PREPARED BY

Expert Committee Constituted by

Ministry of Housing and Urban
Affairs (MoHUA)
CENTRAL PUBLIC HEALTH AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
ORGANISATION (CPHEEO)

Guidelines on Usage of Refuse

Derived Fuel in Various Industries
July 2018

1
Executive Summary

To achieve the objectives of a clean India under Swachh Bharat Mission by October 2019
and to ensure the compliance of Solid Waste Management (SWM) Rules 2016, several
initiatives have been taken by the Government to ensure scientific processing and
disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW). However, MSW management has been the
biggest challenge faced by Urban Local Bodies (ULB), not only because of their limited
resources and technical capabilities, but because of the characteristics of Indian Waste
and old set practices of dumping mixed waste.

Within MSW management, processing of several fractions that are combustible in nature
but are not recyclable such as soiled paper, soiled cloth, contaminated plastics, multi-
layer, packaging materials, other packaging materials, pieces of leather, rubber, tyre,
polystyrene (thermocol), wood etc. has remained a challenge and these fractions
unwantedly ends up at landfill sites. These fractions can be processed and converted to
refuse derived fuel (RDF) which can be utilised as alternative fuel in various industries in
line with the principle of waste to wealth.

To implement the usage of MSW based RDF, an Expert Committee was constituted by
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) in October 2017. The overall objective is
to recommend the norms and propose regulatory and fiscal incentives for utilisation of
RDF in various industries for meeting the objectives of Swachh Bharat Mission.

This report provides an insight of various aspects covering existing policy framework,
comparative analysis of potential usage in different industries, global scenarios and Indian
best practices. It is found that sound policy framework exists for RDF as SWM Rules
2016 recommends the following:

i. Clause 15(v)b under Duties and responsibilities of local authorities and village
Panchayats of census towns and urban agglomerates, it is mentioned that “waste to
energy processes including refused derived fuel for combustible fraction of waste or
supply as feedstock to solid waste-based power plants or cement kilns”

ii. Clause 21: Criteria for waste to energy process - (1) Non-recyclable waste having
calorific value of 1500 Kcal/kg or more shall not be disposed off on landfills and
shall only be utilised for generating energy either through refuse derived fuel or by
giving away as feed stock for preparing refuse derived fuel. (2) High calorific waste
shall be used for co-processing in cement or thermal power plants.

2
 iii. Clause 18: Duties of the industrial units located within one hundred km from the
refused derived fuel and waste to energy plants based on solid waste state that “All
industrial units using fuel and located within one hundred km from a solid waste
based refused derived fuel plant shall make arrangements within six months from
the date of notification of these rules to replace at least five percent of their fuel
requirement by refused derived fuel so produced.”

The report also identifies estimated quantity of MSW based RDF and maps the cement
plants and MSW processing facilities across country.

Figure 1. 100 km buffer from cement industries and Functional Waste to Compost,
Waste to Energy and RDF plants location in India

3
The challenges, opportunities and required support for private sector engagement
especially from waste management and cement industry have been taken into account
through extensive stakeholder engagements.

Figure 2. Challenges for RDF Usage in Cement Plants

The waste management hierarchy and resource recovery principles, the safeguards to
ensure recycling and positive role of informal waste workers are covered by defining the
processes, roles and responsibilities.

To make a viable business model, the financial needs, gaps and instruments for fiscal
incentives are defined. To define the roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders, model
tender documents along with long term tripartite agreement between urban local bodies,
segregated combustible fractions (SCF) / RDF producer and cement plants have been
provided and uploaded on the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) website.

Finally, the report presents the following norms for SCF and RDF for utilisation in waste to
energy plants and cement industry duly confirmed by Cement Manufacturing Association.

4
S. Parameters SCF RDF - Grade RDF - Grade II RDF -Grade I
No III

1. Intended Use Input material for For co- For direct co- For direct co-
the Waste to processing processing in processing in
Energy plant or directly or after cement kiln cement kiln
RDF pre- processing
processing with other
facility waste
materials in
cement kiln

Grade III Grade II Grade I

2 Size Anything above

400mm has to
be mutually
agreed between <50 mm or < 20 mm depending upon use in ILC
Urban Local or SLC, respectively
Body/ SCF
Supplier and
Cement Plants.

3 Ash – <20 %# <15 % <10 % <10 %

maximum
permissible

4 Moisture – <35 % < 20% <15 % <10%

maximum
permissible

5 Chlorine – < 1.0 % # < 1.0 % < 0.7 < 0.5

maximum
permissible

6 Sulphur – <1.5 % #
maximum <1.5 %
permissible

7 * Net Calorific > 1500 KCal/kg >3000 >3750 > 4500

Value (NCV) net KCal/kg net KCal/kg net KCal/kg net
– in Kcal/kg

(Average
figure of
every
individual
5
 consignment)

8 Any other SCF – any RDF – any RDF – any RDF – any
parameter offensive odour offensive offensive offensive
to be controlled. odour to be odour to be odour to be
** controlled. controlled. controlled.

Note Before: All figures are vetted by Cement Manufacturing Association (CMA)

# If blending process is done in cement plants, the deviations in recommitted limit for ash,
chlorine and sulphur content can be mutually agreed between urban local body /SCF
Supplier and cement plants.

* band width of variations acceptable in NCV can be mutually decided between RDF
manufacturer and cement plants.

** Since odour is still largely a matter of perception and there is no satisfactory equipment
to measure different types of odour, no quantitative figure has been given.

For initiating the RDF usage in cement industry, the Committee Members agreed that
different RDF types have different calorific values, and so the cost of each combustible
fraction have to be expressed in INR per 1000 Kcal/kg to be comparable. The commercial
acceptability of properly processed RDF was agreed at Rs. 0.4 per 1000 Kcal/kg by the
members with reference to the specifications as defined in the report. The acceptable
prices of the respective grades of RDF work out to following:

Unit SCF RDF Grade III RDF Grade II RDF Grade I Industrial Coal

Kcal/Kg 1500 3000 3750 4500 3000-4200

INR/Ton 600 1200 1500 1800 4500

The mentioned price would be for the <50 mm size material that is suitable for In Line
Calciner (ILC). For Separate Line Calciner (SLC), the same will be cheaper and can get
negotiated between the RDF operator & the Cement plant. Since nature, quality and
acceptability of SCF by cement plants will be very much dependent upon the segregation
and quality control at the ULB level and its utilization feasibility also will be plant specific,
the commercial terms related to transaction of SCF between cement plant and ULBs can
be negotiated between them on case to case basis. However, the most sensitive part of
the RDF / SCF cost i.e. transportation up to 100 km will have to be borne by the Cement
Plant concerned..

6
Overall, once RDF of the quality/specifications is made available on dependable basis,
within the transport influence zone of 100 km of a cement plant, market forces would take
over where the ULB, the RDF processors and cement plants would negotiate an
agreeable cost of RDF considering various factors. Therefore, the above indicative price
may prove to be indicative over the time and market forces will govern the price
determination.

To further increase the utilisation of MSW-based RDF, key recommendations along with
responsibilities of different stakeholders are summarised below:

S. Recommendations Responsibility
No
1. Modification in SWM Rules 2016 MoEF&CC

Existing Clause in section “Duties of the industrial units located

within one hundred km from the RDF and Waste to Energy plants
based on solid waste”

All industrial units using fuel and located within 100 km from a solid
waste-based RDF plant shall make arrangements within six
months from the date of notification of these rules to replace at
least 5 % of their fuel requirement by RDF so produced.

Modification in Clause in section

“Duties of the industrial units especially Cement Plants and

Waste to Energy Plants for usage of Segregated Combustible
Fractions (SCF and/or RDF”

The cement plants located within 400 km from a solid waste-based

RDF plant shall make necessary arrangements within six months
from the date of amendment of these rules to replace at least 5%
of fuel intake (equivalent calorific value/Thermal Substitution Rate)
by Municipal Solid Waste based SCF and/or RDF. The transport
cost for SCF/RDF up to 100 km from the cement plant shall be
borne by cement plant however, beyond 100 km cement plant can
transport at its own cost or ULBs as mutually agreed upon by the
parties.
2. To ensure processing of segregated combustible fractions (SCF) in MoHUA
existing and proposed MSW plants, ULB shall manage necessary through State
investment either by themselves or through private company Urban
selected through competitive bidding process on agreed terms and Development

7
 conditions. The Swachh Bharat Mission funds may also be utilised Departments/
in setting up such plants. ULBs

3. Model Tender Documents and tripartite agreement between urban ULBs to lead
local bodies, SCF/ RDF manufacturer and Cement plants are conclusion of
placed in Annexure I for guidance and uploaded on the Swachh agreement
Bharat Mission (Urban) website. with, SCF/
RDF
manufacturer
and Cement
plants.
4. To ensure financial viability of usage of MSW based SCF and State Urban
RDF, the following guiding principles are suggested: Development
Department,
(i) The capital cost for setting up SCF/ RDF processing plant shall ULB and
be managed either entirely/ partly by ULB through Swachh Cement Plants
Bharat Mission Funds/ its own funds/ private sector.

(ii) SCF/RDF shall be lifted by Cement Plant /Waste to Energy

plant on the terms and conditions mutually agreed by the
parties on the lines of model agreements in the Report.

(iii) The Cement Plant will pay for SCF/ RDF to ULB at mutually
agreed Rates on the basis of caloric value of RDF/ SCF and
other quality factors on the lines or cost per 1000 Kcal/kg
indicated in the report.
5. To reduce the dependence on cement plants, MoHUA may MoHUA
consider supporting applied Research and Development for through SBM
conversion of RDF to liquid/solid/ gas fuel or other innovative or may contact
options with potential replication in the form of 2-3 pilot plants. If Department of
successful, this will open up additional avenues for RDF utilisation. Science and
Technology.

8
Contents
Message................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Preface ..................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Foreword ................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Acknowledgement .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 2
List of Figures ................................................................................................................... 12
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... 13
List of Annexures.............................................................................................................. 14
List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................ 15
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 16
1.1. Waste Generation ................................................................................................. 16
1.2. Challenges of Processing and Disposal ................................................................ 17
1.3. Challenges of Processing Combustible Fractions ................................................. 17
2. Scope and Objective of the Report ........................................................................... 20

PART A: RDF Standards .................................................................................................. 21

3. Co-Processing Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) ............................................................ 22
3.1. Global Experiences of Co-processing of Solid Recovered Fuel ............................ 22
Germany .................................................................................................. 23
Poland ...................................................................................................... 23
Austria ...................................................................................................... 25
Japan ....................................................................................................... 25
3.2. Regulatory mechanism on co-processing.............................................................. 25
3.3. RDF usage experience across Various Industries ................................................. 26
Thermal Industry ...................................................................................... 27
Iron and Steel Industry ............................................................................. 29
Brick kilns ................................................................................................. 29
Cement Industry ....................................................................................... 30
Waste-to-Energy (Incineration) ................................................................ 33
9
 3.4. Comparative feasibility of RDF use in various industries ....................................... 34
4. SWOT Analysis for RDF usage in India .................................................................... 37
4.1. Availability of RDF for co-processing ..................................................................... 37
4.2. Enabling Policy Framework ................................................................................... 37
4.3. Mapping of RDF availability across India............................................................... 38
Waste Management Industry ................................................................... 38
Cement Industry ....................................................................................... 39
4.4. Identification of Challenges ................................................................................... 41
4.5. Lack of Established Business Model ..................................................................... 41
4.6. Lack of Financial Incentives .................................................................................. 42
4.7. Capacity Gaps ....................................................................................................... 43
5. RDF Standards for Co-processing............................................................................ 45
5.1. Existing Global Standards ..................................................................................... 45
5.2. Existing guidelines in India .................................................................................... 47
5.3. Need for Standards for RDF in India ..................................................................... 48
5.4. Parameters to be standardised ............................................................................. 49
5.5. RDF Standards ..................................................................................................... 50

Part B: Preparation and Usage of RDF............................................................................ 53

6. RDF- Functional Elements......................................................................................... 54
6.1. Constituents of Waste for RDF .............................................................................. 54
6.2. Collection and Handling of waste for RDF ............................................................. 54
6.3. Storage ................................................................................................................. 55
6.4. Transportation ....................................................................................................... 55
7. RDF Preparation & Quality Check Mechanism ........................................................ 57
7.1. Steps for RDF Preparation .................................................................................... 57
7.2. Steps for quality check of RDF at co-processing facility ........................................ 58
7.3. Methodology.......................................................................................................... 59
7.4. Concerned Standards ........................................................................................... 59
7.5. Testing Infrastructure ............................................................................................ 62
8. Role of Stakeholders ................................................................................................. 63

10
 8.1. RDF Producers- ULBs & Private Operators .......................................................... 63
8.2. RDF Users– Cement plants and waste to energy plants ....................................... 64
8.3. Regulators ............................................................................................................. 65

Part C: Financial Analysis and Rollout Models .............................................................. 67

9. Financial Analysis and Funding Support ................................................................. 68
9.1 Comparison with Coal ........................................................................................... 68
9.2 Preparatory Requirements in Cement Plants for use of RDF ................................ 69
9.3 Pricing of RDF ....................................................................................................... 69
9.4 Indicative Cost- Capital and Operation & Maintenance ......................................... 70
9.5 Financing Gaps ..................................................................................................... 74
9.6 Fiscal Incentives for Promoting Usage of RDF ...................................................... 75
9.7 Financing Instruments ........................................................................................... 76
9.7.1 Central Government Sources ................................................................................ 76
9.7.2 State Government Sources ................................................................................... 76
9.7.3 Urban Local Body Sources .................................................................................... 76
9.7.4 Other Sources ....................................................................................................... 77
10. Rollout models and bid parameters ......................................................................... 79
10.1. Operationalization Models ..................................................................................... 79
Model 1: Standalone RDF unit for an ULB ............................................... 80
Model 2: RDF unit for a cluster of Cities/Towns ....................................... 81
Requirements for take-off by Cement Companies under the standalone
and cluster approach models .................................................................................... 83
Model 3: Cement Industry Model ............................................................. 83
10.2. Bid Parameters ..................................................................................................... 83

PART D: Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................... 86

11. Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................................................... 86

11
 List of Figures

Figure No. Title Page No.

Figure 1: 100 km buffer from cement industries and Functional Waste to 5
Compost, Waste to Energy and RDF plants location in India
Figure 2: Challenges for RDF Usage in Cement Plants 6
Figure 1 : Waste management hierarchy 17
Figure 2: Various fraction in mixed MSW 18
Figure 5: Thermal substitution by alternative fuels in the cement industry 21
Figure 6: Spatial distribution of 100 and 200 km buffer from cement 35
industry, functional waste to energy, waste to compost and
RDF plant in India
Figure 7: Challenges for RDF Usage in Cement Plants 37
Figure 8: Comparison of Net Calorific Value across different standards 41
Figure 9: Comparison of moisture (in %) across different standards 41
Figure 10: Comparison of Sulphur and Chlorine across different 41
standards.
Figure 11: Desirable characteristics of RDF for co-processing in cement 42
kilns as per MSW Manual, 2016
Figure 12: Source segregation fractions mandated by SWM Rules, 2016 48
Figure 13: Flowchart of MSW to RDF plant to RDF co-processing in 49
cement kilns
Figure 14: Schematic overview of RDF manufacturing process 51
Figure 15: Process block diagram for manufacturing RDF from SCF 55
Figure 16: Options for fuel feed points at cement kiln 57
Figure 17: Potential Cost and Revenue model for Urban Local Bodies 68

12
List of Tables
Table No. Title Page No.
Table 1: SWM Rules 2016 on usage of RDF 24
Table 2: Challenges of using RDF as a fuel source in Thermal Power 26
Plants
Table 3: Challenges of using RDF as a fuel in Iron and Steel industry 27
Table 4: List of Cement Plants with Approval for AFR 28
Table 5: Benefits of using RDF in Cement Industries 29
Table 6: Comparative Analysis of MSW based RDF usage 32
Table 7: List of Enabling Policy Framework for Co-processing 34
Table 8: Proposed Standards for SCF and RDF 45
Table 9: Standard components of RDF plant 50
Table 10: BIS Standards 52
Table 11: ASTM Standards 53
Table 12: BS EN British Standards 53
Table 13: BS EN Print Analysis Standards 54
Table 14: Laboratory Infrastructure Details 54
Table 15: Emission limits for cement kilns co-processing in India 58
Table 16: Comparison between Coal and RDF 60
Table 17: Indicative Capital and Operation and Maintenance Cost of RDF 62
Plant of various sizes
Table 18: Tentative Capital Cost for setting up to 100 TPD plant 63
Table 19: Tentative Operation and Maintenance Cost for setting up to 100 64
TPD plant
Table 20: RDF transportation cost 65
Table 21: RDF transporting capacity of trucks 66
Table 22: Indicative Cost of Transportation based on low interest rate 66
Table 23: Types of RDF Plants and Retrofitting Requirements 69
Table 24: Financial Sustainability for Standalone/ Cluster Models- IRR 72
Calculations

13
List of Annexures

Annexure I: Model tripartite agreement for management of Segregated Combustible

Fraction (SCF) and Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from Municipal Solid
Waste (MSW) through co-processing in Cement Plants

Annexure II: Emission norms for co-processing of waste / RDF in cement plants are
notified by Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change

Annexure III: List of operational and under construction waste to energy plant

Annexure IV: IRR Calculation for 100 TPD RDF Plant without Considering Revenue from
Recyclables

Annexure V: IRR Calculation for 100 TPD RDF Plant With 10% Quantity of Recyclables

Annexure VI: IRR Calculation for 100 TPD RDF Plant With 20% Quantity of Recyclables

Annexure VII: IRR Calculation for 100 TPD RDF Plant With 30% Quantity of Recyclables

Annexure VIII: Business model of Cement Plant with 100 TPD co-processing platform

Annexure IX: IRR Calculation for Cement Plant with Co Processing Platform of 100 TPD
RDF

Annexure X: Company-wise List of Cement Plants in India

14
List of Abbreviations

AFR Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

BIS Bureau of Indian Standards

CMA Cement Manufacturers Association

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation

CSI Cement Sustainability Initiative

ETP Effluent Treatment Plant

MNRE Ministry of New and Renewable Energy

MoHUA Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs

MSW Municipal Solid Waste

MTPA Million Tonnes Per Annum

NCV Net Calorific Value

PCC Pollution Control Committee

RDF Refuse Derived Fuel

SCF Segregated Combustible Fraction

SOP Standard Operating Procedures

SPCB State Pollution Control Boards

SWM Solid Waste Management

SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats

TPD Tonnes per day

SDF Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility

TSR Thermal Substitution Rate

ULB Urban Local Bodies

WBCSD World Business Council for Sustainable Development

15
1. Introduction
To achieve the objectives of a clean India under Swachh Bharat Mission by October 2019
and to ensure the compliance of Solid Waste Management (SWM) Rules, 2016, several
initiatives are being taken by the Government to ensure scientific processing and disposal
of municipal solid waste (MSW). Various processing technologies like waste to energy
and composting are being supported through regulatory and financial incentives in the
form of preferential normative tariff for solid waste-based waste to energy plants of INR
7.04/kWh and INR 7.90/KWh for RDF based plants as well output based market
development assistance of INR 1,500 per ton of compost.

However, processing of several fractions of MSW that are combustible in nature but are
not recyclable – such as soiled paper, soiled cloth, contaminated plastics, multi-layer,
packaging materials, other packaging materials, pieces of leather, rubber, tyre,
polystyrene (thermocol), wood, etc. has remained a challenge that unnecessarily end up
at the landfill site. These fractions can be processed and converted to refuse derived fuel
(RDF) which can be utilised as alternative fuel in various industries in line with the
principle of waste to wealth.

Various challenges faced in mainstreaming of RDF generation and utilization is presented

below:

1.1. Waste Generation

In India, the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) is growing by 5% annually 1. Of
the 1.2 billion people in India, 377 million live in urban areas and generate approximately
62 million tonnes of MSW annually, which is expected to increase to 165 million tonnes by
2031. The greenhouse gas emissions are expected to grow from 19 million tCO2e to
41 million tCO2e annually in a business as usual (BAU) scenario by 2030. Waste
generation rates vary across urban cities from 349 grams per capita per day in smaller
cities with a population of below 100,000 to 485 grams per capita per day in bigger cities
with a population of more than 5 million 2.

Management of such huge amount of MSW in the country has emerged as a severe
problem not only because of the environmental, hygienic and aesthetic concerns but also
because of the sheer quantity of waste generated every day that needs to be collected,
transported, treated and disposed. Enormous pressure on limited land resources further
aggravates the issue.

1 According to the Ministry of Finance (2009), the rate of growth of waste generation is 5% while the World Bank
estimates that the rate of growth of urban population is 2.38%.
Source: Government of India: Ministry of Finance (2009): Position Paper on the Solid Waste Management Sector
in India, New Delhi, http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/ppp_position_paper_solid_waste_mgmt.pdf.
2 Rajendra Kumar Kaushal, George K. Varghese and Mayuri Chabukdara, “Municipal Solid Waste Management in

India – Current State and Future Challenges: A Review”, International Journal of Engineering Science &
Technology (IJEST), Vol. IV, No. 4, April 2012, pp. 1473-1489.
16
1.2. Challenges of Processing and Disposal
In India, MSW management falls within the purview of the state and local government.
The activities are delegated to Urban Local Bodies through state legislations. MSW
management is part of public health and sanitation and is delegated to the Civic Bodies
for execution as per the respective Corporation/Municipal/Panchayat Acts. Central
government provides rules and advisories for solid waste management. The revised Solid
Waste Management Rules (2016) contained directives for all ULBs to establish a proper
system of waste management and furnish an annual report to the State Pollution Control
Boards (SPCBs)/Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) eventually reaching the Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

According to CPCB (2015), processing/treatment and scientific disposal of MSW is the

weakest link of SWM as only 22-28% of generated waste is processed and treated. The
Planning Commission Task Force Report on Waste to Energy (May 2014) estimated that
if the generated MSW continues to be untreated it will require 3, 40,000 cubic metre of
landfill space everyday (1240 hectare per year) for a filling height of 10 metre height waste
pile. Considering the projected waste generation of 165 million tonnes by 2031, the
requirement of land for setting up landfills for 20 years could be as high as 66,000
hectares of precious land, which our country cannot afford to waste. Further, it is observed
that in majority of compost plant facilities, combustible portion often lands in landfills with
inerts, thereby, consuming more space of landfill apart from wastage of combustible
fraction of waste.

1.3. Challenges of Processing Combustible Fractions

The Solid Waste Management Rules, (SWM) 2016 suggest various technologies for
treatment of MSW considering waste hierarchy principles (see figure 3) and waste
characteristics. Though waste composition also varies widely across India, the
biodegradable components of waste (including food and garden waste) make the major
proportion of waste. The typical characteristics of mixed waste are summarized in figure 4.

It is to be mentioned that in India, the general practice by households is to segregate high

worth recyclable materials (like newspapers, plastic bottles, glass, metals etc.) and sell it
to Kabariwalas (itinerant waste buyers) on direct payment. Recyclables of less value (torn
paper, plastic pieces, glass pieces, metal pieces etc.) are mixed with MSW.

17
 Figure 3: Waste management hierarchy (Source: MoHUA and CPHEEO, 2016)

Figure 4: Various fraction in mixed MSW (Source: Indian Waste NAMA Report)

Recycling in India is largely carried out by the informal sector. The informal sector consists
of waste pickers, itinerant waste buyers, dealers and recycling units. The recyclables
collected by waste pickers are sold to small, medium and large dealers. The dealers sell it
directly or through large scale dealers to recycling units. As per an estimate, the informal
sector recycles 20% of the recyclable component of MSW collected in India. 3 It has to be
mentioned that this number excludes the amount of waste recycled from MSW prior to
collection, which is commonly not accounted for and can amount to four times the quantity

3 Annepu, R. K., 2012, Sustainable solid waste management in India. Columbia University, New York, 2(01).
18
recycled from officially collected MSW. This implies an estimated overall recycling of 56%
of recyclable waste generated. 4 The waste management hierarchy also recognizes
material recovery from waste or recycling as one of the most prioritized means of waste
handling. After recycling, the technology options can be broadly divided into treatment
options for the combustible and the biodegradable fraction.

