In tern a tio na l Jo urn al o f Eng in eerin g Tren ds a n d Ap plica tio n s (IJETA) – Vo lu me 3 Issue 1, Ja n -Feb 2 0 16

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

PILL Camera
C.Suresh [1], V.Vidhya [2], E.Shamli [3], R.Muthulakshmi [4], P.Mahalakshmi [5]
B.Tech, Department of Information Technology (Final year) [1]
B.E, Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Final year) [2] & [3]
B.E, Department of Computer Science and Engineering (Third year) [4]
B.E, Department of Civil Engineering (Final year) [5]
Mailam Engineering College
Mailam- India

ABSTRACT
The aim of technology is to make products in a large scale for cheaper prices and increased quality. The current
technologies have attained a part of it, but the manufacturing technology is at ma cro level. The future lies in
manufacturing product right from the molecular level. Research in this direction started way back in eighties. At that
time manufacturing at molecular and atomic level was laughed about. But due to advent of nanotechnology we
have realized it to a certain level. One such product manufactured is PILL CAMERA, which is used for the
treatment of cancer, ulcer and anemia. It has made revolution in the field of medicine. At that time manufacturing at
molecular and atomic level was laughed .But due to advent of nanotechnology we have realized it to a certain level.
One such product manufactured is PILL CAMERA, which is used for the treatment of cancer, ulcer and anemia. It has
made revolution in the field of medicine.
This tiny capsule can pass through our body, without causing any harm. It takes pictures of our intestine and transmits
the same to the receiver of the Computer analysis of our digestive s ystem. This process can help in tracking any kind
of disease related to digestive s ys tem. Also we have discussed the drawbacks of PILL CAMERA and how these
drawbacks can be overcome using Grain sized motor and bi-directional wireless telemetry capsule .Besides this we
have reviewed the process of manufacturing products using nanotechnology .
Keywords:- NANOTECHNOLOGY, PILL

I. GENERAL
technology used to achieve manufacturing at molecular
We have made great progress in manufacturing level is “NANOTECHNOLOGY”. Nanotechnology is
products. Looking back from where we stand now, we the creation of useful materials, devices and s ystem
started from flint knives and stone tools and reached the through manipulation of such miniscule matter
stage where we make such tools with more precision (nanometer).Nanotechnology deals with objects
than ever. The leap in technology is great but it is not measured in nanometers. Nanometer can be visualized
going to stop here. With our present technology we as billionth of a meter or millionth of a millimeter or it
manufacture products by casting, milling, grinding, is 1/80000 width of human hair. These technologies we
chipping and the likes. With these technologies we have have made more things at a lower cost and greater
made more things at a lower cost and greater precision precision than before.
than ever before. In the manufacture of these products Trillions of assemblers will be needed to develop
we have been arranging atoms in great thundering products in a viable time frame. In order to create
statistical herds. All of us know manufactured products enough assemblers to build consumer goods, some
are made from atoms. The properties of those products Nano machines called explicators will be developed
depend on how those atoms are arranged. If we using self-replication process, will be programmed to
rearrange atoms in dirt, water and air we get grass. The build more assemblers. Self-replication is a process in
next step in manufacturing technology is to which devices whose diameters are of atomic scales, on
manufacture products at molecular level. The the order of nanometers, create copies of themselves.
For of self-replication to take place in a constructive
manner, three conditions must be met.

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Once swallowed, an electric current flowing through

the UW endoscope causes the fiber to bounce back and
forth so that its lone electronic eye sees the whole
scene.

1.2 IMAGE PROCESSING

The image processing then combines all this

information to create a two-dimensional color picture.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Fig 2.2.1 view of capsule
2.1 Historical Overview:
2.3 Manufacturing Products Using Nanotechnology:
Manipulation of atoms is first talked about by noble
laureate Dr.Richard There are three steps to achieving nanotechnology -
produced goods: Atoms are he building blocks for all
matter in our Universe. All the products that are
manufactured are made from ato ms.
The properties of those products depend of how those
atoms are arranged .for e.g. If we rearrange the atoms in
coal we get diamonds, if we rearrange the atoms in sand
and add a pinch of impurities we get computer chips.
Scientists must be able to manipulate individual atoms.
This means that they will have to develop a technique
to grab single atoms and move them to desired
positions. In 1990, IBM res earchers showed this by
positioning 35 xenon atoms on the surface of a nickel

Crystal, using an atomic force microscopy instrument.

