I.R.
4. When light falls on a convex refracting surface, the relation among, u,
n n n2 − n1
v and R is given by 2 − 1 = .
v u R
5. Lens maker formula for thin lens formula is given by

For Convex Lens R1 + ve; R2 – ve and Concave lens R1 –ve; R2 + ve.

The way in which a lens behaves as converging or diverging depends
upon the values of nL and nm.
6. When two lenses are kept in contact the equivalent focal length is given
by
1 1
= + and Power P = P1 + P2
f1 f 2
Magnification m = ml × m2
7. The lens formula is given by

Unit V - VI 113
 Sign convention for mirrors and lenses → Distances in the direction
of incident ray are taken as positive. All the mesurement is done from
pole (P).

8. When ray of light passes through a glass prism it undergoes refraction,
then A + δ = i + e and, the expression of refractive index of glass prism

n=

As the angle of incidence increses, the angle of deviation decreases,

reaches a minimum value and then increases. This minimum value of
angle of deviation is called angle of minimum deviation “δm”.
9.

Where d is minimum, i = e, refracted ray lies parallel to the base. For

a small angled prism δmin = (n – 1) A.
10. When white light is passed through a glass prism, it splits up into its
constituent colours (Monochromatic). This phenomenon is called
Dispersion.
11. Scattering of light takes place when size of the particle is very small
as compared to the wavelength of light.
Intensity of scattered light is
The following properties or phenomena can be explained by scattering.
(i) Sky is blue.
(ii) Sun looks reddish at the time of sunrise and sunset.
(iii) Red light used in danger mark.
(iv) Clouds are white.

114 Physics Class - XII)

Compound Microscope :

Objective : The converging lens nearer to the object.

Eyepiece : The converging lens through which the final image is seen.
Both are of short length. Focal length of eyepiece is slightly greater
than that of the objective.
4. Angular Magnification or Magnifying Power (M) :
M = Me × Mo
(a) When final is formed atleast distance of distinct vision.

(b) When final image is formed at infinity M =

—L D
fO fe
(Normal adjustment i.e. image at infinity) Length of tube
L = |vo| + |ue|
5. Formation of Image by Astronomical Telescope : at infinity Normal
Adjustment Position)

Unit V - VI 115
 Focal length of the objective is much greater than that of the eyepiece.
A perture of the objective is also large to allow more light to pass through
it.
6. Angular magnification or Magnifying power of a telescope.
(a) When final image is formed at infinity (Normal adjustment)

(f o + f e = L is called the length of the telescope in normal

adjustment).

(b) When final image is formed at least distance of distinct vision.

m = and L = fo + | ue |

7. Newtonian Telescope : (Reflecting Type)

8. Cassegrain telescope refer

116 Physics Class - XII)

 Limit of resolution and resolving power Compound Microscope

Limit of resolution ∆d =

Resolving Power = =
Resolving power depends on (i) wavelength λ, (ii) refractive Index of the
medium between the object and the objective and (iii) half angle of the
cone of light from one of the objects θ.

Telescope : Limit of resolution dθ =

Resolving Power = =
D → diameter of objective.
Resolving power depends on (i) wavelength λ, (ii) diameter of the objective
D.

WAVE OPTICS
Wave front :
A wavelet is the point of disturbance due to propagation of light.
A wavefront is the locus of points (wavelets) having the same phase of
oscillations.
A perpendicular to a wavefront in forward direction is called a ray.

Unit V - VI 117
 INTERFERENCE OF WAVES
Young’s Double Slit Experiment

The waves from S1 and S2 reach the point P with some phase difference
and hence path difference
∆ = S2P – S1P

S2P2 – S1P2 =

(S2P – S1P) (S2P + S1P) = 2 yd   S2 P ≈ S1P ≈ D

∆ (2D) = 2 yd

∆ =

118 Physics Class - XII)

Interference phenomenon
1. Resultant intensity at a point on screen
IR = R (a12 + a22 + 2a1a2 cos f)

IR = I1 + I2 + Where I1 =
I2 =

If I1 = I2 = Io, then IR =

2. Imax = If I1 = I2 = I0, Imax = 4I0

Imin = If I1 = I2 = I0, Imax = 0

3. =

4. =

5. = = , w1 and w2 are widths of two slits

6. Constructive interference

Phase difference, φ = 2nπ Where


Path difference, x = nλ n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .......

Destructive interference 
Phase difference φ = (2n + 1)π 

Path difference x = 

7. Fringe width (dark or bright) β =

Angular width of fringe ∆θ = =

Unit V - VI 119
Distribution of Intensity

Conditions for Sustained Interference :

1.
The two sources must be coherent.
2.
The two interfering wave trains must have the same plane of polarisation.
3.
The two sources must be very close to each other and the pattern must be
observed at a large distance to have sufficient width of the fringe
λD
b = Angnlar width a = l/d
d
4. The sources must be monochromatic. Otherwise, the fringes of different
colours will overlap.
5. The two waves must be having same amplitude for better contrast between
bright and dark fringes.

DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT AT A SINGLE SLIT :

Width of Central Maximum :

y1 =

120 Physics Class - XII)

 Since the Central Maximum is spread on either side of O, the width is

Fresnel’s Distance :

y1 =

At Fresnel’s distance, y1 = d and D = DF

So, = d or DF =

POLARISATION OF LIGHT WAVES :

Malus’ Law : When a beam of plane polarised light is incident on an
analyser, the intensity I of light transmitted from the analyser varies directly as the
square of the cosine of the angle θ between the planes of transmission of analyser
and polariser.
Intensity of transmitted light from the analyser is

I = k (a cos θ)2
or I = k a2 cos2 θ

(where I0 = ka2 is the intensity of light transmitted from the polariser)

Unit V - VI 121
Polarisation by Reflection and Brewster’s Law :

θP + r = 90º or r = 90º – θP

aµb =

aµb =

QUESTIONS

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (I Mark)

1. Every EM wave has certain frequency. Name two parameters of an em
wave that oscillate with this frequency.
Ans. Electric field vector and Magnetic field vector.
2. What is the phase difference between electric and magnetic field vectors
in an em wave?
Ans.

3. Name em radiations used for detecting fake currency notes.

Ans. U.V. Radiation.
4. Give any two uses of microwaves.
Ans. Radar, Microwave ovens
5. Name the phenomenon which justifies the transverse nature of em waves.
Ans. Polarization.

122 Physics Class - XII)

 6. Arrange the following em waves in descending order of wavelengths :
γ ray, microwaves UV radiations.
Ans. Microwave, U V radiation, γ-rays
7. Which component or of an em wave is responsible for visible
effect?
Ans.
8. Write expression for speed of em waves in a medium of electrical
permittivity ∈ and magnetic permeability µ.

Ans. V =
9. Which of the following has longest penetration power?
UV radiation, X-ray, Microwaves.
Ans. X-rays
10. Which of the following has least frequency ?
IR radiations, visible radiation, radio waves.
Ans. Radiowaves.
11. Which physical quantity is the same for microwaves of wavelength 1
mm and UV radiations of 1600 A° in vacuum?
Ans. Speed.
12. Name two physical quantities which are imparted by an em wave to a
surface on which it falls.
Ans. Energy and pressure.
13. Name the physical quantity with unit same as that of

where φe → electric flux.

Ans. Current.
14. What is the source of energy associated with propagating em waves?
Ans. Oscillating/accelerated charge.
15. A plane mirror is turned through 15º. Through what angle will the
reflected ray be turned ?
Ans. 30º
16. Name the device used for producing microwaves.
Ans. Klystron valve and magnetron valve
17. Relative electric permittivity of a medium is 9 and relative permeability
close to unity. What is the speed of em waves in the medium.
Unit V - VI 123
 Ans. V = = =

V = =

18. Identify the part of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the following
wavelengths belong :
(i) 10–1 m
(ii) 10–12 m
Ans. Microwave, γ-ray
19. Name the part of the electromagnetic spectrum of wavelength 10–2 m
and mention its one application.
Ans. Microwave → microwave oven.
20. Which of the following act as a source of electromagnetic waves?
(i) A charge moving with a constant velocity.
(ii) A charge moving in a circular orbit with time varyinng speed.
(iii) A charge at rest.
Ans. A charge moving in a circular orbit
21. Mention the pair of space and time varying E and B fields which would
generate a plane em wave travelling in Z-direction.
Ans. Ex and By
22. The charging current for a capacitor is 0.2A. What is the displacement
current?
Ans. Remain same IC = ID
23. Give the ratio of velocities of light waves of wavelengths 4000Aº and
8000Aº in Vacuum.
24. Which physical quantity has the same value for waves belonging to the
different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum?
Ans. Speed
25. Write the value of angle of reflection for a ray of light falling normally
on a mirror.
Ans. Zero.
26. How does the dispersive power of glass prism change when it is dipped
in water?
Ans. Decreases.

124 Physics Class - XII)

 27. Light travels from glass to air. Find the angle of incidence for which
the angle of refraction is 90° if refractive index of glass is .
Ans. 45°
28. Name the phenomenon due to which one cannot see through fog.
Ans. Scattering of light.
29. What is the ratio of sin i and sin r in terms of velocities in the given
figure.

ns. v1/v2
A
30. What is the shape of fringes in Youngs double slit experiment ?
Ans. Hyperbolic.
31. A equiconcave lens of focal length 15 cm is cut into two equal havles
along dotted lines as shown in figure. What will be new focal length
of each half.

Ans. 30 cm.
32. For the same angle of the incidence the angle of refraction in three
media A, B and C are 15°, 25° and 35° respectively. In which medium
would the velocity of light be minimum?
Ans. A
33. What is the phase difference between two points on a cylindrical wave
front?
Ans. Zero.
34. What is the ‘power’ of plane glass plate ?
Ans. Zero.
35. How does focal length of lens change when red light incident on it is
replaced by violet light?
Ans. Decreases,

Unit V - VI 125
 36. Lower half of the concave mirror is painted black. What effect will this
have on the image of an object placed in front of the mirror?
Ans. The intensity of the image will be reduced (in this case half) but no
change in size of the image.
37. An air bubble is formed inside water. Does it act as converging lens
or a diverging lens?
Ans. Diverging lens
38. A water tank is 4 meter deep. A candle flame is kept 6 meter above
the level µ for water is 4/3. Where will the image of the candle be
formed?
Ans. 6 m. below the water level.
39. What is the ratio of contribution made by the electric field and magnetic
field components to the intensity of an EM wave is ?
Ans. 1 : 1.
40. An EM wave of intensity ‘I’ falls on a surface kept in vacuum. What
is the radiation pressure if wave is totally reflected?
Ans. c → Speed of light
41. In a single slit diffraction pattern, how does the angular width of central
maxima change when (i) slit width is decreased (ii) distance between
slit & screen is increased and (iii) light of smaller visible wavelength
is used ? Justify your answer.

Ans. Angular width of central maxima θ = =

(i) If d → decreases Angular width increases.
(ii) Angular width remain same on increasing D
(iii) If λ decreases, angular width decreases.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 Marks)

1.
Give one use of each of the following
(i) UV ray (ii) γ-ray.
2.
Represent EM waves propagating along the x-axis in which electric and
magnetic fields are along y-axis and z-axis respectively.
3.
State the principles of production of EM waves. An EM wave of
wavelength λ goes from vacuum to a medium of refractive index n.
What will be the frequency of wave in the medium?

126 Physics Class - XII)

 4.
An EM wave has amplitude of electric field E0 and amplitude of magnetic

field is B0. The electric field at some instant become . What will

be magnetic field at this instant? (Wave is travelling in vacuum).

5.
State two applications of infrared radiations.
6.
State two applications of radio waves.
7.
State two applications of x-rays.
8. Show that the average energy density of the electric field equals
the average energy density of the magnetics fields ?
9.
The line AB in the ray diagram represents a lens. State whether the
lens is convex or concave.

10. Use mirror equation to deduce that an object placed between the pole
and focus of a concave mirror produces a virtual and enlarged image.
11. Calculate the value of θ, for which light incident normally on face AB
grazes along the face BC.

µglass = 3/2 and µ
water = 4/3

12. Name any two characteristics of light which do not change on polarisation.

Unit V - VI 127
 13. Complete the path of light with correct value of angle of emergence.

14. Define diffraction. What should be the order of the size of the aperture
to observe diffraction.
15. Show that maximum intensity in interference pattern is four times the
intensity due to each slit if amplitude of light emerging from slits is
same.
16. Two poles-one 4 m high and the other is 4.5 m high are situated at
distance 40 m and 50 m respectively from an eye. Which pole will
appear taller?
17. S1 and S2 are two sources of light separated by a distance d. A detector
can move along S2P perpendicular to S1S2. What should be the minimum
and maximum path difference at the detector?

18. If a jogger runs with constant speed towards a vehicle, how fast does
the image of the jogger appear to move in the rear view mirror when
(i) the vehicle is stationery
(ii) the vehicle is moving with constant speed towards jogger.
Ans. The speed of the image of the jogger appears to increase substantially
though jogger is moving with constant speed.
Similar phenomenon is observed when vehicle is in motion.
19. Define Brewstre’s angle. Show that the Brewster’s angle iB for a given
pair of media is related to critical angle ic through the relation
ic = sin–1(cot iB)
20. If angle between the pass axes of polariser & analyser is 45º. Write
the ratio of the intersities of original light and transmitted light after
passing through the analyser.

128 Physics Class - XII)

 21. When does (i) a plane mirror and (ii) a convex mirror produce real
image of objects.
Ans. Plane and convex mirror produce real image when the object is virtual
that is rays convering to a point behind the mirror are reflected to a
point on a screen.
22. A virtual image cannot be caught on a screen. Then how do we see it?
Ans. The image is virtual when reflected or refracted rays divergent, these
are converged on to the retina by convex lens of eye, as the virtual
image serves as the object.
23. Draw a diagram to show the advance sunrise and delayed sunset due
to atmospheric refraction.
24. Define critical angle for total internal reflection. Obtain an expression
for refractive index of the medium in terms of critical angle.
25. The image of a small bulb fixed on the wall of a room is to be obtained
on the opposite wall ‘s’ m away by means of a large convex lens. What
is the maximum possible local length of the lens required.
Ans. For fixed distance ‘s’ between object and screen, for the lens equation
to give real solution for u = v = 2f, ‘f’ should not be greater than
4f = s.
∴ f = s/4
26. The angle subtended at the eye by an object is equal to the angle subtended
at the eye by the virtual image produced by a magnifying glass. In what
sense then does magnifying glass produce angular magnification?
Ans. The absolute image size is bigger than object size, the magnifier helps in
bringing the object closer to the eye and hence it has larger angular size
than the same object at 25 cm, thus angular magnification is achieved.
27. Obtain relation between focal length and radius of curvature, of (i)
concave mirror (ii) convex mirror using proper ray diagram.
28. Two independent light sources cannot act as coherent sources. Why?
29. How is a wave front different from a ray? Draw the geometrical shape
of the wavefronts when.
(i) light diverges from a point source,
(ii) light emerges out of convex lens when a point source is placed at
its focus.
30. What two main changes in diffraction pattern of single slit will you
observe when the monochromatic source of light is replaced by a source
of white light.
31. You are provided with four convex lenses of focal length 1cm, 3cm,
10 cm and 100 cm. Which two would you prefer for a microscope and
which two for a telescope.
Unit V - VI 129
 32. Give reasons for the following
(i) Sun looks reddish at sunset
(ii) clouds are generally white
33. Using Huygens Principle draw ray diagram for the following :
(i) Refraction of a plane wave front incident on a rarer medium
(ii) Refraction of a plane wave front incident on a denser medium.
34. Water (refractive index µ) is poured into a concave mirror of radius of
curvature ‘R’ up to a height h as shown in figure. What should be the
value of x so that the image of object ‘O’ is formed on itself?

35. A point source S is placed midway between two concave mirrors having
equal focal length f as shown in Figure. Find the value of d for which
only one image is formed.

d
36. A thin double convex lens of focal length f is broken into two equal
halves at the axis. The two halves are combined as shown in figure.
What is the focal length of combination in (ii) and (iii).

37. How much water should be filled in a container 21 cm in height, so

that it appears half filled when viewed from the top of the container.
(aµω = 4/3.)