The biodegradable components of waste have been processed in India for several
decades through various composting methods like windrow, vermi and home composting,
etc. The segregated organic waste of vegetable and fruit markets and other bulk waste
generators are also processed through bio-methanation and other suitable technologies.
However, the combustible non-recyclable fraction of waste remains a challenge for
processing and often finds its place in landfills along with inerts. This includes, different
end of life of products having combustible characteristics like non-recyclable packaging
waste, mattresses, soiled textiles, papers, etc. This combustible fraction constitutes
around 17-20% of total MSW generated. This material can be further processed to make
fuel called refuse derived fuel (RDF) and can be used for co-processing and in waste to
energy plants.

The subsequent sections detail out the possible solutions for scientific disposal of this
non-recyclable combustible fraction.

4 Annepu, R. K., 2012, Sustainable solid waste management in India. Columbia University, New York, 2(01).
19
2. Scope and Objective of the Report

To work towards achieving the objectives of a clean India under Swachh Bharat Mission,
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) constituted an Expert Committee in
October 2017 to prepare "Norms for Refuse Derived Fuel from Municipal Solid Waste for
its utilisation in cement kilns, waste to energy plants and similar other installations” for
enhancing the use of MSW based RDF in various industries in compliance with the SWM
Rules, 2016.

The role of the Committee is to come up with recommendations for promoting the use of
MSW based RDF for co-processing in various industries. The recommendations broadly
cover the following:

a) The existing policy framework for use of RDF

b) The strength-weakness-opportunity-threats (SWOT) analysis of co-processing
c) Comparative analysis of use of MSW based RDF in various industries
d) Potential for use of RDF
e) Global perspective on co-processing
f) Standards for RDF
g) Suggest, measures for operationalisation of standards
h) Suggest incentives and guidance for stakeholders

The overall objective is to recommend the norms and propose regulatory and fiscal
incentives for utilisation of RDF in various industries for meeting the objectives of Swachh
Bharat Mission. The committee also deliberated the factors which might influence the
sustainability of co-processing of waste in cement kilns as a business model, considering
the issues and challenges in the supply chain framework in India in view of the canonical
pillars of sustainability.

20
 PART A: RDF Standards

21
3. Co-Processing Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF)
Co-firing coal with biomass and/or SRF has increasingly been considered as a way to
decrease reliance on coal and its associated impacts. Co-firing can be achieved via three
main options: direct co-firing; parallel co-firing; and indirect co-firing. The potential
environmental benefits of using SRF and/or biomass as a fuel in industries are improved
carbon emissions and reduction in other types of air pollutants owing to their low nitrogen
and sulphur contents.

3.1. Global Experiences of Co-processing of Solid Recovered Fuel

Within each member state of the European Union, SRF production and application is
more or less established. SRF and RDF are traded like a commodity across borders.
Since handling SRF in different sort of furnaces requires a comprehensive regulatory
framework, it is not surprising that Western and Central European states are the
frontrunners in this regard. Many developed countries have been operating co-processing
plants since the 1970s. 5 Due to lack of facilities to absorb the SRF and RDF and
concurrent high landfill taxes, countries like UK and Ireland export SRF and RDF to
Netherlands and Germany. Currently Germany imports around 1.6 million tonnes, almost
50% thereof from UK. The thermal substitution rate within the cement industry across the
globe and leading countries in co-processing can be concluded from Figure 8.
Commendable work done in some countries is given below.

Figure 5: Thermal substitution by alternative fuels in the cement industry 6

5 International Best Practices for Pre-Processing and Co-Processing Municipal Solid Waste and Sewage Sludge in

the Cement Industry, A Hasanbeigi - 2012 https://china.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/co-processing.pdf, accessed on 10

April 2018
6 http://www.vivis.de/images/Konferenzen/BAEK/2016/2016_EaA_Sarc.pdf
22
 Germany
In Germany until 2005, landfilling was an option available for waste disposal. It was
banned in 2005. Before the landfill ban was approved in 1993, almost no SRF was
produced in Germany. In the meantime, between 1993 and 2005, the regulatory
framework was complemented by a set of recycling regulations and the SRF/RDF
production got increasing support. Owing to the lack of treatment and recycling capacity,
prices for incineration started soaring. Consequently, other treatment options were
promoted and the mechanical biological treatment (MBT) which included the production of
SRF (and/or RDF). Driven by commercial considerations, potential SRF off-takers such as
power plants, steel mills and cement factories accepted SRF along with asking for
supplier’s charge which was as high as 30 to 50 €/ton (Rs. 2400-4000 per ton) SRF during
peak times. Current user charges for SRF are in the range of -20 to 20 €/ton (minus
means that the supplier is paid; (-ve) Rs. 1600) which, of course, is still subject to the
location of the supplier and the off-taker, and hence is depending on the market. The
German government has approved plans to abandon lignite-based power generation
which is another factor in favour of SRF/ RDF. By 2008, Germany had replaced 54% of its
conventional fuel used in the cement industry with RDF, and Netherlands had replaced
more than 80%.

Some of the German cement plants have reached a 100% substitution rate of fossil fuels
already. It has to be noted though that besides SRF alternative fuels does also
include other fuels.

Poland
Like the German framework, the Polish SRF market was also driven by the regulatory
framework which was complemented by the EU directives before and after the accession
to the European Union which happened in 2004. In Poland, the use of alternative fuel
sources for industrial processing experienced a rapid growth in the last two decades
making the cement industry (where 20% of MSW gets converted to RDF) the largest
contributor to the country’s waste reduction targets. 7 This trend can be explained mainly
by two key factors:

(i) Increased regulations and taxes on waste management: To conform to relevant

European Union directives, Polish waste regulations were steadily enforced since
the 1990s (e.g. Waste Framework Directive, Waste Incineration Directive, Landfill
Directive). These entailed the multiplication of state taxes on landfilling MSW and a
landfilling ban on separately collected combustible waste in 2013 which put

7
WBCSD, 2014, The Cement Industry – Creating solutions for sage resource-efficient waste management, report.
23
 increased pressure on waste management companies to invest in alternative
solutions. At the same time, subsidies from the European Union and domestic
funds facilitated the creation of necessary infrastructure, for instance,
implementation of waste shredding lines for RDF production. 8

(ii) Willingness of private sector: Prompted by the new tax regulations, Polish waste
management companies extensively invested in co-processing infrastructure.
Additionally, the cement industry in Poland actively encouraged waste
management companies to develop facilities that treat MSW to produce RDF. In
some cases, these investments were shared between cement plants and RDF
preparation plants and new partnerships between local entrepreneurs, international
companies and investment funds emerged. Long-term contracts between waste
management companies and cement industry further ensured planning security
which fostered an investment-friendly environment.

The current thermal substitution rate of Poland’s cement industry is currently above 60% –
with some cement plants using up to 85% alternative fuels – out of which 70-80% is of
MSW origin (the remaining alternative fuels are used in tyres and sewage sludge). This
rate is far exceeding the global and EU average. 9, 10 The cement industry is the largest
consumer of processed waste as a fuel in Poland, with currently 1.5 million tonnes
annually – a number which is expected to further increase to 2 million tonnes in coming
years. It is projected that the cement industry will absorb around one third of the total
expected future RDF processing capacity in Poland. 11 To remain competitive, Polish
cement plants are investing in new technologies and innovative solutions to further
decrease RDF preparation costs and strengthen the use of less-prepared waste. 12 In
2016, an estimated 1 million tonnes of coal was replaced by RDF in Poland’s cement
production accounting for an emission reduction of 2.5 million tonnes of CO2 per year. 13

The changing regulatory environment exemplifies what may happen in India if rules and
regulations on solid waste management are enforced.

8 IFC, 2017, increasing the use of alternative fuels at cement plants: international best practices, report.
9 Ibid.
10 Ecofys, 2016, Market Opportunities for use of alternative fuels in cement plants across the EU: Assessment of
drivers and barriers for increased fossil fuel substitution in three EU member states: Greece, Poland and Germany.
11 Ibid.
12 IFC, 2017, increasing the use of alternative fuels at cement plants: international best practices, report.
13 Ecofys, 2016, Market Opportunities for use of alternative fuels in cement plants across the EU: Assessment of
drivers and barriers for increased fossil fuel substitution in three EU member states: Greece, Poland and Germany.
24
 Austria
Co-incineration of plastic-rich SRF has become an important tool in waste management in
Austria. Lafarge Austria first began to use alternative fuels in one of its plant in 1996,
since then Austrian cement industry has achieved substitution rates of up to 80 % for
fossil fuels. The requirements for legal compliance, guarantee of supply, product quality
as well as quality assurance (based on the guidelines CEN/TC 343 – Solid Recovered
Fuels) are important preconditions for the use of SRF in the cement industry.

In Austria, the definition of “waste fuels” or “refuse-derived Fuels” (RDF) is given in the
legally binding Waste Incineration Ordinance (WIO; BMLFUW, 2010). After adequate and
extensive (pre- )treatment in different processing plants and applying strictly defined
quality assurance measures, various non-hazardous and/or hazardous waste materials
from households, commerce, and industry can be used as RDF in co-incineration plants:
sewage sludge, waste wood, high-calorific fractions from mechanical-physical (MP) or
mechanical-biological (MB) treatment plant. 14

Japan
Despite its reputation of an advanced nation with respect to its MSW management, the
SRF and RDF production in Japan is coming of age recently only. Owing to its land
scarcity, Japan relies mostly on thermal treatment of MSW (incineration and gasification,
81% of the almost 43 million tons MSW generated in 2015). In Japan RDF is understood
as a refuse derived fuel to which putrescible matter and lime was added while RPF (is a
sort of solid recovered fuel made from industrial/commercial plastic, paper, pulp and wood
waste. According to available data, only 644,000 tons of RDF and about 1.25 million tons
of RPF (refuse derived paper and plastics densified fuel) were produced in 2015. Most of
the RPF produced is used for power and heat generation in paper mills (60%) and dye
factories (35%).

3.2. Regulatory mechanism on co-processing

As per the SWM Rules, 2016, “co-processing” means use of non-biodegradable and non-
recyclable solid waste having calorific value exceeding 1500Kcal as raw material or as a
source of energy or both to replace or supplement the natural mineral resources and fossil
fuels in industrial processes. Also, the Rules define "Refused Derived Fuel"(RDF) as fuel
derived from combustible waste fraction of solid waste like plastic, wood, pulp or organic
waste, other than chlorinated materials, in the form of pellets or fluff produced by drying,

14 http://avaw.unileoben.ac.at/media/Modul_11_EBS.pdf
25
shredding, dehydrating and compacting of solid waste. This material can be utilised for co-
processing in various industries like cement and thermal power plants, etc.

A sound policy framework exists in the country as SWM Rules 2016 (Table 1) recommend
the following:

Table 1: SWM Rules 2016 on usage of RDF

Reference Rules/Activities
Criteria for waste to energy (i) Non-recyclable waste having calorific value of 1500
process. Kcal/kg or more shall not be disposed off on landfills
and shall only be utilised for generating energy either
or through refuse derived fuel or by giving away as
feed stock for preparing refuse derived fuel.

(ii) High calorific wastes shall be used for co‐

processing in cement or thermal power plants.
Duties of the industrial units All industrial units using fuel and located within 100
located within one hundred km km from a solid waste-based RDF plant shall make
from the RDF and Waste to arrangements within six months from the date of
Energy plants based on solid notification of these rules to replace at least 5% of
waste their fuel requirement by RDF so produced.
Duties of Central Pollution Provide guidance to States or Union Territories on
Control Board inter‐state movement of waste.

The Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules,
2016 15 are notified by Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC)
which state that co-processing means the use of waste materials in manufacturing
processes for the purpose of energy or resource recovery or both and resultant reduction
in the use of conventional fuels or raw materials or both through substitution.

The advantages and limitations of co-processing of MSW based RDF in various industries
like cement; thermal power plants and steel industry are detailed in Section 3.4 of this
report.

3.3. RDF usage experience across Various Industries

The committee deliberated the RDF usage experience with the industry (Sector) specific
experts. Officials from Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL), National Thermal Power

15 http://www.moef.gov.in/sites/default/files/Final%20HWM%20Rules%202016%20%28English%29.pdf, accessed
on 10 April 2018
26
Corporation (NTPC), Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and Cement Manufacturing
Association (CMA) shared valuable inputs on their experiences on the RDF use. The
industry wise experiences are documented below:

Thermal Industry
The idea of RDF usage in thermal power plants as a concept first surfaced in the 1970s in
USA where electric utilities expressed their interest to use RDF as supplementary fuel in
their boilers. However, the usage of RDF in power plants has technical impediments
which relate to the boiler efficiency. The important considerations for a thermal power
plant are combustion and steam stability. The factors that affect the steam stability of RDF
as a fuel are the non-uniform calorific value (which affects the boiler volume and amount
of steam produced), high moisture content of RDF, lack of flexible combustion air control
and non-uniform feed rate 16. The power industry till date has conducted a couple of test
runs to replace coal. To even achieve a 10% thermal substitution rate in the power sector,
there is a requirement of a steady supply of close to 165 Mt of biomass and 12 Mt of
RDF 17.

There are very few incidents of usage of waste or alternate fuels in power plants in India.
Although the CPCB has attempted a few trials in the past using industrial hazardous
wastes such as ETP sludge, spent pot lining, resins and non-hazardous wastes such as
tyres within the captive power plants of certain industries, the utilisation rates have
hitherto not exceeded the 1% mark 18.

Currently, collaborative research project with Tokyo Institute of Technology has been
taken up by National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for converting MSW and
Biomass waste to solid fuel compatible for co-firing with high ash Indian coal in thermal
power stations. Use of biomass in NTPC has also pioneered trial experiments of co-firing
coal and biomass pellets in one of its 210 MW Pulverized coal fired boiler in NTPC Dadri.
However, the research and trails are in nascent stage, therefore, with advancement in
technology, the options in thermal power plants can be considered suitably in future.

The challenges of using RDF as a fuel in Thermal Power Plants are elaborated in Table 2.

16 Co-processing of municipal solid waste, incinerator residues and sewage sludge: Current treatment and

utilisation practices in the cement industry, CPCB, 2015

17 Co-processing potential in cement, steel and power in India, CPCB, 2015
18 Co-processing potential in cement, steel and power in India, CPCB, 2015

27
 Table 2. Challenges of using RDF as a fuel in Thermal Power Plants

S. No Parameter Performance
The highly variable nature of size, density, calorific value across
regions and seasons of the RDF produced can never ensure that
the RDF will be of the same calorific value. Heat release rate of
(i) Calorific value
RDF is not consistent compared to the Coal and hence study on
the combustion behaviour of RDF while co firing with different
blend ratios needs to be done
RDF being in fluffy or loose form cannot be mixed with Coal
directly as the existing milling system is not designed to pulverize
(ii) Size
RDF. Separate milling system, conveying system and
modification in combustion system shall be required
(i) Presence of silica with alkalis creates agglomeration and
fouling on heating surfaces
(ii) Silica in fly ash causes erosion of heating surfaces
(iii) Chloride compounds of RDF cause corrosion of heating
surfaces
Quality of
(iii) (iv) RDF combustion products contains SO2 / SO3 that cause acid
output
dew point corrosion

The presence of such corrosive non-metals in the RDF will over a

period of time reduce the productivity of the boiler and hence the
productivity of the turbine as well.
Combustion temperature above ash fusion temperature leads to
Creation of ash fusion and clinker formation on grate. Over a period of time
(iv)
Slag this reduces the productivity of the boiler through deposits and
increases the cost of maintenance.
(i) Absence of a policy on financials, incentives, technology
choice, capacity building and other regulatory issues
(v) Policy and
(ii) Absence of long term Power Purchase Agreements with
finance
favourable tariff structure
The present boiler metallurgy of the PC fired plants is not suitable
for the highly corrosive atmosphere generated by burning of high
Boiler
(vi) plastics, PVC and alkaline element in RDF. This would result in
Metallurgy
frequent shutdown of the boiler on account of tube leakages and
corrosion related failures.

28
 Iron and Steel Industry
The Indian steel industry currently has very little experience in using RDF as a fuel
source. This is generally due to the concerns related to the possible negative impacts on
the production process or the product quality. The expert members from SAIL have
briefed that MSW derived RDF cannot be used in Iron and Steel industry as the process is
autogenous. The usage of RDF as fuel in processes like sinter making or in reheating
furnaces was also explored and it is opined that since the present mode of energy supply
to sinter and reheating furnaces is gaseous, the solid RDF would not be the appropriate
material for those applications.

The challenges of using RDF as a fuel in Iron and Steel industry is further elaborated in
Table 3.
Table 3. Challenges of using RDF as a fuel in Iron and Steel industry

S. No Parameter Performance
The Iron and Steel industry uses Coke as the primary fuel in
the furnace. Coke has a calorific value of over 9000 kcal.
(i) Calorific Value RDF is not a homogenous fuel base which will lead to a loss
of energy in the furnace which has to be compensated
through additional use of coal and coke.
RDF when burnt will also release material which are likely to
Quality of
(ii) hamper the ‘forward reaction rate’ of the ore. This will lead to
Output
production losses of pure iron from the ore.
Mode of energy supply to sinter and reheating furnaces is
(iii) Input feed gaseous; the solid RDF would not be the appropriate material
for those applications.
Burning of RDF will also lead to a higher production of slag,
Creation of which is mostly waste and is difficult to manage for the Iron
(iv)
Slag and Steel industry. This will also reduce the productivity of
the ore in the production process
Policy and The challenges include storage and the cost involved to set
(v)
finance up the process to fire RDF in the blast furnace.

Brick kilns
Biomass and /or MSW derived fuel has not been considered in the case of brick kilns as
the temperature of the furnace is typically less than 700° - 1100°C and the combustion of
RDF at such temperatures will lead to the generation of toxic emissions like dioxins and
furans.

29
 Cement Industry
Processing of the combustible fraction of MSW yields Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) and
Cement Industry can play a vital role in utilising RDF as Alternative Fuel in cement kilns.
The current thermal substitution rate (TSR) of fossils fuels by alternative fuels such as
Industrial waste, biomass and municipal waste, stands at only 3.0 per cent, far below the
double-digit rates achieved in developed countries. The MSW based SCF/ RDF use in
cement kiln contributes only 0.6% of thermal substitution. Cement Manufacturing
Association (CMA) and Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) are supporting the
Alternative Fuels & Raw Materials (AFR) usage and over last decade, AFR substitution
rate has been increased from less than 1 % in 2010 to more than 3% in 2016. The
industry aims to achieve 25% of TSR by 2025. In order to achieve India’s ambitious
Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC), the cement industry needs to achieve a TSR
of 20% or more by 2022.

India is the second largest cement producer in the World after China. The carbon footprint
of Indian Cement Industry is second only to electricity generation sector. Currently, most
cement manufacturers use variety of fuel types like Coal, domestic & imported petroleum
coke etc. as high CV fuel in kilns. The net CO2 emission factor of Pet Coke is highest
among all fuels used in cement plants – 105% of coal, 134% of plastic and 1060% of
RDF.

There have been close to 75 co-processing trials conducted in various cement plants
across the country. As of 2015, co-processing had been implemented by cement
companies such as ACC, Ambuja, UltraTech, Shree Cements, Jaypee, Dalmia, Lafarge,
India Cements, Bharathi Cement, Heidelberg, Zuari Cement, Madras Cement etc. ACC
had achieved a TSR of 2.46% and Ultra-Tech had achieved a TSR of 2.2% in 2014. All
the larger cement plants which occupy close to 60% of the market share have currently
achieved 2.5% TSR, however, these are not the industry benchmarks. The list of cement
plants in different states that have systems in place for utilizing Hazardous Waste and can
also accept RDF is given in Table 4. A comprehensive list of Company-wise Cement
Plants in India is placed at Annexure X. Case study of use of MSW based RDF in Kymore
facility of ACC Cement Plant is also presented below.

Table 4. List of Cement Plants with Approval for AFR (Source: CII)

Company Plant Location

ACC Bargarh (Odisha), Chaibasa (Jharkhand), Jamul (Chhattisgarh),
Kymore (Madhya Pradesh), Lakheri (Rajasthan), Maddukarai
(Tamil Nadu), Wadi (Karnataka), Gagal (Himachal Pradesh)
AMBUJA CEMENT Kodinar (Gujarat), Rabriyawas (Rajasthan), Darlaghat (Himachal
Pradesh)
LAFARGE Sonadih and Arasmeta (Chhattisgarh)

30
SHREE CEMENT Ras and Mewar (Rajasthan)
TRINETARA Rajasthan
CEMENT WORKS
VASAVDATTA Gulbarga (Karnataka)

Case Study: ACC Cement Plant at Kymore in Madhya Pradesh (MP)

ACC Limited is a pioneer in extending co-processing services under the brand name of
Geocycle, which is the global waste management brand of Lafarge-Holcim, the promoter
of ACC Limited. Lafarge- Holcim is one of the world leaders in cement manufacturing and
has an experience of more than 30 years in waste co- processing. In India, Geocycle has
set up 14 co-processing facilities and 6 dedicated pre- processing facilities of handling
large volume and varied kinds of waste including MSW based RDF. At Kymore in MP, the
plant has a capacity of utilizing 350 TPD of alternative fuel. Currently, the plant is getting
segregated combustible fraction of municipal solid waste from Katni, Satna and Jabalpur.
The other types of waste include biomass and hazardous waste from Pharma,
Automobile, Manufacturing/ Engineering, Refinery, Chemical, Textile & Beverages & other
non- hazardous wastes like FMCG. The plant is a modern facility and has best equipment
sourced from worldwide, with an elaborate firefighting system in place. A shredding line of
200 m3/hr (90000 TPA) capacity and with proper storage & processing shed is in place.
The Geomembrane sheet is provided in the floor of the facility. A firewater retention basin
along with separate leachate collection system is also provided to avoid contact of spillage
material with soil and water. The plant has laboratory, and sample from each truckload of
MSW fraction is tested for moisture, chlorine, ash, calorific value before processing of
waste.

The burning of RDF with high chlorine content could be detrimental for the cement clinker.
However, the formation of these volatile alkali chlorides can be controlled by the means of
a kiln by-pass. The major factors which create slag and cause fouling is the ash
composition, slag viscosity, the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio and acid/base ratio. Therefore, the
particle size of the RDF used becomes an important consideration, as large particles of
glass may generate nuclei that encourage slag forming reactions. Since the part of non-
combustible particles in RDF will be different from that of coal, it will have a different
impact on fouling and slagging.

The corrosion of metal surfaces is also a concern when RDF is combusted in the boiler.
This is due to the high temperature liquid corrosion due to alkali sulphates, a reducing

31
atmosphere within the boiler may create corrosive agents like CO and H2S due to partial
combustion. 19

The emission norms for co-processing of waste / RDF in cement plants are notified by
Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change in May 2015. The copy of same is
provided as Annexure II.

Co-processing in cement kiln achieves effective utilization of the material and energy
value present in the wastes, thereby conserving the natural resources by reducing the use
of virgin material. Table 4 below illustrates the benefits of using RDF as an alternate fuel
in cement industries.

Table 5. Benefits of using RDF in Cement Industries

Indicators Benefit

Cement plans usually require RDF to be shred to size less than 50

RDF mm which is not a technological challenge. Particle sizes less than
Specifications 50 mm usually disintegrate completely with 4-5 seconds in an
oxygen rich atmosphere as is present in a cement kiln.
The installation of alternate fuel feeding mechanism enables RDF
to be fed into the cement kiln without any difficulty. Usually, cement
factories build a separate entry point for AFR which can include
Feeding of RDF
pharma waste, FMCG waste, packaging waste, lubricants, etc. The
same feeding mechanism can be used for RDF.
Very high temperatures of approximately 1400ºC and a residence
time of 4-5 seconds in an oxygen rich atmosphere ensure complete
combustion of RDF without affecting the productivity.
Impact on
Product The fuel has a calorific value of around 3000 Kcal which can
generate enough thermal energy required in the processes in these
plants, reducing the use of non-renewable fossil fuels like coal.
RDF usage replaces fossil fuels with materials which would have
been landfilled leading to emissions. Furthermore, improper
landfilling would have allowed leachate to run into ground water and
Environmental
become a major source of pollution. Furthermore, the use of
Impact
equipment to check stack emissions can lead to a reduction of
dioxins and furans from being emitted in the atmosphere.