Fig2.2 nickel crystal board
These positioned atoms spelled out the letters
"IBM."The next step will be to develop nanoscopic
Feynman long ago in 1959 at the annual meeting of
machines, called assemblers, that can beprogrammed to
the American Physical Society at the California
manipulate atoms and molecules at will. It would take
institute of technology -Caltech and at that time it was
thousands of years for a single assembler to produce
laughed about. Nothing was pursu ed init till 80’s. The
any kind of material one atom at a time. Trillions of
technology used to achieve It takes pictures of our
assemblers will be needed to develop products in a
intestine and transmits the same to the receiver of the
viable time frame. In order to create enough assemblers
Computer analysis of our digestive
to build consumer goods, some Nano machines called
explicators will be developed using self-replication
2.2 Engines Of Creation:
process, will be programmed to build more assemblers.
Self-replication is a process in which devices whos e
Drexel in the year 1981 through his article “The
diameters are of atomic scales, on the order of
Engines of Creation”. In 1990, IBM researchers showed
nanometers, create copies of themselves. For of self-
that it is possible to manipulate single atoms. They
replication to take place in a constructive manner, three
positioned 35 Xenon atoms on the surface of nickel
conditions must be met/
crystal, using an atomic force microscopy instrument.
These positioned atoms spelled out the letters” IBM”.

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2.4 Nanorobot only through surgery. No longer is such technology the

stuff of science fiction films.
· The 1st requirement is that each unit be a
specialized machine called Nano robot, one of whose
functions is to construct at least one copy of itself
during its operational life apart from performing its
intended task. An e.g. of self-replicating Nano robot is
artificial antibody. In addition to reproducing itself, it
seeks and destroys disease causing organism.

2.5 Ingredients

· The 2nd requirement is existence of all energy

and ingredients necessary to build complete copies of
nanorobot in question. Ideally the quantities of each Fig 3.1 Pill Sized Camera
ingredient 3.2 Conventional Method:
Currently, standard method of detecting abnormalities
should be such that they are consumed in the correct in the intestines is through endoscopic examination in
proportion., if the process is intended to befinite , then which doctors advance a scope down into the small
when desired number of nanorobots has been intestine via the mouth. However, these scopes are
constructed , there should be nounused quantities of unable to reach through all of the 20-foot-long small
any ingredient remaining. intestine, and thus provide only a partial view of that
part of the bowel. With the help of pill camera not only
2.6 Replication Process can diagnoses be made for certain conditions routinely
missed by other tests, but disorders can be detected at
The 3rd requirement is that the environment be an earlier stage, enabling treatment before
controlled so that the Replication process can proceed complications develop. However, the amount left
efficiently and without malfunctions. Excessive behind in the body is less than is absorbed by the
turbulence, temperature extremes, intense radiation, or average person drinking tap water, according to
other adverse circumstances might prevent the proper researchers. Scientific advances in areas such as
functioning of the nanorobot and cause the process to nanotechnology and gene therapy promise to
fail or falter. Once nanorobots are made in sufficient revolutionize the way we discover and develop drugs,
numbers, the process of most of the nanorobots is as well as how we diagnose and treat disease. The
changed from self-replication to mass manufacturing of 'camera in a pill' is one recent development that is
products. The nanorobots are connected and controlled generating considerable interest
by super computer which has the design details of the
product to be manufactured. These nanorobots now
work in tandem and start placing each molecules of
product to b manufactured in the required position. the
process of most of the nanorobots is changed from self-
replication to mass manufacturing of products.