130 Physics Class - XII)

 38. A ray PQ incident on the refracting face BA is refracted in the prism
BAC as shown in figure and emerges from the other refracting face
AC as RS such that AQ = AR. If the angle, of prism A = 60° and µ
of material of prism is then find angle θ.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 Marks)

1. Name EM radiations used
(i) in the treatment of cancer.
(ii) For detecting flow in pipes carrying oil.
(iii) In sterilizing surgical instruments.
2. How would you experimentally show that EM waves are transverse in
nature ?
3. List any three properties of EM waves.
4. Find the wavelength of electromagnetic waves of frequency 5 × 1019
Hz in free space. Give its two applications.
5. Using mirror formula show that virtual image produced by a convex
mirror is always smaller in size and is located between the focus and
the pole.
6. Obtain the formula for combined focal length of two thin lenses in
contact, taking one divergent and the other convergent.
7. Derive Snell’s law on the basis of Huygen’s wave theory.
8. A microscope is focussed on a dot at the bottom of the beaker. Some
oil is poured into the beaker to a height of ‘b’ cm and it is found that
microscope has to raise through vertical distance of ‘a’ cm to bring the
dot again into focus. Express refractive index of oil is terms of a and
b.
9. Define total internal reflection. State its two conditions. With a ray
diagram show how does optical fibres transmit light.

Unit V - VI 131
 10. A plane wave front is incident on (i) a prism (ii) A convex lens (iii) a
concave mirror. Draw the emergent wavefront in each case.
11. Explain with reason, how the resolving power of a compound microscope
will change when (i) frequency of the incident light on the objective
lens is increased, (ii) focal length of the objective lens is increased, (iii)
aperture of objective lens is increased.
12. Derive Mirror formula for a concave mirror forming real Image.
13. Two narrow slits are illuminated by a single monochromatic sources.
(a) Draw the intensity pattern and name the phenomenon
(b) One of the slits is now completely covered. Draw the intensity pattern
now obtained.
14. Explain (i) sparkling of diamond (ii) use of optical fibre in communication.
15. Using appropriate ray diagram obtain relation for refractive index of
water in terms of real and apparent depth.
16. Complete the ray diagram in the following figure where, n1 is refractive
index of medium and n2 is refractive index of material of lens.

17. A converging beam of light is intercepted by a slab of thickness t and

refractive index µ, By what distance will the convergence point be
shiffted? Illustrate the answer.

132 Physics Class - XII)

 18. In double slit experiment SS2 is greater than SS1 by 0.25λ. Calculate
the path difference between two interfering beam from S1 and S2 for
minima and maxima on the point P as shown in figure.

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)

1. With the help of ray diagram explain the phenomenon of total internal
reflection. Obtain the relation between critical angle and refractive indices
of two media. Draw ray diagram to show how right angled isosceles
prism can be used to :
(i) Deviate the ray through 180°.
(ii) Deviate the ray through 90°.
(iii) Invert the ray.
2. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a compound microscope and explain its
working. Derive an expression for its magnifying power if final image
is formed at leat distance of distant vision.
3. Diagrammatically show the phenomenon of refraction through a prism.
Define angle of deviation in this case. Hence for a small angle of
incidence derive the relation δ = (µ – 1) A.
4. Explain the following :
(a) Sometimes distant radio stations can be heard while nearby stations
are not heard.
(b) If one of the slits in Youngs Double Slit Experiment is covered,
what change would occur in the intensity of light at the centre of
the screen ?
Unit V - VI 133
 5.
Define diffraction. Deduce an expression for fringe width of the central
maxima of the diffraction pattern, produced by single slit illuminated
with monochromatic light source.
6.
What is polarisation? How can we detect polarised light? State Brewster’s
Law and deduce the expression for polarising angle.
7.
Derive lens maker formula for a thin converging lens.

8.
Derive lens formula = for

(a) a convex lens, (b) a concave lens.

9. Describe an astronomical telescope and derive an expression for its
magnifying power using a labelled ray diagram. When final image is
formed at least distance of distinct vision.
10. Draw a graph to show the angle of deviation with the angle of incidence
i for a monochromatic ray of light passing through a prism of refracting
angle A. Deduce the relation
Where, δm → angle of
µ = minimum deviation
11. State the condition under which the phenomenon of diffraction of light
takes place. Also draw the intensity pattern with angular position.
12. How will the interference pattern in Youngs double slit experiment
change, when
(i) distance between the slits S1 and S2 are reduced and
(ii) the entire set up is immersed in water ?
Justify your answer in each case.

Ans. Fringe width β =

1
(i) If d decreases, fringe width β a increases
d
(ii) When apparatus is immersed in water, wavelength reduces to

. Therefore, fringe width β a l decreases.

134 Physics Class - XII)

 NUMERICALS
1.
The refractive index of medium is 1.5. A beam of light of wavelength
6000 A° enters in the medium from air. Find wavelength and frequency
of light in the medium.
2. An EM wave is travelling in vacuum. Amplitude of the electric field
vector is 5 × 104 V/m. Calculate amplitude of magnetic field vector.
Suppose the electric field amplitude of an em wave is E0 = 120 NC–1
3.
and that its frequency is v = 50.0 MHz.
(a) Determine B0, ω, κ and λ,
(b) Find expressions for E and B.
4.
A radio can tune into any station of frequency band 7.5 MHz to 10
MHz. Find the corresponding wave length range.
5.
The amplitude of the magnetic field vector of an electromagnetic wave
travelling in vacuum is 2.4mT. Frequency of the wave is 16 MHz.
Find :
(i) Amplitude of electric field vector and
(ii) Wavelength of the wave.
6.
An EM wave travelling through a medium has electric field vector.
Ey = 4 × 105 cos (3.14 × 108 t – 1.57 x) N/C. Here x is in m and t
in s. Then find :
(i) Wavelength
(ii) Frequency
(iii) Direction of propagation
(iv) Speed of wave
(v) Refractive index of medium
(vi) Amplitude of magnetic field vector.
7.
An object of length 2.5 cm is placed at a distance of 1.5f from a concave
mirror where f is the focal length of the mirror. The length of object
is perpendicular to principal axis. Find the size of image. Is the image
erect or inverted?

Unit V - VI 135
 8.
Find the size of image formed in the situation shown in figure.
[5 cm, Inverted]

9. A ray of light passes through an equilateral prism in such a manner that

the angle of incidence is equal to angle of emergence and each of these
angles is equal to 3/4 of angle of prism. Find angle of deviation.
[Ans. : 30°]
10. Critical angle for a certain wavelength of light in glass is 30°. Calculate
the polarising angle and the angle of refraction in glass corresponding
to this. [ip = tan–1 2]
11. A light ray passes from air into a liquid as shown in figure. Find
refractive index of liquid. [airµLiquid = ]

12. At what angle with the water surface does fish in figure see the setting
sun ?

[At critical angle, fish will see the sun.]

13. In the following diagram, find the focal length of lens L2. [40 cm]

136 Physics Class - XII)

 14. Three immiscible liquids of densities d1 > d2 > d3 and refractive indices

µ1 > µ2 > µ3 are put in a beaker. The height of each liquid is .A
dot is made at the bottom of the beaker. For near normal vision, find
the apparent depth of the dot.
Ans. (Hint : the image formed by first medium act as an object for second
medium) Let the apparent depth be O 1 for the object seen from

O1 = image formed by medium 1, O acts as an object for medium

2. It is seen from M3, the apparent depth is O2.
Similarly, the image found by medium 2, O2 act as an object for
medium 3

O2 =

O3 = putting value of O2 and O1

O3 =

15. A point object O is kept at a distance of 30 cm from a convex lens of

power + 4D towards its left. It is observed that when a convex mirror
is kept on right side at 50 cm from the lens, the image of object O
formed by lens-mirror combination coincides with object itself. Calculate
focal length of mirror.
Ans. Image formed by combination coincides with the object itself. It implies
that I is the centre of curvature of convex mirror.

For lens

Unit V - VI 137
 v = 150 cm
MI = LI – LM = 150 – 50 = 100 cm

fm = = = 50 cm

16. Using the data given below, state which two of the given lenses will
be preferred to construct a (i) telescope (ii) Microscope. Also indicate
which is to be used as objective and as eyepiece in each case.

Lenses Power (p) Apetune (A)

L1 6 D 1 cm
L2 3 D 8 cm
L3 10 D 1 cm

Ans. For telescope, lens L2 is chosen as objective as it aperture is largest,

L3 is chosen as eyepiece as its focal length is smaller.
For microscope lens L3 is chosen as objective because of its small focal
length and lens L1, serve as eye piece because its focal length is not
larges.
17. Two thin converging lens of focal lengths 15 cm and 30 cm respectively
are held in contact with each other. Calculate power and focal length
of the combination.

= =
F = 10 cm
P = 10D
18. An object is placed in front of a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm.
The image is formed three times the size of the object. Calculate two
possible distances of the object from the mirror.
Ans. m = ± 3

m = = + 3 for virtual image

v = – 34

138 Physics Class - XII)

 =

u =

m = = – 3 for real image

v = 3u

u =

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

1.
Two students are situated in a room 10 m high they are seperated by
7 m high partition wall. The student are unable to see each other even
though they can converse easily but they know that both light and
sound wave can bend around the obstacles. So they were interested to
know the cause of such phenomena. Then they went to their teacher
who explain the basic facts about this.
(a) What are the values noticed in both the students and teacher.
(b) Explain the basic facts which is responsible for bending of light
wave.
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
1. UV ray – In water purifier.
γ ray – In treatment of cancer
2.

Unit V - VI 139
 3.
An accelerated charge produces oscillating electric field in space, which
produces an oscillating magnetic field, which in turn, is a source of
oscillating electric field and so on. The oscillating electric & magnetic
fields produces each other & give rise to e.m. waves.

4. In vacuum C =

If electric field become , magnetic field will be .

5. (i) In green houses to keep plants warm.

(ii) In reading secret writings on ancient walls.
6. (i) In radio & tele communication systems.
(ii) In radio astronomy.
7. (i) In medical to diagnose fractures in bones.
(ii) In engineering for detecting cracks, flaws & holes in metal parts
of a machine.

8. µE = & uB =

µE = = As c =

= c =

=
= µB
10. For concave mirror
f < 0 and u < 0
f < u < 0
or

or
Virtual image is formed.

140 Physics Class - XII)

 Also or v > | u |

m =

magnified image.
11. θ = sin–1 (8/9)
12. Speed and frequency
13. sin–1 (3/4)
16. 4 m pole
17. Minimum path difference is zero (when p is at infinity).
Maximum path difference = d.
29. A wavefront is a surface obtained by joining all points vibrating in the
same phase.
A ray is a line drawn perpendicular to the wavefront in the direction
of propagation of light.
(i) Spherical
(ii) Plane
30. (i) In each diffraction order, the diffracted image of the slit gets dispersed
into component colours of white light. As fringe width α λ, ∴ red
fringe with higher wavelength is wider than violet fringe with smaller
wavelength.
(ii) In higher order spectra, the dispersion is more and it cause
overlapping of different colours.
31. f0 = 1 cm and fe = 3 cm for Microscope and
f0 = 100 cm and fe = 1 cm for a Telescope
33. N.C.E.R.T. Fig. 10.5; Fig. 10.4.
34. Distance of object from p should be equal to radius of curvature.

R = µx + h ⇒ x =

35. Distance between mirror will be 2f or 4f.

36. (i) Focal length of combination is infinite,
(ii) f/2

Unit V - VI 141
 37.

= µ

= ⇒ x = 12 cm

38. This is a case of min. deviation θ = 60°.

3 MARKS QUESTIONS
11. R.P. of a compound Microscope

= =

(i) When frequency v increases, R.P. increases

(ii) R.P. does not change with change in focal length of objective lens.
(iii) When aperture increases, θ increases
∴ R.P. increases.

17. x =

18. Path difference :

(SS2 + S2P) – (SS1 + S1P) = (SS2 – SS1) + (SS2P – S1P)
= (0.25λ + S2P – S1P)
For maxima, path difference = nλ
So, S2P – S1P = nλ – 0.25λ = (n – 0.25)λ

For minima, path difference =

So, S2P – S1P = (2n + 0.5) λ/2.

19. (a) Definition

(b) µ = tan iB sin ic =

142 Physics Class - XII)

 and µ = ic = sin–1 (cot iB)
20. IT = Ia cos2 θ IT → intensity of transmitted light from analyser

IT = Ia → intensity of incident light on analyser

IT = I0 → intensity of original light

= .



Unit V - VI 143
 Unit VII and VIII
DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION

KEY POINTS
 Light
consists of individual photons whose energies are proportional to
their frequencies.
 A photon is a quantum of electromagnetic energy :
Energy of photon
E = hv =
Momentum of a photon
= =
Dynamic mass of photon
= =
Rest mass of a photon is zero.
Photoelectric
 effect : Photon of incident light energy interacts with a
single electron and if energy of photon is equal to or greater than work
function, the electron is emitted.
Max.
 kinetic energy of emitted electron = h(v – v0) Here v0 is the
frequency below which no photoelectron is emitted and is called threshold
frequency.
If
 ‘V’ is the stopping potential of photoclectron emission, then max.
kinetic energy of photo electron EK = qV

144 Physics Class - XII)

 Wavelength
 associated with the charge particle accelerated through a
potential of g volt.
h
l =
2mqv
Wavelength
 associated with electron accelerated through a potential
difference
12.27
le = A°
V
Stopping
 potential vs frequenaph shows that

vs

v0 v

v0 → thershold frequency
h
slop of the curve gives
e
φ
The intercept on vs axis gives i.e. Work function
e e
 A moving body behaves in a certain way as though it has a wave nature
having wavelength,
h h
λ = = =
p 2m E k
where EK is kinetic energy of movign particle

145 Physics Class - XII)

 Unit VIII
ATOMS AND NUCLEI

KEY POINTS
Gieger-Marsden
 α-scattering experiment established the existence of
nucleus in an atom.
Bohr’s atomic model
(i) Electrons revolve round the nucleus in certain fixed orbits called
stationary orbits.
(ii) In stationary orbits, the angular momentum of electron is integral
multiple of h/2π.
(iii) While revolving in stationary orbits, electrons do not radiate energy.
The energy is emitted (or absorbed) when electrons jump from
higher to lower energy orbits, (or lower to higher energy orbits).
The frequency of the emitted radiation is given by hv = Ef – Ei.
An atom can absorb radiations of only those frequencies that it is
capable of emitting.
 As a result of the quantisation condition of angular momentum, the
electron orbits the nucleus in circular paths of specific radii. For a
hydrogen atom it is given by

rn =

⇒ rn ∝ n2

The total energy is also quantised : En = = – 13.6eV/n2

The n = 1 state is called the ground state.

In hydrogen atom, the ground state energy is – 13.6 eV.
 de Broglie’s hypothesis that electron have a wavelength λ = h/mv gave
an explanation for the Bohr’s quantised orbits.
 Neutrons and protons are bound in nucleus by short range strong nuclear
force. Nuclear force does not distinguish between nucleons.
 The nuclear mass ‘M’ is always less than the total mass of its constituents.
The difference in mass of a nucleus and its constituents is called the
mass defect.

146 Physics Class - XII)

 ∆M = [Zmp + (A – Z)mn] – M
and ∆Eb = (∆M)c2
The energy ∆Eb represents the binding energy of the nucleus.
For the mass number ranging from A = 30 to 170 the binding energy
per nucleon is nearly constant at about 8MeV per nucleon.
 Radioactive Decay Law : The number of atoms of a radioactive sample
disintegrating per second at any time is directly proportional to the
number of atoms present at that time. Mathematically :

= – λN or N(t) = N0e–λt

where λ is called decay constant. It is defined as the reciprocal of the

mean time during which the number of atoms of a radioactive substance
1
decreases to of their original number.
e
 Number of radioactive atoms N in a sample at any time t can be
calculated using the formula.

N =

Here No = no. of atoms at time t = 0 and T is the half-life of the

substance.
Half life : The half life of a radio active substances is defined as the
time during which the number of atoms disintegrate to one half of its
initial value.