19 Co-processing of municipal solid waste, incinerator residues and sewage sludge: Current
treatment and utilization practices in the cement industry, CPCB, 2015
32
 Acidic gases generated in the combustion process are neutralised
by the alkaline raw material in the cement kiln and are incorporated
into the cement clinker.
The interaction of the raw material and the flue gases in the clinker
ensures that the non-combustible part of the residue is held back in
Residual
the process and is incorporated in the clinker in an almost
Disposal
irreversible manner.

No additional waste is generated in the process

Waste-to-Energy (Incineration)
Waste-to-energy (W to E) or energy-from-waste is the process of generating energy in the
form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste. Energy recovery in the
form of electricity, heat and fuel from waste using different technologies is possible
through a variety of processes, including incineration, gasification, pyrolysis and anaerobic
digestion. These processes are often grouped under “W to E technologies”.

Two groups of technologies could be used for processing different fractions of wastes:

(i) Bio-chemical waste to energy technologies: can be categorized into

biomethanation and fermentation. As this technology provides solution for organic
waste only, the same can’t be considered for using RDF.

(ii) Thermo-chemical waste to energy technologies: MSW thermal technologies are

processes that create energy in the form of electricity, fuel or heat from thermo-
chemical processes such as, gasification, pyrolysis incineration or mass burning of
municipal solid wastes. MSW, after limited or full pre-processing is used in most of
these thermal technologies. These are also referred to as waste to energy or
transformation facilities. Incineration, which is a well-established process, has
limited efficiency from the thermodynamics point of view but could improve up to
some extent if it is preceded by conversion of combustible fraction of MSW to
“RDF” (refuse derived fuel) since Indian wastes in raw form are not suitable for
incineration. Due to reduction in fuel particle size and removal of non-combustible
material, RDF fuels are more homogeneous and easier to burn than the gross
MSW. The RDF burning technology includes spreader stroker fired boiler,
suspension fired boilers, fluidized bed units, and cyclone furnace units.

The waste to energy plants across country can also utilize RDF derived from MSW Plants.
During the Expert Committee Meeting deliberations, it was stated that in waste to energy
plants even RDF of 1100 Kcal can be utilized however optimum energy recovery is at

33
1600 k/ cal. The modern combustors continue to perform with MSW composition with 30%
ash/inert and up to 40% moisture on sustainable basis.

A typical analysis of acceptable RDF contains Carbon C: 13.66%, Hydrogen H: 1.94%,

Oxygen O: 8.90%, Nitrogen N: 0.45%, Sulfur S: 0.12%, Chlorine Cl: 0.14%, Ash /Inert:
31.00%, Water/Moisture: 43.78%. The resultant net calorific value with the above analysis
produces 1100 Kcal/kg.

The list of operational and under construction waste to energy plants is given as Annexure
III.

3.4. Comparative feasibility of RDF use in various industries

The SWM Rules, 2016 suggest the possible usage of RDF in various industries. While the
usage of RDF may translate into potential cost savings and reduce fossil fuel
consumption, certain safeguards are necessary to ensure its optimum usage. A
comparative analysis of cement kilns, thermal power plants, iron and steel manufacturing
units, and brick kilns (not recommended by SWM Rules, 2016, only considered for
analysis purpose) is detailed in the previous section.

The use of RDF as an alternate fuel has been established primarily because of its calorific
value which can be extracted to generate energy. There is, however, a need to assess the
viability of using RDF in the select industries with respect to specific factors. These factors
investigate whether the business and environment can optimally benefit from co-
processing waste as RDF. The factors considered are:

(i) RDF Quality Specifications: Technological changes required to make RDF

suitable for usage (e.g. shredding it to the required size).

(ii) Feeding Mechanism: Difficulty in feeding RDF into the Kiln/Boiler/Furnace.

(iii) Impact on Final Output: Impact on quality and quantity of final product like
cement, steel, power generation, etc.

(iv) Environmental Impact: Impact on emissions due to usage of RDF

(v) Residue Disposal: Final rejects to be disposed off after RDF usage

Table 6 below presents a comparative analysis of specific industries which have been
identified for potential co-processing option of waste as RDF.

34
 Table 6: Comparative Analysis of MSW based RDF usage

Brick Kilns

(Not
Criteria for recommend
ease of Cement Thermal ed in SWM
Iron and Steel Rules, 2016
implementat Plants Power
ion compared
for analysis
purpose
only)

RDF size RDF size is Additional RDF cannot be used as RDF size is
Specification acceptable(<5 shredding fuel for steelmaking as acceptable
s 0mm) required (<2 the process is
mm) autogenous.

The usage of RDF as

fuel in other processes
like sinter making or in
reheating furnaces was
also explored by Steel
Authority of India (SAIL)
and it was opined that
since the present mode
of energy supply to
sinter and reheating
furnaces is gaseous,
solid RDF would not be
appropriate for those
applications also.

Impact on Negligible RDF Burning RDF affects No impact on

Final Output impact on final contaminants forward reaction rate final product
product like Silica and which leads to lower
Chlorides production of pure iron
corrode the from the ore
heating
surface,
thereby

affecting the

35
 Brick Kilns

(Not
Criteria for recommend
ease of Cement Thermal ed in SWM
Iron and Steel Rules, 2016
implementat Plants Power
ion compared
for analysis
purpose
only)

boiler

Feeding Alternate Alternate Alternate feeding Alternate

Mechanism feeding feeding mechanism needs to be feeding
mechanism in mechanism installed mechanism
place for needs to be not needed
feeding AFR installed

Environment None if proper Toxic Toxic emissions like Toxic

al Impact safeguards emissions like dioxins and furans emissions
are in place; dioxins and like dioxins
additionally it furans and furans
leads to net
reduction in
GHG
emissions

Residue None, as it Higher Higher generation of Ash and

Disposal becomes part generation of slag, which is a difficult non-
of the clinker fly ash and to manage waste combustible
clinker part of RDF
formation on need to be
grate disposed

A comparative analysis of the factors to understand the viability of RDF across select
industries leads to the conclusion that currently cement is the best suited industry to adopt
RDF as an alternate fuel source along with fossil fuels.
36
 4. SWOT Analysis for RDF usage in India
An analysis on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and possible threats is presented
in this section for RDF usage in India.

Strengths

4.1. Availability of RDF for co-processing

The urban areas comprise of 31.16% (2011) of the population and considering an
average of 0.55 kg/person/day of waste generation, around 1.7 Lacs TPD is generated
(estimates as per CPCB, 2015). Based on detailed mapping of cities within 200 km radius
of cement plants around 143,379 TPD MSW is generated. Therefore, approx. 28,676
tonnes per day of RDF will be available for co-processing in the cement plant.

However, considering that 88.4 MW of W-t-E is already operational while another 415 MW
is under tendering/construction and considering collection efficiency ranges from 60-90%
in different cities and some cities are small or are remote from cement plants, setting up of
RDF production plant is not promoted as Segregated combustible fractions are preferred
to use in incineration plants. Thus, only 40% i.e. around 0.68 Lacs TPD of MSW is
assumed to be available for RDF Processing and thus only 13,600 tonnes per day of RDF
can be utilized for co-processing in cement kilns. 20

4.2. Enabling Policy Framework

The key enabling existing polices and initiatives for promoting use of MSW based RDF
are summarized in table 7.

Table 7. List of Enabling Policy Framework for Co-processing

Policy / Programme Enabling Policies

Swachh Bharat Mission Government of India has launched Swachh Bharat
Mission on 2nd October 2014, with the objectives of
modern and scientific Municipal Solid Waste
Management among other by providing an infrastructure
to manage the waste littering, collection, transportation,
treatment and disposal effectively. Grants are made
available for processing and disposal of MSW and
therefore can be utilized for setting up RDF facilities.
Solid Waste Management Recommend that high calorific wastes shall be used for
Rules 2016 co‐processing in cement or thermal power plants or
waste to energy plants and all industrial units using fuel
and located within 100 km from a solid waste-based

Waste NAMA Report

20

37
 RDF plant shall make arrangements within six months
from the date of notification of the rules to replace at
least 5% of their fuel requirement by RDF so produced.
Draft guidelines on To promote Co-processing, Central Pollution Control
“Preprocessing and Co- Board has drafted guidelines for preprocessing and co-
processing of Hazardous processing of waste which also includes use of MSW
and Other Waste in Cement based RDF with enabling conditions by regulators for
Plants as per trans boundary movement of RDF and defining emission
H&OW(M&TBM) Rules 2016 standards.
Preferential Tariff for Waste A preferential tariff for Waste to Energy plants was
to Energy Plants and Grants issued by Central Electricity Regulatory Authority
by Ministry of New and (CERC) of INR 7.04 per unit for MSW and NR 7.90 for
Renewable Energy (MNRE) RDF 21 based projects. In addition, a grant of INR 20
million per MW is provided for setting up waste to
energy plants 22by MNRE.

4.3. Mapping of RDF availability across India

Waste Management Industry
The private sector engaged in waste management industry plays an important role in
meeting Swachh Bharat Mission goals. The projects are implemented in public private
partnership model. Other than direct participation of waste management, industry, is
investing corporate social responsibility funds in waste management sector. The list of
RDF plants and compost plants around cement industry can be accessed from below link:

Link to the Functional Waste Management Plants –

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1SREhXRUgwu7beKTBmpYUbkeayQc&usp=sharing
Link to the Proposed Waste Management Plants –
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1R5eZaflQLlMAwZaG4G52aBF-d0w&usp=sharing
Please use the options on the left-hand side of Google maps to add layers using select.
The figure below depicts the spatial distribution of 100 and 200 km buffer from cement
industry, functional waste to energy, waste to compost and RDF plant in India (Figure 6).

21 Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (2015) http://www.cercind.gov.in/2015/regulation/SOR115.pdf

22 MNRE, (2017), Details of Programme On Energy from Urban, Industrial and Agricultural Wastes/Residues

Beyond 12th Plan Period (2012-17), http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/offgrid-wastetoenergy/programme_energy-

urban-industrial-agriculture-wastes-2012-17.pdf
38
 Figure 6. Spatial distribution of 100 and 200 km buffer from cement industry,
functional waste to energy, waste to compost and RDF plant in India

Cement Industry
As per a recent study, 23 India is the world’s second largest producer of cement after
China, with a production capacity of 366 million tonnes in 2014. To produce 250 million
tonnes cement in 2013 the industry consumed approximately 300 million tonnes of virgin
raw materials, 24 million tonnes of coal, 20 billion kWh of electricity and emitted nearly
175 MtCO2 24. The top 20 cement companies account for almost 70% of total cement
production.

23 Government of India: Ministry of Environment & Forests: Central Pollution Control Board (2015b)

www.cpcb.nic.in
24 Government of India: Ministry of Environment & Forests: Central Pollution Control Board (2015b)

www.cpcb.nic.in, page 3
39
The cement demand in India comes mainly from housing, infrastructure, construction and
the industrial sector. Between 2000 and 2010, the cement industry grew at an average
rate of 10% per year. The sector is expected to continue to grow due to recent
government initiatives (e.g. the development of 100 smart cities).

Coal is the main fuel used for cement production in India. Over 30% of the coal used is
imported. Fossil fuels and raw materials used by cement plants can be in principle
replaced to a large extent by Alternative Fuel and Raw materials (AFR) such as RDF and
biomass. To reduce energy costs and CO2 emissions, the global cement industry is
gradually increasing the use of AFR. In 2014, the Thermal Substitution Rate (TSR) –
which is the rate at which the calorific value of fossil fuel is replaced by the calorific value
of AFR - reached 19% of the global average fuel mix in the cement sector. Within the EU
(28 states) the TSR amounts to a total of 40%, with 26% from waste and 14% from
biomass. However, the use of AFR in the Indian cement sector is still very low. The
average TSR in the cement sector in India is estimated to be 4%. 25 The weighted average
TSR of 5 major cement companies in India is an estimated 2.5%. The aim is to reach a
TSR of 25% by 2050 26. Initiatives of co-processing trials and investment of over INR 386.7
million for installations demonstrate that the Indian cement industry is beginning to
develop capacity and competence for enhancing TSR levels.

With extensive national and global expertise, the Indian cement industry is technically
ready to adopt higher rates of AFR use. 27 The Indian cement sector is highly organised
and major cement companies are members of the World Business Council for Sustainable
Development (WBCSD) and the corresponding Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI)
which published the “CSI Technology Roadmap: Low-Carbon Technology for the Indian
Cement Industry” 28. A study on GIS mapping of cement plants and waste to energy plants
is undertaken by GIZ along with TERI. The below links showing details of operational
waste processing facilities and cement plants.

Link to the Functional Waste Management Plants –

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1SREhXRUgwu7beKTBmpYUbkeayQc&usp=sharing

(i) Link to the Proposed Waste Management Plants –

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1R5eZaflQLlMAwZaG4G52aBF-d0w&usp=sharing

Please use the options on the left-hand side of Google maps to add layers using select.

25 Helge and Saha (2017)

26 IEA, WBCSD - Technology Roadmap (2012), page 19
27 IEA, WBCSD - Technology Roadmap (2012), page 17

http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/2012_cement_in_india_roadmap.pdf
28IEA, WBCSD - Technology Roadmap (2012)

http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/2012_cement_in_india_roadmap.pdf
40
4.4. Identification of Challenges
In spite of enough demand and supply of RDF by vibrant private sector in waste
management and cement industry and existence of enabling policy framework of SWM
Rules 2016, current on ground situation is not very promising due to several challenges as
depicted through Figure 7 below.

The use of MSW based RDF in cement and waste to energy plants involves active
engagement of the following stakeholders’ groups;

i. the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs),

ii. the waste management companies/ the RDF plant operators
iii. the cement companies, and
iv. the informal sector (mainly waste pickers).

The barriers which prevent these groups from supporting RDF production and co-
processing of RDF in cement and waste to energy plants are elaborated in subsequent
sections.

Figure 7. Challenges for RDF Usage in Cement Plants

Weaknesses

4.5. Lack of Established Business Model

It is to be noted that segregated combustible fraction of MSW cannot be directly utilised
for co-processing in cement kilns (see section 6 for details on process of RDF production).
To make it a fuel, pre-processing of MSW is required and cement plants also need to
have the necessary infrastructure of required capacity such as, storage & handling facility,
feeding mechanism etc. to use this fuel. In the entire process a capital investment and
operation and maintenance cost (including transportation of RDF to cement plants) needs
41
to be borne by both. However, currently, ULBs do not collect enough waste fees 29 to pay
adequate tipping fees 30 to the RDF production plants to enable them to produce quality
RDF at a price that is competitive with fossil fuels, e.g. coal. Creating a viable business
model for RDF production and use in the cement sector thus requires closing the gap
between RDF production costs and its sales price to cement producers. The key barriers
related to this aspect are summarised as following:
a) Lack of competitive prices for RDF production (compared to coal): Due to
several global demand, supply and market factors the price of fossil fuels,
particularly coal, is not high enough to incentivise cement plants to purchase RDF
as an option to save cost. Due to the uniform nature of coal the willingness to pay
for coal is higher than that for RDF. Due to low coal prices, it is challenging to
recover even the cost of production and transport of RDF to cement plants.
Therefore, this is a major barrier to the promotion of co-processing in cement
kilns.

b) Lack of incentive for cement industry to invest in co-processing technology:

The cement industry needs to invest to enable use of RDF in cement kilns as an
alternate fuel. To recover the investment, they either need RDF at a very low cost
or some form of financial incentive. As there is no incentive available for cement
plants to retrofit their facilities to enable co-processing of RDF, there are very few
cement plants willing to invest in the current situation.

c) Lack of trust in RDF quality by cement plants: The key objective of cement
plants is to produce cement at the required quality and not to be part of an MSW
management system. As such, cement plants will not engage in RDF co-
processing as long as they are afraid of low RDF quality that may impact the
production process or the quality of the cement produced. There are particular
concerns of cement plants regarding high chlorine contents in RDF and
inconsistent calorific values due to which they have to use this material by adding
other alternative fuel like biomass by incurring additional cost.

4.6. Lack of Financial Incentives

a) Lack of governmental support programmes to promote RDF: Present
policies of the Government of India have provided support for waste to energy
technologies through a feed-in-tariff of INR 7.04 per KWh, i.e. approximately INR

29 Waste fee/User fee = waste management fee = fee charged by the public or private service provider (e.g. ULB)

to the waste producers

30 Tipping fee = fee charged by the operator of a waste processing facility (e.g. sanitary landfill, treatment plant or

RDF production plant) for a given quantity of waste to be processed

42
 1350 per tonne of RDF 31and for compost through market development
assistance of INR 1500 per tons of compost sale. However, there is no
assistance for promoting RDF co-processing in cement kilns. Thus, this RDF
processing option is at a disadvantage compared to composting or W-t-E.

b) Lack of transitional financial support to close the gap between RDF production
costs and acceptable sales price to cement companies: Reducing the costs for
RDF processing and co-processing to less than the cost of coal can lead to the
emergence of a self-sustaining market for RDF co-processing in cement kilns. In
order to achieve this, significant capacity with the technology and value chain for
RDF production is required on all sides. While most stakeholders are interested
in removing the MSW from their vicinity, the willingness to pay for safe disposal is
often limited. In some cases, financing is made available for setting up MSW
management projects but there is no funding available for covering operational
costs as people are not willing to pay user or waste disposal fees or in other
cases ULBs are not doing enough to collect sufficient user fees. Even when
financing is available, the setting up of waste management facilities faces
resistance due to the Not in my Backyard (NIMBY) syndrome 32.

4.7. Capacity Gaps

a) Lack of awareness and financial resources in ULBs and public: The ULBs -
which are the primary stakeholders responsible for MSW management suffer from
lack of financial resources, institutional capacities; limited knowledge on selection
of proper technology for MSW management, lack of public participation in SWM
etc. 33. In general, awareness regarding composting and waste to energy has
increased significantly resulting in favourable policy and public response, yet, the
limited awareness regarding the potential for RDF co-processing in cement kilns
remains to be addressed.

b) Lack of long term agreements: In absence of awareness about co-processing,

standards of RDF and viable business model, no long-term agreements between
urban local bodies, waste processing companies and cement plants exist. There
is need to draft model long term agreements on the lines as similar to sale to

31 The output based market development assistance per tonne of RDF is calculated taking into account that waste

to energy plants have Plant Load Factor (PLF) of around 80%.

32 Narain, S. (2016) http://www.downtoearth.org.in/reviews/not-in-my-backyard-solid-waste-mgmt-in-indian-cities-

54040
33 Government of India: Ministry of Urban Development: Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering

Organization (CPHEEO) (2013)

http://moud.gov.in/pdf/57f1f0a614e7aAdvisory%20on%20Improving%20Municipal%20Solid%20Waste%20Manage
emnt%20Services08.pdf
43
 electricity to Discoms through power purchase agreement for waste to energy
projects and sale of compost agreements.

c) Awareness on use of MSW based RDF at cement plants: At cement plants

level, need for creating awareness among workers for use of MSW based RDF in
cement plant is required as in a few plants, resistance by plant workers and
nearby population to the use this RDF exists.

d) Need of integration of informal sector: In India, informal sector plays an

important role in MSW management and their livelihoods largely depend on sale
of recyclables. Due to limited source segregation lots of combustible fraction like
paper, plastic etc. are soiled and cannot be used for recycling. Such components
can be utilised for making RDF and informal sector can earn some revenue by
picking up such material.

44
 5. RDF Standards for Co-processing
Standardization is the development of specifications for key product features against
which product quality can be compared and controlled. Quality management, of which
Standardization is a part, when properly implemented plays an important role in marketing
a product by creating confidence in suppliers, end-users, and regulators. This is
particularly true for Waste Derived Fuels like RDF which are processed from
heterogeneous MSW and are thus prone to wide compositional fluctuations. According to
the European Committee on Standardization (CEN) 34,35 in 36 , the central body creating
standards in Europe – creating standards increases public trust, provides access to
permits; results in cost savings for co-incineration plants by reducing the need for
compliance monitoring; facilitates trans-border movements; and aids communication with
equipment manufacturers. In the following sections, an overview on selection of
parameters, existing global standards and Indian guidelines are provided to arrive at
minimum quality criteria for a RDF standard, as proposed.

5.1. Existing Global Standards

The number of quality criteria and standards available for waste derived fuels in the
market today differ substantially. The standards application may span from small regions
to nations; be legally binding or constitute trade provisional agreements; rely upon waste
input origin or final product quality; or refer to all or specific end-users. 37

Due to the extent of trading activities, particularly in the European Commission, SRF
suppliers were interested to harmonise the quality of SRF. In 2003, the European
Committee for Standardisation (CEN), established a technical committee, the CEN/TC
343, which developed “European Standard EN 15359 Solid recovered fuels –
Specification and Classes”. While this report’s objective is the development of standards
of MSW-derived RDF for cement production, only a few standards/quality parameters
exist for it. Moreover, in some countries, the waste processed from MSW to be used as
fuel might not be called as RDF. Hence, a broad comparison for standards for RDF is
done without specific end-user criteria. Comparison of various parameters across
countries is presented in figure 8-10.

34 European Committee for Standardisation. Solid recovered fuels (PD CEN/TR 14745:2003). Ministry of Urban
Development, 2003.
35 European Committee for Standardisation. Solid recovered fuels— Specifications and classes (DD CEN/TS

15359:2006), 2006.
36 CA Velis, Philip J Longhurst, Gillian H Drew, Richard Smith, and Simon JT Pollard. Production and quality

assurance of solid recovered fuels using mechanical—biological treatment (MBT) of waste: a comprehensive
assessment. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 40(12):979–1105, 2010.
37 CA Velis, Philip J Longhurst, Gillian H Drew, Richard Smith, and Simon JT Pollard. Production and quality

assurance of solid recovered fuels using mechanical—biological treatment (MBT) of waste: a comprehensive
assessment. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 40(12):979–1105, 2010.
45
 8000
7000

Calorific Value (Kcal/Kg)

6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000

*Dots represent the minimum value

Figure 8: Comparison of Net Calorific Value across different standards

HBEPL
GRASIM Industries
Geocycle_RDF
WRAF_1
Remondis SBS
UK Industry Spec. Moisture %
EURITS
FINLAND_I
ITALY
CPHEEO
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Figure 9: Comparison of moisture (in %) across different standards

Geocycle_RDF
WRAF_1
Remondis SBS
UK Industry Spec.
EURITS
FINLAND_I
ITALY
CPHEEO
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Sulphur % Chlorine %

Figure 10: Comparison of Sulphur and Chlorine across different standards.

46
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) 38 International has developed a
classification scale based on seven RDF categories into which different RDF types are
grouped and presented below.

ASTM Description
Classification

RDF 1 MSW used as RDF in as discarded form

RDF 2 MSW processed to a course particle size with or without ferrous metal
separation

RDF 3 MSW processed to a particle size such that 95% by weight passes
through a 50 mm square mesh screen and from which most of the
glass, metals and other organics have been removed

RDF 4 MSW processed to a powdered form 95% by weight of which passes

through 10 mesh screen and from which most metals, glass and other
organics have been removed

RDF 5 MSW that has been processed and densified (compressed) into the
form of pellets, slugs, cubettes or briquettes

RDF 6 MSW that is processed into a liquid fuel

RDF 7 MSW that has been processed into gaseous fuel

The ASTM classification is based on solid, liquid and gaseous forms, but for Indian
scenario, the grading of RDF as per end user requirements

5.2. Existing guidelines in India

The Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO)
Municipal Solid Waste Management Manual, PART II (page 316) provides a quantification
of some desirable characteristics of RDF for co-processing in cement plants. However, it
is quite general and does not provide details on the methodology to be used. The
parameters include particle size, calorific value, moisture, chlorine, and Sulphur content
(See Figure 11).

