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 t .' Example 5.1' Water at T1 : 24 oC is to be heated to T2 : 74,C by passing it through allrbe
bundle in staggered tube arrangement. Tubes have an outside diameter i: 2.5 cm and are
maintained at a uniform surface temperature Ts : 100 oC. The longitudinal and the. transverse
pitches for the staggered arrangement are given by Sl/D : 1.5 and Sr/D : 2.0. The velocity
u- of water just before entering the tube bundle is u-:0.3 m/s.
a) Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient h*
b) Calculate the number of tube rows N in the direction of flow needed to achieve
D, 2"5cm the above temperature rise of water

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Heat Transfer By CK. Chapter 5
 . rlr
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Example 5.2 Air at 15 oC is to be heated by passing it through a tube bundle in staggered

tube arrangement. Tubes have an outside diameter D : 16.4 mm and are rnaintained at a
uniform surface temperaturo Ts : 70 "C. The longitudinal and the transverse pitches for the
staggered arrangement are given by Sl:34.3 mm and Sr:31.3 mm. The number of tube
rows N in the direction of flow is 7 and there are 8 tubes in each row. The velocity u- of air
just before entering the tube bundle is u*: 6 m/s.
a) Calculate the average heat tlansfer coefficient h* and the total heat transfer raie Q.
p ,75, r-*b) Calculate the pressure drop AP across thg type bundle.

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' Heat Transfer By CK. Pr . o,qt I x--t'04 Chapter 5
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 Name iD

Example 6;l An electrical power transformer of diameter 300 mm dnd height 500 mm
dissipate 1000 W. It is desired to maintain its surface temperature at 47.C by supplying
[email protected],,,ru""
);oT,ri -'' o-f thl transfoyei. 4U the 1t3t dissipated by thgtansfonner is ass@
and,$U$llq:d flow t$oughout th9 1ube, detennine the required coolant flsw rate, the

ryTnti:i, of glycerin are p: t25g.g kg / m3, ip=2427 J&g K,

developed m:an
N4oU\t, *y.*j
,="t;\,,
iXuo'utn
trt lr= 79.9x l0'2kg/srE,k=ZtO* tOi Wlmf andpr=67g0.
,atYlO1A'i'Jr i
Tube
ds ulttuo'lr \ Transformer

,rJrryltJ o'k/'iL^l
i-f* (Yfu*j I T
'i*r*C"'nvcr j wN ,S

h, ,+iu t
D.vo.^a..t tffiJ oJ re'
14 (QX, l,ttt = t-t5.V -_ l6,Z j<t1,

, <l
lH -:1'T'o';'=q-t'i
&. '\ ', o' .'t ,ry'l
i-1
T1.a.u

w )^r' ;r1T^ .oi a{

u I dE=#+ d'
;l&j#,
Iooo

T -T "J 7=*.
1s ",l ' t - Eoo

*iM C,t*'{^ { f:'-, l- i

i'
tb,z {1

T:7-' \ :: z ,,"it, 4'u,,' j4,ro - 4

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)'
I
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ffia;,n.ivrrtru --- -.
u*'-'' f'o- lt
J-" I '
l

'tdr.*g.rolu gvr'ilorlo:J+'iJlrtt/J ' --7: 'J/ I

i

J=Lo,n* j!t, CI. =toq o W ti') !

,1+
i U. a 4 r6.a+r = 5" I

^x*#,#6.1dcl rci*frtt.''t i
w *-l " .,'1+ I *,'iT
7ol^,,,i*,f*",, ,,-- i-
n)n't ,t)^i'')),' 5 o) |I W@4
rti'Ttu-U i

v i

1 ro, \[e
z 'ry -/ ' zV'c
,-' t't !?c '" l' * -- Ln'z'r( 'Dz'e w/"'k I

,r. r,,
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a.m,rfp

loca.wtz4ZX)(uo.-zD I
.., I ff;r"
;-_,
., u-W
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=6o+ xro-.to/s/y l, . I,

, +:r'
qt-?'t "-1#,^*,i I

L--tq.b *
X
Fleat Transfer By CK. Chapter 6 Intemal Forced Convection
 Name. .....ID

Examole6.2 One way to cool chips mounted on the circuit boards of a cornputer is to
encapsulate the boards in metal .frarnes that provide efficient pathways for conduction to
supporting cold plates. Heat generated by the chips is then dissipated by transfer to water
flowing through passages drilled in the plates. Because the plates are made from a metal of
large therrral conductivity (typically aluminum or copper), they may be assumed to be at a
uniform temperaturo,'fs,cp.
a). Consider circuit boards attached to coki plates of height H:750 mm and width L:
600 mm, each with N :
10 holes of diameter D = 10 mm. If operating conditions noaintain
:
plate temperatures of Tr,.p: 32 "C with water flow at m1 0.2 kg/s per passage and T,n;= 7
oC, how much heat may be dissipated by the circuit
boards?
b). To enhance cooling, thereby allowing increased power generation without an
attendant increase in system temperaflres, a hybrid cooling scheme may be used. The
scheme involves forced air flow over the encapsulated circuit boards, as well as water florv
:
through the cold plates. Consider conditions for which Ncb l0 circuit boards of width W :
:
350 mm are attached to cold plates and their avemge surface temperature is Ts..6 47 oC
:
when Ts,cp: 32 oC.If air is in parallel flow over the piates with u* 10 m/s and T." = 7 oC,
hcv; much of the [gat generated by the circuit boards is transferred to the air?
.etren tfrat tfre properties of Water fi the bulk mean temperaftfe are cp : ftt+ :lirgf,p-;\
| :
1080 x 1r0* kg/s rr, k 0.598 Wim K and Pr :7.56. The mean properties of air Ere u : 15.89)
\ 10:1n01/s+k: q_.0263 Wm K and Pr: $.707.