T1/2 = = ln 2 × mean life

or 0.693/λ =

Here λ = decay constant =

Radius
 r of the nucleus of an atom is proportional to the cube root of
its mass number thereby implying that the nuclear density is the same.
(Almost) for all substances/nuclei.
 α-decay : ZXA → Z–2YA–4 + 2He4 + Q
β-decay : ZXA → Z–1YA + –1e0 + + Q
γ-decay : When α or β-decay leave, the nucleus in excited state; the
nucleus goes to lower energy state or ground state by the emission of
γ-ray(s).

147 Physics Class - XII)

 QUESTIONS

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (1 Mark)

1. What is the rest mass of photon?
Ans. Zero
2. A good mirror reflects 80% of light incident on it. Which of the following
is correct ?
(a) Energy of each reflected photon decreases by 20%.
(b) Total no. of reflected photons decreases by 20%. Justify your
answer.
Ans. (b) Total no. of reflected photons decreases by 20%.
3. Why in a photocell the cathode is coated with alkali metals ?
Ans. Lower work function, sensitive to visible light.
4. Name the phenomenon which shows quantum nature of electromagnetic
radiation.
Ans. Photoelectric effect.
5. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equations and specify each term.

Ans. = hυ – hυ0

Max. K.E. of Photoelectrons = Energy of incident light – work function.

6. The Stopping potential in an experiment on photo electric effect is
1.5V : What is the maximum K.E. of photoelectrons emitted.
Ans. eV0 = (K.E) max
⇒ (K.E.)max = 1.6 × 10–19 × 1.5
= 2.4 × 10–19J
7. A metal emits photoelectrons when red light falls on it. Will this metal
emit photoelectrons when blue light falls on it? Why?
Ans. Yes, blue light has higher frequency hence possess higher energy.
8. What is the value of impact parameter for a head on collision?
Ans. Zero
9. The photoelectric cut off voltage in a certain photoelectric experiment
is 1.5V. What is the max. kinetic energy of photoelectrons emitted?

148 Physics Class - XII)

 Ans. K.E = eV, \ K.E = 1.5 e Joule
= 1.5 × 1.6 × 10–19J
= 2.4 × 10–19J
10. What is the de-Broglie wavelength of a 3 kg object moving with a
speed of 2m/s?

Ans. λ = = = 1.1 × 10–34m.

11. What factors determine the maximum velocity of the photoelectrons

from a surface?
Ans. (a) frequency of incident radiation
(b) work function of surface.
12. How will you justify that the rest mass of photons is zero ?

Ans. m = , rest mass for m0 = photon v = c ⇒ m0 = 0.

13. Work functions of caesium and lead are 2.14 eV and 4.25 eV respectively.
Which of the two has a higher threshold wavelength?

Ans. Work function, φ0 = hv0 = or λ0

Hence caesium has a higher threshold wavelength for photoelectric

emission.
14. What is the de-Broglie wavelength of a neutron at absolute temperature
TK ?

Ans. λ = = = , KB → Boltzmann’s Constant

15. Define atomic mass unit. Write its energy equivalent in MeV.

Ans. 1 a.m.u is of the mass of a carbon isotope

12C 1 u = 931 MeV

6
16. What was the drawback of Rutherford’s model of atom?
Ans. Rutherford’s model of atom failed to explain the stability of atom.
17. What are the number of electrons and neutrons in atom?

149 Physics Class - XII)

 Ans. No. of electrons 92
No. of neutrons 236 – 92 = 144.
18. Name the series of hydrogen spectrum which has least wavelength.
Ans. Lyman series
19. Any two protons repel each other, then how is this possible for them
to remain together in a nucleus.
Ans. Nuclear force between two protons is 100 times stronger than the
electrostatic force.
20. Define radioactive decay constant.
Ans. The decay constant of radioactive substance is defined as the reciprocal

of that time in which the number of atoms of substance becomes

times the atoms present initially.

21. You are given reaction : 1H2 + 1H2 → 2He4 + 24 MeV. What type of
nuclear reaction is this?
Ans. Nuclear Fusion.
22. After losing two electrons, to which particle does a helium atom get
transformed into?
Ans. α particle.
23. What is the ratio of velocities of electron in I, II and III Bohr
Orbits ?

Ans. or 6 : 3 : 2

24. Which atomic part was discovered by Rutherford ?

Ans. Nucleus
25. In nuclear reaction find P, Q and hence identify X.

Ans. P = 0, Q = 1
X is 1e0 a positron.
26. Binding energies of deutron and α-particle (2He4) are 1.25 MeV/
nucleon and 7.2 MeV/nucleon respectively. Which nucleus is more
stable?
Ans. Binding energy of 2He4 is more than deutron 1H2. Hence 2He4 is more
stable.

150 Physics Class - XII)

 27. α-particles are incident on a thin gold foil. For what angle of deviation
will the number of deflected α-particles be minimum?
Ans. 180°
28. If the amount of a radioactive substance is increased four times then
how many times will the number of atoms disintegrating per unit time
be increased?
Ans. Four times ... R = – λN
29. An electron jumps from fourth to first orbit in an atom. How many
maximum number of spectral lines can be emitted by the atom?
Ans. Possible transitions are
ni = 4 to nf = 3, 2, 1
ni = 3 to nf = 2.1
ni = 2 to nf = 1
Total transitions = 6
For many electron system.

30. Under what conditions of electronic transition will the emitted light be
monochromatic?
Ans. Only fixed two orbits are involved and therefore single energy evolve.
31. Why does only a slow neutron (.03eV energy) cause the fission in the
uranium nucleus and not the fast one?
Ans. Slow neutron stays in the nucleus for required optimum time and disturbs
the configuration of nucleus.
32. Write the relation for distance of closest approach.
Ans. γ0 = .

33. In Bohr’s atomic model, the potential energy is negative and has a
magnitude greater than the kinetic energy, what does this imply?
Ans. The revolving electron is bound to the nucleus.
34. Name the physical quantity whose dimensions are same as Planck’s
constant.
Ans. Angular momentum
35. Define ionisation potential.

151 Physics Class - XII)

 Ans. The minimum accelerated potential which would provide an electron
sufficient energy to escape from the outermost orbit.
36. The ionisation potential of hellium atom is 24.6 V. How much energy
will be required to ionise it?
Ans. 24.6 eV
37. What is the energy possessed by an electron whose principal quantum
number is infinite?
Ans. Zero n = ∞
... E = –
eV = 0.
n

38. What is the SI unit of work function?

Ans. Joule
39. Name the spectral series of hydrogen atom which lie in uv region.
Ans. Lyman Series
40. Name two series of hydrogen spectrum lying in the infra red region.
Ans. Paschan & P fund series
41. What is the order of velocity of electron in a hydrogen atom in ground
state.
Ans. 106 ms–1
42. Write a relation for the wavelength in Paschan series lines of hydrogen
spectrum.

Ans. = , n = 4, 5...

43. Arrange radioactive radiation in the increasing order of penetrating

power.
Ans. α, β, γ
44. Write a relation between average life and decay constant.

Ans. τ = = average life

45. Write two units for activity of radioactive element and relate them with
number of disintegration per second.
Ans. 1 Curie (Ci) = 3.7 × 1010 decay/s
1 becquerel (Bq) = 1 decay/s
46. The half life of a radioactive element A is same as the mean life time
of another radioactive element B. Initially, both have same number of
atoms. B decay faster than A. Why?

152 Physics Class - XII)

 Ans. TA = τB = 1.44TB
∴ TA > TB
∴ λA < λB
Therefore B decay faster than A.
47. Draw the graph showing the distribution of kinetic energy of electrons
emitted during β decay.

48. Compare radii of two nuclei of mass numbers 1 and 27 respectively.

Ans. = =

R1 : R2 = 1 : 3
49. Which element has highest value of Binding Energy per nucleon.
Ans. 56Fe26
50. Mention the range of mass number for which the Binding energy curve
is almost horizontal.
Ans. For A = 30 to 120 (A is mass number)
51. What is the ratio of nuclear densities of the two nuclei having mass
numbers in the ratio 1 : 4?
Ans. 1 : 1 Because nuclear density is independent of mass number.
52. Draw a graph of number of undecayed nuclei to the time, for a radioactive
nuclei.

153 Physics Class - XII)

 53. Write an equation to represent α decay.

Ans.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 Marks)

1.
Write one similarity and one difference between matter wave and an
electromagnetic wave.
2.
Does a photon have a de-Broglie wavelength? Explain.
3. A photon and an electron have energy 200 eV each. Which one of these
has greater de-Broglie wavelength?
4. The work function of the following metal is given Na = 2.75 eV, K =
2.3 eV, Mo = 4.14 eV, Ni = 5.15 eV which of these metal will not give
a photoelectric emission for radiation of wave length 3300 A° from a
laser source placed at 1m away from the metal. What happens if the
laser is brought nearer and placed 50 cm away.
5. Represent graphically Variation of the de-Broglie wavelength with linear
momentum of a particle.

6. In a photoelectric effect experiment, the graph between the stopping

potential V and frequency of the incident radiation on two different
metals P and Q are shown in Fig. :

(i) Which of the two metals has greater value of work function?
(ii) Find maximum K.E. of electron emitted by light of frequency
v = 8 × 1014 Hz for metal P.
154 Physics Class - XII)
 7.
Do all the photons have same dynamic mass? If not, Why?
8.
Why photoelectrons ejected from a metal surface have different kinetic
energies although the frequency of incident photons are same?
9.
Find the ratio of de-Broglie wavelengths associated with two electrons
‘A’ and ‘B’ which are accelerated through 8V and 64 volts respectively.
10. Explain the terms stopping potential and threshold frequency.
11. How does the maximum kinetic energy of emitted electrons vary with
the increase in work function of metals?
12. Define distance of the closest approach. An α-particle of kinetic energy
‘K’ is bombarded on a thin gold foil. The distance of the closest approach
is ‘r’. What will be the distance of closest approach for an α-particle
of double the kinetic energy?
13. An a particle and a proton are accelerated by same potential. Find ratio
fo their de Broglie wavelengths. Ans. [1: 2 2]
14. Which of the following radiations α, β and γ are :
(i) similar to x-rays?
(ii) easily absorbed by matter
(iii) travel with greatest speed?
(iv) similar to the nature of cathode rays?
15. Some scientist have predicted that a global nuclear war on earth would
be followed by ‘Nuclear winter’. What could cause nuclear winter?
16. If the total number of neutrons and protons in a nuclear reaction is
conserved how then is the energy absorbed or evolved in the reaction?
17. In the ground state of hydrogen atom orbital radius is 5.3 × 10–11 m.
The atom is excited such that atomic radius becomes 21.2 × 10–11 m.
What is the principal quantum number of the excited state of atom?
18. Calculate the percentage of any radioactive substance left undecayed
after half of half life.
19. Why is the density of the nucleus more than that of atom?
20. The atom 8O16 has 8 protons, 8 neutrons and 8 electrons while atom
8
4Be has 4 proton, 4 neutrons and 4 electrons, yet the ratio of their
atomic masses is not exactly 2. Why?

155 Physics Class - XII)

 21. What is the effect on neutron to proton ratio in a nucleus when β–
particle is emitted ? Explain your answer with the help of a suitable
nuclear reaction.
22. Why must heavy stable nucleus contain more neutrons than protons?
23. Show that the decay rate R of a sample of radio nuclide at some instant
is related to the number of radio active nuclei N at the same instant by
the expression R = – Nλ.
24. What is a nuclear fusion reaction? Why is nuclear fusion difficult to
carry out for peaceful purpose?
25. Write two characteristic features of nuclear forces which distinguish
them from coulomb force.
26. Half life of certain radioactive nuclei is 3 days and its activity is 8
times the ‘safe limit’. After how much time will the activity of the
radioactive sample reach the ‘safe limit’?

27. Derive mvr = using de-Broglie equation.

28. Draw graph of number of scattered particles to scattering angle in

Ratherford’s experiment.
29. If the energy of a photon is 25 eV and work function of the material
is 7eV, find the value of slopping potential.
30. What is the shortest wavelength present in the (i) Paschen series (ii)
Balmer series of spectral lines?
Ans. (i) 820nm, (ii) 365 nm
31. The radius of the inner most electron orbit of a hydrogen atom 0.53 Å.
What are the radii of the n = 2 and n = 3 orbits. [Hint : r = n2r0)
32. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. What are the
kinetic and potential energies of the electron in this state?
[Hint : K.E = – (T.E), P.E. = 2T.E]
33. Why is the wave nature of matter not more apparent to our daily
observations ?
34. From the relation R = R0 A1/3 where R0 is a constant and A is the
mass number of a nucleus, show that nuclear matter density is nearly
constant.
156 Physics Class - XII)
 Ans. Nuclear matter density =

= =

= = 2.3 × 1017 kg / m3

= Constant
35. Find the energy equivalent of one atomic mass unit in joules and then
in MeV.
Ans. E = ∆mc2 ∆m = 1.6605 × 10–27 kg
= 1.6605 × 10–27 × (3 × 108)2
= 1.4924 × 10–4J

= 0.9315 × 109 eV
= 931.5 MeV
36. Write four properties of nuclear force.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 Marks)
1. Explain the working of a photocell? Give its two uses.
2. Find the de-Broglie wavelength associated with an electron accelerated
through a potential difference V.
3. What is Einstein’s explanation of photo electric effect? Explain the laws
of photo electric emission on the basis of quantum nature of light.
4. Light of intensity I and frequency v is incident on a photosensitive
surface and causes photoelectric emission. Justify with the help of graph,
the effect on photoelectric current when
(i) the intensity of light is gradually increased
(ii) the frequency of incident radiation is increased
(iii) the anode potential is increased
In each case, all other factors remain the same.
5. Write Einstein’s photoelectric equation. State Clearly the three salient

157 Physics Class - XII)

 features observed in photoelectric effect which can be explained on the
basis of the above equation.
6. Explain the effect of increase of (i) frequency (ii) intensity of the incident
radiation on photo electrons emitted by a metal.
7. X-rays of wave length λ fall on a photo sensitive surface emitting
electrons. Assuming that the work function of the surface can be neglected,

prove that the de-Broglie wavelength of electrons emitted will be .

hc P 2 2mnc h hλ
Ans. E = = ∴ P= , λe = =
λ 2m λ P 2mc
8. A particle of mass M at rest decays into two particles of masses m1
and m2 having velocities V1 and V2 respectively. Find the ratio of de-
Broglie wavelengths of the two particles.
Ans. 1 : 1
9. Give one example of a nuclear reaction. Also define the Q-value of the
reaction. What does Q > 0 signify?
10. Explain how radio-active nucleus can emit β-particles even though nuclei
do not contain these particles. Hence explain why the mass number of
radioactive nuclide does not change during β-decay.
11. Define the term half life period and decay constant. Derive the relation
between these terms.
12. State the law of radioactive decay. Deduce the relation N = N0e–λt,
where symbols have their usual meaning.
13. Give the properties of α-particles, β-particles and γ-rays.
14. With the help of one example, explain how the neutron to proton ratio
changes during alpha decay of a nucleus.
15. Distinguish between nuclear fusion and fission. Give an example of
each.
16. A radioactive nucleus A undergoes a series of decays according to
following scheme

The mass number and atomic number of A4 are 172 and 69 respectively.
What are these numbers for A ?
Ans. Mass no. of A = 180, Atomic no. of A = 72

158 Physics Class - XII)

 17. Obtain a relation for total energy of the electron in terms of orbital
radius. Show that total energy is negative of K.E. and half of potential
energy.

