DBMS Indexing – A Survey

P. Monika Srinivas (11010151)

B.Tech CSE,
IIT Guwahati.
[email protected]
 I. INTRODUCTION TABLE I
FONT SIZES FOR PAPERS
Indexes are one of the most important and useful
Font Appearance (in Time New Roman or Times)
tools for achieving high performance in relational Size Regular Bold Italic
database. Many database administrators consider 8 table caption (in reference item
indexes to be the single most critical tool for Small Caps), (partial)
figure caption,
improving database performance. An index is a data reference item
structure that contains a copy of some of the data 9 author email address abstract abstract heading
from one or more existing database tables. Like an (in Courier), body (also in Bold)
cell in a table
index at the back of the textbook, a database index
10 level-1 heading (in level-2 heading,
provides an organizational framework that the Small Caps), level-3 heading,
DBMS can use to quickly locate the information paragraph author affiliation
that it needs. This can vastly improve the speed 11 author name
24 title
with which SQL queries can be answered.
II. PAGE LAYOUT All title and author details must be in single-
An easy way to comply with the conference column format and must be centered.
paper formatting requirements is to use this Every word in a title must be capitalized except
document as a template and simply type your text for short minor words such as “a”, “an”, “and”,
into it. “as”, “at”, “by”, “for”, “from”, “if”, “in”, “into”,
“on”, “or”, “of”, “the”, “to”, “with”.
A. Page Layout
Author details must not show any professional
Your paper must use a page size corresponding to title (e.g. Managing Director), any academic title
A4 which is 210mm (8.27") wide and 297mm (e.g. Dr.) or any membership of any professional
(11.69") long. The margins must be set as follows: organization (e.g. Senior Member IEEE).
 Top = 19mm (0.75") To avoid confusion, the family name must be
 Bottom = 43mm (1.69") written as the last part of each author name (e.g.
 Left = Right = 14.32mm (0.56") John A.K. Smith).
Your paper must be in two column format with a Each affiliation must include, at the very least,
space of 4.22mm (0.17") between columns. the name of the company and the name of the
III. PAGE STYLE country where the author is based (e.g. Causal
Productions Pty Ltd, Australia).
All paragraphs must be indented. All paragraphs
Email address is compulsory for the
must be justified, i.e. both left-justified and right-
corresponding author.
justified.
C. Section Headings
A. Text Font of Entire Document
No more than 3 levels of headings should be
The entire document should be in Times New
used. All headings must be in 10pt font. Every
Roman or Times font. Type 3 fonts must not be
word in a heading must be capitalized except for
used. Other font types may be used if needed for
short minor words as listed in Section III-B.
special purposes.
Recommended font sizes are shown in Table 1. 1) Level-1 Heading: A level-1 heading must be in Small
Caps, centered and numbered using uppercase Roman
B. Title and Author Details numerals. For example, see heading “III. Page Style” of this
Title must be in 24 pt Regular font. Author name document. The two level-1 headings which must not be
numbered are “Acknowledgment” and “References”.
must be in 11 pt Regular font. Author affiliation
must be in 10 pt Italic. Email address must be in 9 2) Level-2 Heading: A level-2 heading must be in Italic,
pt Courier Regular font. left-justified and numbered using an uppercase alphabetic
letter followed by a period. For example, see heading “C.
Section Headings” above.
 3) Level-3 Heading: A level-3 heading must be indented, font. Captions of a single line (e.g. Fig. 2) must be
in Italic and numbered with an Arabic numeral followed by a centered whereas multi-line captions must be
right parenthesis. The level-3 heading must end with a colon.
The body of the level-3 section immediately follows the level-
justified (e.g. Fig. 1). Captions with figure numbers
3 heading in the same paragraph. For example, this paragraph must be placed after their associated figures, as
begins with a level-3 heading. shown in Fig. 1.
D. Figures and Tables
Figures and tables must be centered in the
column. Large figures and tables may span across
both columns. Any table or figure that takes up
more than 1 column width must be positioned either
at the top or at the bottom of the page.
Graphics may be full color. All colors will be
retained on the CDROM. Graphics must not use
stipple fill patterns because they may not be
reproduced properly. Please use only SOLID FILL
colors which contrast well both on screen and on a
black-and-white hardcopy, as shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 2 Example of an unacceptable low-resolution image

Fig. 1 A sample line graph using colors which contrast well both on screen
and on a black-and-white hardcopy