Cold plate

4,cp = 32"C

Air
T*=7"C
r- * 1.0 nV$

Heat Tratisfer By CK. Chapter 5 Internal Forced Convection

E4ampleT'1 A heating tank has 0.6 m height and an electrical heater in the form
of a 0.4 x
0'4 m horizontal plate at the bottom. This heater is used
to heat the bottom of a tank filled
'with engine oil at atemperature
of l0 oc. calculate the pow€r required to maintain the heater
surface temperature at70 oC.

0.4 m
<t--_>

lnsulator

Heat Transfer By CK.

Chapter 7 Natural Convection
 Name. .. ...\. ......ID. z

dffii{i,:::"il,:"ilI,o".,uistobecooledinaverticaIpositionasshov,,n},
in the figure irelorv. The board is insulated on one sr,.de, while ,rn the other, '{90 'o.q;o
@@f+s are mounted. Each chip@.
The board-is eiposed ,
to air at 30 nC and the rnaximum allowable-ghip-.-temperature is 60 oC, (In the analysis,
fr.e assume that the board wit@"4 r[u*" tr* hot vertical bbard
\ "tip
which has the surface temperature equals to the chip surface temperature.) "
_ 'a) If the heat transfer from the board to the surrounding air is bV @Lgonvection only,
F",uct-,(,dete.rminewhetherthiscircuitboardwouldbedamagedornot?
I

I \ Ul If the board is cooled by using air flowing upward with the vclocity of 5 m/s,
: determine whether this circuit board would be darnaged or not? (Radiation is negligible)
IL,Y-{
l!l
I
Inzulator
lnsulator
0.15 rn

# Transisitor
Transisitor
Air 30
") @ktl +/q
^
T* " -\+Tn - -[.r v, Nr oo'Eg lCat
' --T ,t/ -{
- $9,26
irllr*,
,)
,ri:rc"r*e.

[*** -[r' 7--Lfr, =9.?d\ V

-. 6ca2o = 1b
oJr ro--T
so
,
fr, (75--Tn) ^,u
e= 1n
a/nr6/@ Lf\'c d
P\',6,f
= ,.1 I I x o"o 279 4 {ci -ul
Zct t
V.l.l5 il.-E -"l
k 'a'c ?{ql = 4,c4w\) J
)' t'lo1 _.. - \
- t/e -s" 61, .S 1
,

J': y,LL1, ( w r(aunytr,t.t\-+rr1,r. trj t 6C'

,Y.,,*,Du."nrt-ru, a Jotza'F gryj _-,_- '''._"- i
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2

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Y
;\ I ' . 5rroi / /,?5x 1;9 , 7t,
ckail, keL^'in 1.75 )V'.,
v u . lnVV/fLl
A: = o,l9l. a,1ST O'o Z?5 Y{ o .19 vrr
N-, , U . o.t6tt /?-" o" vi j.,r$"Lo,,*;nn*,
K
'f:LIY
B^= $vxPt 2 .,*.ury,rl.7oir,)*L
: 1-.
qv/6 r-_. Pr, .YL, ,xo,l >

= 5P (rr3E- e,
I
h= Lz . Lt \zy 1,79^ t;'"=
4 u9+. t+

y2
e "- h ,U (T"-f .,)
\
= 9.31 Fo,ccSt v-(6c-9cSxo,l9 {o^?|ttl z LL. Lt x. 6, o LZ, x (€o -bil \
t l,7gxt o-) ) 2 -* ir.es w
9.2sx/cs Heat Transfer By CK.
-r!
/& v.l >l w"rt t
--f
,.
Chapter 7 Natur;ai Convection

y ls-'6c c l,,utu/icq, tq,14Y\j 41 >t^'t'41 d W

 Z rrli.rn ,{ w.
Examnle 8.1 Two shells passes and fQglrule- passes is used to exchange
!:at bg1wcan hot
and cold waters. The r45s flq-&Ig of hot ild cold waters are 5,000 k!ffio= f O.OOO fcg&
respectively. oC
and i
U'- lSac 3 ss.e_Sic-ienl_iq"_1500 If the outlet temperature of cold
water is I a;t**iffi- ih.;;h"G; ur"u" of this heat exchanger and the outlet
temperature of hot *ur"r.r.tf 'l*ulu^1w9u SW
W1r*tkvta
U --lrao

'{Yln z S,Ao e

A7,* -* F \Y '- luq c

7'no, l\ot '
f.,=\co
4rl
adA = llo c As lrl
T.;, 29" ,--t ..,

, (0)
Tcro "lLo \/
-4\ I
A,1
/'5 T' .)
t hto', i

T
't,
')ao

126

\,1
\,n

iocf -Tqri) ,14tocp1n(T1,, i -Th",)

"CTa,,

du)u: Tr. T.ro+7",; . lla +r, +q.57

L
2.

Js
Hrc @ 11' 5"c il cro = 4 t15
'usk

ktgY [n'c= lboc

a
T,{" + *" -- nqL
1-
a

4, @ tti'c N Cph, 4 eto 5/a*

L-
\
lo,*" > ..tLql\clto-1s)'! loc.o x1(to t(raa -Tr,)
76co
t--J ?600
-"-* rlll

lt, . {1 1'C *, /o /n,;',d r;u)' rtauwr

*- Hti.l"*,
lJv
/
a 'o , ,fl_
A.ATo

,, il,.=u,;r_:irl
*TL,,"P =
!4',
q{;)
.V
Heat Transfer By CK.