E =

18. Draw energy level diagram for hydrogen atom and show the various
line spectra originating due to transition between energy levels.
19. The total energy of an electron in the first excited state of the hydrogen
atom is about – 3.4 eV. What is
(a) the kinetic energy,
(b) the potential energy of the electron?
(c) Which of the answers above would change if the choice of the
zero of potential energy in changed to (i) + 0.5 eV (ii) – 0.5 eV.
Ans. (a) When P.E. is chosen to be zero at infinity E = – 3.4 eV, using
E = – K.E., the K.E. = + 3.4 eV.
(b) Since P.E. = – 2E, PE = – 6.8 eV.
(c) If the zero of P.E. is chosen differently, K.E. does not change. The
P.E. and T.E. of the state, however would alter if a different zero
of the P.E. is chosen.
(i) When P.E. at ∞ is + 0.5 eV, P.E. of first excited state will be
– 3.4 – 0.5 = – 3.9 eV.
(ii) When P.E. at ∞ is + 0.5 eV, P.E. of first excited state will be
– 3.4 – (– 0.5) = – 2.9 eV.
20. What is beta decay? Write an equation to represent β– and β+ decay.
Explain the energy distribution curve is β decay.
21. Using energy level diagram show emission of γ rays by nucleus
and subsequent β decay to obtain .
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 Marks)
1.
State Bohr’s postulates. Using these postulates, derive an expression
for total energy of an electron in the nth orbit of an atom. What does
negative of this energy signify?
2.
Define binding energy of a nucleus. Draw a curve between mass number
and average binding energy per nucleon. On the basis of this curve,
explain fusion and fission reactions.
159 Physics Class - XII)
 3.
State the law of radioactive disintegration. Hence define disintegration
constant and half life period. Establish relation between them.
4.
What is meant by nuclear fission and fusion. Draw Binding Energy Vs
Mass Number curve and explain four important features of this curve.
5.
Briefly explain Rutherford’s experiment for scattering of α particle with
the help of a diagram. Write the conclusion made and draw the model
suggested.

NUMERICALS
1. Ultraviolet light of wavelength 350 nm and intensity 1 W/m2 is directed
at a potassium surface having work function 2.2eV.
(i) Find the maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectron.
(ii) If 0.5 percent of the incident photons produce photoelectric effect,
how many photoelectrons per second are emitted from the potassium
surface that has an area 1cm2.
Nhv
EKmax = 1.3 eV; n = or r = = nhv
t
A metal surface illuminated by 8.5 × 1014 Hz light emits electrons
2.
whose maximum energy is 0.52 eV the same surface is illuminated by
12.0 × 1014 Hz light emits elections whose maximum energy is 1.97eV.
From these data find work function of the surface and value of Planck’s
constant. [Work Function = 3eV]
3.
An electron and photon each have a wavelength of 0.2 nm. Calculate
their momentum and energy.
(i) 3.3 × 10–24 kgm/s
(ii) 6.2 keV for photon
(iii) 38eV for electron
4.
What is the (i) Speed (ii) Momentum (ii) de-Broglie wavelength of an
electron having kinetic energy of 120eV?
Ans. (a) 6.5 × 106 m/s; (b) 5.92 × 10–24 kg m/s; (c) 0.112 nm.
5. If the frequency of incident light in photoelectric experiment is doubled
then does the stopping potential become double or more than double,
justify? (More than double)

160 Physics Class - XII)

Long Answer Question :
6.(A) Why wave theory of light could not explain the photoelectric effect?
State two reasons. Draw graph between
(i) frequency v vs stopping potential V0.
(ii) Intensity vs photoelectric current.
(iii) anode potential vs photoelectric current.
6.(B) A proton is accelerated through a potential difference V. Find the
percentage increase or decrease in its de-Broglie wavelength if potential
difference is increased by 21%.
(9.1%)
7. For what kinetic energy of a neutron will the associated de-Broglie
wavelength be 5.6 × 10–10m?

Ans. =

⇒ K.E. =

= 3.35 × 10–21J
8.
A nucleus of mass M initially at rest splits into two fragments of masses
and . Find the ratio of de-Broglie wavelength of the fragments.

Ans. Following the law of conservation of momentum,

= 0

or =

λ= ⇒ = 1

9.
An electron and a proton are possessing same amount of K.E., which
of the two have greater de-Broglie, wavelength? Justify your answer.

161 Physics Class - XII)

 Ans. Ee =

and Ep =

⇒ meve = and mpvp =

But, Ee = Ep ⇒ =

∴ λe > λp.
10. The electron in a given Bohr orbit has a total energy of –1.51 eV.
Calculate the wavelength of radiation emitted, when this electon makes
a transition to the ground state.
Ans. 1028 A°
11. Calculate the radius of the third Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom and energy
of electron in third Bohr orbit of hydrogen atom.
Ans. (–1.51 eV)
12. Calculate the longest and shortest wavelength in the Balmer series of
Hydrogen atom. Rydberg constant = 1.0987 × 107 m–1.
Ans. λl = 6553 A°, λs = 3640Aº
13. What will be the distance of closest approach of a 5 MeV a-particle as
it approaches a gold nucleus? (given Atomic no. of gold = 79)
Ans. 4.55 × 10–14m
14. A 12.5 MeV alpha – particle approaching a gold nucleus is deflected
180°. What is the closest distance to which it approaches the nucleus?
Ans. 1.82 × 10–14m
15. Determine the speed of the electron in n = 3 orbit of hydrogen atom.
Ans. 7.29 × 105ms–1
16. There are radioactive nuclei in a given radio active element.
If half life is 20 seconds, how many nuclei will remain after 10 seconds?
Ans. 4 × 106
17. The half life of a radioactive substance is 5 hours. In how much time
will 15/16 of the material decay?
Ans. 20 hours

162 Physics Class - XII)

 18. At a given instant, there are 25% undecayed radioactive nuclei in a
sample. After 10 seconds, the number of undecayed nuclei reduces
12.5%. Calculate the mean life of nuclei.
Ans. 14.43
19. Binding energy of 2He4 and 3Li7 nuclei are 27.37 MeV and 39.4 MeV
respectively. Which of the two nuclei is more stable? Why?
Ans. 2He4 because its BE/nucleon is greater.
20. Find the binding energy and binding energy per nucleon of nucleus 83B209.
Given : mass of proton = 1.0078254 u. mass of neutron = 1.008665 u.
Mass of 209
83Bi = 208.980388u.
Ans. 1639.38 MeV and 7.84 MeV/Nucleon
21. Is the fission of iron (26Fe56) into (13Al28) as given below possible?
56 28 28
26Fe → 13Al + 13Al + Q
Given mass of 26 Fe56 = 55.934940 and 13Al
28 = 27.98191 U
Ans. Since Q value comes out negative, so this fission is not possible
22. Find the maximum energy that β-particle may have in the following
decay :
19 19 0
8O → 9F + –1e +
Given m (8O19) = 19.003576 a.m.u.
m (9F19) = 18.998403 a.m.u.
m (–e0) = 0.000549 a.m.u.
Ans. 4.3049 MeV
23. The value of wavelength in the lyman series is given as

λ =

Calculate the wavelength corresponding to transition from energy level

2, 3 and 4. Does wavelength decreases or increase.

Ans. λ21 = = 1218Aº

λ31 = = 1028Aº

163 Physics Class - XII)


λ41 = = 974.3Aº

λ41 < λ31 < λ21

24. The half life of undergoing α decay is 4.5 × 109 years what is
the activity of 1g. sample of .
Ans. T1/2 = 4.5 × 109 y
= 4.5 × 109 × 3.16 × 107s
= 1.42 × 1017 s

1g of contains = atom

= 25.3 × 1020 atoms

∴ decay rate = R = λN =

= 1.23 × 104 bq.

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

1. In an experiment of photoelectric effect, Nita plotted graphs for different

observation between photo electric current and anode potential but
her friend Kamini has to help her in plotting the correct graph. Neeta
Thanked Kamini for timely help.
(i) What values were displayed by Kamini and Neeta.
(ii) Draw the correct graph betweeen I and V
(iii) Describe graph for varying intensity.
2. A function was arranged in the school auditorium. The auditorium has
the capacity of 400 students. When entry started students entered in
groups and counting becomes a great problem. Then science students
took responsibility at the gate. All the students entered the hall one by
one. This helped them to maintain discipline and counting became easy
with the help of a device used by these students.
(i) What value is displayed by science students ?

164 Physics Class - XII)

 (ii) Name the device which is based on application of photoelectric
effect.
(iii) What is the working principle of the device ?
3. Ruchi’s uncle who was a kabadiwalah was getting weak day by day.
His nails were getting blue, he stated losing his hair. This happened
immediately after he purchased a big contained of heavy mass from Delhi
University Chemistry Department. Doctor advised him hospitalization
and suspected he has been exposed to radiation. His uncle didn’t know
much about radiations but Ruchi immediately convinced her uncle to
get admitted and start treatment.
(i) What according to you are the values utilized by Rama to convince,
her uncle to get admitted in hospital.
(ii) Name the radioactive radiations emitted from a radioactive element.
(iii) Write two characteristics of emitted radioactive radiation.
4. Medha’s grandfather was reading article in newspaper. He read that after
so many years of atomic bombing in Hiroshima or Nagasaki, Japan
National census indicated that children borm even now are genetically
deformed. His grandfather was not able to understand the reason behind
it. He asked his Granddaughter Medha who is studying in class XII
Science. Medha sat with her grandfather and showed him pictures from
some books and explained the harmful effects of radiations.
(i) What are the values/skills utilized by Medha to make her grandfather
understand the reason of genetically deformity?
(ii) Name the nuclear reactions that occurred in atom bomb.
(iii) Write two harmful effects of radiation.
Value Based Questions :
Ans. 3. (i) Value disployed awareness, critical thinking decision making.
(ii) X-ray and g-ray.
(iii) Ionization power, electromagnetic nature.
Ans. 4. (i) Sympaths, compossion.
(ii) Nuclear fission reaction.
(iii) Mutation, flindness, skin infection.
Answer to 2 Marks Question
1. Similarity : Both follow wave equation (partial differential equation)
dissimilarity : Matter waves
(a) cannot be radiated in empty space.
(b) are associated with the particles, not emitted by it

165 Physics Class - XII)

 2. Yes, λ =

hc
3. λ = for photon P = and l = for electron P = 2M E
E
λphoton = 2.4 × 10–8m, λelectron = 3.6 × 10–10m

4. λ = 3300Aº, E = = ≈ 3.8 eV

Work function of Mo & Ni > 3.8 eV hence no photoelectron emission

from Mo and Ni.

5. λ =

⇒ λ α

6. Q
hv0
K.E.max ≈ 1.3 eV As = −2V
e
7. E = mc2, hv = mc2, m = , no, it depends upon frequency.

8. KE = hv – hv0. The electrons in the atom of metal occupy different

energy levels, thus have different minimum energy required to be ‘ejected’
from the atom. So the e– with higher energy will have higher kinetic
energy.
1 λ1 2 2
9. Decreases, =
λ ∴=
V λ2 1
11. KEmax = hv – w0 ⇒ KEmax decreases with increase in w0.

166 Physics Class - XII)

 12. Distance of closest approach is defined as the minimum distance between
the charged particle and the nucleus at which initial kinetic energy of
the particle is equal to electrostatic potential energy.

for α particle, =

r∝

\ r will be halved.
14. (i) Similar to x-rays — γ-rays.
(ii) α-particle.
(iii) γ-rays.
(iv) β-particle.
15. Nuclear radioactive waste will hang like a cloud in the earth atmosphere
and will absorb sun radiations.
16. The total binding energy of nuclei on two sides need not be equal. The
difference in energy appears as the energy released or absorbed.
17. n = 2 as rn α n2

18. From relation = when t = T/2

12
 1
=  
 2

or = = = 70.9 %

19. Because radius of atom is very large than radius of nucleus.

20. Due to mass defect or different binding energies.
21. Decreases as number of neutrons decreases and number of protons
increases. N → P+–1e0
22. To counter repulsive coulomb forces, strong nuclear force required
between neutron-neutron, neutron-proton and proton-proton.

167 Physics Class - XII)

 23. N = N0e–λt differentiating both sides we get = – λN0e–λt = –λN i.e.,

decay rate
R = – = λN

24. For fusion, temperature required is from 106 to 107 K. So, to carry out
fusion for peaceful purposes we need some system which can create
and bear such a high temperature.
25. Nuclear forces are short range forces (within the nucleus) and do not
obey inverse square law while coulomb forces are long range (infinite)
and obey inverse square law.

26. =

or =

or 3 =

⇒ t = 9 days.
28.

29. V0 = (E – φ0)/e = = 18V.



168 Physics Class - XII)

 Unit IX & X
ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

KEY POINTS
ELECTRONIC DEVICES
1. Solids are classified on the basic of

(i) Electrical conductivity Resistivity Conductivity

Metals ρ(Ωm) σ(Sm–1)

10–2 – 10–8 102 – 108

Semi-conductors 10–5 – 106 10–6 – 105

Insulators 1011 – 1019 10–19 – 10–11

(ii) Energy Bands (a) Metals →

Fig. (a)

Unit IX - X 169
 (b) Insulators →

Fig (b)
(c) Semiconductors →

Fig (c)
2. Types of Semi-conductors
2 Types of semi-conductors
|
| |
Elemental Compound
|
| |
Inorganic Organic, Anthracene
CdS, GaAS, Doped Pthalocyamines etc.
CdSe, InP etc.
3. In intrinsic semiconductors (Pure Si, Ge) carrier (electrons and holes) are
generated by breaking of bonds within the semiconductor itself. In extrinsic
semiconductors carriers (e and h) are increased in numbers by ‘doping’.
4. An intrinsic semiconductor at 0 K temperature behaves as an insulator.
5. Pentavalent (donor) atom (As, Sb, P etc) when doped to Si or Ge give
n-type and trivalent (accestor) atom (In, Ga, Ag, etc) doped with Si or
Ge give p-type semiconductor. In n-type semiconductor electrons are the
majority charge carriers & in p-type holes are the majority charge carriers.

170 Physics Class - XII)

 6. Net charge in p-type or n-type semiconductor remains zero.
7. Diffusion and drift are the two processes that occur during formation of p-n
junction.
8. Diffusion current is due to concentration gradient and drift current is due to
electric field.
9. In depletion region movement of electrons and holes depleted it of its free
charges.
10. p-n Junction is the most important semiconductor device because of its
different behaviours in forward biasing (as conductor for V > Vb) and
reverse biasing (as insulator for V < VB) a p-n junction can be used as
Rectifier, LED, photodiode, solar cell etc.
Differences between FB and RB junction diodes :

Depletion layer is decreased Depletion layer is increased
Lower resistance Higher resistance
R → 0 ideal diode R → ∞ ideal diods

Current due to majority Current due to minority charge carrier.
charge carrier.
11. In half wave rectifier frequency output pulse is same as that of input and in
full wave rectifier frequency of output is double of input.
Rectifier PN junction diode

Unit IX - X 171

Half Wave Rectifier Full Wave Rectifier
A vin D1
A +

S –
S vi v0 + + Vout→

B –
B
D2

12. When a zener diode is reverse biased, voltage across it remains steady for

a range of currents above zener breakdown. Because of this property, the

diode is used as a voltage regulator.

13. Transistor is a n-p-n or p-n-p junction device. In a transistor current goes

from low resistance (forward biasing) to high resistance (reverse biasing).

14. Current relationship in a transistor.

Ie = Ib + Ic (Ib is only 2% to 8% of Ie)

15. In common emitter transistor characteristic we study

Ib versus VBE at constant VCE (Input characteristic)

Ic versus VCE at constant IB (output characteristic)

Input resistance ri = for constant VCE

Output resistance r0 = for constant Ib

172 Physics Class - XII)

 16.

Input characteristics of CE n-p-n- transistor.

Output characteristic of CE n-p-n transistor

Rin = =

Current Amplification factor

βac = keeping VCE constant

βdc = Ic/Ib

βac = βdc

Unit IX - X 173
 17. PNP Transistor as a common emitter Amplifier
C2
IB

C1 P RL

~
Vi N
P
IE
VCC
Vout = VCC – RC

VBB
IB IC

VCE = Vout = VCC – IcRc

vin
Vo

O t
t

18. In CE configuration, transistor as amplifier output differ in phase with input
by π.
19. Gates used for performing binary logical operations in digital electronics
mainly consists of diodes and transistors.
20. NAND gates along can be used to obtain NOT, AND and OR gates and
similarly a NOR gates can be used to obtain AND gate, OR gate & Not
gate.