38 ASTM International is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus
technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services.
47
Figure 11: Desirable characteristics of RDF for co-processing in cement kilns as per
MSW Manual, 2016 (Source: MSWM Manual CPHEEO; 2016)

Another draft guideline by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) 39 emphasizes the
importance of a waste characterization process within the waste treatment process.
Therefore, the guidelines mandate all pre-processing and co-processing facilities using
hazardous and other waste in cement plants to perform a fingerprint analysis on every
waste stream as given in 5.3.

5.3. Need for Standards for RDF in India

The committee deliberated and considered the following factors pertinent to evolve the
standards for RDF

a) Waste heterogeneity: Indian MSW is highly heterogeneous (with non-existent

segregation at source), and the RDF thus generated not only varies widely in
quality but is often inferior quality. On the other hand, cement producers need RDF
of consistent quality and quantity to ensure that cement quality, plant output, and
compliance to regulations are not affected.

b) Different requirements and capacities of cement plants: RDF of one quality

required by a cement plant may not be suitable for another plant; every cement
plant has specific requirements and therefore standards will help to categorize the
requirements.

39 Central Pollution Control Board. Draft guidelines for pre-processing and co-processing of hazardous and other

wastes in cement plants as per H&OW (M&TBM) rules 2016. Technical report, Ministry of Environment and
Forests, Govt. of India, 2017.
48
 c) Business Prospects: The standards will be helpful to enter into long-term
agreements between cement and RDF plants.

d) Compliance to SWM Rules 2016: Standards will enable the implementation of

SWM Rules 2016, by defining the characteristics/qualities of RDF, so that cement
producers cannot claim that the product of the nearby RDF plants is not standard
RDF.

e) Market Development: For a waste stream to be certified as RDF (after appropriate

processing) would help the RDF plant better market their product and would
increase the confidence of cement manufacturers in using RDF.

5.4. Parameters to be standardised

The most important parameter when using RDF as a substitute fuel in cement industry or
waste to energy plants is the Net Calorific Value (NCV). 40, 41 in 42 Other important
parameters listed in relevant literature include Chlorine (C), Sulphur (S), moisture, and
ash content. 43 44

A technical report by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) 45 on draft guidelines for
pre- and co-processing of hazardous and other wastes in cement plant lists the following
parameters for mandatory fingerprint analyses of waste streams in cement plants:

a. NCV
b. Moisture content
c. Chlorine and Sulphur content
d. Ash content
e. Chemical compatibility
f. Heavy metal analysis, Reactive Sulphide, Reactive Cyanide or
Halide (analysis if suspected) 


40 Hyderabad Waste to Energy Project. Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad. URL: http://local-

renewables.iclei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Local_Renewables/Mr_Rajiv_Babu__small.pdf. Accessed 27 August
2017.
41 J Van Tubergen, Th Glorius, and E Waeyenbergh. Classification of solid recovered fuels. European Recovered

Fuel Organisation, 2005.

42 CA Velis, Philip J Longhurst, Gillian H Drew, Richard Smith, and Simon JT Pollard. Production and quality

assurance of solid recovered fuels using mechanical—biological treatment (MBT) of waste: a comprehensive
assessment. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 40(12):979–1105, 2010.
43 Cement Sustainability Initiative. Guidelines for the selection and use of fuels and raw materials in the cement

manufacturing process. World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 38, 2005.
44 J Van Tubergen, Th Glorius, and E Waeyenbergh. Classification of solid recovered fuels. European Recovered

Fuel Organisation, 2005.

45 Central Pollution Control Board. Draft guidelines for pre-processing and co-processing of hazardous and other

wastes in cement plants as per H&OW (M&TBM) rules 2016. Technical report, Ministry of Environment and
Forests, Govt. of India, 2017.
49
Most of trace contaminants in the RDF, i.e., heavy metals become part of the clinker
matrix, and studies have shown that their leaching is extremely small during the
operational lifespan of cement plants46. Other compounds like dioxins and furans, formed
during combustion have been shown to be much less than W-t-E plants. 47, 48

In the Indian setup, an example of RDF co-processing trial by Vikram Cements (with
permission from Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board) showed that concentration of
common pollutants like Particulate Matter, NOx, carbon monoxide, HCl, and S didn't
significantly change (±1 %) when RDF was used for co-combustion compared to without
RDF 49. Other trials done by CPCB, using hazardous material as co-fuels in cement plants
have shown that with the existing pollution abatement technologies, concentration of all
toxins was within permissible levels 50, 51. Based on this evaluation reporting of heavy
metals is not considered necessary for certification as RDF. The trails mentioned above
were however performed using small thermal substitution rates (TSR) and considering the
unsegregated and heterogeneous nature of Indian MSW, a higher TSR may necessitate
the need for monitoring of leaching products from the clinker.

Based on these considerations and in line with the report by CPCB, the parameters (1)
size (mm, longest side of the material), (2) NCV (kcal/kg), (3) Moisture content (%), (4)
Ash content (%), (5) Chlorine content (%) and (6) Sulphur content (%) will be standardized
as minimum quality criteria for RDF.

5.5. RDF Standards

The characteristics (composition, physical and chemical properties) of MSW stream differs
across cities in India. Although MSW-based RDF plants have some control over the
quality of RDF produced, producing high quality RDF with high NCV, low moisture and Cl
content, may not be possible due to cost considerations (expensive equipment) or nature
of Indian MSW. Keeping the same in view, following values are the minimum criteria that
should be fulfilled for the product to be certified as RDF, as decided by the Expert
Committee (Table 8).

46 CA Velis, Philip J Longhurst, Gillian H Drew, Richard Smith, and Simon JT Pollard. Production and quality
assurance of solid recovered fuels using mechanical—biological treatment (MBT) of waste: a comprehensive
assessment. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 40(12):979–1105, 2010.
47 Central Pollution Control Board. Guidelines on co‐processing in cement/power/steel industry. Technical report,

Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, 2010.

48 Ankur Tiwary, Garima Sharma, and PK Gupta. Quantification of the reduced environmental impacts with use of

co-processing in cement kilns in India. Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 69(3):5–16, 2014.
49 P V Kiran Ananth. Bulletin: Pre-processing MSW. Technical report, Confederation of Indian Industry- Sohrabhji

Godrej Green Business Centre, 2011.

50 J Van Tubergen, Th Glorius, and E Waeyenbergh. Classification of solid recovered fuels. European Recovered

Fuel Organisation, 2005.

51 Ankur Tiwary, Garima Sharma, and PK Gupta. Quantification of the reduced environmental impacts with use of

co-processing in cement kilns in India. Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 69(3):5–16, 2014.
50
 Table 8. Proposed Standards for SCF and RDF

S. Parameters SCF RDF - Grade III RDF - Grade II RDF -Grade I

No

1. Intended Use Input material For co- For direct co- For direct co-
for the Waste to processing processing in processing in
Energy plant or directly or after cement kiln cement kiln
RDF pre- processing with
processing other waste
facility materials in
cement kiln

Grade III Grade II Grade I

2 Size Anything above

400mm has to
be mutually
agreed between <50 mm or < 20 mm depending upon use in ILC or
Urban Local SLC, respectively
Body/ SCF
Supplier and
Cement Plants.

3 Ash – <20 %# <15 % <10 % <10 %

maximum
permissible

4 Moisture – <35 % < 20% <15 % <10%

maximum
permissible

5 Chlorine – < 1.0 % # < 1.0 % < 0.7 < 0.5

maximum
permissible

6 Sulphur – <1.5 % #
maximum <1.5 %
permissible

7 * Net Calorific > 1500 KCal/kg >3000 KCal/kg >3750 KCal/kg > 4500
Value (NCV) net net net KCal/kg net
– in Kcal/kg

(Average
figure of every
individual

51
 consignment)

8 Any other SCF – any RDF – any RDF – any RDF – any
parameter offensive odour offensive odour offensive odour offensive
to be controlled. to be controlled. to be odour to be
** controlled. controlled.

Note Before: All figures are vetted by Cement Manufacturing Association (CMA)

# If blending process is done in cement plants, the deviations in recommitted limit for ash,
chlorine and sulphur content can be mutually agreed between urban local body /SCF
Supplier and cement plants.

* band width of variations acceptable in NCV can be mutually decided between RDF
manufacturer and cement plants.

** Since odour is still largely a matter of perception and there is no satisfactory equipment
to measure different types of odour, no quantitative figure has been given.

52
 Part B: Preparation and Usage of RDF

53
6. RDF- Functional Elements
6.1. Constituents of Waste for RDF
MSW consists of various different fractions and to manage them effectively, different
technological processes are required. As per SWM Rules 2016, depending on waste
characteristics and waste hierarchy, the potential treatment options are summarized
below in Figure 12.

Figure 12 Source segregation fractions mandated by SWM Rules, 2016

The segregated combustible fraction includes recyclables of less value (torn paper, plastic
pieces, glass pieces, metal pieces etc.) mixed with it. Also, a percentage of garden
waste, soiled paper, cardboard, textile, thin film plastic, multi-layered packaging
and other such materials not suitable for recycling due to technical and financial
reasons and ends up at dumpsites and water bodies which can be converted into RDF.

As per the CPCB guidelines 52 the following waste should NOT be used for co-processing:

(i) Biomedical waste

(ii) Asbestos containing waste.
(iii) Electronic scrap.
(iv) Entire batteries.
(v) Explosives.
(vi) Corrosives.
(vii) Mineral acid wastes.
(viii) Radioactive Wastes.
(ix) Unsorted municipal garbage

6.2. Collection and Handling of waste for RDF

The urban local bodies are responsible for ensuring source segregation, collection,
transportation, processing and disposal of MSW under SWM Rules 2016. Under Swachh

52 Central Pollution Control Board. Draft guidelines for pre-processing and co-processing of hazardous and other
wastes in cement plants as per H&OW (M&TBM) rules 2016. Technical report, Ministry of Environment and
Forests, Govt. of India, 2017.
54
Bharat Mission, door to door waste collection system has been initiated by ULBs. While
making RDF, it should be ensured by ULBs that the existing system of recycling largely
carried out by informal sector, consisting of waste pickers, itinerant waste buyers, dealers
and recycling units are not negatively affected. The waste management hierarchy also
recognizes material recovery from waste in the form of recycling as one of the most
prioritized manners of waste handling and ULBs shall ensure following safeguards for
recycling.

a. During door to door waste collection and transportation, the collected

recyclables fractions shall be diverted to recycling units by integrating waste
workers.
b. Separate transportation of wet and dry fractions of MSW as per SWM 2016, so
that after separating recyclables, the leftover segregated combustible fraction
can be processed for making RDF.
c. Separate transportation of rejects from decentralized waste management
facilities.
d. At the processing plant site also, during manual and mechanical separation, the
recyclable material should be sent to recycling units.

The leftover segregated combustible fraction shall be preprocessed or stored by ULBs /

Waste Management Company.

6.3. Storage
The ULBs shall made arrangement for safe storage of segregated combustible fraction of
waste for conversion to RDF. ULBs own RDF Plants shall have, separate storage facility
for RDF. In smaller ULBs, depending on the frequency of transportation of material to
nearest RDF Plant or waste to energy facility, storage facilities for waste fractions shall be
provided. As per the guidelines of CPHEEO Manual, adequate arrangement for firefighting
approved by the competent authority shall also be installed.

6.4. Transportation
The safe and regular transportation of RDF or segregated combustible waste fractions to
nearest waste to energy or cement plants (as the case may be) shall be done by ULBs or
Private operator or by the cement plant (as varies from case to case). To ensure same,
long term agreements have to be signed by the parties. As per the agreement, the RDF or
segregated combustible waste fractions can be sent in the form of fluff, bales or pellets.
To optimize transportation cost, reverse haulage options may be explored by the parties.
The weighment record of material transported and received by waste to energy plant or
cement plant shall be maintained at both sites.

55
The RDF co-processing in cement plants involves three key steps involving collecting and
supplying MSW to RDF plants for RDF production followed by use of RDF in cement kilns.
The figure 13 below presents flow of MSW to RDF plants and then supply of RDF to
cement kilns.

Figure 13. Flowchart of MSW to RDF plant to RDF co-processing in cement kilns

The RDF from other ULBs can also be sent to waste to energy plants in similar way.

56
7. RDF Preparation & Quality Check Mechanism
The key processes involved in RDF production are summarized below in table 9 and Fig.
14.

7.1. Steps for RDF Preparation

For producing RDF, it is desired that source segregation is rigorously implemented and
collection and transportation of the dry fraction of the MSW is carried out separately. The
dry fraction is first processed to remove the recyclable materials. The left-over material,
which is segregated combustible fraction, is then processed through a dedicated facility
having screening, shredding, air density separation, blending, etc. to produce the desired
quality SCF/RDF. The schematic representation of process is given in fig. 14
Table 9. Standard components of RDF plant

S.No Standard components of RDF plant

1. MSW receiving, sampling, hand sorting and bag-opening area: The MSW
arriving in trucks or compactors is unloaded for collection of samples, hand sorting
of large components and transported to the bag opening machines.

2. A twin shaft primary shredder is designed to shred MSW to less than 100 mm

3. A rotary trommel is then used for separating the fine sand and silt from the MSW
before it can be sent for further processing. The material tumbles in the rotary
screen as it moves ahead across the length of the screen and the fine silt and sand
gets removed through the holes provided in the screen. The rest of the material is
discharged onto the belt conveyor which carries the material for further processing.
After the trommel, a belt for hand sorting (separation of recyclables) should be
placed.

4. An air density separator and dryer consists of a rectangular column designed to

separate out light fractions from heavy inert. The material is introduced at the top
section and air blast is given at its bottom. Both incoming and outgoing materials
pass through their respective airlock valves. It is a three stage process. High
pressure air blast de-agglomerates the incoming materials and the very light
fraction is sucked up. Furthermore, the air blast from the bottom of the column
moves the medium sized fraction of the material up in the air. The bottom fraction
consists of heavy material that falls through the airlock and gets discharged. Hot
air can also be injected in the system to lower the moisture content of material.

5. A twin shaft secondary shredder is designed to shred the material to less than

57
 50 mm. Further components include again a main drive motor, a reduction gear
box, other integral components and a starter panel.

6. The fine shredder is designed to reduce the size of the RDF fluff after it has
passed through the secondary shredder.

7. Finally, a pellet press (optional) is designed to produce fuel pellets with a 16 – 25

mm diameter by extrusion. Ground and conditioned material is fed to the pellet
press by gravity feed. A roller presses the material through die holes and extrudes
the material. The size of pellets can be adjusted by a knife provided below the die
press. The pellets are cooled on a cooling conveyor and sent for storage.

8. Testing of RDF and Transportation to cement plants/ waste to energy plants

Figure 14: Schematic overview of RDF manufacturing process 53

7.2. Steps for quality check of RDF at co-processing facility

According to the Guidelines of the CPCB 54, (Section 3.0) for Treatment, Storage &
Disposal Facilities (TSDFs), Stand-alone Pre-processing Facilities and Cement plants
shall undertake pre-processing and co-processing of wastes as per the Standard
Operating Procedures (SOPs).

Section 5.5 of the CPCB guidelines lists steps on how waste categorisation should be
carried out ‘before pre-processing and ultimately co-processing into the cement kilns’. It is

53 Murdoch University (2009) http://www.see.murdoch.edu.au/resources/info/Tech/waste/

54 Draft guidelines for pre-processing and co-processing of hazardous and other wastes in cement plants as per
H&OW (M&TBM) rules 2016. Technical report, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India, 2017.
http://www.cpcb.nic.in/final_report_27.01.17.pdf
58
assumed that this is valid at both input and output stages of a pre-processing facility as
well as at the receiving end, i.e., the cement plant. The following steps shall be
undertaken:

(i) Upon receipt of the waste, it shall be weighed and property logged.

(ii) It shall then undergo a visual inspection to confirm the physical appearance.

(iii) A representative sample of the waste shall be collected and sent to the onsite
laboratory for finger print analysis. The finger-print analysis should be done for
each consignment of waste received for pre-processing or co-processing, i.e.,
at both the input (raw feed) of the RDF plants and the output (RDF) of the plant.

(iv) The following should be part of the analysis:

 Moisture content
 Ash content 

 Chloride and Sulphur content 

 Net Calorific Value (NCV) 

 Any other specific parameter, which may be decided on merit of each case
keeping the clinker production process in focus. 

 Heavy metal analysis, Reactive Sulphide, Reactive Cyanide or Halide
analysis, if present.

7.3. Methodology
The recommendations do not specify the exact methodology to be followed for waste
categorisation but mention:

“Starting from sampling like collection of a representative sample, its storage in suitable
container, avoiding any adulteration during transportation to lab, sample preparation in
lab, performing test as per BIS for different quality parameters and carefully observing,
recording and comparing the results”.

The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has no standard for selection of representative
waste sample and transportation to the lab. However, IS 9234 provides method for
sample preparation and a few standards exist for measurement of some required values,
namely particle size, moisture content, calorific value.

7.4. Concerned Standards

The BIS standards are presented in table 10 below.

59
 Table 10- BIS Standards

Stage Standard
Glossary of terms relating to solid wastes IS 9569
Methods for preparation of solid waste IS 9234
sample for chemical and microbiological
analysis
Physical Analysis and Determination of IS 9235
Moisture in Solid Wastes (Excluding
Industrial Solid wastes)
Methods of Analysis of Solid Wastes IS 10158
(Excluding Industrial Solid Wastes)

In the absence of standards for other parameters, namely ash, chlorine, and sulphur
content (specifically for solid waste), either the BIS can make these standards (especially
for solid waste/RDF), or an international set of standards be used, especially designed for
RDF, e.g., ASTM (American Section of the International Association for Testing
Materials):

Table 11 ASTM Standards

Stage Standard
Test Method for Collecting Gross ASTM D5115 - 90(1996) Standard
Samples and Determining the Fuel
Quality of RDF
Standard Practice for Preparing Refuse- ASTM E829 – 16
Derived Fuel (RDF) Laboratory
Samples for Analysis
Test Method for Thermal Characteristics ASTM E955-88(2009)e1 Standard
of Refuse-Derived Fuel Macro samples,
Test Method for Residual Moisture in ASTM E790-15 Standard
Refuse-Derived Fuel Analysis Samples
Test Method for Determination of Forms ASTM E776-16 Standard
of Chlorine in Refuse-Derived Fuel
Test Methods for Total Sulfur in the ASTM E775-15 Standard
Analysis Sample of Refuse-Derived
Fuel

60
The Geocycle facility in India routinely pre-processes segregated combustible fraction and
feeds the processed RDF to its own cement plants. The methodology for doing finger print
analysis and standards followed by them are as under:

(i) Sample selection for laboratory analysis

a) Method of coning and quartering: This method is used to reduce the sample size of
a material. It involves pouring the sample into a cone and then flattening it out in a
cake. The cake is then divided into four quarters and two quarters on the opposite
side are discarded. The other two quarters are grouped together and the process
is repeated until an appropriate size sample remains. Table 12 presents the BS EN
British Standards used.

Table 12. BS EN British Standards

Stage Standard
Methods for sampling BS EN 15442:2011
Methods of preparation of laboratory BS EN 15443:2011
sample
Methods for the preparation of the test BS EN 15413:2011
sample from the laboratory sample

b) The resulting sample is then dried in an oven followed by shredding to a very fine
size of <1 mm or <2 mm.

(ii) Frequency of sampling

The finger print analysis is carried out either on consignment (i.e., each truck) or shift
(once or multiple times per shift), or daily average basis (many times during the day and
averaged). The frequency depends on the expected variability of the consignments [21].

(iii) Parameters measured and standards used:

For finger print analysis, the parameters are measured as per BS EN Print Analysis
Standards (Table 13).

61
 Table 13. BS EN Print Analysis Standards

Parameter Standard used

Particle Size BS EN 15415-1:2011
Net Calorific BS EN 15400:2011
Value
Ash content BS EN 15403:2011
Moisture content BS EN 15414-3:2011
Chlorine content BS EN 15408:2011

7.5. Testing Infrastructure

Most cement plants are equipped with a laboratory to carryout finger print analysis on
conventional fuels (like pet-coke). A typical laboratory contains the following setup as
defined in table 14.

Table 14 Laboratory Infrastructure Details

Sr. No. Parameter Equipment details Number

1 Moisture content Oven 2
2 Ash content Furnace 1
3 Chloride Autotitrator 1
4 Calorific value Bomb calorimeter 1
6 Auxiliaries Analytical balance 1
7 Auxiliaries Distilled water system 1
8 Auxiliaries Sieves (different sizes) 1
9 Auxiliaries Top loading balance 1
10 Auxiliaries (optional) Cutting mill with cyclone system 1
11 Auxiliaries Hot plate 1
Sampling tools
12 Auxiliaries 1
(Scoops, shovel, trays made of S.S.)
Glassware
13 Auxiliaries 1
(Beakers, volumetric flasks etc.)
14 Auxiliaries Pure Oxygen cylinder with regulator 1
Source: Geocycle

A similar laboratory setup will need to be installed by the RDF producers to ensure that
quality product is supplied to cement plants and a mechanism to be put in place to
maintain the record of quality of RDF supplied.

62
8. Role of Stakeholders
This section of the report deals with the role of various stakeholders involved in rollout of
RDF co-oprocessing.

8.1. RDF Producers- ULBs & Private Operators

To promote the use of RDF the following should be undertaken by ULBs:

(i) In most urban local bodies, waste management services are implemented by
contracts or in public private partnership model. Therefore, at the stage of tender, if
cement plants or waste to energy plants are available within a reasonable distance
(100/200kms) utilization of RDF in these facilities needs to be mentioned in contract
documents.

(ii) To ensure implementation of source segregation and collection and transportation of

segregated MSW for resource recovery so that only non-recyclable combustible
fraction needs to be sent for co-processing.

(iii) Long term tripartite agreements for the supply of RDF could be signed by ULBs,
RDF Producers and cement plants (like signed for compost).

(iv) Recovery of user charges for operation and maintenance (including transportation)
cost for RDF plants through tipping fees for RDF producers and to access Swachh
Bharat grant/ funds for setting up RDF facilities.

The RDF producers will be responsible for making RDF as per standards defined in
section 5 and agreed by end user (cement or waste to energy plant). The process of RDF
preparation is covered in section 6.1. The representation of same in block diagram is
given below in figure 15:

Figure 15 Process block diagram for manufacturing RDF from SCF

63
In case RDF producers have an integrated waste management contract from urban local
bodies, implementation of source segregation and collection and transportation of
segregated waste has to be ensured for maximum resource recovery.

8.2. RDF Users– Cement plants and waste to energy plants

The RDF users shall clearly define the RDF specification (as per the standards defined in
section 5) and can enter into long term agreement with RDF suppliers.

The cement plant using RDF requires additional equipment which will depend on a
number of factors such as:

(i) type and number of RDFs that are to be used

(ii) the final envisaged TSR at the cement plant
(iii) the design of the existing facilities at the cement plants
(iv) the design of the kiln (kiln type) with regard to the details of the RDF feed,
combustion and lining of calciner

While several existing components within the cement plant can be used (e.g. the
weighbridge for the incoming trucks, assumed to be already available), other components
need to be constructed in addition to the existing components at a cement plant. An
overview of the equipment required is presented below.
a) Receiving facilities (including sampling station and laboratory): The cement
plants need to have sufficient data on the received RDF to ensure undisturbed
operation of clinker production. Accordingly, facilities are required to take samples
of the RDF from the incoming trucks and to analyse the referred parameters of the
RDF (e.g. NCV, heavy metals, etc.).

b) RDF pre-processing: It is assumed that the RDF is produced and supplied to the
cement plant at high quality avoiding any treatment requirement at the cement
plant. Nevertheless, suitable pre-processing especially with regard to mixing or
homogenisation may require related equipment to be installed at the cement plant.
In addition, mobile technical equipment such as wheel led / front-end loaders may
be required.

c) RDF storage: Continued supply of fuels is a key condition to be maintained at the

cement plant. Accordingly, storage facilities for RDF need to be constructed at the
cement plant duly considering the fire hazard associated with RDF storage.

d) RDF dosing, feeding and burning system: This includes for example a weight
belt feeder. In addition, the detailed location of RDF burning (feed points) within the
clinker production process (e.g. main firing, kiln inlet firing, secondary firing or pre-
calciner firing) determines the requirement for installation of the related feeding

64
 and burning system. Usually it is a mix of several feed points (options are shown in
figure below). Compliance with air pollution regulations might result in the need to
install further components and equipment.