<Lrr.A
J

t,

zo?'u '
ExamnIe8.2Consider@heatexcIranger.Testdataobtainedfromthis-brand-
4-9:v heat exchanger are

Inlet temp of hot water ( Tr,,r ) 95.3 "C

Outlet temp of hot water ( fr; 59.1 .c i
lnlet temp of cold water ( T.,r ) 3d2 "C
Outlet temp of cold water ( T.., ) 73.1 oc
Mass flow rate of hot water ( rnr ) 0.1 ks/s
[email protected]
capacity of both hot and cold water are Cpn = Cp. = 4200 J/(kg.C)
a) Determine the overall heat transfer coeffrcient U
After extended use, Test data obtained at the same mass flow rate of hot and cold waters from
this heat exchanger are
2tto<r /1 T-e^\,.
;- i
/, "tt-
Inlet temp of hot water ( Tr,.r ) 95.3 .C , ftfr y
"r. -^ra'-L

Outlet temp of hot water (1h.. ) 65.8

-"e') "
th e, it+- n
", 5., n,,
' Ulttvv rh, Uc rtltt
Inlet temp of cold water ( T..r ) 34.2 "C ,

b) Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient U of this heat exchanger after extended
use.

9) "dlit, .Igffiti.'il;{' *
Explain why the exchange of heat decreases mori\.
d) Determine the fouling factor of both hot and cord water
[r1Fp. ). Assume that the
conduction thermal resistance is negligible and inside and outside heat transfer '
coefficients
(h; ancllr")arethesame.
andtr")arethesame. tq!" Itd^t
d^t x'tzcoy615.Z-C,s,t
x'tZco y61l.g-gA,t ),
) ryn,
wc \!Zoo\(lr.l_Z.l-z)
\9too\/+a t_.)zt1)
lryy"
1''i'a' trc'o'cl(44
^) I l)'5r'1'z\vltnrr ffl
,t n"Ph'T';--iv')"u'''ASAT-L*
lD"z Iol ,t\nh,a,,
71-t
*h(Pt'(Iuith")'-'tvtc{lccTo'T';)
bl,z I
1 'e't'?
I----_-----
I
z1'<
a-rq.o\- = o'
')' o,1 xa{2ao(?5'3-65'{)
^rr(/)^^t?c ^ ogt xttZcol(T.o-91,2)
-,
Ca

l<- + c/t ------{

) tthr?r@

-iillArr uW"
,(/* a.$1 .1 I *) t
J,( |
qtbL )xz\,c '
I

o.l vlzoo \ (1r.2- ts. / ) . O (^y!L ). zl,cN l),

I
ttl
-/ - f - (i,!t
'!11 tt"''
'11'2

*m i,rllu,udr'lo J o, v,wt i riu}t-,,ue* rr<,'n:

.
o'TL';: .,rrr.,)uv./dcli
,ot .u" u"oorvAi j un?r' y 6ieiv,*5 -li \'/ =
\J/ > 707,7 g
ui
:, ' { J^ +' tqlFl^'h
qil "'
Heat Transfer By CK. F"+ F^ = 0, cC lr,
'ffLC X Chapter 8 Heat Exchanger
w'
 Chapter 6 Internal Forced Convection
6.1 Water flows into the 0.1 m x 0.1 m square duct at the rate of 0.01 kgls. The inlet and
oC and 100'C
9ylletJemgeratures of the water ue20 respectively. Conslant heat flux of
l2p0 Wlm" is applied at the duct surface. If the flow is fully developed, detennine
/ p) The length of the duct 6.1* w
/q surface temperatures of the duct at inlet and outlet. 71'c, r5t^c

6.2 Water flows through the tube which has inside diameter of 4 cm and length of 5 m at
the flow rate of 0.2 kgls. During the process, water is to be heated from 25 C to ZS C ty
using the heater wrapped around the tube surface. Outside heater is insulated so that heit
from the heater is completely transferred.to the water. Determine
J a) The required power of the heatef\ * -. rt I d I o w
b) The inside r"iA". t"*poutu*-7t the outlet t*,61
6.3 In the final s , a pharmaceutical is sterilized by heating it from 25
to 75 "C as it moves a straight thin-walled steiuless_steel hrbs-of 12.7-mm
diqoeter. A ug by an eleqtric_resistanc@nd
the outer surface of the tube. If the tube is 10 m long, what is the required heatlufFl,rid
properties are evaluated at p: 1000 kg I m3, Cp = 4000 J&g K, p= 2 * tO, kgls m, k: 0.4g
Wm K and Pr: 10. 5o6o w
o*
.-\ The design of a blood wa(ner to be used during the transfusion of blood to a patient
{cr#f.- is_shown in the ngot" b"W. ft ir J"rigr"Ja t"", blood taken from the bank at lq "Clo-J7
r"9,ataflow@ThebloodpasSeSthrouglrarectanguIarcross-sectionduct'
,/6.4mmby1.6mmwhich-i6sandwichedbetweentwoplatesheldatac@f,n...:,
40 "C. Assume that the flow inside this rgctangular duct is fully developed. Given that the
properties of the blood at the bulk temperature are as followed, den@ p '

kinemetic viscosity .u : 8.58 x lo-7 r*ls, specific heat cn : = 997 kd-r,

4179 J/kg K, thermai
:
conductivity k 0.613 Wm K and Pr = 5.83. Detennine the length of this reJtangular duct
required to achieve the desired condition.