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
 Communication is the faithful transfer of message from one place to
another.
 A communication system consists of three basic elements.
Channel
Input Information → Transmitter Receiver → output Information

 Transmitter : An equipment which converts the information data into

electrical signal.
 A transmitter consists of
(i) Amplifier

174 Physics Class - XII)

 (ii) Modulator
(iii) Carrier Oscillator
(iv) Transmitting Antenna
(v) Transducer
 Channel : It is the medium through which the electrical signals from
the transmitter pass to reach the receiver.
 Receiver : An equipment which receives and retrieves information from
the electrical signals.
 A receiver section consists of
(i) Receiver Antenna
(ii) Amplifier.
(iii) Demodulator
 Two important forms of communication system are Analog and Digital.
In Analog communication, the information is in analog form.
 In Digital communication, the information has only discrete or quantised
values.
 Modulation is a process by which any electrical signal (called input,
baseband or modulating signal) of low frequency is superimposed on to
another signal (carrier) of high frequency.
 Need of Modulation :
(i) To avoid interference between different base band signals.
(ii) To have a practical size of antenna.
(iii) To increase power radiated by antenna.
 Demodulation : It is a process by which a base band signal is recovered
from a modulated wave.
 Amplitude Modulation : In this type of modulation, the amplitude of
carrier wave is varied in accordance with the information signal, keeping
the frequency and phase of carrier wave constant.
 Bandwidth : Bandwidth is the range of frequencies over which an
equipment operates.
 Space communication uses free space between transmitter and receiver
for transfer of data/information.

Unit IX - X 175
  Ground Wave : These are the waves radiated by antenna that travel
at zero or lower angle with respect to earth surface. They are heavily
absorbed by earth surface and not suitable for long range communication.
 Space Wave : These are the waves that travel directly through space
between transmitting and receiving antennas. The space waves are
within the troposphere region of atmosphere and have two Modes of
Transmission :
(i) Line of sight communication
(ii) Satellite communication

Physical Quantity Formula SI Unit

Power radiated by an antenna P W

Sinusoidal carrier wave E = EC cos (ωct + φ) V

The range of tower R → radius of earth m
h → Height of antenna

The number of channels

The maximum range of broadcast

between transmitting and recei- where R → Radius of earth

ving tower ht and hr → height
of transmitting and receiving
towers

QUESTIONS

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Write the relation between number density of holes and number density of
free electrons in an intrinsic semiconductor.
Ans. ne = nh

176 Physics Class - XII)

 2. Write the value of resistance offered by an ideal diode when (i) forward
based (ii) reverse biased.
Ans. (i) Zero (ii) infinite
3. Write any one use of (i) photodiode (ii) LED.
Ans. (i) Use of Photodiode (a) In detection of optical signal
(b) In demodulation of optical signal
(c) In light operated switches
(d) In electronic counters
(ii) Use of LED (a) Infrared LEDs are used in burglar
alarm
(b) In optical communication
(c) LED’s are used as indicator lamps in radio
receivers
(d) In remote controls
4. Write the truth table for a two input AND gate.
Ans. A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
5. At what temperature does a semiconductor behave as an insulator ?
Ans. Fermi temperature
6. Why amplitude of modulating signal is kept less than the amplitude of
carrier wave ?
Ans. Am must be less than Ac so that Modulation Index m become less than one to avoid
distortion.
7. A semiconductor is damaged when strong current passes through it.
Why ?
Ans. Because bonds break up, crystal lattice breakdown takes place and crystal
lattice becomes useless.
8. Draw I–V characteristic of a solar cell.
Ans.

Unit IX - X 177
 9. What is the phase difference between input and output waveform in the
common emitter transistor amplifier ?
Ans. Phase difference between input and output wave is π or 180º.
10. What is the direction of diffusion current in a junction diode ?
Ans. The direction of diffusion current is from P to N in a semiconductor junction
diode.
11. Draw a circuit diagram showing the biasing of a photodiode.
12. Name the semiconductor device that can be used to regulate an unregulated
dc power supply.
Ans. Zener diode
13. Name the p-n junction diode which emits spontaneous radiation when
forward biased.
Ans. Light emitting diode (LED)
14. Name the material used to make a light emitting diode.
Ans. GaAs and Gap
15. How does the collector current charge in a junction transistor if the base
region has larger width ?
Ans. Collector current becomes small.
16. A semiconductor device is connected in a series circuit with a battery and
a resistance. A current is found to pass through the circuit. When polarity
of the battery is reversed, the current drops to almost zero. Name the
semiconductor device.
Ans. P–N junction
(Junction Diode)
17. In the following diagram write which of the diode is forward biased and
which is reverse biased ?

18. How does the energy gap in semiconductor vary, when doped, with a
pentavalent impurity ?
Ans. The energy gap decreases.
19. What is the order of energy gap in a conductor, semiconductor and insulator.
Ans. Conductor–no energy gap
Semiconductor < 3 eV

178 Physics Class - XII)

 Insulator > 3 eV
20. The ratio of the number of free electrons to holes ne/nh for two different
materials A and B are 1 and < 1 respectively. Name the type of semiconductor
to which A and B belong.

Ans. ∴ Intrinsic semiconductor

∴ p type extrinsic semiconductor

21. What are ground waves ?

Ans. The em wave radiated from antenna which are transmitted through space
along the ground. If a radiowave from the transmitting antenna reaches to
the receiving antenna either directly or after reflection from the ground, it
is called a ground wave.
22. What are the two basic modes of communication ?
Ans. (i) Analog, (ii) Digital.
23. On what factors does the maximum coverage range of ground wave
communication depend ?
Ans. The maximum range of ground wave propagation depends upon.
(i) the frequency of transmitted wave
(ii) the power of the transmitter.
24. What is a base band signal ?
25. What is the least size of an antenna required to radiate a signal of
wavelength λ ?
Ans.

26. Why do we use high frequencies for transmission ?

Ans. To reduce the height of antenna.
27. Why is ionisation low near the earth and high, far away from the earth ?
Ans. The U.V. radiation and other high energy radiations coming from the outer
space on entering ionosphere of Earth’s atmosphere, are largely absorbed
by the molecules of the layer of atmosphere. Due to this molecules get
ionised. The degree of ionisation varies with height. At high attitude solar
intensity is high, but density of Earth’s atmosphere is low. Therefore, there
are few air molecules to be ionised. On the other hand, close to the earth,
the density of Earth’s atmosphere is high but the radiation intensity is low.
Due to of ionisation is low.

Unit IX - X 179
 28. Define the modulation index.

Ans. (i) (ii)

29. What should be length of dipole antenna for a carrier wave of frequency
2 × 106 Hz ?

Ans. Length of dipole antenna :

3 ×108
L= 6
= 0.75 ×102 m = 75m
2 × 2 ×10
30. Why is the transmission of signals using ground wave communication
restricted to a frequency of 1500 kHz ?
Ans. The energy loss of a ground wave increases rapidly with the increase in
frequency. Hence ground wave propagation is possible at low frequencies
i.e., 500 KHz to 1500 KHz
31. What is meant by transducer ? Give one example of a transducer.
Ans. Any device which converts energy from one from to another is called
transducer e.g. a microphone converts sound energy (signal) into an
electrical energy (signal).
32. A T.V. transmitting antenna is 81 m tall. How much service area can it cover
if the receiving antenna is at ground level ?
Ans. The maximum distance upto which the signal transmitted from 80 m tall
T.V. antenna can be received.

d = 2hR = 2 × 80 × 6400000 = 32000m = 3.2 km

Area = πd2 m2 = 3.2 × 107 m2

33. What is attenuation ?
Ans. Attenuation is the loss of strength of a signal during its propagation through
the communication channel.
34. Why are repeaters used in communication ?
Ans. A repeater is a combination of a receiver, an amplifier and a transmitter. A
repeater picks up the signal from the transmitter, amplifies and retransmits
it to the receiver sometimes with a change in carrier frequency. Repeaters
are used to increase the range of communication system.
35. What is the significance of modulation index ? What is its range ?
Ans. Modulation index determines the strength and quality of the transmitted
signal. High modulation index ensures better quality and better strength.
Its range is 0 to 1.
180 Physics Class - XII)
 36. Why are broad cast frequencies of carrier wave sufficienty spaced in
Amplitude modulated wave?
Ans. To avoid mixing up of signals from different transmitters.
37. The carrier wave is given by c(t) = 2 sin (8πt) volt. The modulating signal
is a square wave as shown in fig. Find modulation index.

Ans.

38. How are side bands produced ?

Ans. Side bands are produced by the method of amplitude modulation. It produces
two new frequencies (fc + fm) and (fc – fm) around original frequency (fc)
which are called side band frequencies.
39. Give one example each of ‘a system’ that uses the (i) sky wave (ii) space
wave – mode of propagation.
Ans. (i) Short wave broadcast services.
(ii) Television broadcast (or microwave links or satellite communication)
40. How many minimum number of satellites are used for simultaneous world-
wide communication.
Ans. Three.
41. Why is shortwave band used for long distance radio broadcast?
Ans. Shortwaves are not absorbed by earth is atmosphere.
42. Why are repeaters used in cimmunication system.
Ans. To increase the range of communication system.
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
1. If the frequency of the input signal is f. What will be the frequency of the
pulsating output signal in case of :
(i) half wave rectifier ? (ii) full wave rectifier ?
2. Find the equivalent resistance of the network shown in figure between point
A and B when the p-n junction diode is ideal and :

Unit IX - X 181
 (i) A is at higher potential (ii) B is at higher potential

3. Potential barrier of p-n. junction cannot be measured by connecting a

sensitive voltmeter across its terminals. Why ?
4. Diode is a non linear device. Explain it with the help of a graph.
5. A n-type semiconductor has a large number of free electrons but still it is
electrically neutral. Explain.
6. The diagram shows a piece of pure semiconductor S in series with a
variable resistor R and a source of constant voltage V. Would you increase
or decrease the value of R to keep the reading of ammeter A constant, when
semiconductor S is heated ? Give reason.

7. What is the field ionisation in zener diode ? Write its order of magnitude.
8. Power gain of a transistor is high. Does it mean the power is generated by
the transistor itself ? Explain.
9. How can we fabricate LED’s emitting light of different colours.
10. Why is a photo diode used in reverse bias ?
11. Give four advantages of LED over incandescent lamp.
12. Explain the amplifying action of a transistor.
13. Draw a labelled circuit diagram of n-p-n transistor amplifier in CE-
configuration.
14. The output of a 2 input AND gate is fed as input to a NOT gate. Write the
truth table for the final output of the combination. Name this new logic gate
formed. [Ans. Nand Gate]

182 Physics Class - XII)

 15. Write the truth table for the combination of gates shown.

16. The following figure shows the input waveform ‘A’ and ‘B’ and output wave
form Y of a gate. Write its truth table and identify the gate.
A Ans. AND gate
A B Y
1 0 0
0 0 0
B 0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Yt t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 0 0 0
1
0 0 0
17. In the given circuit, D is an ideal diode. What is the voltage across R ?

When the applied voltage V makes the diode.

(a) Forward bias ?

(b) Reverse bias ?

18. A transistor is a current operated device. Explain.

19. In the given circuit diagram transistor has been represented by a circle with

the emitter (e), base (b) and collector (c) terminals marked clearly. Carefully

look at the polarity of the voltages applied and answer the following

questions.

(a) What is the type of transistor pnp or npn ?

(b) Is the transistor in saturation or cutoff ?

Unit IX - X 183
 20. What are the characteristics to be taken care of while doping a semiconductor ?
Justify your answer.
Ans. (a) The size of the dopent atom should be such that it do not distort the
pure semiconductor lattice.
(b) It can easily contribute a charge carrier on forming covalent bond with
pere Si or Ge.
21. Which special type of diode can act as a voltage regulator ? Give the symbol
of this diode and draw the general shape of its V-I characteristics.
22. In the working of a transistor, emitter base junction is forward biased, while
the collector base junction is neverse based, why ?
23. In a transistor, base is slightly doped and is a thin layer, why ?
24. Show the donor energy level in energy band diagram of n-type semiconductor.
25. Show the acceptor energy level in energy band diagram of p-type
semiconductor.
26. What is the value of knee voltage in
(a) Ge junction diode.
(b) Si junction diode.
27. Which of the input and output circuits of a transistor has a higher resistance
and why ?
28. Describe the working principle of a solar cell. Mention three basic processes
involved in the generation of emf.
29. Two semiconductor materials X and Y shown in the given figure, are made
by doping germanium crystal with indium and arsenic respectively. The two
are joined end to end and connected to a battery as shown.

184 Physics Class - XII)

 (i) Will the junction be forward biased or reversed biased ?
(ii) Sketch a V-I graph for this arrangement.
30. In only one of the circuits given below the lamp L lights. Which circuits is
it ? Give reason for your answer.

31. Following voltage waveform is fed into half wave rectifier that uses a silicon
diode with a threshold voltage of 0.7 V. Draw the output voltage waveform.

32. Why are Si and GaAs are preferred materials for solar cell ?
33. Write two differences between point to point communication and broadcast
mode of communication. Give one example of each.
34. An audio signal of amplitude one fourth of the carrier wave, is used in
amplitude modulation. What is the modulation index ? [Ans. = 0.25]
35. What are the essential components of a communication system ? Explain
with the help of a Block diagram.
36. Explain by a diagram, how space waves are used for Television broadcast.
37. Long distance radio broadcasts use short wave bands. Why ?
Ans. The short waves are the waves of wavelength less than 200 m or frequency
greater than 1.5 MHz. They are absorbed by the earth due to their high

Unit IX - X 185
 frequency. These waves are reflected from ionosphere. These waves after
reflection from ionosphere reach the surface of earth only at a large distance
from the place of transmission. It means attenuation is less for short waves.
It is due to this reason; the short waves are used in long distance broadcasts.
38. What is modulation ? Why do we need modulation ? Give two reasons.
39. Give two reasons for using satellite for long distance T.V. transmission.
(i) As high frequency T.V. signate penetrats through ionspher so to reflect
those.
(ii) It has a very wide coverage range.
40. Explain the propagation of sky wave in ionospheric layers with the help of
a neat, labelled diagram.
41. Derive an expression for maximum range of an antenna of height ‘h’ for
LOS communication.
42. Plot amplitude v/s frequency for an amplitude modulated signal.
43. Draw block diagram of simple modulator to obtain amplitude modulated
signal.
44. It is necessary to use satellites for long distance TV transmission. Why ?
Ans. Yes, TV signals being of high frequency are not reflected by the ionosphere.
Therefore, to reflect these signals, satellites are needed. That is why;
satellites are used for long distance TV transmission.
45. What is the basic difference between an analog communication system and
a digital communication system ?
Ans. An analog communication system makes use of analog signals, which vary
continuously with time. A digital communication system makes use of a
digital signal, which has only two values of voltage either high or low.
46. What is ground wave ? Why short wave communication over long distance
is not possible via ground waves ?
Ans. The amplitude modulated radiowaves having frequency 1500 kHz to
40 MHz (or wavelength between 7.5 m to 200 m) which are travelling
directly following the surface of earth are known as ground waves. The
short wave communication over long distance is not possible via ground
because the bending of these waves become severe round the corners of the
objects on earth and hence, their intensity falls with distance. Moreover the
ground wave transmission becomes weaker as frequency increases.

186 Physics Class - XII)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)
1. What is depletion region in p-n junction diode. Explain its formation with
the help of a suitable diagram.
2. Explain the working of npn transistor as an amplifier and find an expression
for its voltage gain.
3. What is rectification ? With the help of labelled circuit diagram explain half
wave rectification using a junction diode.
4. With the help of a circuit diagram explain the V–I graph of a p-n junction
in forward and reverse biasing.
5. With the help of a circuit diagram, explain the input and output characteristic
of a transistor in common emitter configuration.
6. What is p-n junction ? How is p-n junction made ? How is potential barrier
developed in a p-n junction.
7. What is a transistor ? Draw symbols of npn transistor. Explain action of
transistor.
8. Give three differences between forward bias and reverse bias.
9. Show the biasing of a photodiode with the help of a circuit diagram. Draw
graphs to show variations in reverse bias currents for different illumination
intensities.
10. Write three differences between n-type semiconductor and p-type
semiconductor.
11. Construct AND gate using NAND gate and give its truth table.
12. Construct NOT gate using NAND gate and give its truth table.
13. With the help of Block Diagram show how an amplitude modulated wave
can be demodulated.
14. Draw the block diagram ofa communication system. What is the function
of transducer and communication channel.
15. What is amplitude modulation ? Derive the equation of an amplitude
modulated wave.
16. What are the different ways of propagation of radiowaves ? Explain briefly.
17. Draw block diagram for a :
(a) Transmitter
(b) Receiver

Unit IX - X 187
 18. Write the band width of the following :
(1) Telephonic communication
(2) Video signal
(3) TV signal
19. Explain the following terms :
(1) Ground waves
(2) Space waves
(3) Sky waves
Ans. (i) At low frequencies (v < 2MHz), radio-waves radiated by antenna travel
directly following the surface of earth and are known as ground waves.
(ii) Frequencies ranging from 100-200 Mhz penetrate ionosphere and hence
can only be transmitted by using line-of-sight antenna or satellites, are
known as space wave propagation.
(iii) Frequencies between 2-20 MHz are reflected by the ionosphere and
known as sky waves (or ionospheric propagation)
20. What does ‘LOS communication’ mean ? Name the types of waves that
are used for this communication. Give typical examples, with the help of
suitable figure, of communication systems that use space mode propagation.
Ans. Mode of radiowave propagation by space waves, in which the wave travels
in a straight line from transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna, is called
line-of-sight (LOS) communication. Two types of waves that are used for
LOS communication are : Space wave and Ground wave.