The facilities and equipment described above shall generally include measures to
minimise impacts from odour and to prevent health risks for the workers and the
neighbourhood. In addition, power supply and firefighting facilities are required.

Figure 16: Options for fuel feed points at cement kiln 55

8.3. Regulators
As per Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) guidelines, a waste type (i.e. RDF) that
was tested and approved in one cement plant can be used for regular co-processing in
another cement plant and state pollution control boards (SPCBs) can provide approval
based on the CPCB guidelines. The SPCB should ensure that emissions are monitored
and reported by cement plants as per the guidelines. Emissions limits proposed for India
and their comparison with limits in other countries are presented in Table 15 below:

GIZ/Holcim (2011)
55

65
 Table 15: Emission limits for cement kilns co-processing in India56

Parameter a EU limit US (Load South Africa India b

Based)
Total Dust 30 0.005 kg/t of 30 50 (or 0.125
clinker c kg/t of clinker)
HCI 10 10 10
HF 1 1 1
NOx for existing 800 0.75kg/t of 800 800
plants clinker
NOx for new 500 600
plants
Cd + Tl 0.05 0.05 0.05
Hg 0.05 0.05 0.05
Sb + As + Pb + Cr 0.5 0.5 0.5
+ Co + Cu + Mn +
Ni + V
Dioxins and 0.1 d 0.1 d 0.1
furans
(ng I-TEQ/Nm3)
SO2 50 e 0.2kg/t of 50 e 100 f
clinker
TOC 10 e 10 e
CO National
values
a Daily average values for continuous measurements (mg/Nm3)
b Limits proposed to come into force from 01.08.2015 (IIP, 2014); Emissions limits of EU, US and South
Africa taken from Hasanbeigi et al., 2012
c Emissions on a 30-operating day rolling average

d Dioxins and furans must be measured at least twice a year, and at least every 3 months for the first 12

months of a plant’s operation

e Exceptions may be authorized by component authority if TOC and SO2 do not result from the

incineration of waste
f Relaxable up to 400 by SPCBs in special cases, CPCB proposed 100 (for <0.5% sulphur in raw

materials), 1000 (for >0.5% sulphur in raw materials)

For waste to energy plants also, environmental compliances need to be monitored as per
requirement by SPCB. The official communication in this reference is attached as
Annexure II. It should be ensured that RDF derived from MSW shouldn’t be used without
emission control system.

CPCB (2015), page 23

56

66
 Part C: Financial Analysis and Rollout
Models

67
9. Financial Analysis and Funding Support
For making the operational and financial models successful, this report also suggested the
pricing of various grades of RDF in comparison with coal.

9.1 Comparison with Coal

Coal still makes up around 90% of the energy input in cement plants around the world,
despite the environmental concerns. It takes 200 - 450kg of coal to produce 1 tonne of
cement. The cement industry consumes around 4% of global coal production, about 330
million tonnes per year. Under the Alternative Fuel and Resources (AFR) concepts, there
are ample ways to substitute coal in cement manufacturing without adding to emissions
and saving on natural resources by using waste of equivalent energy.

The drive for AFR has been the EU legislation which along with economic factors enabled
the European cement producers to achieve an average alternative fuel substitution rate of
around 35%. If the entire global cement sector achieves this substitution rate on average
by 2050, it would significantly reduce the amount of coal (and other fossil fuels) required.
In light of this, it is estimated that 25% is a reasonable estimate for a global alternative fuel
substitution rate by 2050. However, the rapidly-expanding infrastructure projects around
the world, particularly in developing countries where coal is the main fuel, coal usage for
cement is likely to continue in the absence of any strict regulation.

In India, coal is the predominant fuel (10 MTPA) used for cement production but shortages
in coal supplies are making imports necessary. Both quality and availability have seen
variations, while price increases have been noted. The price of coal varies depending
upon the region of the country, mainly because of transportation costs. The prices of
thermal and industrial coal vary from INR 1900- 4500/MT. Continuous supply of coal is
also a concern and many cement and power plants have been forced to halt operations at
times due to lack of coal. This situation provides impetus for a regular and sustainable use
of RDF in cement industry, as a substitution rate of even 5% will result in RDF utilization
of about 0.5 MTPA, which is 3% of total RDF potential out of municipal solid waste. The
table below presents the comparison in the Coal vs RDF.
Table 16. Comparison between Coal and RDF

Fuel/Factor Coal RDF

Calorific Value (Kcal/Kg) 3000-6000 2500-4500
Equivalent Ton in calorific value 1 1.15
Cost per Ton in Rs. (Avg.) 2100-4500 1100-1800
Sulphur content (weight %) 0.4 0.2-0.5
Moisture content (weight %) 3-9 10

68
Ash content (weight %) 4.2 <15
NOx content (weight %) 1.2 1-1.5
Carbon (weight %) 31.4 35-40
Oxygen (weight %) 7.4 25-30
Hydrogen (weight %) 4.3 5-8

9.2 Preparatory Requirements in Cement Plants for use of RDF

Cement manufacturing companies have different approaches for management of cost for
use of alternative fuels. Some companies have company-wide initiatives to invest in
upgrades to kilns or to materials handling equipment to initiate use of alternative fuels,
and also promote pilot projects in which different cement plants of the company conduct
studies of different alternative fuels. In addition to the cost of modifications to the kiln or
materials handling system, the cost of performance testing is also incurred to establish
use of alternative fuels in cement production. Performance testing is generally required by
state air quality regulations, to determine that the cement kiln operation with AFR is in
compliance with its air emissions permit conditions.

There are various aspects to the overall cost of alternative fuels, including the capital
costs and operating costs of:

• Kiln and equipment upgrades;

• Performance testing;
• Alternative Fuel conditioning (preprocessing);
• Engineered fuel production;
• Material transportation;
• Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS);
• Sampling and testing of materials; and
• Material acquisition.

Several cement manufacturing companies have already conducted experiments in their

cement kilns for utilizing wastes and other hazardous wastes as alternate fuels and have
demonstrated success. The CPCB was also a partner in some demonstration studies to
establish the compliance to emissions. Thus, it only remains that the AFR system is
established in the cement manufacture in India, for which suitable economic pricing has to
be derived.

9.3 Pricing of RDF

As discussed in earlier section of the report, the usage of municipal solid waste derived
RDF in cement kilns would entail additional cost towards its processing, transportation,
the feeding mechanism and its modifications, monitoring of emissions and the quality of
cement output. These costs in RDF usage need to be properly apportioned, as per
69
requirement in comparison with the corresponding costs for coal vis-à-vis the calorific
values. The data regarding the coal substitution by RDF and the cost needs to be
generated on case to case basis at each location of the cement plant and the source of
MSW – RDF.

For initiating the RDF usage in cement industry, the Committee Members agree that
different RDF types have different calorific values, and so the cost of each combustible
has to be expressed in INR per Kcal/kg to be comparable. The commercial acceptability of
properly processed RDF was agreed at Rs. 0.4 per 1000 Kcal/kg by the members with
reference to the specifications as defined in the report. The acceptable prices of the
respective grades of RDF work out to following:

Unit SCF RDF Grade III RDF Grade II RDF Grade I Industrial Coal

Kcal/Kg 1500 3000 3750 4500 3000-4200

INR/Ton 600 1200 1500 1800 4500

The mentioned price would be for the <50 mm size material that is suitable for In Line
Calciner (ILC) and delivered at the cement plant gate. For Separate Line Calciner (SLC),
the same will be cheaper and can get negotiated between the RDF operator & the
Cement plant. Since nature, quality and acceptability of SCF by cement plants will be very
much dependent upon the segregation and quality control at the ULB level and its
utilization feasibility also will be plant specific, the commercial terms related to transaction
of SCF between cement plant and ULBs can be negotiated between them on case to
case basis. However, the most sensitive part of the RDF / SCF cost i.e. transportation will
have to be borne by the Urban Local Body concerned, in charge of the function of
scientific management of municipal solid waste.

Overall, once RDF of the quality/specifications is made available on dependable basis,

within the transport influence zone of a cement plant, market forces would take over
whereby the ULB, the RDF processors and cement plant would negotiate an agreeable
cost of RDF considering various factors. The SWM and other applicable Rules will act as
enablers for such AFR regime.

9.4 Indicative Cost- Capital and Operation & Maintenance

The detailed analysis clearly shows that there is huge potential of utilization of RDF in
cement plants and waste to energy plants, but due to lack of standards and viable
business models the practice is not implemented at scale in the country. The standards
are recommended in section 6 and financing needs, gaps and instruments for fiscal
incentives are detailed in subsequent sections. The indicative capital investment (Capex)

70
and operation and maintenance (O&M) cost for setting up 100, 200 and 300 Tonne Per
Day (TPD) given by RDF processors / producers are summarized below.
Table 17: Indicative Capital and Operation and Maintenance Cost of RDF Plants of
various sizes

Size in TPD
Parameters (INR) Upto100 100-200 200-300
CAPEX (Source 1) 240,000,000
CAPEX (Source 2) 25 mm 153,000,000 341,910,000 447,690,000
CAPEX (Source 2) 50 mm 125,400,000 215,580,000 295,250,000
OPEX (Source 1) <20 mm 1750
OPEX (Source 1) <50 mm 1400
OPEX (Source 2) 25 mm 1390 1870 1851
OPEX (Source 2) 50 mm 1150 1200 1280
Transportation Cost for 100
Km per tonne (@Rs 3 per
Km)* 300 300 300
* The cost of transportation decreases with increase in distance and reverse haulage options.

The capital costs and operation and maintenance costs for co-processing of RDF includes
following:

(i) Capital costs for setting up RDF Plants

(ii) Capital cost for storage and feeding mechanism (retrofitting) of RDF at cement
plants,
(iii) Operational costs for RDF production
(iv) Transportation of RDF to cement plants/ waste to energy plant
(v) Operational cost for using RDF at cement plants / waste to energy plant

The indicative capital and O&M cost is presented in Table 18 and Table 19. The entire
cost working is based on theoretical knowledge & discussion with various experts and is
subject to change from time to time.

Table 18. Tentative Capital Cost for setting up to 100 TPD plant

S.No. Items Cost

(Rs. Lakhs)

1 Air Shifter (1 nos.) 25

2* Shredder Metso (14tph @ 50mm X1 nos.) 390
3* Screen, Ecostar make for segregation & recycling 1 no. @12 tph 145
4* Baling Machine (1 X 15tph) 102
5 Magnetic band (1 no.) 3

71
6 Conveyors (50 mtrs length approx) 13
7 Weigh Bridge-60T 11
8 Electricals
a 600 KVA transformer 10
b 1 nos. of 365 KVA DG 22
c Panel & cables 10
d VCB 4
e Earthings 5
f Lighting of shed & boundary wall 15
9 Civil (Covers Boundary wall, office block, rain water harvesting, 172
bore well, soaking pit, road, toilet etc.)
10 Covered Shed (2000 sqm) 200
11 Office furniture & computer 2.5
12 Lab equipment 10
13 Fire fighting 30
14 Reject collection Bins- 6 nos. 3
15 Electrical Connection charges (govt. department) 10
16 Vehicle (JCB 1 nos. & Tractor 1 no.) 35
Total 1217.5
Contingency @3% 36.5

Grand Total 1254.0

Rounded Off 12.55 Cr

(Source: M/s IL&FS Environmental Infrastructure & Services Ltd.)

Table 19 Tentative Operation and Maintenance Cost for setting up to 100 TPD plant
per tonne (100 TPD X 50 mm Shredded RDF Duly Baled Line)

S.No. Activity/ Equipment 100 TPD Shredding Line

Unit Cost Remarks

(Rs.)
1 Shredder consumables per ton 110 Refer Metso mail
2 Others mechanical equipment per ton 50 -
consumable & maintenance

72
3 Power consumption for 8 hours per ton 273 Air Shifter=20 kW
(387.5 kwhr @ Rs.11 per kwhr) Shredder=250kw
(Load factor = 0.8) Screen= 7.5kw
Baling mc= 60 kW
Conveyors= 20kw
Lighting = 10kw
Others = 20 kw
Total = 387.5 kw
(Assumed 80% load
factor)
(*(387.5 X 80% X 8 X
11)/100 = 272.8)
4 6 man-days @ Rs.600 per day for per ton 36 -
shredders & screen operation &
manual sorting over the conveyors
5 Mechanical Handling (Man Power + -
JCB+ Tractor)
a Vehicles charges for 8 hours@ Rs. per ton 50 -
625 per hour
b 4 man-days @ Rs.600 per day per ton 24 -
6 Staff & Technicians -
a Assistant manager (1 no. @ 5lakh per ton 14 -
per annum)
b Accountant (1 no. @ 3lakh per per ton 9 -
annum)
c Supervisor (1 no. @ 3lakh per per ton 9 -
annum)
d Security (3 nos. @ 10244 per month) per ton 11 -
e Weigh bridge operator (1 no. @ per ton 6 -
18000 per month)
f Store man (1 no. @ 18000 per per ton 6
month)
g Electrician (1 no. @ 18000 per per ton 6
month)
7 Interest (15%) & Depreciation on per ton 547*
Capex on Rs. 1255 Lakh
Total (Rs. Per ton) 1151

*Depending on cost sharing in form of grant, the cost of operation will reduce
appropriately.

During deliberation the industry expert informed that the CAPEX for setting up MSW to
RDF processing plants considering that segregated dry waste is provided to the
facilities varies from INR 984,167 per TPD to 1,709,550 per TPD, the significant range is
due to various factors like size of the RDF, cost of imported or domestically manufactured
equipment etc. The average of all CAPEX values shared is around INR 13,21,31 per TPD.
73
If for simplification the TPD CAPEX is divided by 10 years and 300 days of operation, then
the cost of CAPEX per tonne of RDF is around INR 440 while for the lowest CAPEX value
it is around INR 330.

The OPEX ranges from INR 1150 per tonne to INR 1870 per tonne with higher OPEX for
less than 20 mm sized RDF and low OPEX for 50 mm sized RDF. The average value for
all OPEX values provided is INR 1486. The transport cost is around INR 3 per tonne per
km and for a transport distance of around 100 Kms will add INR 300 to the total cost.
However, the cost of transportation decreases with increase in distance. For e.g. dry
segregated & bailed SCF from Goa, is transported to distance of 600 Kms in 10-wheeler
truck which carries approximately 13-14 Tones per trip. The transportation of RDF of
grade I, II or III also being of similar bulk density therefore can be transported in similar
way. The cost of transportation varies from INR 2.8 to 3.2 per Kms.

9.5 Financing Gaps

The cost of RDF production in India is much higher than the price cement plants are
willing to pay. The transport is a major concern while arriving at the RDF cost. Transport is
a major contributor to this financing gap, therefore, depending on the distance between
the cement plants and the RDF plants (that could be from 100 km to 1000 km) the
financing needs will vary. Further the cost per tonne per km also tends to vary as trucks
transporting cement or other products to cities can carry RDF on their way back or long-
term contracts can enable negotiating prices lower than existing market rate of INR 3 per
km per tonne. The transportation cost makes lot of difference whether truck return is
empty or he has load on both sides. In general, the pay load of SCF / RDF vis-a-vis
materials which have Bulk Density ≥ SCF / RDF, depending upon the configuration in
which it is loaded varies from 0.25 to as high as 0.6 or even 0.7.

Thus there is no fix formula which can define freight of carrying the said commodity. Even
most of the transporters are reluctant to carry SCF / RDF due to its inherent properties like
foul smell, moisture etc. For the purpose of the report various capacities of truck and
prevailing rates are given below:

Table 20. RDF transportation cost

Transportation distance (Km) Transportation Cost (Rs./ Km/tonne)

0-30 10 to 12
30-120 7 to 10
120-250 4 to 7
250-600 3 to 4
600 -1300 2.8 to 3.2

74
 Table 21. RDF transporting capacity of trucks

Truck Type (No. of Wheels) RDF Quantum in Truck (Tonnes)

10 13 to 15

12 18 to 21

14 21 to 23

Table 22: Indicative Cost of Transportation based on low interest rate

Distance in km

INR/ tonne/
20 50 100 150 200 300 400 500 700 900 1000
km:

0.5 671 701 751 801 851 951 1051 1151 1351 1551 1651

1 691 751 851 951 1051 1251 1451 1651 2051 2451 2651

1.5 711 801 951 1101 1251 1551 1851 2151 2751 3351 3651

2 731 851 1051 1251 1451 1851 2251 2651 3451 4251 4651

2.5 751 901 1151 1401 1651 2151 2651 3151 4151 5151 5651

3 771 951 1251 1531 1851 2451 3051 3651 4851 6051 6651

9.6 Fiscal Incentives for Promoting Usage of RDF

To promote use of RDF or segregated combustible fraction of MSW, capital investments
in following are required.
i. Storage facilities for ULBs where preprocessing / RDF plant is not set up at site.
ii. Transportation vehicles (in case transportation is not out sourced)
iii. RDF Plant

The above-mentioned capital investments can be supported by the Government through

Swachh Bharat Mission Funds, 15th Finance Commission, State/ULB funds as given
below.

75
9.7 Financing Instruments
The financial requirements in form of capital investment for setting up RDF Plants and by providing
output-based market development assistance (OMDA), various options of domestic and international
financing opportunities are summarized below.

9.7.1 Central Government Sources

The funding support can be extended from the following schemes of the central
government:

a) Swachh Bharat Mission – Urban (Grant/ VGF)

Till 2nd October’ 2019 the Swachh Bharat Mission is expected to allocate INR 7,366 crore
on MSW management. SBM funds are to be invested in waste management activities,
with an upper limit of 35% of total capital cost, which can be combined with other sources
of financing. Output based assistance can be funded during mission period, considering
that total value of the support does not exceed 35% of the capital cost in value. Urban
local bodies can access the funds for setting up RDF plants.

b) Smart Cities Mission (SCM) (Grant)

Each of 100 selected smart cities is entitled to INR 500 crore from the central government
over four years, with state and city governments expected to contribute another INR 500
crore. Two fifths of the central government funding will be provided upfront in the first
year, after which yearly instalments will be disbursed in consecutive years if certain
conditions are met. The mapping of cement plants shows that more than 50% of Smart
Cities are within 200kms range and therefore SCM funds can be utilised for setting up
RDF Plants.

9.7.2 State Government Sources

Goa cess on packaging (Grant) - A case

The State of Goa has introduced a cess of 0.5% of sale price or INR 200 per item sold
whichever is less, on the value of goods sold. With this revenue a subsidy of INR1500 per
tonne of MSW processed is granted to a 100 TPD MSW to RDF production plant.

9.7.3 Urban Local Body Sources

User charges (Operation and Maintenance cost)

MoHUA has drafted the bye laws for levying User Charges on SWM services under SBM
in September 2016. Currently, the charges are commonly applied by Indian municipalities,

76
albeit at very low levels out of which a minimal amount is spent on treating MSW. The
user charges can be used to pay tipping fees to RDF producer for processing of RDF. The
Geocycle suggested approach to improve viability of MSW treatment given below:

Figure 17: Potential Cost and Revenue model for Urban Local Bodies

9.7.4 Other Sources

a) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funding (Grant)

Under the Companies Act 2013, Indian companies with an annual turnover exceeding INR
1000 crore or a profit exceeding 5 crores have to spend at least 2% of the average net
profit in three consecutive years on CSR activities. The total volume of such funding is
estimated to reach INR 20,000 crore (PwC and CII 2013). In Varanasi CSR funding from
NTPC enabled reopening of an idling compost plant. A campaign to tap CSR funding for
RDF plants could unlock significant funding.

b) International Support Mechanisms

77
In addition to domestic sources funding from International Support Mechanisms (Grants
and Loans) can also be explored. This includes, market mechanism like Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM), Multilateral climate finance through Green Climate Fund
(GCF), NAMA facility etc.

78
 10. Rollout models and bid parameters
To expeditiously achieve the objectives of Swachh Bharat Mission, the standards
recommended at 5.5 need to be supported with working operational and financial models.
Such three models are suggested below to facilitate ULBs/ Cement Plants to enter into
suitable agreement and start using RDF as coal replacement in suitable proportions

10.1. Operationalization Models

Suitable models as suggested in subsequent paragraphs can be adopted for preparation
and operationalization of MSW based RDF by ULBs. Based on existing scenario in the
country, three types of plants can process MSW to RDF with or without retrofitting
requirements as defined in table 23.

Table 23: Types of RDF Plants and Retrofitting Requirements

S.No RDF plant type Retrofitting Requirements

1 Newly constructed RDF plants No retrofitting required since they

will be installed with suitable
technology to produce RDF as per
cement plants requirements.

2 Already operating composting There will be a need for installing

plants, or composting plants under shredders, air-density separators,
development, that would be and trommels and in some cases
upgraded by adding RDF palletisation units to ensure that
production line the RDF produced is suitable for
use in cement plants.

3 Non-operating RDF plants, or RDF Depending on the configuration

plants that currently operate at low and state of the plant, there will be
output or produce RDF of a need for upgrading or retrofitting.
insufficient quality, that would be
retrofitted for production of cement
grade RDF at full capacity

79
 Model 1: Standalone RDF unit for an ULB
The ULBs with 5 Lac population generates approximately 200-250 tonnes waste daily.
Estimated generation of segregated combustible fractions (SCF) is up-to 40-50 tonnes in
such ULBs. A new RDF plant can be set up adjoin the existing waste to compost
processing facility. The RDF processing plant can also be set up alongside the material
recovery facility or dry waste collection centre, where the quantity of non-recyclable
fraction of dry waste is substantial and uneconomical to transport subsequently to another
location for processing of RDF. In case of smaller capacities material recovery facilities,
the SCF component can be transported to nearby RDF plant for economical processing of
RDF. Various options for operationalization are given below:

i. Addition/amendment to the existing contract/concession agreement with the waste

processing facility operator for setting up the RDF plant: The RDF unit can be set
up within the compost plant premises by existing contractor with rights to use SCF
generated out of compost plant/ combustible portion of segregated waste collected
by ULB or its agency. To achieve financial viability of the project, ULB can provide
one time grant assistance admissible under SBM i.e. 35% of central grant of
project as well as any additional fund requirement from its own resources. Agency
operating the plant can also contribute in capex/ opex as per agreement between
agency and ULB. A copy of draft agreement is attached at Annexure I. ULB will
also facilitate an agreement for purchase of RDF between agency and nearby
cement plants, ensuring 100% purchase of RDF by cement plants.

ii. New contract/concession agreement with an Agency for setting up the RDF
plant: A separate operator or agency can also be engaged through transparent
bidding process for setting up separate RDF manufacturing unit within or outside
the premises of compost plant, on the cost sharing basis mentioned in para above.
A model agreement document is placed at Annexure I.

iii. Setting up the RDF plant at Material Recovery Facility: In the case of setting up
RDF unit alongside the material recovery facility (MRF), an amendment to the
existing contract of the MRF operator will be required. If the ULB had not set up
Material Recovery Facility or dry waste collection center, an agency or operator
can be engage through transparent bidding for setting up and to operate the
proposed facility. This will provide impetus to source segregation, mainstreaming
of informal sector and processing of RDF.

In all the three scenario mentioned above, the sale of RDF and recyclables will help to
sustain its operation.

80
 Model 2: RDF unit for a cluster of Cities/Towns
The ULBs with population less than 5 Lac produce smaller quantities of SCF from its
waste to compost facility. Installation of individual RDF units and its sustainable O&M is a
challenges for smaller cities. In this model, it is suggested that a cluster of ULBs
facilitated by state government, may set up a RDF unit. Depending on the situation this
model can be used even for ULBs having population more than 5 Lacs. This purchase-
transport model can be exercised as suggested under:

i. A lead ULB takes the initiative for setting up the plant in consortium with other
ULBs by pooling up their SBM contribution towards central share. State/ ULB/
Private operator may also put the balance share of project cost and O&M is done
by private party. Revenue for operation and maintenance may be generated
through sale of RDF to cement plant. The responsibility of SCF transportation to
the clustered RDF unit vest with participating ULBs/ its agencies.

ii. ULBs in partnership with the private sector can set the RDF in various financing
options: BOT, DBOFT etc. The private agency may charge tipping fee for SCF
processing and may also generate revenue through sale of RDF to cement plants.