,1.6
mm

Jl*
!r*
Duct Cross section

Problem Sheet in Heat Transfer By CK. Chapter 6 Internal Forced Convection

 Name ID

6.5 A house built on a riverside is to be cooled in summer by utilizing the cool water of
the river which flows at an average temperafure of 15 "C. A 20-m-long slction of a circular
duct of 30-cm diameter passes through the water. Air enters the underwater section of the
duct at 27 "C at a velocity of 2 m/s. Assuming the surface of the duct to be at the temperature
of the water, determine
a) The outlet temperature of air as it leaves the underwater portion of the ducl
(Hint : Assume the outlet temperature of air is at 27 oC. Given ihat the properties of air at 27
oc are p:1.224 kg/m3,
cp:1005 JikgK, u: r.4g x 10-s m2ls,k: o.dzsi wm K and pr:
0.714.) lq,+a"c
b) Fan power input needed to overcome the flow resistance in this section of the duct.
a,5 lu\t
Air 27'C

t+
ffi
ll
River 15 oC
J
llv\,,.
)*€u Gas A enters a7-m-long section of a rectangular duct of cross section 0.15 m x 0.r, m
66su uh at 80 oC at an average velocity of 7 m/s and flows out at the temperature of 40
'
"C. If
the walls of the duct are maintained at 30 oC and heat losses from the duct to
:"-"l"aqe "tr *" by,
tn other forms from the WteLdggljglhce. Given that the su@a
t;p-erature;f 10-C and ihe flow-iiside duct is fully developed flow. Gas A at the
mean temperature 60 oc has a density p of r.01 kg/m3, viscosity u of 1.77 x 10-5 rn2ls,
thermal conductivity k of 0.0276w/m2"c, pr is 0.71 and unknown value of cp.

Air
10 "c

Gas A
0c
80 H
0.2m

Problern Sheet in Heat Transfer By CK. Chapter 6 Internal Forced Convection

 fu",ntche- *a,
H# 7
6'? Consider a.hot gas flows through a duct with an inlet temperature i:gq3t"llrnjl
oqllet t",nperglre. From a test, it is found that this
E! gr. h1s_ ,@ =
1q@-K'nd yd9"[Y".-*9i1t A dqqUeqa&glglgglar cross section with a wjq!h-!(-is
'"3n **

much g1e*ater than a height H (W >> H). The height H = a0 mm and a surface of tne Ouct if
'eelltatl9glq-hgYg K. lf the properties of the hot gas at the
bulk mean temperature are as listed in llejablq*pelow and assume that the flow inside this
@ to"u".'
smooth duct is fully developed,
;,-r
)*-,'
P (t<glm3) p (kg/s m) k (Wm K) Pr

Hot gas at 1000 K 0.348 424.4x104 0.0667 0.726

3
I a) Determine the average heat transfer coefficient of the flow inside this duct, h. 17,o 1g .. /
/ .' I
/ Ol lf a plate , 20 mm thick is inserted midway of the duct as shown in the figure below,
what is the average heat transfer coefficient of the flow inside the duct, h ? Assume the 25,t5
bulk
mean temperature of the hot gas is the same, the surface temperature of the duct is the same

and the flow rate through the duct is kept the same as in a).

20 mm
3
t
T

Hot Gas

Problem Sheet in Heat Transfer By CK. Chapter 6 Intemal Forced Convection

,.. .--. __.i- -,._.,._..

 a
Name.
+
6'8 A printed circuit board whose components are not allowed
to come into direct contact
with air for reliability reasons is to b^e c_ooled by passing cool air through a lg-cm-long
chqryel
9It""t*go1ar cross section 0.25 cm x-ti arilled into the board..The heat
gengrated
!v ti'" electronic components is conducted "*
across the thin layer ofthe board to the .
channel; where it is removed by air that enters the
channe I at 32.C. Th; h"ut dir"r;;;;r, iJ*:,
the top surface of the channel is 60 w, and heat
kansfer through other surfac., f;Jrgrbi}
If the volume flow rate of the air at rhe.inlet ofthe ;h;"i;,
a) the outlet temperature of the air. E4, lB "C 0;'0;;r;r;;;;""
(Hint : Assume the outlet temperature of air is at
42oc. Given that the properties of air at 37
p:1.743 kglm3, cp:1006JlkgK t:r.67 * 1o-t;;/r,
lc_:r."
0.7t.)
k: --- ' v' rL b.,ijolwl*K
v'vlvv Y' ' andpr:
b) Maximum surface temperature of the channel. lLD.q?,c i.-,,
(Hint : Assume the surface temperature at the channel outlet
is at 77 oc. Given trat 14 q1q.s:
2.08 x 10{ kglm s)

A1r25

Problem Sheet in Heat Transfer By CK. Chapter 6 trternal Forced Convection

 Name. ......ID
A<Dnu
Chapter 7 Natural Convection
7.1 A household oven door of 0.5-m height and 0.7-m width reaches an average surface
temperature of 32 "C during operation. Estimate the heat loss by natural convection and
radiation to the room with ambient ait at22 oC. If the oven door has an emissivity of 1 and the
snroundings are also at 22 "C.