188 Physics Class - XII)

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)
1. Draw the circuit arrangement for studying the input and output characteristics
of an npn transistor in CE Configuration.
Draw these characterstics graphically. With the help of these characteristics
define (i) input resistance (ii) Current amplification factor.
2. What is the function of  base region of a transistor ? Why is this region
made thin and lightly doped ? Explain with the help of a circuit diagram
the working of npn transistor as a common emitter amplifier.
3. What is p-n junction diode ? Define the term dynamic resistance for the
junction. With the help of labelled diagram, explain the working of p-n
junction as a full wave rectifier.
4. What are logic gates ? Why are they so called ? Draw the logic symbol and
write truth table for AND, OR and NOT gate.
5. Describe (i) NAND gate (ii) NOR gate.
Why these gates are called universal gates? Explain.
6. Two signals A, B as given below are applied as input to (i) AND (ii) NOR
and (iii) NAND gates. Draw the output waveform in each case.

NUMERICALS
1. In a p-n junction, width of depletion region is 300 nm and electric field of
7 × 105 V/m exists in it.
(i) Find the height of potential barrier.
(ii) What should be the minimum kinetic energy of a conduction electron
which can diffuse from the n-side to the p-side ?

Unit IX - X 189
 2. In an npn transistor circuit, the collector current is 10 mA. If 90% of the
electrons emitted reach the collector, find the base current and emitter
current.
3. An LED is constructed from a p-n junction of a certain semiconducting
material whose energy gap is 1.9eV. What is the wavelength of light emitted
by this LED ? [Ans. l = 2.18 × 10–7 m]
4. Determine the current I for the network. (Barrier voltage for Si diode is 0.7
volt).

5. Determine V0 and Id for the network.

6. A p-n junction is fabricated from a semiconductor with a band gap of

2.8 eV. Can it detect a wavelength of 600 nm ? Justify your answer.
Ans. Eneryg of photon of wavelength 600 n m = 2.07 eV .......... working condition
of photodiode hv £ Eg but Eg > hv so photodio can not detecthe given
wavelength
7. Determine V0, Id1 and Id2 for the given network. Where D1 and D2 are made
of silicon.

Ans. V0 = Vsi = 0.7V

10 − 0.7
I1 =
.33 × 103
= 28.18 mA
190 Physics Class - XII)
 28.18

\ Id = Id =
1 2 2
= 14.09 mA
8. Two amplifiers with voltage gain 10 and 20 are connected in series. Calculate
the output voltage for an input signal of 0.01 volt. [Ans. : 2 volt]
9. A transistor has a current gain of 30. If the collector resistance is 6kW and
input resistance 1kΩ. Calculate the voltage gain. [Ans. : 180]
10. If the current gain of a CE – Amplifier is 98 and collector current Ic =
4 mA, determine the base current. [Ans. : Ib = 0.04 mA]
11. Pure Si at 300 K has equal electron (ne) and hole (nh) concentration of
1.5 × 1016/m3. Doping by indium increases nh to 4.5 × 1022/m3. Calculate
ne in the doped silicon. [Ans. : 5 × 109 m–3]
12. The solar radiation spectrum shows that maximum solar intensity is near
to energy hν = 1.5 eV. Answer the following :
(i) Why are Si and GaAs are preferred materials for solar cells.
(ii) Why Cd S or CdSe (Eg ~ 2.4 eV) are not preferred.
(iii) Why we do not use materials like PbS (Eg ~ 0.4 eV).
Ans. (i) For photo-excitation, hν > Eg. Si has Eg. ~ 1.1 eV and for GaAs,
Eg. ~ 1.53 eV.
GaAs is better than Si because of its relatively higher absorption
coefficient.
(ii) If we choose CdS or CdSe, we can use only the high energy component
of the solar energy for photo-conversion and a significant part of energy
will be of no use.
(iii) The condition hν > Eg. is satisfied, but if we use Pbs, most of solar
radiation will be absorbed on the top-layer of solar cell and will not
reach in or near depletion region.
13. A sinusoidal carrier wave of frequency 1.5 MHz and amplitude 50 volt is
amplitude modulated by sinusoidal wave of frequency 10 kHz producing
50% modulation. Calculate the
(i) amplitude of message signal;
(ii) frequencies of lower and upper side bands.
Ans. lower side band = 1490 kHz
Upper side band = 1510 kHz
Amplitude = 25 volt
Unit IX - X 191
 14. An amplitude modulator consist of L–C circuit having a coil of inductance
8mH and capacitance of 5pF. If an audio signal of frequency 10kHz is
modulated by the carrier wave generated by the L–C circuit, find the
frequency of upper and lower side bands.
[Ans. fc = 7.96 × 105 Hz; Lower side band = 786 kHz;
= 796 kHz Upper side band = 806 kHz]
15. A T.V. Tower has height of 70 m.
(i) How much population is covered by the T.V. broadcast if the average
population density around the tower is 1000 km–2 ? Radius of earth is
6.4 × 106 m.
(ii) By how much should the height of the tower be increased to double
the coverage area ?
[Ans. Population covered = 28.16 lacs; Change in height = 70m]
16. A communication system is operating at wavelength λ = 750 nm. If only 1%
of the frequency is used as channel bandwidth for optical communication
then find the number of channels that can be accommodated for transmission
of
(i) an Audio signal requiring a bandwidth of 8 kHz.
(ii) a Video T.V. signal requiring a bandwidth of 4.5 kHz.
C 3 × 108
Ans. Optical signal frequency v = = −9
= 4 × 1014 Hz
λ 750 × 10

4 × 1012
(i) No. of channels for audio signal = = 5 × 108
8 × 103
4 × 1012
(ii) No. of channels for video signal = = 8.88 × 108
4.5 × 103
17. Calculate the percentage increase in the range of signal reception, if the
height of TV tower is increased by 44%. [Ans. 20% increase]
18. A transmitting antenna at the top of a tower has a height 32 m and the height
of the receiving antenna is 50 m. What is the maximum distance between
them for satisfactory communication in LOS mode ? Given radius of earth
6.4 × 106 m.

dm = 2 × 64 × 105 × 32 + 2 × 64 × 105 × 50 m

Sol. : =

192 Physics Class - XII)

 19. A message signal of frequency 10 kHz and peak voltage of 10 volts is used
to modulate a carrier of frequency 1 MHz and peak voltage of 20 volts.
Determine (a) modulation index, (b) the side bands produced.

Sol. (a) Modulation index = 10/20 = 0.5 =

(b) The side bands are at (1000 + 10) kHz

= 1010 kHz and (1000 – 10) kHz
= 990 kHz.
20. A carrier wave of peak voltage 12 v is used to transmit a message signal.
What should be the peak voltage of the modulating signal in order to have
a modulation index of 75% ?

Sol. µ = 0.75 =

Hence, Am = 0.75 Ac = 0.75 × 12 V = 9 V

21. A modulating signal is a square wave, as shown in figure.
The carrier wave is given by c(t) = 2 sin (8 πt) volts.
(i) Sketch the amplitude modulated waveform
(ii) What is the modulation index ?

Sol. (i)

(ii) µ = 0.5
22. For an amplitude modulated wave, the maximum amplitude is found to
be 10 V while the minimum amplitude is found to be 2 V. Determine the
modulation index, µ.
What would be the value of µ if the minimum amplitude is zero volt ?
Unit IX - X 193
Sol. The AM wave is given by (Ac + Am + sin ωmt) cos ωct,
The maximum amplitude is M1 = Ac + Am while the minimum amplitude is
M2 = Ac – Am
Hence the modulation index is
A m M1 — M 2 8 2
µ= = = = .
A c M1 + M 2 12 3

VALUE BASED QUESTIONS

1. A child uses a semi conductor device in listening radio & seeing pictures
on T.V. He was asked to suggest the techniques as the cost of LPG/CNG is
going up, to cope up with future situations.
(i) What are the values developed by the child ?
(ii) What may be the suitable semi conductor device used for utilization
of maximum solar energy with reasons ?
(iii) Write the principle of semiconductor device used.
2. Raju was enjoying TV programe at his home with his family at night.
Suddenly the light went off causing darkness all over. Mother asked Raju
to bring candle along with matchstick from kitchen to put on TV switch
off. Raju at once picked the mobile phone and pressed the buttons lighting
up the surrounding. Her mother was surprised and asked where from the
light was coming. Raj proudly showed her the mobile.
(i) Which values displayed by Raju ?
(ii) Which material is used in LED ?
(iii) Write working principle of LED ?

ANSWERS
VALUE BASED QUESTIONS
1. (i) Awareness of social problems, Generates new idea with fluency.
(ii) Solar cell.
2. (ii) Creative thinking
(iii) GaAs and GaP

194 Physics Class - XII)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
1. Frequency of output in half wave rectifier is f and in full have rectifier is
2f.
2. Equivalent resistance is
(i) 10Ω, As diode is forward biased
(ii) 20Ω, diode is reverse biased
3. Because there is no free charge carrier in depletion region.
6. On heating S, resistance of semiconductors S is decreased so to compensate
the value of resistance in the circuit R is increased.
10. In this case diode is sensitive and it is easier to observe fractional change
in current with change in intensity.
15. Nand gate A B Y
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
17. (a) V (b) Zero
18. Change in Ic is related to Ib and not to the base voltage change (δVbe).
19. (a) npn (ii) saturation
21. Zener diode
I (mA)

VZ

I (µA)
(i) Reverse Bias (ii) V-I characterstic

22. To make transistor to act as an amplifier.

26. Ge ~ 0.3 V
Si ~ 0.7 V
27. Output circuit is reverse biasd which has large resistance.
29. (i) Reverse bias

Unit IX - X 195
 (ii)

30. (b) In circuit (b) emitter base junction is forward biased through ‘L’ while
in (a) emitter base junction is not biased.
31. Output waveform is :

NUMERICALS
1. (i) V = Ed = 7 × 105 × 300 × 10–9 = 0.21 V
(ii) Kinetic energy = eV = 0.21 eV

2. Emitter current Ie = × 100 = 11.11 mA

 Base current Ib = Ie – Ic = 1.11 mA

4.

5. V0 = E – Vsi – VGe = 12 – 0.7 – 1.1 = 12 – 1.8 = 10.2 V

 Id = V0 = 12 – 0.7 – 0.3 = 11 V

11
Id = = 1.96 mA
5.6 × 103



196 Physics Class - XII)

 SAMPLE PAPER (SOLVED)

Section-A

Genaral Instructions :
( i) All questions are compulsory. There are 26 questions in all.
(ii) This question paper has five sections : Section A, Section B, Section C,
Section D and Section E.
(iii) Section A contains five questions of one mark each, Section B contains
five questions of two marks each, Section C contains twelve questions
of three marks each, Section D contains one value based question of four
marks and Section E contains three questions of five marks each.
(iv) There is no overall choice. However an internal choice has been provided
in one questions of five Marks weightage. You have to attempt only one
of the choices in such questions.
(v) You may use the following values of physical constants wherever
necessary :
c = 3 × 108 m/s
h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js
e = 1.6 × 10–19 C
µ0 = 4p × 10–7 T m A–1
ε0 = 8.854 × 10–12 C2 N–1 m–2

1
= 9 × 109 N m 2 C-2
4pε 0

Mass of electron = 9.1 × 10–31 kg

Mass of neutron = 1.675 × 10–27 kg
Mass of proton = 1.673 × 10–27 kg
Avogadro's number = 6.023 × 1023 per gram mole
Boltzmann constant = 1.38 × 10–23 JK–1

Unit IX - X 197
 Sample Paper-1 (Solved)

1. Sketch the electric field lines for a uniformly charged hollow cylinder
shown in figure.

+ +
+ +
+ + + +

+ + + + + + +

2. Mention two characterstic properties of the material suitable for making

core of a transformer.
3. Among alpha, beta and gamma radiations, which of them get affected
by electric field?
4. The maximum amplitude of an AM wave is found to be 15V while its
minimum amplitude is found to be 3V. What is the modulation index?
5. Draw an equipotential surface in a uniform electric field.

Section B
6. Explain the variation of conductivity with temperature for (i) a metallic
conductor (ii) ionic conductor.
7. How does focal length of a lens change when red light incident on it is
replaced by violet light? Give reason for your answer.
8. A plane electromagnetic wave traveles in vacuum, alogn the y-direction
write down
(i) The ratio fo magnitudes
(ii) The direction
of its electric and magnetic field vectors.
9. Use Huygens geometrical construction to show behaviour of a plane
wave front.
(i) Passing through a biconvex lens
(ii) Reflected by a concave mirror

198 Physics Class - XII)

10. Write the truth table for the logic circuit shown below and identify the
logic operation performed by this circuit.

or
Draw the block diagram of a generalized communication system.

Section C

11. Calcuate the energy released if 92U238 nucleus emits an a-particle.

Given atomic mass of 238 U = 238.050794
92
234 Th = 234.043634
90
4
Atomic mass of 2 He = 4.002604
1 u = 931.5 Me V/C2
Is the decay spontaneous?
12. Derive condition of balance of wheat stone bridge.
Or
Describe the use of a meter bridge for determining an unknown resistence.
13. In the figure a long uniform potentiometer wire AB is having a constant
potential gradiant along its length the null point for the two primary
cells of emf e1 and e2 connected in the manner shown are obtained at a
distance of 120 cm and 300 cm from the end A find (i) E1/E2 (ii) position
of null point for cell of emf E1. How is the sensitivity of a potentiometer
increased?
A

A B
(II)
(I)

Unit IX - X 199
14. Derive the expression for the law of radioactive decay of given sample
having initially ‘N0’ Nuclei decaying to the Number ‘N’ present at any
subsequent time ‘t’ plot the graph showing variation of the number of
Nuclei verses the time t elapsed.
15. Fig shows a square frame of wire having a total resistance r placed
coplanarly with a long straight wire. The wire carries a current i given
by i = i0 sin wt. Find
(a) Flux of the magnetic field through the square frame
(b) The emf induced in the frame
a

I
a

16. Draw the circuit diagram of a full wave rectifier using p-n junction diode.
Explain its working and show the output, input wave from.
17. In the circuit shown in figure, when the input voltage to the base resistance
is 10 V, VBE is zero and VCE is also zero. Find the values of IB, IC
and b.
RC
10 V
3 kΩ
C
RB
B
Vi
400 kΩ

18. (a) The electron in hydrogen atom is initially in the third excited state.
What is the maximum number of spectral lines which can be emitted
when it finally moves to the ground state.
(b) Using Bohr’s postulate of quantisation of orbital angular momentum
show that the circumference of the election in the nth orbital state is
hydrogen atom is n times the de-broglie wavelength associate with it.
19. Draw a labeled circuit diagram of a n-p-n transistor amplifier in common-

200 Physics Class - XII)

 emitter configuration. What is the phase difference between the input
signal and output signal.
20. Figure represent a capacitor made of two circular plate each of radius r
= 12 cm and separated by d = 5 mm the capacitor is being charged by
an external source the charging current at some instant is I = 0.15 A. At
this instant.