In all scenarios mentioned above, the sale of RDF and also recyclables will help operator
to sustain plant’s operation. However, in case the recyclables are not reaching to the RDF
plant, because of various reasons including availability of MRF facility/ separate agency
for collection and transportation of waste, the private agency may charge tipping fee for
SCF processing to sustain plant operation as mentioned above.

Illustrative calculations showing Financial Sustainability for above two models:

The financial viability for different scenarios with or without government financial
assistance and/or with or without right on recyclables to plant operator are worked out for
a 100 TPD capacity RDF plant in Annexures IV to VII. The financial viability of the RDF
facility is worked out in form of Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of the facility over a 10 years
period. Here, it may be noted that Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is the interest rate at
which the net present value of all the cash flows i.e. receipt and expenses from a project/
investment over the designed life of plant equal to zero. Internal rate of return is often
used to evaluate the attractiveness viability of a project / investment with and without
subsidy. IRR calculation for different scenarios mentioned above is as under:

(i) RDF Plant with or without Government Grant and without Recyclables

The IRR worked out for this scenario (Annexure IV) shows IRR of (-ve) 33% without
Government grant and (-ve) 26% with Government grant for the given assumptions of
revenue & operational expenses per annum.

81
 (ii) RDF Plant with or without Government Grant and with 10% Recyclables

The IRR worked out for 5 year payback period scenario (Annexure V) shows IRR of (-ve)
4% without Government grant and (+ve) 23% with Government grant for the given
assumptions of Revenue mix & operational expenses per annum. However, in 10 year
period payback scenario IRR of (+ve) 12% is achievable without Government grant and
(+ve) 33% with Government grant.

(iii) RDF Plant with or without Government Grant and with 20% Recyclables

The IRR worked out for 5 year payback period scenario (Annexure VI) shows IRR of (+ve)
22% without Government grant and (+ve) 64% with Government grant for the given
assumptions of Revenue mix & operational expenses per annum. However, in 10 year
period scenario shows IRR of (+ve) 33% without Government grant and (+ve) 69% with
Government grant.

(iv) RDF Plant with or without Government Grant and with 30% Recyclables

The IRR worked out for 5 year payback period scenario (Annexure VII) shows IRR of
(+ve) 43% without Government grant and (+ve) 101% with Government grant for the given
assumptions of Revenue mix & operational expenses per annum. However, in 10 year
period scenario shows IRR of (+ve) 51% without Government grant and (+ve) 104% with
Government grant. The Table below summarizes the financial sustainability of the
standalone and cluster based modes.

Table 24. Financial Sustainability for Standalone/ Cluster Models- IRR Calculations

IRR Scenario With or Without Recyclables 5 Years 10 Years

IRR Without Grant No Recyclables - (-) 33%

10% Recyclables (-) 4% 12%

20% Recyclables 22% 33%

30% Recyclables 43% 51%

IRR With Grant No Recyclables - (-) 26%

10% Recyclables 23% 33%

20% Recyclables 64% 69%

30% Recyclables 101% 104%

82
 Requirements for take-off by Cement Companies under the standalone and
cluster approach models
The Cement companies based on the proposed standard may takeoff the RDF material of
the desired grade from the RDF manufacturer on agreed cost from the standalone and
cluster approach based RDF units. The responsibility of transporting RDF material lies
with cement. The cement companies which intend to use the RDF need to invest in setting
up RDF feeding mechanism. Substantially, the cost for setting up auxiliary feeding
mechanism will be recovered from the savings from thermal substitution of coal.
Calculation with set of assumptions for additional revenue required per cement bag to
ensure a payback of additional investment for installation of co processing facility to use
RDF as fuel in Cement clinkers within a period of 4 years are presented in Annexure VIII.
The additional revenue requirement per bag works out to Rs. 0.41. The Internal Rate of
Return (IRR) of the facility over a period of 10 years from the date of commencement of
commercial production is 9% without subsidy and 29% with subsidy. The payback period
is 7.5 years with an average RDF cost of Rs.1200/-per MT at an average calorific value of
3000Kcal/kg. However, if the RDF price is brought down to Rs.1000 then the payback
period would reduce to 5 years.

Model 3: Cement Industry Model

Cement companies in India has also taken the initiative for co-processing of Municipal
waste in cement kiln and have established in-house processing facility for the SCF and
utilizing it in the cement kiln. It may not be prudent to again set up similar facility by ULB
and instead it would be better to utilize their facility by SCF to them. On the lines of draft
agreement part of this report, the financial arrangement for lifting and transporting
desirable quality of SCF by cement plant may be arrived by transparent means. The
report also lists the ULBs in close vicinity of the cement plant at Annexure IX.

10.2. Bid Parameters

For implementation of the above models, it is prudent to say that technically and
financially competent companies (private sector) is involved in the partnership with ULBs/
States. The Qualifying Criteria for RDF manufacturers for setting up 300 TPD Municipal
Solid Waste based Refuse Derived Fuel in Cement Plants is summarized below:
A. Technical Capacity: For demonstrating technical capacity and experience (the
"Technical Capacity"), the Bidder has to comply with the following conditions:

a. Should have at least three years of experience (in last 3 years) of handling
collection, storage and transportation of municipal solid waste (MSW) or refuse derive fuel

83
(RDF) on Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects on BOT, BOLT, BOO, BOOT, DBOOT
or Contract Basis or any other similar basis, of following capacity:

(i) One project of 300 TPD, or

(ii) Two projects of 150TPD, or

(iii) Three projects of 100 TPD.

In case, Bidder wishes to form a Consortium, both the Consortium members should
individually have technical experience of handling MSW or RDF of at least 50 MT per
project for a period of two years.

Consortium formed to qualify only for financial criteria will not be eligible.

Note: The entity claiming above experiences should have held, in the company owing the
Eligible Project, a minimum of 26% (twenty six percent) equity during the entire period for
which technical experience is being claimed by providing the certificate from Statutory
Auditor.

B. Financial Capacity:

a. Turnover: Bidder shall, over the past 3 (Three) financial years preceding the Bid
Due Date, has an average annual turnover from operations of similar projects as listed in
technical capacity of at least Rs. 25 cr. (Rupees Twenty-Five Crore) and

b. Net Worth: The Bidder shall have a minimum Net worth of Rs. 10 cr. (Rupees Ten
Crore) at the close of the preceding financial year.

In case of a Consortium, the combined Technical Capacity and Financial Capacity of both
Consortium Members shall be considered.

Supporting Documentation

Bidder to enclose all of the following documents in support of bid:

(i) Certificate(s) from its concerned client(s) in support of above work undertaken
clearly stating quantities collected and transported/per day, during the past 3 years in
respect of the projects whose experience is claimed.

(ii) In case a particular work/ contract has been jointly executed by the Bidder (as part
of a consortium), it should further support its claim for the share in work done for that
particular work/ contract by producing a certificate from the client.

(iii) Certificate(s) from its Statutory Auditors specifying Turnover of the Bidder, as at
the close of the preceding financial year, and also specifying the methodology adopted for
calculating such Turnover conforming to the provisions of this Clause.
84
(iv) Copy of the latest Service Tax Return filed.

Note: For the purposes qualification, turnover (the "Turnover") shall mean the sum of
annual revenues from operations of the projects listed in technical capacity criteria,
including tipping fee and user charges collected and appropriated during the financial
year. This shall not include capital grants/capital subsidies and income from sources other
than projects specified under this Clause.

(v) Certificate(s) from its Statutory Auditors specifying the net worth of the Bidder, as
at the close of the preceding financial year, and also specifying that the methodology
adopted for calculating such net worth. For the purposes of Qualification, net worth (the
"Net Worth”) shall mean the sum of subscribed and paid up equity and reserves from
which shall be deducted the sum of revaluation reserves, miscellaneous expenditure not
written off and reserves not available for distribution to equity shareholders.

85
 PART D: Conclusions and
Recommendations

11. Conclusions and Recommendations

Solid Recovered Fuel/ RDF is traded like a commodity across borders in developed
countries especially Europe. Many developed countries have been operating co-
processing plants since the 1970. Due to lack of facilities to absorb the SRF and RDF and
concurrent high landfill taxes, countries like UK and Ireland export SRF and RDF to

86
Netherlands and Germany. Some of the countries like Germany, Netherlands, Poland and
Austria has done commendable work as mentioned below:

• Currently Germany imports around 1.6 million tonnes, almost 50% thereof from
UK.
• Netherlands had replaced more than 80% of fossil fuel by RDF.
• The current thermal substitution rate of Poland’s cement industry is currently above
60% – with some cement plants using up to 85% alternative fuels – out of which
70-80% is of MSW origin.
• Lafarge Austria first began to use alternative fuels in one of its plant in 1996, since
then Austrian cement industry has achieved substitution rates of up to 80 % for
fossil fuels.

India has to go a long way in promoting Thermal substitution of fossil fuel by Alternative
Fuel & Raw Material (AFR) such as RDF and Bio-mass etc. Against the global average of
19% of replacement by AFR, the European Union have achieved Thermal Substitution
rate at about 40% (26% from waste + 14 % by Bio-mass). However, in India, the average
TSR in cement industry is estimated at 4%. Recently, the cement industry has shown
confidence to achieve 25% TSR by 2025.

In majority of compost plant facilities operated across the country combustible portion
often lands in landfills with inerts, thereby, consuming more space of landfill. This
material can be further processed to be used for co-processing and in waste to energy
plants. This report provides an insight of various aspects covering existing policy
framework, comparative analysis of potential usage in different industries, global
scenarios and Indian best practices. It is found that sound policy framework exists for
RDF as SWM Rules 2016. The report summarizes that usage of RDF in cement kiln is a
win – win situation for ULBs as well as for cement industry. The existing barriers and
challenges in RDF preparation and usage can be mitigated through capacity building and
providing financial incentives to ULBs. The utilisation of RDF is not recommended in
Thermal and Iron & Steel industry due to various reasons cited in the report.

To provide impetus standards and operational and financial modelling is presented in the
report. The following norms for SCF and RDF for utilisation in waste to energy plants and
cement industry duly confirmed by Cement Manufacturing Association and well accepted
by all other stakeholders. The standards are as given below.

S. Parameters SCF RDF - Grade RDF - Grade RDF -Grade I

No III II

1. Intended Use Input material For co- For direct co- For direct co-
for the Waste to processing processing in processing in

87
 Energy plant or directly or cement plant cement plant
RDF pre- after
processing processing
facility with other
waste
materials in
cement plant

Grade III Grade II Grade I

2 Size Anything above <50 mm or < <50 mm or < <50 mm or <

400mm has to 20 mm 20 mm 20 mm
be mutually depending depending depending
agreed between upon use in upon use in upon use in
Urban Local ILC or SLC, ILC or SLC, ILC or SLC,
Body/ SCF respectively respectively respectively
Supplier and
Cement Plants.

3 Ash – <20 %# <15 % <10 % <10 %

maximum
permissible

4 Moisture – <35 % < 20% <15 % <10%

maximum
permissible

5 Chlorine – < 1.0 % # < 1.0 % < 0.7 < 0.5

maximum
permissible

6 Sulphur – <1.5 % # <1.5 % <1.5 % <1.5 %

maximum
permissible

7 * Net > 1500 KCal/kg >3000 >3750 > 4500

Calorific net KCal/kg net KCal/kg net KCal/kg net
Value (NCV)
– in Kcal/kg

(Average
figure of
every
individual
consignment
88
 )

8 Any other SCF – any RDF – any RDF – any RDF – any
parameter offensive odour offensive offensive offensive
to be controlled. odour to be odour to be odour to be
** controlled. controlled. controlled.

Note Before: All figures are vetted by Cement Manufacturing Association (CMA)

# If blending process is done by cement plants, the deviations in recommitted limit for ash, chlorine and
sulphur content can be mutually agreed between urban local body /SCF Supplier and cement plants.

* band width of variations acceptable in NCV can be mutually decided between RDF manufacturer and
cement plants.

** Since odour is still largely a matter of perception and there is no satisfactory equipment to measure
different types of odour, no quantitative figure has been given.

To expeditiously achieve the objectives of Swachh Bharat Mission, the standards need to
be supported with working operational and financial models. Accordingly in the report,
three roll out models along with model tender document and model agreement between
ULB/ Cement plant/ RDF plant operator is incorporated as below:

• Model 1: Standalone RDF unit for an ULB

• Model 2: RDF unit on Cluster Approach
• Takeoff by Cement Companies under the standalone and cluster approach models
• Model 3: Cement Industry Model
• Model tender document for ULB
• Model Agreement between ULB, Cement Plant and Plant operator

The financial viability for different scenarios with or without government financial
assistance and/or with or without right on recyclables to plant operator are worked out for
a 100 TPD capacity RDF plant in the report. The financial viability assessment concludes
that for achieving the financial sustainability in any of the suggested operational models
(Stand alone or clustered), it is recommended to give the right to recyclables to the
processing agency/ ULB operating the RDF plant. Without the recyclables, the financial
sustainability cannot be achieved even 50% grant (subsidy) is provided to the project. The
Table below summarizes the financial sustainability of the standalone and cluster based
models:
IRR Scenario With or Without Recyclables 5 Years 10 Years
IRR Without Grant No Recyclables - (-) 33%

89
 10% Recyclables (-) 4% 12%
20% Recyclables 22% 33%
30% Recyclables 43% 51%
IRR With Grant No Recyclables - (-) 26%
10% Recyclables 23% 33%
20% Recyclables 64% 69%
30% Recyclables 101% 104%

The report also provided insights on the payback period for the cement industry investing
in the auxiliary feeding mechanism (100 tpd capacity) by way of thermal substitution. It is
estimated that the Payback Periods for setting up auxiliary feeding mechanism (100 TPD
RDF) in cement plant is 7.25 Years for Rs. 5.5 Cr investment. To achieve a payback
period of 4 years, the cement company producing 1 million MT of cement annually need to
enhance its per bag cement cost by Rs. 0.41.

In addition to above committee has given the following recommendations on non-

technological innovations to promote RDF usage on an affordable, sustainable and
scalable basis. The recommendations are listed below:
S. Recommendations Responsibility
No
1. Modification in SWM Rules 2016 MoEF&CC

Existing Clause in section “Duties of the industrial units located

within one hundred km from the RDF and Waste to Energy
plants based on solid waste”

All industrial units using fuel and located within 100 km from a
solid waste-based RDF plant shall make arrangements within six
months from the date of notification of these rules to replace at
least 5 % of their fuel requirement by RDF so produced.

Modification in Clause in section

“Duties of the industrial units especially Cement Plants and

Waste to Energy Plants for usage of Segregated
Combustible Fractions (SCF and/or RDF”

The cement plants located within 400 km from a solid waste-

based RDF plant shall make necessary arrangements within six
90
 months from the date of amendment of these rules to replace at
least 5% of fuel intake (equivalent calorific value/Thermal
Substitution Rate) by Municipal Solid Waste based SCF and/or
RDF. The transport cost for SCF/RDF up to 100 km from the
cement plant shall be borne by cement plant however, beyond
100 km cement plant can transport at its own cost or ULBs as
mutually agreed upon by the parties.

2. To ensure processing of segregated combustible fractions (SCF) MoHUA

in existing and proposed MSW plants, ULB shall manage through State
necessary investment either by themselves or through private Urban
company selected through competitive bidding process on Development
agreed terms and conditions. The Swachh Bharat Mission funds Departments/
may also be utilised in setting up such plants. ULBs

3. Model Tender Documents and tripartite agreement between ULBs to lead

urban local bodies, SCF/ RDF manufacturer and Cement plants conclusion of
are placed in Annexure I for guidance and also uploaded on the agreement
Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) website. with, SCF/
RDF
manufacturer
and Cement
plants.
4. To ensure financial viability of usage of MSW based SCF and State Urban
RDF, the following guiding principles are suggested: Development
Department,
(iv) The capital cost for setting up SCF/ RDF processing plant ULB and
shall be managed either entirely/ partly by ULB through Cement Plants
Swachh Bharat Mission Funds/ its own funds/ private sector.

(v) SCF/RDF shall be lifted by Cement Plant /Waste to Energy

plant on the terms and conditions mutually agreed by the
parties on the lines of model agreements in the Report.

(vi) The Cement Plant will pay for SCF/ RDF to ULB at
mutually agreed Rates on the basis of caloric value of RDF/
SCF and other quality factors on the lines or cost per 1000

91
 Kcal/kg indicated in the report.
5. To reduce the dependence on cement plants, MoHUA may MoHUA
consider supporting applied Research and Development for through SBM
conversion of RDF to liquid/solid/ gas fuel or other innovative or may contact
options with potential replication in the form of 2-3 pilot plants. If Department of
successful, this will open additional avenues for RDF utilisation. Science and
Technology.

92
(Model Bid documents are separately under
development. However, comments can be forwarded on
it as well to get inputs)

Annexure I:
Model Agreement for management of Segregated
Combustible Fraction (SCF) and / Refuse Derived Fuel
(RDF) from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) through co-
processing in Cement Plants

93
 DRAFT Agreement

for management of

Segregated Combustible Fraction (SCF) and / Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) through co-processing in Cement Plants

Between

First Party -Urban Local Body

And

Second Party - Segregated Combustible Fraction and/ or Refuse Derived Fuel

Manufacturer

And

Third Party - Cement Plant

94
 Preamble

I. The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA), Government of India has launched
Swachh Bharat Mission on 2nd October 2014, with the objectives of modern and scientific
Municipal Solid Waste Management among others.
II. To enhance the progress towards the objective of modern and scientific Municipal Solid
Waste Management, an Expert Committee was constituted by MoHUA in November 2017
to prepare "Standards/Norms for Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from Municipal Solid Waste
for its utilization in Cement Kilns, Waste to Energy Plants and similar other installations".
III. Based on the recommendations, standards for Segregated Combustible Fractions (SCF)
and Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from municipal solid waste shall be notified by Central
Pollution Control Board.
IV. This agreement is a tripartite agreement between Urban Local Body, Segregated
Combustible Fraction and/ or Refuse Derived Fuel Manufacturer and Cement Plant for
usage of MSW based SCF/ RDF for co-processing.

***************************

This Agreement is made and entered into this ____________day of ________2018 by

and between:

First Party, which is the urban local body (municipality) of................................. (Town or
city), having its office at.................................... (hereinafter refer to as “ULB”) of the One
Part;

And

Second Party, ………………………a company incorporated under the companies act,

1956 having its registered office at ……………………………………………….. is a
company which is in the business of providing MSW Management services of collection,
transportation, processing and disposal of MSW or Segregated Combustible Fraction
(SCF) and/ or Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) to Municipalities/ULBs, in compliance with

95
 SWM Rules, 2016 ............................(hereinafter refer to as “Segregated Combustible
Fraction (SCF) and/ or Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) Manufacturer”).

Third Party… a Company incorporated under the Indian Companies Act, 1913, having its
registered office at ..................................... and having one of its Cement Plant at
............................(hereinafter refer to as “Cement Company”) of the other part

AND WHEREAS the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are responsible for management of
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generated within its jurisdiction as per Solid Waste
Management Rules 2016. The MSW contains reasonable quantity of non-recyclable
Segregated Combustible Fraction (SCF) containing plastics and other combustible
materials (herein referred to as ‘Segregated Combustible Fraction (SCF) which are not
biodegradable and release toxic gases when they get burnt or dumped in the dump yards
/ landfills. The SCF can further process by ULB or by third party for making refuse derived
fuel (RDF) of different grades meeting standards / norms notified by CPCB.

AND WHEREAS, Cement Company is in the business of manufacture and sale of

different types and grades of cement and has the capability to dispose the waste materials
in an environment friendly manner in the cement kiln process having high temperature
and long residence time (hereinafter referred to as “Co-Processing”) while simultaneously
producing cement of desired quality and meeting the emission norms.

NOW, THEREFORE, to ensure the safe disposal of SCF segregated from the municipal
solid waste and/ or RDF all parties have entered into this Agreement.

1. Term and Validity of the Agreement

The Agreement shall be valid for a period of ____ years from the date of signing
and execution of this Agreement.

The Agreement may be amended by written consent of all the Parties to the
Agreement. All amendments shall be documented and allotted a distinctive number
and date.

2. Responsibility of the Parties

96
 To deliver key objectives of this Agreement the parties’ responsibilities are
summarized as follows (In case ULB is directly supplying to cement plants the
responsibility of SCF/RDF manufacturer shall be fulfilled by ULB).

2.1 Responsibility of ULB

a) To supply Municipal Solid Waste to the agency (Private party / NGO etc.) selected
and responsible for MSW management contract of the city and / or process MSW
to SCF/RDF.
b) Review of infrastructure and machinery available at the waste processing facility to
ensure SCF/ RDF can be processed and supplied.
c) To set up a review and monitoring mechanisms to ensure that SCF/ RDF to be
supplied meets the standards notified by CPCB.
d) To pay the operational and maintenance cost in form of tipping fees on per tonne
SCF/ RDF produced basis quoted by the plant operator through competitive
process.
e) To bear the cost of transportation of SCF/ RDF to cement plant; (not more than
@INR 5 per km (till 100 Kms) and @INR 3 per km beyond 100kms).

2.2 Responsibility of SCF/RDF manufacturer by Private Company / NGOs

a) To manufacture SCF/ RDF as per standards notified by CPCB in line with

agreement with ULB meeting all regulatory requirements and environmental
clearances.
b) To pack and label the SCF/ RDF clearing defining the quality and quantity in line
with guidance provided at annexure C.
c) To work jointly with ULB and Cement Plants to finalise the schedule of delivery as
per annexure D.
d) To issue the pre-processing certificate to ULB as per annexure F.
e) To undertake the testing of SCF/ RDF as per requirements agreed in this
Agreement.

2.3 Responsibility of Cement Plants

a) To accept and utilise the SCF/ RDF as per agreed schedule of delivery (annexure
D) and meet emission norms.
b) To pay the price of SCF/ RDF to ULB as per commercial terms defined in section 4
of this Agreement.

97
 c) To work jointly with ULB / Private Company / NGO as the case may be to finalise
the schedule of delivery as per annexure D.
d) To issue the co-processing certificate to ULB as per annexure G.
e) To undertake the testing of SCF/ RDF as per requirements agreed in this
Agreement.

3. Provisions for Collection, handling, storage, Segregation & Transportation of segregated

Combustible Fraction (SCF) / Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
for processing & disposal at Cement company’s facility located at......................:

(A) Collection, handling, storage and transportation, unloading, storing, pre-processing,

and Disposal of Segregated Combustible Fraction (SCF)/ RDF:

ULB or SCF/ RDF Manufacturer as the case may be (in line with ongoing MSW system)
shall be responsible to collect, handle and store at a designated location the Segregated
Combustible Fraction (SCF)/ RDF generated within its jurisdiction and transporting the
same to the Cement Company cement plant located at ..................................... on the
basis of basis of commercial terms defined in section 3 of the Agreement and ownership.

ULB or SCF/ RDF Manufacturer as the case may be, at its own cost, arrange to get every
consignment of SCF/RDF weighed at an authorized weighbridge and issue the
weighbridge challan to the approved transporter while dispatching the consignment of
SCF/ RDF to the Cement Plant. The quantity of SCF/RDF in any consignment delivered
by the ULB or SCF/ RDF Manufacturer to the Cement Plant shall be determined by the
electronic weighbridge installed at the Cement Plant. All SCF/RDF related reports
including inventory list shall be prepared as per electronic weighbridge records maintained
at the Cement Plant, which shall be the conclusive documentary proof evidencing the
actual quantity of SCF/RDF received by them. In the event of any dispute relating to the
actual quantities of SCF /RDF dispatched by the ULB or SCF/ RDF Manufacturer and
received by the Third Party, the Parties hereto shall resolve the same in good faith
through discussion on the appropriate actions required to be taken for verification and
correction of any discrepancy.