III. PILL AMERA APPLICATION

3.1 Pill –Sized Camera: Fig 3.2conventional camera 3.3 Diagnostic imaging
Imagine a vitamin pill-sized camera that could travel system
through your body taking pictures, helping diagnose a The device, called the given Diagnostic Imaging
problem which doctor previously would have found System, comes in capsule form and contains a camera,

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lights, transmitter and batteries. The capsule has a clear should be able to designed to transmit several
end that allows the camera to view the lining of the biomedical signals, such as pH, temp and pressure.
small intestine. Capsule endoscopy consists of a
disposable video camera encapsulated into a pill like 3.5 Components Of Capsule Camera\
form that is swallowed with water. The wireless camera
takes thousands of high-quality digital images within
the body as it passes through the entire length o f the
small intestine. The latest pill camera is sized at 26*11
mm and is capable of trans mitting 50,000 color images
during its traversal through the digestive s ystem of
patient.

Video chip consists of the IC CMOS image sensor

which is used to take pictures of intestine .The lamp is
used for proper illumination in the intestine for taking
Fig 3.5components of capsule
photos. Micro actuator acts as memory to store the
software code that is the pH, temp and pressure
instructions. The antenna is used to transmit the images IV. ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURE
to the receiver. For the detection of reliable and correct.
The tiny cameras are swallowed by patients who want 4.1 Swallowed Capsule:
less invasive examinations of their digestive track. Until
now U.S. DRAM maker Micron Technology Inc. had Capsule is swallowed by the patient like a conventional
been the biggest promoter of the camera-in-a-pill pill.It takes images as it is propelled forward by
concept, with companies such as Israel's Given Imaging peristalsis.A wireless recorder, worn on a belt, receives
charging as much as $450 for its PillCam. MagnaChip the image trans mitted by the pill.A computer
is highlighting the low-light sensitivity of the camera, workstation processes the data and produces a
but provided no specification detail. Usually, an LED continuous still images.
flash is used to illuminate the area around the capsule.

Fig3.3 future pill camera

3.4 video chip:

Video chip consists of the IC CMOS image sensor
which is used to take pictures of intestine .The lamp is
used for proper illumination in the intestine for taking
photos. Micro actuator acts as memory to store the
software code that is the instructions. The antenna is
used to trans mit the images to the receiver. For the Movement Of capsule Through The Digestive
detection of reliable and correct information, capsule System Produces two images per second,

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approximately 2,600 high quality images Fig 4.1

movement of capsulee

Fig 4.1 conceptional diagram of bidirectional

wireless endoscopy system

The capsule is capable of transmitting up to eight

hours of video before being naturally expelled. No
hospitalization is required. The film is downloaded to a
computer workstation and processed using a software
The proposed telemetry capsule can simultaneously program called RAPID (reporting and processing of
trans mit a video signal and receive a control images and data), also developed by Given Imaging. It
determining the behavior of the capsule. As a result, the condenses the film into a 30-minute video. The
total power consumption of the telemetry capsule can software also provides an image of the pill as it passes
be reduced by turning off the camera power during through the s mall intestine so the physician can match
dead time and separately controlling the LEDs for the image to the location of the capsule. Future capsules
proper illumination in the intestine. Accordingly, to be developed using its basic platform. It is not
proposed telemetry module for bidirectional and multi- inconceivable that this same technology can be used to
channel communication has the potential applications. pump medication lallow determination of
concentration.

V. RESOLUTION OF LENS

5.1 Lens/Illumination/Layer:

Starting at the top level that closest to the

transparent portion of the capsule?is the
lens/illumination layer. An annular PCB surrounds the
single plastic molded lens, supporting the LEDs and
their associated current-limit resistors. Below this lens
level is the imager layer, home to a 256-by-256pixel
CMOS color image sensor. Marking on the chip
indicates it is a custom device from Photobit, a
company acquired by Micron Imaging in 2001.