I d

(i) Calculate the rate of change of electric field between the plates.
(ii) Find the displacement current across the plates.
(iii) Is Kirchhoff’s first rule valid at each plate of capacitor? Explain.
21. (a) Two polaroids A and B are kept in crossed position. How should a
third Polaroid C be placed between them so that intensity fo polarised
light transmitted by polaroid B reduces to 1/8th of the intensity of
unpolarised light incident on A.
(b) State the condition when the reflected wave is totally plane polarized.
22. Distinguish the magnetic properties of dia-, para- and ferromagnetic
substances in terms of
(i) Susceptibility
(ii) Magnetic permeability
(iii) Coercivity
Give one example each of these material. Draw the field lines due to
external magnetic field near a diamagnetic (ii) paramagnetic substance.

Section D
23. A group of students while coming from the school noticed a box marked
‘Danger H.T. 2200 V” at a substation in the main steet. They did not
understand the utility of such a high voltage when they argued, they found
that the supply at houses was only 220 V. They asked their teacher this
question the next day. The teacher explained the answer.

Unit IX - X 201
 (i) Which device is used to lower down the voltage of ac and what is
the principle of its working.
(ii) Is it possible to use this device for lowering down the high dc
voltage? Explain.
(iii) Write the values displayed by the students and the teacher.

Section E

24. (a) Derive an expression for the electric potential at axial point due to
an electric dipole.
(b) Show that the electric field at the surface of a charged conductor is
 σ
E = nˆ where is surface charge density A and n̂ is a unit vector normal
ε0
to the surface in the outward direction.
Or
For the following circuit calculate the potential difference between B
and D 2V 2Ω
A + – B

1V + + 1V
1Ω– 2Ω – 1Ω

– +
D C
3V 3Ω
The following graph shows the variation of terminal potential difference
V, across a combination of three cell in series to a resistor, verses current.
(i) Calculate the emf of each cell
(ii) For what value of current i, will the power dissipation of the circuit
be maximum.
i

0 1 2 i

202 Physics Class - XII)

25. (a) A right angle crown glass prism with critical angle 41° is placed
before an object PQ in two positions as shown in the figures (i) and (ii)
respectively. Trace the path of the rays from P and Q passing through
the prism in the two cases.

P 45° P

90°
Q Q

90° 45°
(b) (i) Why the source should be coherent to produce a sustained interference
pattern?
(ii) In young’s double slit experiment using monochromatic light of wave
length l the intensity of light at a point on the screen where path
difference is l is K units find out the intensity of light at a point where
l
path differences is
3
Or
A spherical surface of a radius of currature R, separates a rarer and a
denser medium as shown in figure.

Rare Denser

O P C

Complete the path of the incident ray of light showing formation of a

real image. Hence derive the relation connecting object distance u1 image
distance v radius of currature R and the refractive indices n1 and n2 or
two media. Using this relation derive the lens makers formula.
26. (a) What are eddy currents? Give two application of eddy currents.
(b) Figure shows a rectangular conductor PQRS in which the conductor
PQ is free to move in a uniform magnetic field B perpendicular to
the plane of the paper. The field extends from x = 0 to x = b and is

Unit IX - X 203
 zero for x > b assume that only the arm PQ is pulled outward from
x = 0 ta, x = 2b and is then moved backward to x = 0 with constant
speed v obtain the expression for the flux and the induced emf. Sketh
the variation of these quantities with distance 0 £ x £ 2b.

S
P

Q
R
x=0
x=b x = 2b

Derive expression for QR, drift velocity of free electron in a conductor

in terms of relaxation time of electron use this relation to deduce the
expression for the electrical resistivity of the metarial.
Ans. 1.

2. (i) Low hysteresis loop (ii) Low coercivity

3. Alpha and beta radiation
4. Ac + Am = 15 Ac – Am = 3
2Ac = 18 2Am = 12
Am 2
M= =
AC 3

204 Physics Class - XII)

5.

Section B

6. Conductivity of a metallic conductor

1 n e2 z
s= =
ρ m
with rise of temperature t decreases and hence conductivity decreases
with increase of temperature the ionic bond break releasing positive and
negative ions which are change carriers hence conductivity increase.

1 1
7. = (µ − 1)  1 R −1 R  , f α and µ v . > µ R
f  1 2 µ −1
Thus increase in refractive index would result in decrease of focal length
of lens.

E
8. (i) = speed of light (c = 3 × 108 m/s)
B

(ii) K is along y axis E along z-axis B along x-axis

Unit IX - X 205
 9. (i) Len S
Sppeical ware
frowt

Sppeical ware
(ii)
frowt

Plane ware front. Minor

10. A C
y
D
B

C=A D=B
Y = CD = AB
=A+B=A+B

Input Transmitter Channel Reciver Output

singal signal

Noise

11. 238
92 U 
→ 234
90 Th + 42 He + Q
Q = MU – MTh – MHe)C2
= (238.05079 – 234.04363 – 4.00260)4C2
= (0.004564)C2

 931.5  2
= .004564 ×  2 MeV C
 C 

= 4.25 MeV.
Q is positive so the decay is spontaneous
12. Refer NCERT.

206 Physics Class - XII)

13. If K is potential gradiant in V/cm
(i) e1 + e2 = 300k
e1 – e2 = 120k
e1/e2 = 7/3
(ii) e1 = 210 k
(iii) By decreasing potential gradiant.
dN dN
αN = −lN (l is aconstant)
14. dt dt
DN
= – ldt
N
loge N = –lt + C
at t = 0, N = No C = loge No
loge N – loge No = – lt
loge N/No = – lt
N
= e −lt
No

No

o t

15. a (Since magnetic field is not

uniform across the loop)
f = BA is not used.
b

r d
Consider one element at a distance r form the wire with a thickness dr

Unit IX - X 207
 µ 0i
magnetic field B =
2pr
µ 0i
df = B.dA =
adr
2pr
a+b µ 0i µ ia a + b
Total flux f = ∫b 2πr
adr = 0 log 
2π  b 
d φ µ 0i0 wa cos wt a + b
e= = log e 
dt 2π  b 

16. Refer NCERT

17. VBE = 0
Potential drop across RB is 10 V
Vi – VBE = RBIB

10
IB = = 25µA
400 × 103

VCE = 0 ICRC = 10V

10
IC = = 3.33mA
3 × 103
I 3.33 × 10−3
b= C = = 133
IB 25 × 10−6

16. (a) For third excited state n = 4

For ground state n = 1
ni = 4 nf = 3, 2, 1
ni = 3 to nf = 2, 1 Total no of transition = 6
ni = 2 nf = 1
(b) According to Bohr’s second postulate
nh
Mvrn =
2p
nh
2prn = = nλ
mv
19. Refer NCERT

208 Physics Class - XII)

20. If C is capacitance of capacitor and q is instantaneous charge on plates
then
q = CV
= c dv dq
dt dt

d
I = c ( Ed )
dt

dE dE I I I
= = = =
dt dt cd ε 0 A .d ε 0 πr 2
d
dE
= 3.74 × 1011 v ms
dt
dE e0 AI
I d = E0 A = = I = 0.15 A
dt eo A
yes Kirchhoff’s law hods at each plates
since ID = IC
21. (a) Let the angle between the pass axis of A and C is q
Intensity of high passing through A = I0/2

I
Intensity of light passing through C = 0 cos 2 θ
2
Intensity of light passing through B

I0
= cos 2 θ cos 2 (90 − θ)
2
I0
= (cos θ sin θ) 2
2

I0 I0
= (cos θ sin θ) =
2

2 8

sin 2q = 1
2q = 90°
q = 45
(b) The reflected ray is totally plane polarized when reflected and refracted
rays are perpendicular to each other.

Unit IX - X 209
 22. Dia Para ferro
Susceptibility –1 £ c < 0 0 < c < e c >> 0
(Positive and solds)
Permeability 0 £ m1 < 1 1 < m1 < 1 + e m1>> 1
(Slightly Grater)
Coactivity High Low Very low
Example Gold Platinum Iron

N S N S

Diamegnetic Paranagnetic
Ans. Transformer
Working principle –mutual induction
Faraday law
No there is no induced emf for an dc voltage /
inquisitive nature / scientific temperament concern for student /
Helpfulness/ Professional
24 (a) Refer NCERT
2V 2Ω (i – i1)
A B

1V
i1
2Ω
1Ω
1Ω
1V

D 3Ω 3V i C

In mesh BADB
−2(i − i1 ) + 2 − 1 − 1(i − i1 ) + 2i1 = 0

3i – 5i1 = 1
In Mesh DCBD
– 3i + 3 – 1–1i – 2i1 = 0

210 Physics Class - XII)

 4i + 2i1 = 2
2i + i1 = 1
Sowing i = 6/13
i1 = 1/13
or, VB – VD = i1 × 2 = 2/13V
If E be emf and r is internal resistance of each cell
Then V = Eeff = ivint
V = 3t – irint
i = 0 y = 6V
6 = 3t – 0 e = 6/3 = 2V
emf of each cell e = 2V
(iii) For maximum power dissipation effective internal resistance of cell must
be equal to external resistance.
25. (a)
P P
Q1
Q
Q
1 90°
P

1
p Q
1

(b) (i) So the position of maxima and minima do not change with time.
(ii) I = 4 I0 cos2 f/2
For path difference l phase difference f = 2p
K = 4 I0 cos2 f/2 = 4 I0 cos2 p = 4 I0
For path difference l/3 phase difference f = 2p/3
I¢ = 4 I0 Cu2 f/2 = 4I0 Cu2 p/3
= I0
I¢ = K/4
OR
Refer NCERT
26. (a) Refer NCERT
(b) Let PQ = l
As x = 0 f = 0
When PQ moves a small distance from x to x then f = BdA = Bldx
then x = 0 to x = b

Unit IX - X 211
 from x = 0 to x = b
Megnetic flux = B lb
Mean magnetic flux x = 0 to x = b is 1/2 Blb
The magnetic flux from x = b to x = 2b is zero

dφ d
Induced emf e = − = − (b ldx)
dt dt
= – Blv

From x = b to x = 0
φ E

x=0 x = 2b
x=0 x = b x = 2b
From x = 0 to x = b

212 Physics Class - XII)

 SAMPLE PAPER (SOLVED)-II
Time: 3 Hour Marks: 70

Section-A

1. If the current is the electric bulb changes by 1% then by what percentage

the power change? (1)
2. No interference pattern is detected, when two coherent sources are infinitely
close to each other. Why? (1)
3. Why do we need a higher bandwidth for transmission of music compared
that for commercial telephonic conversation? (1)
4. A coil is removed from a magnetic field,
(i) Rapidly
(ii) Slowly
In which case, more work is done? (1)
5. A charge ‘q’ is placed just outside a closed reface. What is the electric flux
through the surface? (1)
q

6. A cell of emf 1.1V and internal resistance 0.5W is connected to a wire of

resistance 0.5W. Another cell of the some emf is connected in series but the
current in the wire remain same. Find the internal resistance of the second
cell? (2)
7. Write the order of frequency range and one use of:
(a) Gamma rays ( b) Ultraviolet says. (2)
8. Two metals ‘x’ and ‘y’ hare work functions 2ev and 5ev respectively. Which
metal will emit electrons, when it is radiated with light of wavelength 400nm
and why? (2)

Unit IX - X 213
9. A radioactive isotope has a half-life of T years. How long will it take the
activity to reduce to
(i) 3.125% (ii) 1% of its original value? (2)
10. Why communication using line of sight mode limited to frequencies above
40 MHz. (2)

SECTION- C

11. Box A, in the set up shown below, represents an electric deice often needed
to supply electric power from the AC mains, to a load. It is known that
VO < Vi (2)

Input Vo
A.C. ~ Vi A Load
source

(i) Identify the deice A and draw its symbol.

(ii) Find the relation between the input and output currents of this deice
assuming it to be ideal.
12. A 100 V battery is connected across a 2µF and 3µF capacitor in series.
Calculate the potential difference across each capacitor and total energy.
(2)
13. Draw diagram to depict the behaviors of magnetic field lines hear a bar of
(i) copper, (ii) Aluminum (iii) Mercury. (cooled to a very low temperature
4.2k) (2)
14. Two wavelengths of sodium light 590 nm and 596 nm are used, in turn,
to study the diffraction taking place at a single slit of aperture 2×10–4 m.
Determine the separation between the positions of first maxima of diffraction
pattern obtained in the two cases. (2)
15. An inductor L of reactance XL is conceited in series with a bulb ‘B’ to an AC
source as shown in the figure. Briefly explain how does the brightness of
the bulb change, when (i) number of turns of the in inductor is reduced?
(2)

214 Physics Class - XII)

 (ii) A capacitor of reactance XC = XL is included in series with inductor
in the same circuit.

XL

16. A conversing lens of refractive index 1.5 and of focal length 15cm in air,
has the same radii of curvature for both sides. If it is immersed in a liquid of
refractive indent 1.7, then find the focal length of the lens in the liquid.
(2)
17. What is wane front? State its relation with ray of light. (2)
18. The activity of a radioactive sample fall from 600 sec–1 to 500 sec–1 in 40
minutes. Calculate its half life. (2)
19. Write the truth tables for each of the combinations shown below. Also
identity the logic operations performed by them. (2)

A
y
B

A
y
B

20. Analytically, explain the process of amplitude modulation, what is frequency

spectrum of amplitude modulated signal? (2)
21. What is a zener diode? How can a zener diode be used as voltage regulator?
Explain using suitable circuit diagram. (2)
22. Explain briefly the phenomenon of b-decay and g-decay with example.
(2)

Unit IX - X 215
23. Meeta’s father was driving her to school. At the traffic signal she noticed
that each traffic light was made of many tiny lights instead of a single bulb.
When meeta asked this question to her father, he explaned the reason for
this.
Answer the following questions based on above information.
(i) What are the values displayed by meeta and her father. (1)
(ii) What answer did meeta’s father give? (1)
(iii) What are thee tiny lights in traffic signals called and how do they
work? (1)
24. Define working, principle and construction of a moving coil galvanometer
with its labelled diagram.
How a galvanometer can be converted into ammeter and volt meter.
Or
Show that in an A.C. circuit containing a pure inductor, the voltage is ahead
of current by p/2 in phase.
A horizontal straight wire of length L extending from east to west is falling
with speed v at righ angle to the horizontal components of earth magnetic
field B.
(i) Write the expression for the instantaneous value of the emf induced
in the wire.
(ii) What is the direction of the e.m.f.
(iii) Which end of the wire is at the higher potential.
Earth North

B A

Earth South v

25. Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of image in an

astronomical telescope write three distinct advantage of a reflecting type
telescope.
Or
With the help of a suitable ray diagram, derive the miror formula for a
concave mirror.
A convex lens of focal length 10 cm is placed co-axially 5 cm away from

216 Physics Class - XII)

 a concave lens of focal length 10 cm. If an object is placed 30 cm in front
of the convex lens. Find the position of final image formed by the system.
26. (a) State Gausss law in electrostatic. Use this law to derive an expression
for the electric field due to an infinitely long straight wire of linear
charge density l cm–1.
(b) A hollow cylinder box of length 1 m and area of cross section 25cm2
is placed in a three dimensional co-ordinate system. The electric
field is given by E = 50xiˆ N/C, x is in meters: calculate
(i) Net flux through the cylinder
(ii) Charge enclosed by the cylinder
y

1m 1m
X
Z

OR
(a) A capacitor is made of a flat plate of area A and second plate having stair
like structure as shown in figure below. If width of each stair is A/3 and
height is d. Find the capacitance of the arrangement.

A/3 d – – – – –

A/3 d – – – – –
– – – – –

+ + + + A + + + + + + +

(b) An electric dipole is held in uniform electric field

(i) Using suitable diagram, show that it does hot undergo any translatory
motion.
(ii) Derive an expression for the torque acting on this dipole.

Unit IX - X 217
 SAMPLE PAPER (UNSOLVED)-II

One marks question “section-A”

Q1. Write the underlying Principle of a moving coil galvanometer.