The ULB at its own cost will make necessary arrangement to transport the material to
Cement Plant as per guidelines in annexure C.

98
Cement company shall be responsible for unloading, storing, pre-processing, and
Disposal of the Segregated Combustible Fraction (SCF) /RDF through co-processing in its
kiln in the cement plant located in the ...............................................The protocols for
receiving the SCF/RDF are given in Annexure E.

(B) Quality of SCF/ RDF:

The Segregated Combustible Fraction should not contain any of the banned items listed
in the Annexure B attached herein.

Wet fraction of the Municipal Solid Waste comprising kitchen waste and organics,
construction and demolition waste and inert shall not be allowed to be mixed with the
Segregated Combustible Fraction that is being sent for Co-processing.

(C) Quantity and schedule of delivery:

The delivery schedule of SCF /RDF shall be prepared in agreement with ULB, RDF/SCF
Manufacturer and Cement Plants on daily/weekly/fortnightly/monthly basis by all the
parties within two months from signing of Agreement as per guidance given in Annexure D
attached herein.

In case of any change in the mutually agreed delivery schedule by parties, then the
affected party will intimate to the other Parties and all parties will discuss and arrive at a
mutually agreed solution to deal the situation.

(D) Refusal:

In case Cement company is in the receipt of consignment which is not matching

with specifications given in Annexure A or contains banned items (as mentioned
under Annexure B and/or kitchen wastes or organics other than the SCF/RDF,
Cement company will be entitled to refuse the acceptance of the same and
communicate such rejection within [4] days to ULB and such consignment will be
taken back by ULB within [7] days of such intimation at their own cost and risk to
an appropriate place for disposal. The delivery of the SCF/RDF is complete only
after the communication of the acceptance of consignment by cement company to
ULB subject to the terms herein mentioned.
99
(E) Storage, Handling & Processing of Segregated Combustible Fraction (SCF):

On completion of the Delivery of SCF, Cement company shall be responsible for safe
storage, handling and processing of the SCF/ RDF at its cement plant located
at................................................................ The protocols for receiving the SCF/RDF are
given in Annexure E.

(F) Testing of quality Parameters

The following specification should be considered for each consignment of SCF/RDF:

Parameters SCF

Size NA

Moisture (%) As Received Basis …….

CV (Kcal/Kg) As Received ……
Basis

S (%) ……

Cl (%) ……

Ash (%) ……

Each consignment of SCF/RDF received at the …………. Facility of ................,

……………… shall be tested at its laboratory. Each consignment of SCF /RDF shall be
tested by both parties for the parameters stated above and the reports from both parties
shall be shared every fortnight. In case of deviations in reports, both Parties have to
resolve the same in good faith in view of the reasonable proofs.

(G) Certificate of Pre-processing and Co-Processing

The SCF/RDF Manufacturer shall at the beginning of each month during the term
of this agreement, issue to the ULB Certificate of Pre-Processing of MSW to

100
 deliver SCF/RDF during the previous month in the format set out in Annexure F
attached to the Agreement.

The Cement Plant shall at the beginning of each month during the term of this
agreement, issue to the ULB Manufacturer of Co-Processing for the SCF/RDF
received for Co-Processing during the previous month in the format set out in
Annexure G attached to the Agreement.

4. Commercial terms for the Disposal of Segregated Combustible Fraction (SCF) / RDF:

(A) The capital cost for setting up SCF/ RDF processing plant shall be borne by ULB.
(B) The ULB shall pay the operational and maintenance cost in form of tipping fees on per
tonne SCF/ RDF produced basis and quoted by the plant operator through competitive
process.
(C) SCF/RDF shall be delivered by ULB at the gate of cement plant located
at................................................... Any taxes if applicable from time to time on the
aforesaid services / transaction shall be to the account of ULB.
(D) The Cement Plant will pay for SCF/ RDF to ULB at mutually agreed rates calculated
on the basis of caloric value and other parameters like pre-processing requirements at
cement plant and grades of RDF as defined in annexure A.

5. Point of Contact

ULB, SCF/RDF Manufacturer and Cement Company shall nominate persons who should
act as points of contacts during the term of the Agreement.

6. Force Majeure.

Neither party shall be considered in default in the performance of its

obligation under the Agreement, if such performance is prevented or delayed on
account of war, civil commotion, strike, epidemics, accidents, fires, unprecedented
floods, earth quake or because of promulgation of any law or regulations by the
Government, unforeseen breakdowns, operational and maintenance stoppages at
the Second Party's Cement Plant or on account of Acts of God.

At the time of occurrence of a force majeure condition, the affected party

shall give a notice in writing with documentary proof within Ten (10) days from the
date of occurrence of the force majeure condition indicating the cause of force
majeure condition and the period for which the force majeure condition was likely
101
 to subsist. This agreement shall remain suspended during the period of force
majeure. However, if the reason continues more than ninety (90) days, the parties
hereto may mutually agree to modify the terms of the Agreement or terminate the
same. On such termination, ULB shall be obliged to settle all dues to SCF/ RDF
manufacturer.

7. Settlements of Disputes

The Parties shall endeavour to settle by mutual consultation any claim, dispute,
differences or controversy (“Dispute”) arising out of, or in relation to the Agreement,
including any Dispute with respect to the existence or validity hereof, the interpretation
hereof, the activities performed under the Agreement, or the breach of the Agreement.

Any Dispute which cannot be settled within Thirty (30) days of consultation as provided
above shall be submitted to arbitration at the request of a Party (“affected Party”) upon
written notice to that effect to the other Party and such arbitration shall be conducted at
place of ULB (or to be mutually decided by all parties) in accordance with the provisions of
the Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996.

The Parties agree that the award passed by the arbitration panel shall be binding upon
the Parties, and that the Parties shall not be entitled to commence or maintain any action
in any Court of Law in respect of any matter in Dispute arising from or in relation to the
Agreement, except for the enforcement of an arbitral award or for seeking injunctive relief
or in case of appeal against arbitral awards passed by an arbitration panel pursuant to this
Clause.

8. Indemnity

The Parties shall defend, indemnify and save harmless each other and their directors,
employees and agents from and against any and all claims, demands, fines, loses,
damages, costs, penalties, expenses, actions, suits or proceedings, injuries, monetary
liability on account of death of any person, cost of response to any governmental inquiry,
liability for loss of or damage to property and reasonable attorney and consulting fees and
costs relating to any of the forgoing resulting from the act or omission, breach or non-
conformance by either party with the provisions contained in the Agreement or any
102
 statutory non-compliance. The foregoing indemnification shall not apply to the extent
such claims are the result of the other Party’s gross negligence or willful default.

9. Non-Waiver

Any delay or omission on the part of each Party in exercising any rights provided under
applicable laws or under this Agreement shall not impair such rights or operate as a
waiver thereof. The partial exercise of any right provided under applicable laws or under
the Agreement shall not preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the exercise of
any other rights under the Agreement.

10. Relationship

It is understood that this Agreement between the parties shall be on a principle to principle
basis. None of the provisions of this Agreement shall be deemed to constitute a joint
venture or a partnership or even agency between the parties hereto and party shall have
any authority to bind the other or will be deemed to be agent of the other party in any way.

11. Notice

Unless otherwise provided in the Agreement, any notice, report or other communications
given or made under or in connection with the matters contemplated by or arising herein,
shall be deemed to have been duly given or made if sent by personal delivery or by
facsimile transmission confirmed by email or upon receipted delivery at the address of the
relevant Party.

12. Applicability

Any Purchase Orders issued for the transaction mentioned herein in this document shall
be subject to the terms herein.

13. Non-Exclusive Transaction

This Agreement is nonexclusive in nature. The parties are free to enter into mutual
understanding with any of the third parties for transaction of similar nature.

SIGNED AND DELIVERED for and on behalf of

First Party, by the hand of its authorized signatory,

103
_________________ ______________________

Signature in the presence of:

__________________ ____________________

Signature of Witness 1, (Name of Witness 1)

_________________ _________________________

Signature of Witness 2, (Name of Witness 2)

Second Party, by the hand of its authorized signatory,

________________ ______________________

Signature

in the presence of:

__________________ ____________________

Signature of Witness 1, (Name of Witness 1)

______________ _________________________

Signature of Witness 2, (Name of Witness 2)

SIGNED AND DELIVERED for and on behalf of

Third Party, by the hand of its authorized signatory,

______________ ______________________

Signature

in the presence of:

_______________ _________________________

Signature of Witness 1, (Name of Witness 1)

104
_________________ _________________________

Signature of Witness 2, (Name of Witness 2)

Annexure 1A

Specifications of SCF / RDF (on as received basis)

Parameters Values

Size (mm)

Moisture (%)

NCV (Cal/gm)

S (%)

Cl (%)

Ash (%)

105
Annexure 1B

List of Banned Items

The Segregated Combustible Fraction (SCF) /RDF dispatched by ULB shall not contain
following items that are listed as banned items for Co-processing.

• Anatomical Hospital Wastes

• Asbestos-containing Wastes
• Bio-hazardous Wastes
• Electronic Scrap
• Entire Batteries
• Explosives
• High-concentration Cyanide Wastes
• Mineral Acids
• Radioactive Wastes
• Unsorted Municipal Garbage

106
 Annexure 1C

Guidelines for Packaging, Labelling and Transportation of SCF and /or RDF

ULB or SCF/RDF Manufacturer (as the case may be in line the agreement) shall ensure the
following:

1. Arrange to load the SCF /RDF in trucks which are properly covered with
tarpaulin and tied up with ropes to avoid any fall off of the material
during transportation.
2. Label every vehicle of SCF /RDF as per format below specifying name
of waste, quantity of waste, particle size of waste, size of packaging,
Type of waste (“Hazardous/Other Waste”) in bold letters both in English
and Local Language and with other relevant identification as stipulated
under applicable laws.
3. Transport Vehicle used for transporting the SCF/RDF should have valid
authorization for transportation.
4. Transporter /driver shall be licensed for collection and transportation of
the SCF/ RDF
5. Transport vehicle should be clean, fit for use and all safety equipment
should be operational and easily accessible.
6. Transport vehicle used for transportation of SCF/RDF shall be marked
with an emergency information panel and should be easily identifiable
(number plate)
7. Only the compatible SCF/ RDF should be transported together

107
 8. Transporter / driver shall carry 4 (Four) copies of manifest and shall be
guided on the proper movement of the manifest documents.
9. Transporter/driver should be provided with relevant information in Form
11 (Transport Emergency (TREM) Card) of Hazardous and other
Wastes (Handling and Transboundary Movement) Rules 2016,
regarding the Hazardous nature of the waste and measures to be taken
in case of any emergency
10. Logistics should be clearly defined for minimizing Occupational Health &
safety risks
11. All relevant legal requirements for transportation should be fulfilled
12. Suitable specific emergency response procedures / crisis management
plan and equipment should be in place and truck driver and cleaner
should be trained accordingly.

108
ANNEXURE 1D

Quantity & Delivery Schedule

ULB or SCF/RDF Manufacturer (as the case may be in line with MSW system), during the
term of the agreement, shall deliver the following quantities of SCF/ RDF to the................
Cement Plant on daily/ weekly/ monthly / yearly basis.

Segregated Combustible Fraction (SCF) or / and Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF): ………..
Metric Tonnes per day/ week/month/annum

ULB or SCF/RDF Manufacturer (as the case may be in line with the agreement), during
the term of the agreement, shall deliver the SCF/RDF to the Cement Plant on daily/
weekly/monthly basis as per the mutually agreed delivery schedule. The delivery schedule
of the month will be prepared by the parties through mutual consent and will be finalized
before 20th of the preceding month.

109
In case of any change or modification required in the agreed monthly delivery schedule of
a particular month by either party, the same shall be brought to the notice of other party at
least …….. days in advance or as mutually agreed.

Annexure 1E

Protocols for Receiving of SCF/RDF

The following procedures shall be followed when receiving SCF/RDF at the Cement Plant:

I. Transporter will report to the Cement Plant security gate for delivery of the
SCF/RDF at storage area(s) of designated Cement Plants.
II. Security officer shall inform the concerned officer of the designated Cement Plant.
III. Cement Plant officer will undertake following activities: -

(a) Receive all relevant documents from the ULBs Transporter including;
(i) Delivery document
(ii) Certificate from ULBs/ SCF and/or RDF manufacturer specifying conformance
to waste specifications.
(iii) Any other document mutually agreed between the parties.

(b) Cement Plant shall arrange and record the weight of the Transport vehicle on the
weigh bridge installed at the plant before and after unloading of the SCF/RDF at the
designated storage area.

(c) Cement Plant shall make necessary arrangements for unloading and storage of the
SCF/RDF at the designated storage area, as per the date on which the consignment is
110
 delivered to the cement plant and shall also record the no. of bags, date of delivery,
consignment no., truck no. etc.

(d) Cement Plant shall arrange to conduct inspection and sampling of the SCF/RDF as
required and report to the ULB/ SCFOR RDF supplier (as the case may be) whether
the SCF/RDF is conforming to specifications list in Annexure 1 and Annexure 2 with in
…… (..) days of receipt of SCF/RDF.

(e) Incase SCF/RDF is not properly sealed/ packed as set out in the Agreement, Cement
Plant shall inform the same and both the parties shall discuss and arrive at solution for
safe handling and disposal of SCF/RDF.

(f) Cement Plant shall keep the storage area locked with appropriate surveillance by the
security.

(g) To attend any emergency situation, the Cement plant shall maintain a copy of the risk
assessment and crisis management plan with its security officer and also with its
concerned officer.

111
 Annexure 1F

CERTIFICATE OF PRE-PROCESSING

Certificate of Pre-Processing
……………………………………………… (................),

Issued To: M/s …………………, ………. (……………..)

Date: …………

This is to certify that we have supplied the following quantity of SCF/RDF to M/s
…………………… for Pre and / Or Co-processing in the Cement Kiln during the
period……… to……….. . The same would be safely and completely disposed of within
….. days of delivery

The average specifications of the supplied SCF /RDF are as under:-

1. CV (Kcal/kg) = ………………….
2. Moisture (%) = …………………..
3. Chloride (%) = ………………….
4. Ash (%) = ………………….

112
Waste Name: .........................................

Quantity (Tons): .....................................

Plant Head

(Authorized Signatory)

................ ................ …………….

Annexure 1G

CERTIFICATE OF CO-PROCESSING

Certificate of Co-Processing

Issued To: M/s.....................................

Invoice No...

Date: …………………………………………….

This is to certify that we have taken receipt of the following quantities of......... (Name of
the SCF/RDF) ................ sent by M/s ................................ for Pre and / Or Co-processing
in our Cement Kiln during the period ………..to …………. The same would be safely and
completely disposed off within …. days of receipt and thereafter will not exist.

Waste Name: .........................................

Quantity (Tons): .....................................

113
Authorized Signatory

...............................

Annexure II:
Emission norms for co-processing of waste
/ RDF in cement plants are notified by
Ministry of Environment Forest and
Climate Change

114
 Annexure II

115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
Annexure III:
List of operational and under
construction waste to energy plant

123
 List of operational waste to energy plants

Name of the Capacity

S. No State
City/ Town (MW)

1 Maharashtra Pune 10

2 Maharashtra Solapur 3

3 New Delhi Okhla 12

4 New Delhi Ghazipur 16

5 Telangana Karimnagar 12

6 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur 11.4

Narela-
7 Delhi 24
Bawana

Total 88.4

Source: SBM data

124
 List of proposed/ under construction waste to energy plants

Total
S.No. State City
(MW)

1 Andhra Pradesh Guntur 15

2 Andhra Pradesh Tirupati 6

3 Andhra Pradesh Vizianagaram 4

4 Andhra Pradesh Tadepalligudam 5

5 Andhra Pradesh Machilipatnam 4

6 Andhra Pradesh Peddapuram NA

7 Andhra Pradesh Mandapeta NA

8 Andhra Pradesh Eleshwaram NA

9 Andhra Pradesh Samalkot NA

10 Andhra Pradesh Narasaraopet NA

11 Andhra Pradesh Kadapa 5

12 Andhra Pradesh Anantapur 4

13 Andhra Pradesh Nellore 4

14 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool 1

15 Andhra Pradesh Vishakhapatnam 5

16 Bihar Patna 10

17 Chhattisgarh Durg-Bhilai 5

18 Chhattisgarh Raipur 5

19 Goa Pernem 5

20 Gujarat Surat 13.5

21 Haryana Karnal 3.5

22 Haryana Sonipat 5

23 Haryana Bandhmadi 10

125
24 Haryana Faridabad 10

25 Himachal Pradesh Shimla 1.7

26 Himachal Pradesh Dharamshala NA

27 J&K Srinagar 6.5

28 Jharkhand Ranchi 11

29 Jharkhand Dhanbad 12

30 Karnataka Bengaluru (7 plants) 20

31 Kerala Kochi 10

32 MP Bhopal 20

33 MP Rewa 6

34 MP Indore 20

35 MP Gwalior 10

36 Maharashtra Nagpur 11.5

37 Maharashtra Kalyan-Dombivli NA

38 Manipur Imphal 2

39 New Delhi Kidwai Nagar 1.6

40 Odisha Bhubaneswar & Cuttack, Odisha 11.5

41 Punjab Amritsar 11.5

42 Rajasthan Jaipur 15

43 Rajasthan Kota 7

44 Rajasthan Jodhpur 3

Pallavapuram &Tambaram
45 Tamil Nadu 4
Venkatamangalam

46 Tamil Nadu Rameswaram NA

Cluster of 18 ULBs ( M/ S Shalivahana

47 Telangana 12
MSWM Green Energy Ltd)

48 Telangana Cluster of 16 ULBs (M/s Hemasri Power 12.6

126
 Projects Ltd.)

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation

49 Telangana 11
(RDF Power Projects Ltd.)

Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation

50 Telangana 6.6
(SELCO)

51 UP Kanpur 15

52 UP Agra 10

53 UP Rampur 8

54 UP Meerut 10

55 Uttarakhand Roorkee (Cluster of 18 ULBs) 11

Amritsar Cluster (include Amritsar,

56 Punjab Jandiala, Patti, Tarantaran, Raja Sansi, 12
Majitha, Rayya, Khemkaran)

Total 413

Source: SBM Data

127
Annexure IV to IX:
Financial Sustainability for Standalone
& Cluster Model and Business model of
Cement Plant with 100 TPD co-
processing platform along with IRR
Calculations

128
 Annexure –IV

IRR CALCULATION FOR 100 TPD RDF PLANT WITHOUT CONSIDERING REVENUE FROM RECYCLABLES

A: BASIS
Assumptions: Total Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3
TPD( MT) 100
Days Of Operation In an
Year 300
Yearly Production(MT) 30000
Product Mix(%) 40% 30% 30%
Production( MT) 12000 9000 9000
Viable selling price
per1000 Kcal/Kg in Rs^ 0.40
calorific value in Kcal 4500 3750 3000
Selling Price( RS/MT) 1800 1500 1200
Revenue (in Rs) 45900000 21600000 13500000 10800000
CAPEX(approx)(in Rs)^ 140,000,000
Subsidy @ 50%( in Rs) 70,000,000
Net Capex(in Rs) 70,000,000
Discounting period(In
Years) 10
OPEX (IN
Rs/MT)(approx)^ 1200
Transportation cost Rs/
MT for 100 Km distance^ 300

Variables to be addressed for improving the IRR

129
B: CALCULATION OF
Yearly IRR

Revenue(in Opex(in Transport cost(in Net Cash Flows( in IRR with

YEAR Rs) Rs) Rs) Rs) IRR subsidy
0 -140,000,000 -70,000,000
1 45,900,000 36000000 9000000 900000 900000 900000
2 45,900,000 36000000 9000000 900000 900000 900000
3 45,900,000 36000000 9000000 900000 900000 900000
4 45,900,000 36000000 9000000 900000 900000 900000
5 45,900,000 36000000 9000000 900000 900000 900000
6 45,900,000 36000000 9000000 900000 900000 900000
7 45,900,000 36000000 9000000 900000 900000 900000
8 45,900,000 36000000 9000000 900000 900000 900000
9 45,900,000 36000000 9000000 900000 900000 900000
10 45,900,000 36000000 9000000 900000 900000 900000

IRR -33% -26%

130
 Annexure –V

IRR CALCULATION FOR 100 TPD RDF PLANT WITH 10% QUANTITY OF RECYCLABLES

A: BASIS
Assumptions: Total Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3
Days Of Operation In
an Year 300

Recyclables(MT)* 10
Yearly Production(MT) 3000
Net Selling Price(
RS/MT)# 8000
Revenue (in Rs)(i) 24000000

RDF
TPD( MT)* 90
Yearly Production(MT) 27000
Product Mix(%) 40% 30% 30%
Production( MT) 10800 8100 8100
Viable selling price
per1000 Kcal/Kg in Rs^ 0.40
calorific value in Kcal 4500 3750 3000
Selling Price( RS/MT) 1800 1500 1200
Revenue (in Rs) 41310000 19440000 12150000 9720000
CAPEX(approx)(in
Rs)^ 140,000,000
Subsidy @ 50%( in Rs) 70,000,000
Net Capex(in Rs) 70,000,000

131
Discounting period(In
Years) 10
OPEX (IN
Rs/MT)(approx)^ 1200
Transportation cost Rs/
MT for 100 Km
distance^ 300
* the ratio of Recyclables to RDF is assumed at
10:90
# Net of expenses ,if any for waste segregation etc.
Variables to be addressed for improving the IRR

B: CALCULATION OF
IRR IN 5 YEARS
Revenue(in Opex(in Transport cost(in Net Cash Flows( in IRR with
YEAR Rs) Rs) Rs) Rs) IRR subsidy
-
0 140,000,000 -70,000,000
1 65,310,000 32400000 8100000 24810000 24810000 24810000
2 65,310,000 32400000 8100000 24810000 24810000 24810000
3 65,310,000 32400000 8100000 24810000 24810000 24810000
4 65,310,000 32400000 8100000 24810000 24810000 24810000
5 65,310,000 32400000 8100000 24810000 24810000 24810000

IRR -4% 23%

132
IRR IN 10 YEARS
Revenue(in Opex(in Transport cost(in Net Cash Flows( in IRR with
YEAR Rs) Rs) Rs) Rs) IRR subsidy
-
0 140,000,000 -70,000,000
1 65,310,000 32400000 8100000 24810000 24810000 24810000
2 65,310,000 32400000 8100000 24810000 24810000 24810000
3 65,310,000 32400000 8100000 24810000 24810000 24810000
4 65,310,000 32400000 8100000 24810000 24810000 24810000
5 65,310,000 32400000 8100000 24810000 24810000 24810000
6 65,310,000 32400000 8100000 24810000 24810000 24810000
7 65,310,000 32400000 8100000 24810000 24810000 24810000
8 65,310,000 32400000 8100000 24810000 24810000 24810000
9 65,310,000 32400000 8100000 24810000 24810000 24810000
10 65,310,000 32400000 8100000 24810000 24810000 24810000

IRR 12% 33%

₹
NPV 152,446,710 ₹ 152,446,710

133
 Annexure –VI

IRR CALCULATION FOR 100 TPD RDF PLANT WITH 20% QUANTITY OF
RECYCLABLES

A: BASIS
Assumptions: Total Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3
Recyclables(MT)* 20
Yearly Production(MT) 6000
Net Selling Price(
RS/MT)# 8000
Revenue (in Rs)(i) 48000000

RDF
TPD( MT) 80
Days Of Operation In an
Year 300
Yearly Production(MT) 24000
Product Mix(%) 40% 30% 30%
Production( MT) 9600 7200 7200
Viable selling price
per1000 Kcal/Kg in Rs^ 0.40
calorific value in Kcal 4500 3750 3000
Selling Price( RS/MT) 1800 1500 1200
Revenue (in Rs) 36720000 17280000 10800000 8640000
CAPEX(approx)(in
Rs)^ 140,000,000
Subsidy @ 50%( in Rs) 70,000,000
Net Capex(in Rs) 70,000,000