7.2 An incandescent light-bulb is an inexpensive but highly inefficient device that converts
electrical energy into light. It converts about 10 percent of the electrical energy it consumes
into light whi'le converting the remaining 90 percent into heat. The glass bulb of the lamp heats
up very quickly as a result of absorbing all that heat and dissipating it to the surroundings by
conVection and radiation. Consider an S-cm-diameter 60 W light bulb in a room at 25 oC. The
emissivity of the glass is 0.9. Assuming that 10 percent of the energy passes through the glass
bulb as light with negligible absorirtion and the rest of the energy is absorbed and dissipated by
the bulb itself by natural convection and radiation. Determine the surface temperature of the
glass bulb. Assume the interior surfaces of the room to be at room temperature.

7.3 Under steady-state operation, the surface temperature of a small 20-W incandescent
liglrt bulb is 125 "C when the temperature of the room air and walls are 25 "C. Apfroximating
the bulb as a sphere 40 mm in diameter with a surface emissivity of 0.8, what is the rate of heat
kansfer form the surface of the bulb by natural convection and radiation to the surroundings?
Properties of air at75 oc are u : 20.72 x 10-6 mzls, a":29.6 x l0-6 m2ls, k: 0.0298 Wm K
and Pr: 0.70.

7.4 Consider a cylindrical rod which is placed horizontally on the floor. If the surface
tanperature of this rod is 14.5 'C and the length and diameter of this rod are 15 cm and 6 cm
respectively. Given that the temperature of the surrounding air is 3g.5 "C, calculate the heat
gained by natural convection of this rod.

,r$ (rq Consider a cube shape light which has dimension of 0.2 x O.2x 0.2 m as shown in the
Trg(re below. Given that the surface temperature on each side of the light is 120 oC and the
temperature of the surrounding air is 20 "C, calculate the heat loss by natural convection from
)
the light to the surrounding air.

120 "c
oC
Air at 20

+-+>
0.2 m

Problem Sheet in Heat Transfer By CK. Chapter 7 Natural Convection

sJ
6
6) The thermal conductivity and surface emissivity of a material may be determined by
r$dating its bottom surface and exposing its top surface to quiescent air and large surro'undings
of equivalent temperaturo, T* : Tr* : 25 oC. The remaining surfaces of the sample/heater .lre
well insulated. Consider a sample of thickness L:25 mm and a square plan form of 250 x 250
mm. In an experiment performed undet steadydele conditions, temperature measurernents
made at the lower and upper surface of the sample yield values of T1 : 150 oC and T2 : 100
oC, respectively, for power
a input of Pelec : 70 W. What are the thermal conductivity and
emissivity of thg sample? Given that the properties of air at 62.5 oC are u : 19.5 x 10-6 rrf ls, a
:27.8 x 10-o m'ls, k :0.0289 Wm K and Pr: 0.703.

lnsulator

7.7 A solar water heater consists of a flat plate collector that is coupled to a storage tank.
The collector consists of a transparent cover plate and an absorber plate that are separated by
an air gap. Although much of the solar energy collected by the absorber plate is kansferred to a
working fluid passing through a coiled tube brazed to the back of the absorber, some of the
energy is lost by free convection and net radiation transfer across the air gap.. Consider a
collectorthatisinclinedatanangleof0:60oandhasdimensionsofH:'W':2monaside,
with an air gap of L : 30 mm. If the absorber and cover plates are at Tr : 70 oC and Tz : 30 oC
respectively, what is the rate of heat transfer by free convection from the absorber plate?
Properties of air at 50 oC are u : 18.2 x 10-6 m2ls, u:25.9 x 10-6 m2ls and k: 0.028 Wm K.

Solar

Energy
s
Sz
Water Tank

--'-t
T2

Cover

Problem Sheet in Heat Transfer By CK. Chapter 7 Natural Convection

xx# Chapter 8 Heat Exchangers
un)rqrririlr,i"rtoriuD
- 8.1 A stainless steel tube inner
of and outer diameters Di = 22 mm and Do :27 mm,
respectively, is used in a cross-flow heat exchanger. The fouling factors, Rl for the inner and
outer surfaces are estimated to be 0.0004 and 0.0002,m2 K./W, respectively. Water flows in
fube at the average velocity of 0.5 m/s and the flow is assumed fully developed. Air at 15 "C
flows across the tube at the temperature of 15 "C and average velocity of 20 m/s. The Thermal
conductiviB of stainiess steel k = 15.1 Wm K. If the bulk temperature of the water flowing
fugogt this tube is 75 'C and the properties of water at75 "C are p -- 974.8kgl*',7r 3.746 x
10'4 Ns/mz, k : 0.668 Wm K, pr: z.lsq
a). Deterrnine the overall heat transfer coefficient based on the outside area of the tube, Uo.
b). Outside surface temperature of the tube (Tr,J
(FIint : Assume that the surface temperature of the tube is 69 "C. Properties of air at 42 "C are
:
v 17.35 x 10-6 mz/s,k: 0.A2737 Wm K and pr 0.705) :
Water
To: 75 oC
Vi:0.5 rnls

+-
Air
To: 15 "C
Vo:20 rnls
Is"Dc)
8.2 In a hi-tech computer, signal propagation deiays are reduced by resorting to high-
density circuit arrangements, which are cooled by immersing them in a special dielectric liquid.
The fluid is pumped in a closed loop through the computer and an adjoining shell-and-tube
heat exchanger having bne shell and trryo tube passes. During normal operation, heat generated
. within the computer is transferred to the dielectric fluid passing through the computer at a flow

rate of rit r: 4.81kg/s. In turn, the flriid passes through the tubes of the heat exchanger and the
heat is transferred to water passing over ttre tubes. The dielectric fluid may be assumed to have
constant properties of Cp: 1040 Jlkg K and p :7'.65 x 104 kg/s m, k:0.058 Wm K and Pr:
14. During normal operation, chilled water at a flow rate of 7/t* = 2.5 kg/s and an inlet
temperature of T*,r = 5 oC passes over the tubes. The water has a specific heat of 4200 Jlkg K
and provides and average convection coefficient of 10,000 Wmz K over the outer surface of
the tubes.
a). If the heat exchanger consists of 72 thin-walled tubes, each of 10-mm diamslsl an6
fuliy developed flow is assumed to exist within the tubes, what is the inside convection
coefficient associated with flow through the tubes, h;?
b). :
If the dielectric fluid enters the heat exchanger at Tqi :25 "C and is to leave at Tqo 15
oC, what is the required tube length per pass?