Q2. Name the two process involved in the formation of p-n junction.
Q3. Predict the directions of induced currents in metal rings 1 and 2 lying in
same plane where current I in the wire increasing steadily.
I

Q4. How does the fringe width of Interference fringe change, when the whole
apparatus of young’s double slit experiment is kept in water (Refractive
index 4/3)?
Q5. A proton and an electron have same velocity. Which one has greater de-
Broglie wavelength and way?

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS “SECTION B”

Q6. Define the term drift velocity. How does drift velocity of electrons in a
metallic conductor vary with the rise of temperature?
Q7. Use mirror equation to show that a convex mirror always produces a virtual
image independent of the location of the object.
OR
The radius of curvature of the faces of a double convex lens are 10cm and
15cm. If the focal length of the is 12cm, find the refracting index of the
material of the lens.
Q8. If the total number of neutrons and protons in a nuclear reaction is conserved
how then is the energy absorbed or evolved in the reaction? Explain.
Q9. A hollow cylindrical box of length 2m and area of cross section 25 cm2 is

218 Physics Class - XII)

 placed in a three dimensional coordinate system as shown in the figure.

The Electric field in the region is given by E = 25iˆ ­Where E is in N/C and
x is in meters. Find
(i) Net flux through the cylinder.
(ii) Charge enclosed by the cylinder.
y

X
1m
Z
2m

Q10. What is amplitude modulation? Why is the amplitude of modulating signal

kept less than the amplitude of carrier wave?

Three Marks Questions “Section C”

Q11. Using Gauss theorem obtain the expression for the electric field due to a
uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R at a point outside the
shell. Draw a graph showing the variation of electric field with R, for
r > R and r < R.
Q12. (a) UV light of l = 2271A° from 100w mercury source is incident on a
photocell of molybdenum. If the stopping potential is 1.3ev, Estimate the
work function of metal.
(b) How would be the photocell respond to high intensity 105w/m2, red light
of wave length 6328 A°
Q13. Describe briefly using a necessary circuit diagram, the three basic processes
which take place to generate the emf in a solar cell when light falls on it.
Draw I- V characteristics of a solar cell. Write two important criteria required
for selection of material for solar cell fabrication.
Q14. The currents flowing in the two coils of self inductance L1 = 16mH and L2
= 12mH are increasing at the same rate. If the power supplied to the two
coils are equal. Find the ratio of (i) induced voltages (ii) The currents (iii)

Unit IX - X 219
 Energies stored in the coils at a given instant.
Q15. Name the part of electromagnetic spectrum to which the following
wavelengths belong:
(i) 1 mm (ii) 10–12 m (iii) 10–7 m
Mention one application of each.
Q16. A circular loop of area A, carrying a current I is placed in a uniform magnetic
field . Write the expression for the torque acting on it in a vector form. If the
loop is free to rotate, what whould be its orientation in stable Equilibrium?
Or
With the help of a labeled diagram, stats the underlying principle of a
cyclotron, Explain clearly that cyclotron frequency is independent of energy
of the particle. Is there an upper limit on the energy acquired by the particle.
Give reason.
Q17. Two narrow slits (comprable to wavelength of light) are illuminated by a
single monochromatic source.
(a) Draw the intensity pattern and Name the phenomenon.
(b) One of the slit is now completely covered. Draw the in density
pattern now obtained and name the phenoneon.
(c) What will happen to the pattern obtained in part (a) distance between
slits is increased.
Q18. A capacitor of capacitance ‘C’ is changed to ‘V’ volts by a battery. After
some time the battery is disconnected and the distance between the plates
is doubled. Now a slab of dielectric constant, 1<K<2 is introduced to fill
the space between the plates. How will the following be affected?
(a) The electric field between the plates of the capacitor
(b) The energy stored in the capacitor.
Justify your answer by writing the necessary expression.

220 Physics Class - XII)

Q19. Identify the magnetic material whose magnetic susceptibility is given by
(i) 0 < c < e (e is any small positive number) (ii) –1 > c < 0.
Distinguish between two materials in respect of their relative magnetic
permeability and behavior in non-uniform magnetic field.
Q20. Output characteristics of a npn transistor in C-E configuration is as shown
is figure, Determine

4
IB = 30 µA
3
IB = 20 µA
Ic 2 IB = 10 µA
mA
1

0 2 4 6 8 10
VCE (Volt)

(a) Dynamic output resistance

(b) D.C current gain and
(c) A.C current gain at an operating point VCE= 10V and IB = 20 µA
Q21. (a) Why is it that light wave can be polarized, but sound waves cannot be?
(b) Between two Polaroid’s placed in crossed position a third Polaroid is
introduced. The axis of third Polaroid makes an angle of 30° with the axis
of the first Polaroid, find intensity of transmitted light from the system, if
I0, find the intensity of unpolarised light.
Q22.(a) A TV Transmitter has a range of 100km. what is the height of the TV
transmission tower. (Given Radius of earth = 6400 km)
(b) What should be the length of dipole antenna for a carrier frequency 6×108
Hz?

Unit IX - X 221
 Value based question “Section D”

Q23. Ramamurti, was willing to shift his residence because government had
decided to start a nuclear power plant near his village. His daughter Radha,
a science student convinced him not to shift since adequate safety measures
to avoid any mishap had already been taken by the government before
starting the nuclear thermal plant.
(1) What are the values displayed by Radha? (any two)
(2) What is the principle of working of nuclear reactor?
(3) Lighter elements are better moderators for a nuclear reactor than heaviour
element, why?

Five Marks Questions “Section E”

Q24. (a) Write the working principle of potentiometer. Draw the circuit diagram
which can be used to measure internal resistance of a given cell.
(b) In a potentiometer a standard cell of emf 5V of negligible resistance
maintains the steady current through potentiometer wire of length 5m. Two
primary cells of emf E1 and E2 are joined in series with (i) same polarity
(ii) opposite polarity the balancing length in each case found to be 350cm
and 150cm respectively.
(i) Draw necessary circuit diagram
E
(ii) Find the value of 1 for two cells.
E2
OR
(a) Two cells of emf’s ‘E2’ and internal resistances ‘r1’ and ‘r2’ respectively
are connected in parallel to each other. Deduce expression for
(i) The equivalent emf of the combination.
(ii) The equivalent resistance of the combination.
(b) Two cells of emf 1V and 2V and internal resistance 2W and 1W respectively
are connected in (i) series (ii) parallel. What should be the external resistance
in the circuit so that current through the resistance be same in the two cases?
In which case is more heat generated in the cells?

222 Physics Class - XII)

Q25. Derive an expression for the impedance of a series LCR circuit connected
to an AC supply of variable frequency.
Plot a graph showing variation of current with the frequency of applied
voltage. For what value of impedance the current in LCR circuit is
maximum. Explain briefly how the phenomenon of resonance in the circuits
can be used in the tuning mechanism of a radio or TV set.
OR
(a) State Biot and Sarart is law, giving the mathematical expression for it.
Use this law to derive an expression for the magnetic field due to a circular
coil carrying current at a point on its axis.
(b) How does a circular loop carrying current behave as a magnet.
Q26. (a) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the image of an object
placed on the axis of a convex refracting surface of radius of curvature ‘R’
Separating the two media of Refractive indices ‘n1’ and ‘n2’ ( 2 > n1) Use
this diagram to deduce the relation
n2 n1 n2 − n1
− =
v u R

Where ‘u’ and ‘v’ have their usual meaning

(b) A converging lens has focal length 20 cm in air. It is made of a material
of Refractive index 1.6 if is immersed in a liquid of refracting index 1.3.
Calculate its new focal length.
OR
(a) Draw a ray diagram Showing the image formation by a compound
microscope. Write the expression for total magnification when image is
formed at the near point of vision.
(b) The focal lengthen of the objective and eyepiece of a microscope are 1.25cm
and 5cm respectively find the position of the object relative to the objective
lens in order to obtain angular magnification of 30 in normal adjustment.

Unit IX - X 223
 PHYSICS (Theory)
Time: 3 Hour Marks: 70

Section-A

Genaral Instructions :
( i) All questions are compulsory. There are 26 questions in all.
(ii) This question paper has five sections : Section A, Section B, Section C,
Section D and Section E.
(iii) Section A contains five questions of one mark each, Section B contains
five questions of two marks each, Section C contains twelve questions
of three marks each, Section D contains one value based question of four
marks and Section E contains three questions of five marks each.
(iv) There is no overall choice. However an internal choice has been provided
in one questions of five Marks weightage. You have to attempt only one
of the choices in such questions.
(v) You may use the following values of physical constants wherever
necessary :
c = 3 × 108 m/s
h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js
e = 1.6 × 10–19 C
µ0 = 4p × 10–7 T m A–1
ε0 = 8.854 × 10–12 C2 N–1 m–2
1
= 9 × 109 N m 2 C-2
4pε 0
Mass of electron = 9.1 × 10–31 kg
Mass of neutron = 1.675 × 10–27 kg
Mass of proton = 1.673 × 10–27 kg
Avogadro's number = 6.023 × 1023 per gram mole
Boltzmann constant = 1.38 × 10–23 JK–1

224 Physics Class - XII)

 SECTION-a

1. A photosensitive surface emits photoelectrons when red light falls on it.

Will the surface emit photoelectrons when blue light is incident on it ? Give
reason. 1
2. Draw logic symbol of an OR gate and write its truth table. 1
3. A point charge Q is placed at point ‘O’ as shown in the figure. Is the
potential at point A, i.e. VA, greater, smaller or equal to potential, VB, at
point B, when Q is (i) positive, and (ii) negative charge ? 1
O A B l l l

4. Write the expression for speed of electromagnetic waves in a medium of

electrical permittivity e and magnetic permeability µ.
5. Does the magnifying power of a microscope depend on the colour of the
light used ? Justify your answer.

SECTION B

6. Two metallic wires P and Q of the same material and same length but
different cross-sectional areas A1 and A2 are joined together and then
connected to a source of emf. Find the ratio of the drift velocities of free
electrons in the wires P and Q, if the wires are connected (i) in series, and
(ii) in parallel. 2
7. Distinguish between broadcast mode and point-to-point mode of
communication and give one example for each. 2
8. Use the mirror equation to show that an object placed between f and 2f of
a concave mirror forms an image beyond 2f.
OR
(a) State the condition under which a large magnification can be achieved in
an astronomical telescope.
(b) Give two reasons to explain why a reflecting telescope is preferred over a
refracting telescope.

Unit IX - X 225
9. Find the intensity at a point on a screen in Young’s double slit experiment
where the interfering waves of equal intensity have a path difference of (i)
l/4, and (ii) l/3.

10. Write two points of difference between n-type and p-type semiconductors.

SECTION C

11. A charge Q is distributed uniformly over a metallic sphere of radius R.

Obtain the expressions for the electric field (E) and electric potential (V)
at a point 0 < x < R.

Show on a plot the variation of E and V with x for 0 < x < 2R.

12. Define electric flux. Write its SI unit.

Using Gauss’s law, deduce an expression for electric field intensity due to
an infinitely long straight uniformly charged wire.

13. A proton and an a-particle move perpendicular to a magnetic field. Find

the ratio of radii of the circular paths described by them when both (i)
have equal momenta, and (ii) were accelerated through the same potential
difference.

14. A monochromatic light of wavelength l is incident normally on a narrow

slit of width ‘a’ to produce a diffraction pattern on the screen placed at a
distance D from the slit. With the help of a relevant diagram, deduce the
conditions for maxima and minima on the screen. Use these conditions to
show that angular width of central maximum is twice the angular width of
secondary maximum.

15. Using Bohr’s postulates, derive the expression for the orbital period of the
electron moving in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom.

226 Physics Class - XII)

16. In the given circuit, with steady current, calculate the potential drop across
the capacitor in terms of V.
5V 2Ω
A F

5V 4 µF
B E
– +

C D
3Ω
10 V

17. (a) How are electromagnetic waves produced ? Explain.

(b) A plane electromagnetic wave is travelling through a medium along
the +ve z-direction. Depict the electromagnetic wave showing the
directions of the oscillating electric and magnetic fields.
18. (a) Write the process of b– -decay. How can radioactive nuclei emit
P-particles even though they do not contain them ? Why do all
electrons emitted during b-decay not have the same energy ?
(b) A heavy nucleus splits into two lighter nuclei. Which one of the two—
parent nucleus or the daughter nuclei has more binding energy per
nucleon ?
19. What is sky wave propagation? Which frequency range is suitable for
sky wave propagation and why? Over which range of frequencies can
communication through free space using radio waves take place ?
20. (a) Draw a graph showing variation of photocurrent with anode potential
for a particular intensity of incident radiation. Mark saturation current
and stopping potential.
(b) By how much would the stopping potential for a given photosensitive
surface go up if the frequency of the incident radiations were to be
increased from 4 × 1015 Hz to 8 × 1015 Hz ?

Unit IX - X 227
21. A source of ac voltage v = v0 sin cot, is connected across a pure inductor of
inductance L. Derive the expressions for the instantaneous current in the
circuit. Show that average power dissipated in the circuit is zero.

I 1
r A
3I 2

2r

4I 3

Using Biot-Savart law, deduce the expression for the magnetic field at a
point (x) on the axis of a circular current carrying loop of radius R. How
is the direction of the magnetic field determined at this point ?
OR
The figure shows three infinitely long straight parallel current carrying
conductors. Find the
(i) magnitude and direction of the net magnetic field at point A lying
on conductor 1.
(ii) magnetic force on conductor 2.
23. Sunil and his parents were travelling to their village in their car. On the
way his mother noticed some grey coloured panels installed on the roof of
a low building. She enquired from Sunil what those panels were and Sunil
told his mother that those were solar panels. 4
(a) What were the values displayed by Sunil and his mother ? State one
value for each.
(b) In what way would the use of solar panels prove to be very useful ?
(c) Name the semiconductor device used in solar panels. Briefly explain
with the help of a diagram, how this device works.

228 Physics Class - XII)

 Section-E
24. (a) A point object is placed on the principal axis of a convex spherical
surface of radius of curvature R, which separates the two media
of refractive indices nj and n2 (n2 > n1). Draw the ray diagram and
deduce the relation between the object distance (u), image distance
(v) and the radius of curvature (R) for refraction to take place at the
convex spherical surface from rarer to denser medium.
(b) A converging lens has a focal length of 20 cm in air. It is made of
a material of refractive index 1.6. If it is immersed in a liquid of
refractive index 1.3, find its new focal length.
OR
Draw the ray diagram showing refraction of light through a glass prism
and hence obtain the relation between the refractive index u of the prism,
angle of prism and angle of minimum deviation.
Determine the value of the angle of incidence for a ray of light travelling
from a medium of refractive index µ1 = 2 into the medium of refractive
index µ2 = 1, so that it just grazes along the surface of separation.
25. (a) (i) State the principle on which a potentiometer works. How can a given
potentiometer be made more sensitive ?
(ii) In the graph shown below for two potentiometers, state with reason
which of the two potentiometers, A or B, is more sensitive.
A

B
V (volts)

l
(b) Two metallic wires, F1 and P2 of the same material and same length
but different cross-sectional areas, Ax and A2 are joined together and
connected to a source of emf. Find the ratio of the drift velocities of
free electrons in the two wires when they are connected (i) in series,
and (ii) in parallel.
Unit IX - X 229
 OR
(a) Define the capacitance of a capacitor. Obtain the expression for the
capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor in vacuum in terms of plate
area A and separation d between the plates.
(b) A slab of material of dielectric constant K has the same area as the
3d
plates of a parallel plate capacitor but has a thickness . Find the
4
ratio of the capacitance with dielectric inside it to its capacitance
without the dielectric.
26. (a) State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
(b) The magnetic field through a circular loop of wire 12 cm in radius
and 8-5 Q resistance, changes with time as shown in the figure. The
magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the loop. Calculate the
induced current in the loop and plot it as a function of time.

B (T)
1

0 2 4 6 t(s)

(c) Show that Lenz’s law is a consequence of conservation of energy.

OR
(a) Describe, with the help of a suitable diagram, the working principle
of a step-up transformer. Obtain the relation between input and output
voltages in terms of the number of turns of primary and secondary
windings and the currents in the input and output circuits.
(b) Given the input current 15 A and the input voltage of 100 V for a
step-up transformer having 90% efficiency, find the output power and
the voltage in the secondary if the output current is 3 A.
qqq

230 Physics Class - XII)