134
Discounting period(In
Years) 10
OPEX (IN
Rs/MT)(approx)^ 1200
Transportation cost Rs/
MT for 100 Km
distance^ 300
* the ratio of Recyclables to RDF is assumed at
20:80
# Net of expenses ,if any for waste segregation etc.
Variables to be addressed for improving the IRR

B: CALCULATION OF
IRR IN 5 YEARS
Revenue(in Opex(in Transport cost(in Net Cash Flows( in IRR with
YEAR Rs) Rs) Rs) Rs) IRR subsidy
0 -140,000,000 -70,000,000
1 84,720,000 28800000 7200000 48720000 48720000 48720000
2 84,720,000 28800000 7200000 48720000 48720000 48720000
3 84,720,000 28800000 7200000 48720000 48720000 48720000
4 84,720,000 28800000 7200000 48720000 48720000 48720000
5 84,720,000 28800000 7200000 48720000 48720000 48720000

IRR 22% 64%

135
IRR IN 10 YEARS
Revenue(in Opex(in Transport cost(in Net Cash Flows( in IRR with
YEAR Rs) Rs) Rs) Rs) IRR subsidy
0 -140,000,000 -70,000,000
1 84,720,000 28800000 7200000 48720000 48720000 48720000
2 84,720,000 28800000 7200000 48720000 48720000 48720000
3 84,720,000 28800000 7200000 48720000 48720000 48720000
4 84,720,000 28800000 7200000 48720000 48720000 48720000
5 84,720,000 28800000 7200000 48720000 48720000 48720000
6 84,720,000 28800000 7200000 48720000 48720000 48720000
7 84,720,000 28800000 7200000 48720000 48720000 48720000
8 84,720,000 28800000 7200000 48720000 48720000 48720000
9 84,720,000 28800000 7200000 48720000 48720000 48720000
10 84,720,000 28800000 7200000 48720000 48720000 48720000

IRR 33% 69%

₹ ₹
NPV 299,363,309 299,363,309

136
 Annexure –VII

IRR CALCULATION FOR 100 TPD RDF PLANT WITH 30% QUANTITY OF
RECYCLABLES

A: BASIS
Assumptions: Total Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3
Recyclables(MT)* 30
Yearly Production(MT) 9000
Net Selling Price(
RS/MT)# 8000
Revenue (in Rs)(i) 72000000

RDF
TPD( MT) 70
Days Of Operation In an
Year 300
Yearly Production(MT) 21000
Product Mix(%) 40% 30% 30%
Production( MT) 8400 6300 6300
Viable selling price
per1000 Kcal/Kg in Rs^ 0.40
calorific value in Kcal 4500 3750 3000
Selling Price( RS/MT) 1800 1500 1200
Revenue (in Rs) 32130000 15120000 9450000 7560000
CAPEX(approx)(in
Rs)^ 140,000,000
Subsidy @ 50%( in Rs) 70,000,000
137
Net Capex(in Rs) 70,000,000
Discounting period(In
Years) 10
OPEX (IN
Rs/MT)(approx)^ 1200
Transportation cost Rs/
MT for 100 Km
distance^ 300
* the ratio of Recyclables to RDF is assumed at
20:80
# Net of expenses ,if any for waste segregation etc.
Variables to be addressed for improving the IRR

B: CALCULATION OF 0
IRR IN 5 YEARS
Revenue(in Opex(in Transport cost(in Net Cash Flows( in IRR with
YEAR Rs) Rs) Rs) Rs) IRR subsidy
0 -140,000,000 -70,000,000
1 104,130,000 25200000 6300000 72630000 72630000 72630000
2 104,130,000 25200000 6300000 72630000 72630000 72630000
3 104,130,000 25200000 6300000 72630000 72630000 72630000
4 104,130,000 25200000 6300000 72630000 72630000 72630000
5 104,130,000 25200000 6300000 72630000 72630000 72630000

IRR 43% 101%

138
IRR IN 10 YEARS
Revenue(in Opex(in Transport cost(in Net Cash Flows( in IRR with
YEAR Rs) Rs) Rs) Rs) IRR subsidy
0 -140,000,000 -70,000,000
1 104,130,000 25200000 6300000 72630000 72630000 72630000
2 104,130,000 25200000 6300000 72630000 72630000 72630000
3 104,130,000 25200000 6300000 72630000 72630000 72630000
4 104,130,000 25200000 6300000 72630000 72630000 72630000
5 104,130,000 25200000 6300000 72630000 72630000 72630000
6 104,130,000 25200000 6300000 72630000 72630000 72630000
7 104,130,000 25200000 6300000 72630000 72630000 72630000
8 104,130,000 25200000 6300000 72630000 72630000 72630000
9 104,130,000 25200000 6300000 72630000 72630000 72630000
10 104,130,000 25200000 6300000 72630000 72630000 72630000

IRR 51% 104%

139
 Annexure-VIII

Business model of Cement Plant with 100 TPD co-processing platform

Description Amt.(Lakhs)
Capital cost for co-processing platform 550
Interest @ 10% on 75% Capital Cost* 54
Depreciation @ 10%** 55
Operating Cost of co-processing platform*** 75
Cost of procurement of RDF**** 360
Increase in fuel cost due to moisture in RDF 32
Cost impact due to reduction in production***** 180
Total Cost 756 For a 4 year payback period values
Revenue on Cost saving in thermal substitution 788
Additional Revenue
Total Revenue before tax 788 required(approx in Rs) 11200000
Total profit before tax 32 cement to clinker ratio 1:1.35
Income Tax on profit @ 35% 11.2 cement production(MT) 1350000
Profit after tax 20.8 Cement production in KGS 1350000000
no. of bags (assuming a bag of 50
Total Cash in hand(Add Depreciation) 75.8 kgs) 27000000
Payback Period 7.25 Years Impact per bag of cement(Rs) 0.41
For the first year, This would diminish with the diminishing balance over
* the subsequent years
** on Straight line method basis
*** Operation & Maintenance cost of Laboratories , storage, handling and feeding systems in to the kiln
@Rs1200 per MT( on an assumption of Rs.0.40 per 1000 Kcal/Kg where average energy in RDF is assumed
**** at 3000Kcal/kg)
***** Assuming capacity utilization of more than 90%. This will also vary slightly with overall increase in clinker cost due to increase in energ

140
 costs
& other costs over the years

Assumptions
1 Operating days is considered as 300 days i.e. 30000Tons per annum
Moisture in RDF is considered as
2
20%
1 Ton of moisture in RDF will have a loss of 2 Ton of clinker
3
production
Cost of clinker is considered as Rs.
4
1500/Ton
Calorific value of RDF is considered as
5
3000 Kcal/Kg

141
 Annexure-IX

IRR CALCULATION FOR CEMENT PLANT WITH CO PROCESSING PLATFORM OF 100

TPD RDF

A: BASIS

Assumptions: Total

CLINKER TPA( MT) 1000000

Revenue due to cost

saving on thermal
substitution(in Rs) 78800000 0

CAPEX(approx)(in Rs)^ 55,000,000

Subsidy @ 50%( in Rs) 27,500,000

Net Capex(in Rs) 27,500,000

Discounting period(In
Years) 10

OPEX (IN
Rs/MT)(approx)^ 70100000

(refer cement cost impact sheet)

Variables to be addressed for improving the IRR

B: CALCULATION OF
Yearly IRR

142
 Revenue(in Opex(in Net Cash Flows( in IRR with
YEAR Rs) Rs) Rs) IRR subsidy

0 -55,000,000 -27,500,000

1 78,800,000 70100000 8,700,000 8700000 8700000

2 78,800,000 70100000 8,700,000 8700000 8700000

3 78,800,000 70100000 8,700,000 8700000 8700000

4 78,800,000 70100000 8,700,000 8700000 8700000

5 78,800,000 70100000 8,700,000 8700000 8700000

6 78,800,000 70100000 8,700,000 8700000 8700000

7 78,800,000 70100000 8,700,000 8700000 8700000

8 78,800,000 70100000 8,700,000 8700000 8700000

9 78,800,000 70100000 8,700,000 8700000 8700000

10 78,800,000 70100000 8,700,000 8700000 8700000

IRR 9% 29%

₹
NPV 53,457,734 ₹ 53,457,734

143
 Annexure X

Company-wise List of Cement Plants in India

1. ACC Limited
1. Damodar Cement Works West Bengal
2. Bargarh Cement Works Orissa
3. Chaibasa Cement Works Jharkhand
4. Chanda Cement Works Maharashtra
5. Gagal Cement Works-I Himachal Pradesh
6. Gagal Cement Works-Ii Himachal Pradesh
7. Jamul Cement Works Chhattisgarh
8. Kudithini Cement Works Karnataka
9. Kymore Cement Works Madhya Pradesh
10. Lakheri Cement Works Rajasthan
11. Madhukkarai Cement Works Tamil Nadu
12. New Wadi Cement Works Karnataka
13. Sindri Cement Works Jharkhand
14. Thondebhavi Cement Works Karnataka
15. Tikaria Cement Works Uttar Pradesh
16. Vizag Cement Works Andhra Pradesh
17. Wadi Cement Works Karnataka
2. Adhunik Cement Ltd
1. Adhunik Cement Ltd Meghalaya
3. Aditi Industries
1. Aditi Industries Assam
4. Ambuja Cement Ltd
1. Ambuja Cements Ltd (Unit: Ambuja Nagar) Gujarat
2. Ambuja Cements Ltd (Unit: Bhatapara II) Chhattisgarh
3. Ambuja Cements Ltd (Unit: Bhatapara) Chhattisgarh
4. Ambuja Cements Ltd (Unit: Bhatinda) (G) Punjab
5. Ambuja Cements Ltd (Unit: Dadri) (G) Uttar Pradesh
6. Ambuja Cements Ltd (Unit: Darlaghat) Himachal Pradesh
7. Ambuja Cements Ltd (Unit: Farakka) (G) West Bengal
8. Ambuja Cements Ltd (Unit: Magdalla) (G) Gujarat

144
 9. Ambuja Cements Ltd (Unit: Maratha) Maharashtra
10. Ambuja Cements Ltd (Unit: Nalagarh)( (G) Himachal Pradesh
11. Ambuja Cements Ltd (Unit: Rabriyawas) Rajasthan
12. Ambuja Cements Ltd (Unit: Rauri) Himachal Pradesh
13. Ambuja Cements Ltd (Unit: Roorkee) (G) Uttarakhand
14. Ambuja Cements Ltd (Unit: Ropar) (G) Punjab
15. Ambuja Cements Ltd (Unit: Sankrail) (G) West Bengal
5. Anjani Portland Cement Ltd
1. Anjani Portland Cement Ltd Andhra Pradesh
6. Asian Concretes Cement Ltd
1. Asian Concretes Cement Ltd Himachal Pradesh
7. Bagalkot Cement & Inds.Ltd
1. Bagalkot Cement & Inds.Ltd Karnataka
8. Bharti Cement Corpn. Pvt. Ltd
1. Bharti Cement Corpn. Pvt. Ltd Andhra Pradesh
9. Bhavya Cement Ltd
1. Bhavya Cement Ltd Andhra Pradesh
10. Binani Cement Ltd
1. Binani Cement Ltd - Sikar Rajasthan
2. Binani Cement Ltd - Sirohi Rajasthan
11. Birla Corporation Ltd
1. Birla Cement - Raebareli Uttar Pradesh
2. Birla Cement Works & Chanderia Rajasthan
3. Birla- Durga Hitech Cement West Bengal
4. Birla- Durgapur Cement Works West Bengal
5. Birla Vikas & Satna Cement Works Madhya Pradesh
12. Calcom Cement Ltd
1. Calcom Cement Ltd Assam
13. Cement Corporation of India Ltd
1. Cement Corporation of India Ltd- Adilabad Telangana
2. Cement Corporation of India Ltd- Bokajan Assam
3. Cement Corporation of India Ltd- Nayagaon Madhya Pradesh
4. Cement Corporation of India Ltd- Rajban Himachal Pradesh
5. Cement Corporation of India Ltd- Tandur Telangana

145
 6. Cement Corporation of India Ltd-Akaltara Chhattisgarh
7. Cement Corporation of India Ltd-Chakhi Dadri Haryana
8. Cement Corporation of India Ltd-Delhi Delhi
9. Cement Corporation of India Ltd-Kurkunta Karnataka
10. Cement Corporation of India Ltd-Mandhar Madhya Pradesh
14. Cement Manufacturing Co.Ltd
1. Cement Manufacturing Co.Ltd - Jaintia Hills Meghalaya
2. Cement Manufacturing Co.Ltd - Megha T & E Ltd Meghalaya
15. Century Textiles & Inds.Ltd
1. Century Cement - Mahiar Madhya Pradesh
2. Century Cement - Manikgarh Maharashtra
3. Century Cement - Raipur Chhattisgarh
16. Chettinad Cement Corpn. Ltd
1. Chettinad Cement - Ariyalur Tamil Nadu
2. Chettinad Cement – Karikali Tamil Nadu
3. Chettinad Cement - Puliyur Tamil Nadu
4. Chettinad Cement -Kallur Karnataka
17. Dalmia Cement (Bharat) Ltd
1. Dalmia Cement (Bharat) Ltd- Ariyalur Tamil Nadu
2. Dalmia Cement (Bharat) Ltd- Dalmiapuram Tamil Nadu
3. Dalmia Cement (Bharat) Ltd- Kadapa Andhra Pradesh
18. Deccan Cement Ltd
1. Deccan Cement Ltd Telangana
19. Green Valley Industries Limited
1. Green Valley Industries Limited Meghalaya
20. Gujarat Sidhee Cement Ltd
1. Gujarat Sidhee Cement Ltd Gujarat
21. Heidelberg Cement India Ltd
1. Heidelberg Cement India Ltd- Ammasandra Karnataka
2. Heidelberg Cement India Ltd- Damoh Madhya Pradesh
3. Heidelberg Cement India Ltd- Jhansi Uttar Pradesh
4. Heidelberg Cement India Ltd- Raigad Maharashtra
22. Hemadri Cement Ltd
1. Hemadri Cement Ltd Andhra Pradesh

146
 23. India Cements Ltd
1. The India Cements Ltd- Chilamkur Works Andhra Pradesh
2. The India Cements Ltd- Dalavoi Tamil Nadu
3. The India Cements Ltd- Parli Maharashtra
4. The India Cements Ltd- Raasi Cement Telangana
5. The India Cements Ltd- Sankari Durg Tamil Nadu
6. The India Cements Ltd- Sankarnagar Tamil Nadu
7. The India Cements Ltd- Trinetra Rajasthan
8. The India Cements Ltd- Visaka Cement Telangana
9. The India Cements Ltd- Yerraguntla Andhra Pradesh
10. The India Cements Ltd. - Vallur Tamil Nadu
24. J. S. W Cement Ltd
1. J. S. W Cement Ltd Maharashtra
25. J.K. Cement Ltd
1. J.K. Cement Ltd- Gotan Rajasthan
2. J.K. Cement Ltd- Jharli Haryana
3. J.K. Cement Ltd- Mangrol Rajasthan
4. J.K. Cement Ltd- Muddapur Karnataka
5. J.K. Cement Ltd- Nimbahera Rajasthan
26. Jagdamba Industries Limited
1. Jagdamba Industries Limited West Bengal
27. Jaiprakash Associates Ltd
1. Jaypee Cement - Bela Madhya Pradesh
2. Jaypee Cement - Rewa Madhya Pradesh
3. Jaypee Cement - Baga(Himachal) Himachal Pradesh
4. Jaypee Cement - Bagheri Himachal Pradesh
5. Jaypee Cement - Bakaro Jharkhand
6. Jaypee Cement - Balaji Andhra Pradesh
7. Jaypee Cement - Bhilai Chhattisgarh
8. Jaypee Cement - Bhilai (clinker) Madhya Pradesh
9. Jaypee Cement - Dalla Uttar Pradesh
10. Jaypee Cement - Kutch Gujarat
11. Jaypee Cement - Panipat Haryana
12. Jaypee Cement - Roorkee Uttarakhand

147
 13. Jaypee Cement - Sadva Khurd Uttar Pradesh
14. Jaypee Cement - Sidhee Madhya Pradesh
15. Jaypee Cement - Sikandarabad Uttar Pradesh
16. Jaypee Cement - Wanakbori Gujarat
17. Jaypee Cement- Ayodhya Uttar Pradesh
18. Jaypee Cement- Chunar Uttar Pradesh
19. Jaypee Cement- Durga Cement Works Andhra Pradesh
20. Jaypee Cement- Visaka Cement Works Telangana
28. Jammu & Kashmir Cements Ltd
1. Jammu & Kashmir Cement Ltd. Jammu & Kashmir
29. JK Lakshmi Cement Ltd
1. JK Lakshmi Cement Ltd- Jharli Haryana
2. JK Lakshmi Cement Ltd- Kalol Gujarat
3. JK Lakshmi Cement Ltd- Sirohi Rajasthan
30. K. J. S. Cement Ltd
1. K. J. S. Cement Ltd Madhya Pradesh
31. K.C.P. Ltd
1. The K.C.P. Ltd- Muktyala Andhra Pradesh
2. The K.C.P. Ltd.- Macherla Andhra Pradesh
32. Kakatiya Cement & Sugar Industries Ltd
1. Kakatiya Cement & Sugar Industries Ltd Telangana
33. Kalyanpur Cements Ltd
1. Kalyanpur Cements Ltd Bihar
34. Kamdhenu Cement Ltd
1. Powercon Cement Ltd Uttar Pradesh
35. Kesoram Cement
1. Kesoram Cement- Basant Nagar Telangana
2. Kesoram Cement- Vasavadatta Karnataka
36. Khyber Industries (P) Ltd
1. Khyber Industries (P) Ltd Jammu & Kashmir
37. Lafarge India (P) Ltd
1. Lafarge India (P) Ltd- Arasmeta Cement Chhattisgarh
2. Lafarge India (P) Ltd- Jojobera Jharkhand
3. Lafarge India (P) Ltd- Mejia West Bengal

148
 4. Lafarge India (P) Ltd- Sonadih Chhattisgarh
38. Lanco Industries Ltd
1. Lanco Industries Ltd Andhra Pradesh
39. Madras Cements Ltd
1. Madras Cements Ltd- Alathiyur I & II Tamil Nadu
2. Madras Cements Ltd- Ariyalur Tamil Nadu
3. Madras Cements Ltd- Jayanthipuram Andhra Pradesh
4. Madras Cements Ltd- Kolaghat West Bengal
5. Madras Cements Ltd- Ramasamyraja Nagar Tamil Nadu
6. Madras Cements Ltd- Salem Tamil Nadu
7. Madras Cements Ltd- Uthiramerur Tamil Nadu
40. Malabar Cements Ltd
1. Malabar Cements Ltd- Palakkad Kerala
2. Malabar Cements Ltd- Pallipuram Kerala
41. Mancherial Cement Ltd
1. Mancherial Cement Ltd Telangana
42. Mangalam Cement Ltd
1. Mangalam Cement Ltd & Neershree Rajasthan
43. Mawmluh Cherra Cements Ltd
1. Mawmluh Cherra Cements Ltd Meghalaya
44. Meghalaya Cements Ltd.
1. Meghalaya Cements Ltd. Meghalaya
45. My Home Inds. Ltd.
1. My Home Industries Ltd Telangana
2. My Home Industries Ltd-Vizag Andhra Pradesh
46. OCL India Ltd
1. OCL India Ltd- Kapilas Orissa
2. OCL India Ltd- Rajgangpur Orissa
47. Orient Cement
1. Orient Cement- Devapur Telangana
2. Orient Cement- Jalgaon Maharashtra
48. Panyam Cement & Mineral Industries Ltd.
1. Panyam Cement & Mineral Industries Ltd. Andhra Pradesh
49. Parasakti Cement Ltd

149
 1. Parasakti Cement Ltd Andhra Pradesh
50. Penna Cement Industries Ltd
1. Penna Cement Industries Ltd- Boyareddypalli Andhra Pradesh
2. Penna Cement Industries Ltd- Ganeshpahad Telangana
3. Penna Cement Industries Ltd- Tadipatri Andhra Pradesh
4. Penna Cement Industries Ltd- Tandur Telangana
51. Prism Cement Ltd.
1. Prism Cement Ltd. - I & II Madhya Pradesh
52. Purbanchal Cement Ltd
1. Purbanchal Cement Ltd Assam
53. Rain Cements Ltd
1. Rain Cements Ltd- UN -I Telangana
2. Rain Cements Ltd- UN- II- Line I Telangana
3. Rain Cements Ltd- UN II- Line II Telangana
54. Reliance Cement Company Private Limited
1. Reliance Cement Company Private Limited Maharashtra
55. RNB Cements (P) Ltd
1. RNB Cements (P) Ltd Meghalaya
56. Sagar Cement Ltd
1. Sagar Cement Ltd Sagar Cement Ltd
57. Sanghi Cement Ltd
1. Sanghi Cement Ltd Delhi
58. Sanghi Industries Ltd
1. Sanghi Industries Ltd Gujarat
59. Saurashtra Cement Ltd
1. Saurashtra Cement Ltd Gujarat
60. Shree Cement Ltd
1. Bangur Cement - A Unit of Shree Cement Bihar
2. Shree Cement Ltd - Jaipur Rajasthan
3. Shree Cement Ltd- Khushkhera Rajasthan
4. Shree Cement Ltd- Ras Rajasthan
5. Shree Cement Ltd- Roorkee Uttarakhand
6. Shree Cement Ltd- Suratgarh Rajasthan
7. Shree Cement Ltd.- Beawar Rajasthan

150
 61. Shree Digvijay Cement Co. Ltd
1. Shree Digvijay Cement Co. Ltd Gujarat
62. Shree Jagjothi Cement Ltd
1. Shree Jagjothi Cement Ltd Tamil Nadu
63. Shriram Cement Works
1. Shriram Cement Works Rajasthan
64. Tamil Nadu Cements Corpn. Ltd.
1. Tamil Nadu Cements Corpn. Ltd.- Alangulam Tamil Nadu
2. Tamil Nadu Cements Corpn. Ltd.- Ariyalur Tamil Nadu
65. Tata chemicals Ltd
1. Tata chemicals Ltd Gujarat
66. UltraTech Cement Ltd
1. UltraTech - AP Cement Works Andhra Pradesh
2. UltraTech - Hirmi Cement Works Chhattisgarh
3. UltraTech - Gujarat Cement Works Gujarat
4. UltraTech - Jafrabad Cement Works Gujarat
5. UltraTech - Magdalla Cement Works Gujarat
6. UltraTech - Panipat Cement Works Haryana
7. UltraTech - Rawan Cement Works Chhattisgarh
8. UltraTech- Aditya Cement Works Rajasthan
9. UltraTech- Aligarh Cement Works Uttar Pradesh
10. UltraTech- Arakkonam Cement Works Tamil Nadu
11. UltraTech- Awarpur Cement Works Maharashtra
12. UltraTech- Bathinda Cement Works Punjab
13. UltraTech- Dadri Cement Works Uttar Pradesh
14. UltraTech- Ginigera Cement Works (G) Karnataka
15. UltraTech- Hotgi Cement Works Maharashtra
16. UltraTech- Jharsuguda Cement Works Orissa
17. UltraTech- Kotputli Cement Works Rajasthan
18. UltraTech- Rajashree Cement Works Karnataka
19. UltraTech- Ratnagiri Cement Works Maharashtra
20. UltraTech- Reddipalayam Cement Works Tamil Nadu
21. UltraTech- Vikram Cement Works Madhya Pradesh
22. UltraTech- West Bengal Cement Works West Bengal

151
 67. Uma Cement Industries
1. Uma Cement Industries Jammu & Kashmir
68. Viket Sagar Cement
1. Viket Sagar Cement Andhra Pradesh
69. Wonder Cement Ltd
1. Wonder Cement Ltd Rajasthan
70. Zuari Cement Ltd
1. Zuari Cement Ltd.- Chennai Tamil Nadu
2. Zuari Cement Ltd.- Krishnanagar Andhra Pradesh
3. Zuari Cement Ltd.- Sri Vishnu Cement Andhra Pradesh

152
153