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Combined with the plastic lens, the camera offers a 432.13MHz or 433.94MHz, with minimum-shift-
claimed 140? viewing angle and 0.1mm feature keying modulation. MSK has the general benefits of
resolution within the GI tract being imaged. providing constant-envelope modulation, transmitter
simplicity and good spectral efficiency. A simple air
Behind the imager layer is a pair of Eveready No. 399 coil is the radiating antenna element, tucked into the
silver oxide watch batteries, wired in series to create the rounded capsule end opposite the camera. Transmit
sole 3V supply for the PillCam. The two button cells power is held low to manage power consump tion, as the
provide 3V at 55mA-hr, or 165mW-hr of total available receiver antennas are in close proximity with the waist -
energy. Since the device runs for up to eight hours, a worn monitor.
time-averaged power draw of approximately 20mW is
implied. Nevertheless, FCC filings indicate the PillCam
stays within emitted RF guidelines only when the pill is
5.1.1 Switch layer inside the body. The minute or so that it takes the pill to
go from activated/depackaged form to ingestion is
The switch layer located behind the batteries apparently given a waiver as part of the PillCam's
provides the means to preserve precious battery energy regulatory approval.
before the PillCam is ingested by the patient. A reed
switch mounted on the switch layer circuit board is held Image capture, switch and transmitter layers are all
open by a magnet in the PillCam's shipping holster, fabricated on a single rigid-flex PCB. Delayering the
interrupting the battery connection. When the package board among the three islands of functionality creates
is opened and the capsule is removed from its holster flex circuits to interconnect those regions. The
for swallowing, the reed switch closes and power to the assembly is folded up around the batteries, and a pair of
PillCam begins to flow. gold-plated coil springs distributes power from the
imager layer to the lens/illumination layer through
5.1.2 Transmitter layer holes in the lens barrel.

The final strata of the PillCam is the trans mitter The 8hr PillCam lifetime provides up to 57,000 images
layer is home to the only other IC, a custom ASIC at a 2fps rate, with the LEDs flashing only during
developed by Given and of unmarked foundry origin. image capture. The combination of low-power CMOS
The chip must provide s ystem control along with radio imagers,
trans mission. A 27MHz crystal located on the reverse
side of the trans mitter layer is consistent with bo th 6.1 Pill camera not so hard for patient to swallow:
functions. The 3.2-by-3.5mm flip-chip ASIC contains a
small block of logic, a very s mall memory array and a As the miniaturisation of cameras continues apace,
variety of mixed-signal circuits. more and more innovative products are thrown up, such
The switch layer located behind the batteries provides as this pill camera. Basically a lens on a piece of string
the means to preserve precious battery energy before (isn't that something that Hell's Angels like to do
the PillCam is ingested by the patient. A reed switch involving string, bacon and laydeez, and goes by the
mounted on the switch layer circuit board is held open name of Wolfbagging , the technology costs just
by a magnet in the PillCam's shipping holster, $300—far less than a $5,000 endoscope. Developed at
interrupting the battery connection. When the package the University of Washington, the only person who has
is opened and the capsule is removed from its ho lster tried it out so far is research associate professor Eric
for swallowing, the reed switch closes and power to the Siebel.
PillCam begins to flow.
"Never in your life have you ever swallowed anything
VI. RF EMISSION GUIDELINES and it's still sticking out of your mouth, but once you do
it, it's eas y," he said of the device. It consists of seven
Per FCC filings, the transmitter operates at either fiber optic cables in a capsule about the size of a
painkiller, with a 1.4-mm tether that allows the doctor