Fig. 2 shows an example of a low-resolution

image which would not be acceptable, whereas Fig.
3 shows an example of an image with adequate Fig. 3 Example of an image with acceptable resolution

resolution. Check that the resolution is adequate to

reveal the important detail in the figure.
F. Table Captions
Please check all figures in your paper both on
screen and on a black-and-white hardcopy. When Tables must be numbered using uppercase
you check your paper on a black-and-white Roman numerals. Table captions must be centred
hardcopy, please ensure that: and in 8 pt Regular font with Small Caps. Every
 the colors used in each figure contrast well, word in a table caption must be capitalized except
 the image used in each figure is clear, for short minor words as listed in Section III-B.
 all text labels in each figure are legible. Captions with table numbers must be placed before
their associated tables, as shown in Table 1.
E. Figure Captions
G. Page Numbers, Headers and Footers
Figures must be numbered using Arabic
numerals. Figure captions must be in 8 pt Regular
 Page numbers, headers and footers must not be I. References
used.
The heading of the References section must not
H. Links and Bookmarks be numbered. All reference items must be in 8 pt
All hypertext links and section bookmarks will be font. Please use Regular and Italic styles to
removed from papers during the processing of distinguish different fields as shown in the
papers for publication. If you need to refer to an References section. Number the reference items
Internet email address or URL in your paper, you consecutively in square brackets (e.g. [1]).
must type out the address or URL fully in Regular When referring to a reference item, please simply
font. use the reference number, as in [2]. Do not use
“Ref. [3]” or “Reference [3]” except at the
beginning of a sentence, e.g. “Reference [3] shows
…”. Multiple references are each numbered with
separate brackets (e.g. [2], [3], [4]–[6]).
Examples of reference items of different
categories shown in the References section include:
 example of a book in [1]
 example of a book in a series in [2]
 example of a journal article in [3]
 example of a conference paper in [4]
 example of a patent in [5]
 example of a website in [6]
 example of a web page in [7]
 example of a databook as a manual in [8]
 example of a datasheet in [9]
 example of a master’s thesis in [10]
 example of a technical report in [11]
 example of a standard in [12]

IV. CONCLUSIONS
The version of this template is V2. Most of the
formatting instructions in this document have been
compiled by Causal Productions from the IEEE
LaTeX style files. Causal Productions offers both
A4 templates and US Letter templates for LaTeX
and Microsoft Word. The LaTeX templates depend
on the official IEEEtran.cls and IEEEtran.bst files,
whereas the Microsoft Word templates are self-
contained. Causal Productions has used its best
efforts to ensure that the templates have the same
appearance.
Causal Productions permits the distribution and
revision of these templates on the condition that
Causal Productions is credited in the revised
template as follows: “original version of this
template was provided by courtesy of Causal
Productions (www.causalproductions.com)”.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
 The heading of the Acknowledgment section and [3] S. Zhang, C. Zhu, J. K. O. Sin, and P. K. T. Mok, “A novel ultrathin
elevated channel low-temperature poly-Si TFT,” IEEE Electron Device
the References section must not be numbered. Lett., vol. 20, pp. 569–571, Nov. 1999.
Causal Productions wishes to acknowledge [4] M. Wegmuller, J. P. von der Weid, P. Oberson, and N. Gisin, “High
resolution fiber distributed measurements with coherent OFDR,” in
Michael Shell and other contributors for developing Proc. ECOC’00, 2000, paper 11.3.4, p. 109.
and maintaining the IEEE LaTeX style files which [5] R. E. Sorace, V. S. Reinhardt, and S. A. Vaughn, “High-speed digital-
to-RF converter,” U.S. Patent 5 668 842, Sept. 16, 1997.
have been used in the preparation of this template. [6] (2002) The IEEE website. [Online]. Available: http://www.ieee.org/
To see the list of contributors, please refer to the top [7] M. Shell. (2002) IEEEtran homepage on CTAN. [Online]. Available:
http://www.ctan.org/tex-
of file IEEETran.cls in the IEEE LaTeX archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/IEEEtran/
distribution. [8] FLEXChip Signal Processor (MC68175/D), Motorola, 1996.
[9] “PDCA12-70 data sheet,” Opto Speed SA, Mezzovico, Switzerland.
[10] A. Karnik, “Performance of TCP congestion control with rate
REFERENCES feedback: TCP/ABR and rate adaptive TCP/IP,” M. Eng. thesis, Indian
[1] S. M. Metev and V. P. Veiko, Laser Assisted Microtechnology, 2nd ed., Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, Jan. 1999.
R. M. Osgood, Jr., Ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1998. [11] J. Padhye, V. Firoiu, and D. Towsley, “A stochastic model of TCP Reno
[2] J. Breckling, Ed., The Analysis of Directional Time Series: congestion avoidance and control,” Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst,
Applications to Wind Speed and Direction, ser. Lecture Notes in MA, CMPSCI Tech. Rep. 99-02, 1999.
Statistics. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 1989, vol. 61. [12] Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer
(PHY) Specification, IEEE Std. 802.11, 1997.