Problem Sheet in Heat Transfer By CK. Chapter 8 Heat Exchangers

Name. .....ID

frn,T*.o

Heat Exchanger

J)JUon
8.3 A recuperator is a heat exchanger that heats air used in a combustion process by
extracting energy from the products of combustion. It can be used to increase the efficiency of
a gas turbine by increasing the temperature of air entering the combustor. Consider a system
for which the recuperator is a cross-flow heat exchanger with both fluids unmiied and the flow
rates associated with the turbine exhaust and the atr are fun:6.5 kg/s and, titr: 6.2 kgls
respectively. The coresponding value of the overall heat transfer coefficient is U : 100 Wmr
K. If the gas and air inlet temperatures are TLi : 70A K and Tc,i= 300 K what heat transfer
surface area is needed to provide an air outlet temperature of Tr,o: 500 K ? Both the air and the
products of combustion may be assumed to have a Cp of 1040 Jlkg K.

Turbine

Air

frr,T".i

Heat exchanger

Problem Sheet in Heat Transfer By CK. Chapter I Heat Exchangers

 Name.. .........ID
\ rJ
Jlr:r:,o
8.4 A shell and tube heat exchanger with one shell pass and two tube passes is used as a
regenerator to prshedgilk before it is pasteurized. Cold milk enters the regenerator at rnass
:
flow rate of ms = 0.01 kg / s and at temperature of T.,; 5 oC and leave at the temperature of
T",o :
40 "C. After leaving the regenerator, the heated milk enters a pasteurization process. In
this process, heat is transferred to the milk by applying current of 2 A to 300 O metal wire.
After this process the hot milk retums to the regenerator again as shown in ttre figrye below.
Given that the specifi.c heat capacities of cold milk Cp,c and pasteurized milk Cp,n are 4178 I I
Kg"C ard.4200 J / Kg'C respectively. All tubes used in the process have equal diameters.
a) Determine the effectiveness ofthe heat exchanger.
b) :
If the overall heat transfer coeffi.cient U* 10 Wlm2"C, d.etermine the heat transfer
area required in this heat exchanger.

fh" , T
",i

T",o
rho,Tn,,

Pasteurization process

/lrtr61
8.5 Consider a counter flow heat exchanger. Test data obtained from this brand new heat
exchanger are

Inlet temp of hot water ( Tr r ) 95.3 "C

Outlet temp of hot water ( Tuo ) 58.1 "C
Inlet temp of cold water ( To.l ) 34.2 "C
Outlet temp of cold water ( T"." ) 73-1, "C
Mass flow rate of hot water ( mr, ) 0.1 ke/s

The hot water flows into tube which has a diameter of 3 cm and is 7 m long. The specific heat
capacity of both hot and cold water are Cpr,: Q, :420A J(kg"C)
a) Determine the overall heat tansfer ooefficient U
After extended use, Test data obtained at the same mass flow rate of hot and cold waters from
this heat exchanger are

Problem Sheet in Heat Transfer By CK. Chapter 8 Heat Exchangers

 Inlet temp of hot water ( Tn.r ) 95.3 "C
Ouflet temp of hot water ( Tn.o ) 65.8 "C
Inlettemp of cold water ( T',r ) 34.2 "C

b) Determine the overall heat tansfer coefficient U of this heat exchanger after extended
use.
c) Explain why the exchange of heat decreases after its extended use.
d) Determine the fouling faclor of both hot and coid water ( Fn + Fo ). Assume that the
conduction thermal resistance is negligible and inside and outside heat transfer coefEcients (hi
and h) are the same.

0a'vrt
8.6 Consider a concentric tube heat exchanger with an area of 50 m2 as shown in the figure
below Hot fluid with specific heat capacity (Cpr,) of 3000 Jlkg'C flows into the outer tube at
the rate of ms :2kg/s and temperature of Tni : 65 "C while the cold fluid with heat capacity
(Cp") of 6000 J&g"C flows into the inner tube at the rate of m, : 0.5 kg/s and inlet temperature
of T"i:35 oC and outlet temperature (T"o) = 59 "C
a) Determine the outlet temperature of hot fluid (Th")
b) Is this heat exchanger a parallel flow or colrnter flow? Give reasons.
c) Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient U
d) Determine the effectiveness e of this heat exchanger.
e) If this heat exchanger has an infinitety length (L + a), determine the effectiveness a of
this heat exchanger.

I
I

I
t_

6r*,
8.7 Two shells passes and four tube passes is used to exchange heat between hot and cold
waters. The mass flow rate of hot and coid waters are 5,000 kglhr unr 10,000 kg/k respectively.
oC.
lnlet temperature of hot water is 300 oC and inlet temperatures of cold water is 35 The
overall heat transfer coefficient is 1500 Wm2,K. If the ouflet temperature of cold water is 120
oC,
determine the exchange area of this heat exchanger and the outlet temperature of hot water.