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to move the camera around and pull it back up once the easily through the digestive tract and is naturally
exploration is finished. excreted. It is never absorbed in the body. The patient
wears a wireless Given Data Recorder on a belt around
Testing starts at the Seattle Veterans' Administration his or her waist, much like a portable "Walkman. These
hospital next year. Once given the thumbs -up, the signals can also track the physical course of the
reusable gadget (disinfect, rinse, repeat, I guess) is capsule's progress. During this procedure, users feel no
expected to be used in the fight against oesophaga l pain or discomfort and are able to continue their regular
cancer. Normal endoscopes are considerably bigger and
activities as the camera works inside the body and the
can only be swallowed after the patient has been
sensors and belt work outside. The entire process takes
sedated (and liberally greased up, probably).
about eight hours.
6.2 Gastroesophageal reflux disease:
People who are exposed to radiation or hazardous
chemicals in their work environment are at a higher risk
(GERD), is a backflow of acid-containing fluid
of illness. Occasional testing is typically done but may
from the stomach into the esophagus. If it persists, it
not detect a disease in its early stage. Early detection
can develop into a more serious condition known as
could initiate timely treatment with a higher chance of
Barrett’s esophagus. Barrett’s esophagus is a condition
success, and have a worker removed from the
in which cells of the lining of the esophagus become
hazardous environment to prevent further damage.
pre-malignant and can lead to a potentially fatal form of
cancer known as esophageal adenocarcinoma.
VII. ENDOSCOPY PROCEDURE
6.3 Picoendo:
PicoEndo is about to produce a functional prototype. Pill endoscopy is a new spin off of regular endoscopy,
An even s maller camera sensor than the current 2.55 where and endoscope it inserted into the body to
mm is under development. The processing software observe the walls of various organs and racts. Now
exists. The developers believe that by using a there are pill cameras you can swallow that will take
combination of white, UV, and NIR LEDs in the lens pictures of your organs and tracts,without the
holder, that it may be possible to conduct an optical discomfort of having a tube inserted intoyour body.A
biops y in situ instead of (or in addition to) a physical major issue with current endoscopies is there is about
biops y. A search for suitably sized UV and NIR LEDs 20 feet of the digestive track that is out reach of current
is underway. methods. In order to overcome this an Israeli physician,
Dr. Iddan, in 1981 began the development of a camera
that would fit into a pill. Unfortunately, technology
wasn’t ready for this. It took until 2001 for it to be
possible. In 2001 the FDA approved th e Given
Diagnostic Imaging System. The s ystem was an
11x26mm 4 gram capsule, which contained a color
video camera, a radio trans mitter, 4 LEDs and a battery.
The camera could take up to 50,000 pictures in the 8-
hour trip through the digestive track. The pill is moved
around the body with peristaltic contractions.
Throughout the procedure the patient can perform daily
tasks without discomfort.Throughout the 8-hours, the
Fig 6.3 parts of capsule images are transmitted to a device about the size of a
walkman. The images are received through special
Besides the miniature color video camera, the capsule antenna pads placed on the body. From this the images
contains a light source, batteries, a transmitter, and an can be downloaded to the computer for
antenna. Once swallowed this capsule/camera travels examination.One company has put a new twist on the
pill camera. Other pill cameras have their lenses and

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sensor in the moving direction, requiring a wide angle The tether connects PicoEndo to a special signal
lens. The problem with this is the peripheral regions of processing unit that in turn connects to a standard office
the picture become distorted. PC. The disposable endoscopy head, image processing
unit, and software are estimated to cost $1,000 USD, a
7.1 Collimating lenses substantial cost reduction from the less capable larger
s ystems. The s ystem offers 160,000 pixel resolution at
Among the products manufactured in Triumph 30 fps (about that of a conventional endoscope) in a
HT Optics are miniature camera lenses for CIF, VGA camera head that is far s maller and that requires no
and several Megapixel formats. The international SMIA sedation; it offers a 140-degree field of view that allows
standard is supported with several designs, including it to “see around corners,’ which a conventional
the EMC shielding of the lens amount. The lenses are endoscope cannot do.
characterized by an optimal design for manufacturing,
resulting in high yield processes and therefore a reliable
delivery to our customers. A 100% MTF test on state of
the art test equipment is part of our outgoing inspection.

Other product lines are collimating lenses for laser

applications and fresnellenses for solar concentrators
and illumination, mouse optics and rearview
cameralens es for the automotive industry. A true
specialty are the objective lenses which are
manufactured for pill camera’s.
7.2 Smallest tethered endoscope Fig 7.1 conventional lens