Problem Sheet in Heat Transfer By CK. Chapter 8 Heat Exchangers

 +

Name. ....ID

W A€@Elheat exchanger is being considered r* ry$G[i,i&#;];X'k?fr.r.t

oC gllhe
fases of a turbine-driven engine. Air at 10 'C and exhaust gases at 425 enter the tubes
$fu velocity of 60 m/s. Assume that the UbSs3ge5gqoth and the flows inside are fully
illevetoped- Given that the properties of the
p=
jrfi'o *a intermediate metal:rya1,1-and the heat transfer
area of heat , deMine the temperature at the exit of the air.

120 cm

10 cm
t
Y
10 cm t
Y
Exhaust gas
\i
10 cm

flfnr
tube
Yll
and the corresponding convection coefficient is(]9! WgF*_g,.rhe iem perature of the
oC and the exit temperature is not to exceed 30 oC. Thin-
r r! cooling water entgring the tubes is 15
5til'n't'o walled"tub"r of +4*il diameter are specified and the mean veiocity of water flow through the
;i*iloillT: . tlb., is to be rnaintained at 0.5 m/s ,0; hgu: -5f Zi4 2 x ta6
'u1ocrruo-t7ELfb|$ What is the gitjgLroa-ffiUe. tubes that should be used and what is the
corresponding tube,{grgth per pass_}
b) To reduce the siZE-bfIfr heat exchanger, it is proposed to increaso the water-side
'v'
. convection coefficient.by inserting a wire mesh in the tube. If the wire mesh increases the
Ljaa, a,lt
convection coefficient by a factor of two, what is the recluired tube length per pass?
;l oit t, rrr. dr,rrarr,
I
/r7r- *;i";lii iirr*^*,n
/o ,xhi
! 6, 111-rp6r,s-furroui a fu:t'tl
fficond =2.T3lqg/s, Tn =j!Qf %ro
?ortrdfiz /T ' ho= Io,ooo wmz-K
Tqo g SBoC
,t.?ri,, O :nrnouT rlllflt"rtl
'- '?''
N tubes T6.; = 15gG
D= ttt9m um = 0.5 rnJs
o _o7..o 't1\

Probiem Sheet in Heat Transfer By CK. Chapter 8 Heat Exchangers

t'-
I

\+
G

6)661"
G&) In power system, 1.5 kg/s of steam leaves the turbine as saturated vapor at
a Rankine
355 K. The steam is condensed to saturated liquid by passing it over the hrbes of a condenser,
while liquid water, having an inlet temperature of T',i: 280 K is passed through the tubes. The
condenser contains 100 thin-walled tubes each of 10-mm diarneter and the total water flow rate
through the tubes is 15 kg/s. The averaged convection coefficient associated with condensation
on the outer surface of th! tubes may be approximated as hs :5000 Wlmz K. Approiriate
property values for the liquid water are Cp = 4178 Jlkg K, p: 700 x 10-6 kg/s m, k: 0.628
Wm K and Pr : 4.6. Properties of saturated steam at :SS K are h,E= 2.304 x 106 Jlkg.
a). What is the water outiet temperature?
b). What is the required tube length (per pass)?
.
c). After extended use, deposits accumulating on the inner and outer tube surfaces provide
a cumulative fouling faetor of 0.0003 m2 KJW. What is the rate of heat transfer in this case?

Water
Turbine

T",o

Saturated liquid

Problem Sheet in Heat Trandfer By CK. Chapter 8 Heat Exchangers

 ---dD-
lY"k f a,.nlr)or^d aarrno *l r,ftrlAu 9 u)* /--:,/
f'au,o'o.)urilr nXunitla- -atit-, =78#rU,
- r.) \'v I r,
-4Ln ,11 7l'bttmt N l@P u711ntt
Name

Chanter 9 Thermal Radiation

9'1 Consider the semi-sphere enclosure whichl'has diameter of D as shown in the figure
below' Coaxial small circle with diameter of d forms the bottom
of this enclosure. Determine
the view factor Fr-r, Fr-z and F3-3 given that d lD:0.2
tI)

g'2 consider (@triungular duct as shown in the figure below. Determine the view f'actor
F1-2, and F2-3 \
(i

9.3 Determine the view factoi from these grooves to the surroundin gs. yrz.l
d) t,,+ F,r, 7
fr,r\ r,
{rg
"nn,"lN pl^fe.

Fn. UfLt :r y
,rly,rx 1 o,dj
--
r( At
?

b)

Problem Sheet in Heat Transfer By CK. Chapter 9 Thermhl Radiation

 Name

c)

9-4 Steam flowing in the pipe which has length of 5 m and outside diameter of l0 cm. The
surface temperature of the tube is ll0 "C. The surrounding surfaces have a temperature of l0^
oC. Determine the
{. } net radiation from the pipe surface to the surroundings if the .rrilil;
the pipe surface is 0.9. ""[

J
6-.-
.NWp,k{*__ Consider two rectangular surfaces perpendicular to each other but do-rro-$aye{
,'-Y{ ' [ommogsdse-as shown in the figure below. The horizontal surface has a te.p.ratilre of 900
I}
\' -''
Kr
and an emissivity ott,.- 0.8. The vertical surface has a temperature of 500 K and an
emissivity(
ofez = 1. Thesurrounding surfaces are at 300 K and can be considered as blackbody surfaces.
Draw a thermal circuit for tlr.e analysis of this problern
l)
b) Determine the view factors Frz ,Fr: and F23
c) Determine J;
d) Determine the net heat radiation rate e,