The PicoEndo endoscope is the smallest tethered In collaboration with engineers from Given Imaging,
endoscope in the world (4.5mm x 12.0mm). It is also the Israelite Hospital in Hamburg and the Royal
inexpensive enough to use and discard. It provides a Imperial College in London, researchers from the
dramatic cost reduction in equipment requirements Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering have
from conventional endoscope or pill camera s ystems, developed the first-ever control s ystem for the camera
which can cost upwards of $30,000 USD. PicoEndo pill. The camera pill can be swallowed by a patient. A
delivers more images at an improved quality, including doctor can move the camera pill by a magnetic remote
images processed into 3D. The PicoEndo s ystem is control. The steerable camera pill consists of a camera,
applicable to medical tasks such as photographing the a trans mitter that sends the images to the receiver, a
surface of the esophagus and to applications in any battery and several cold-light diodes which briefly flare
other industry that needs to place a tiny electronic up like a flashlight every time a picture is taken.
camera eye in a location that is difficult to view, s uch as
inspecting the interiors of assembled engines. VIIII. ENDOSCOPIC EXAMINATION
7.3 Teering cable: 8.1 1nanotechnology

Because of its string (or tether), which also acts as an Additionally, nanorobots could change your
electronic connection and teering cable, the body of the physical appearance. They could be programmed to
endoscope does not have to contain batteries, memory, perform cos metic surgery, rearranging your atoms to
or processing electronics as do the much larger camera change your ears, nose, eye color or any other physical
pills. The size of the camera and lens s ystem determines feature you wish to alter.There's even speculation that
the size of the unit. PicoEndo currently uses a camera nanorobots could slow or reverse the aging process, and
and lens s ystem 2.55mm across, but a s ystem about half life expectancy could increase significantly.
that size is under development. The unit is s mall Nanotechnology has the potential to have a positive
enough for even children to swallow easily.

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effect on the environment. For instance, airborne

nanorobots could be programmed to rebuild the  Nanorobots can perform delicate surgeries.
thinning ozone layer. Contaminants could be
automatically removed from water sources, and oil  They can also change the physical appearance.
spills could be cleaned up instantly. And if
 They can slow or reverse the aging proces.
nanotechnology is, in fact, realized, it might be the
human race's greatest scientific achievement yet,  Used to shrink the size of components.
completely changing every aspect of the way we live.
X. CONCLUSION
8.2 Existing System
The given endoscopy capsule is a pioneering
Currently,standard method of detecting abnormalities concept for medical technology of the 21st century.The
in the intestines is through endoscopic examination in endoscopy s ystem is the first of its kind to be able to
which doctors advance a scope down into the s mall provide non-invasive imaging of the entire s mall
intestine via the mouth. However,these scopes are intestine.It has revolutionized the field of diagnostic
unable to reach through all of the 20-foot-long small imaging to a great extent and has proved to be of great
intestine, and thus provide only a partial view of that help to physicians all over the world.
part of the bowel
Though nanotechnology has not evolved to its full
IX. DIGESTIVE TRACK capacity yet the first rung of products have already
made an impact on the market. In the near future most
9.1 Small Intestine of the conventional manufacturing processes will be
replaced with a cheaper and better manufacturing
The best of hands the entire s mall intestine is not process “nanotechnology”. Scientists predict that this
visualized. The visit to attach the sensor pads and is not all nanotechnology is capable of. They even
swallow the capsule will take 30 minutes to an hour. foresee that in the decades to come, with the help of
You are able to leave the hospital at this time. the nanotechnology one can make hearts, lungs, livers and
digestive track naturally with the aid of the peristaltic kidneys, just by providing coal, water and some
activity of the intestinal muscles. The patient impurities and even prevent the aging effect.
comfortably continues with regular activities Nanotechnology has the power to revolutionize the
throughout the examination without feeling sensations world of production, but it is sure to increase
resulting from the capsule's passage. unemployment.
Nanotechnology can be used to make miniature
9.2 Uses: explosives, which would create havoc in human lives.
Every new technology that comes opens new doors
 Crohn's Disease. and horizons but closes some. The same is true with
nanotechnology too.
 malabsorption Disorders. You will need to return at the time your nurse gives
you. The study takes 8 hours. The capsule most often
 Tumors of the s mall intestine & Vascular
will pass in your bowel movement.
Disorders.

 Ulcerative Colitis REFERENCES

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