7^'J&,,r',r,tc6 (d,he
+-
3*
2 | H,7rxr,11
I
Y
,Z ----/-

r' 5rn

l0 m

Problem Sheet in Heat Transfer By CK. Chapter 9 Thermal Radiation

 Name
....ID

9'6 Consider a long triangular groove as shown in

the figure below. The surface of the
groove has a temperature of 1500 K and
a' emissivity ;i0.6, while the sr.rrr.oirncling surfaces
have a temperature of300 K and can be considered
as the blackbody surt'aces.
a) Draw a thermar circuit for the anarysis of this proLr.nr.
- ----- r'vvrv'r'
b) Determine view factors Fp2, F13 *d Fr,
c) Determine the net radiation rute
0r, O, e,

/,-\
r(\
T1 = 1500 K

t, = 0'6
T, = 1500 K

t, = 0'6

X'A* ,ls"^*,^d zwrf,oon lf.o

q#++i
d,
ffi lj'u, J'i
,
i
steaks initially atT80 K. The distance
if,'l :l'J #',?:, *ii4# ;' ti":.i
between theJoaibricks ancl the steak
il." l,lr J:, fl i,t'lj ffi
a) botlr the steaks and the coal bricks as blackbodiss, reo,,i?u,i S'x,lh

fqrm coal
the;;i;#';iffiil;ffift*J;;.ffi;ffiffiI,nn,u,.
Draw a the,nar circuir ror
tud,.,h,I ao61l:"?,iroT'reating

/--,\. \wru vwcl.r bricl<s

u.rrull's to
tu ste?KS,
steaks, Q1_2
e1_2
.(( b)"'
9,, * .ffij,8;11',f;:'l* ::xli,'#;'lTj:H"'"^x.yir*
as arreradiating su.rfacd Draw a thermal js b.
e-lta n.t'uailiioi-ffi.r;iil#;il;l.J;a;'
p* ffi?dffiffi'l+:U"*
foi circuit
anarvsi"'rmfl:"rrA:#-and
tiril pr"Uf.* #jir,.rmine the analysis
tne
"i
"rtroximated
de
l.

ilw'2rJW|*tz-7,oo.>6::JY5;,:-l€,Ft[zl.-'- --
F\ : >1- I *o(,' f lT rei;t in;"ix '*o/oJlr f "l {*. {-t i =.i*
:i | ,; 1 t-% ^r, i,^,rtrrevr^"l)o"tiry9*,lanx-Hy,dr,olr)rFrrzt4,e,c.(
%

,{t4rr, I
:'i .ffi-r,,,ookii r'"='{rEb*r,'
@s - ^,;{!y*k&'^,
d,lE : **-+t,
'.t.^ t.tr^rir^
i nrv't{rr^. N l-l (tbo1-,-i;'t)

2, \ Kt, ' {f t, frt ,",q

-'
@, , ,,,tA)F ,ra c, tl -r,t(,,,".i,0,'r i, t9, ts i

RB-=i'*'fft*'=--,-
- L-
,-'' #'t);,,,t I
pr.r,em'#*
t ffi:I;r, ;{,;;f "
=

=*f
tzlL . i W#li*il#*,,"i};r,o * *n
l'-
Name

Stcal$

_T
-T
0:0 0:20

_t _t

Alumtnum Foil
h^r^
9'8 Consider two rectangular surfaces perpendicular to each other with a colnlnon edge av
i ) shown in the figure below. The horizontal'surface has u'i",rp.ruture of 1000"[;;:""f
emissivity of t1 : 0.8. The vertical surface has a temperature of 500 K and an emissivity of e2 :
0.6. The sumounding surfaces are at 300 K and can be consiclerecl as blackbody surfaces. Draw
a thermal circuit and determine the net heat radiation from the horizontal surl;ace to the rrertical
surf-ace, Q,,

0.5 m

0.5 m

(i

1f_9gf gti ", Ul Determine the net radiative heat exchange between therl , \ h d l, ,

')'141'l't,,'^' Ju h{9 ylly

rai,, '' -]rt' 1 ^Ft'
. A3 ) @ i'a)') I .-= |
I
-

'ru.''' '1 '13 tt't-

./',tL .i i =ry')o,tz r5.61xrc
wttw I \-v /
ty,*_--t ."---, i
i j,z I\9,,:o.r -l xTyoe-1orn+7
__ _//,s? j{;

L. -. o-7, n.t I
'' in Heat Transler By CI(.
/\1'o-,it i I PLoblem.Sheet Chapter 9 Thelrral Racliatiop
I
I
 R;: 0.2 m

Az,Tz
1
L
Ar, Tr

I
R,,: 0'4

d'",Jcar
ic- 9.10 Consider a circular heater whose diameter Dr is 200 mm. and surf'ace temperaturg Tr
=
1000'C. This heater is used to heat the wdter contained in the cylinclrical container. The
bottom of this cylindrical container has diameter of D2 = 200 *rn urd the surface
temperature
of T2 = 100 oC. The distance between the heater and the bottom of the container is 100 mm.
If
the sur"rounding surfaces have a temperature of 27 "C ancl treating all surlirces ol. heater,
container and surroundings as blackboclies,
a) Determine p,
b) If the side opening betweenthebottorn of containerand heater is covereci by aluminr-rm
tbil which can be approximated as a reradiating surface, determine
e, .

Surroundings

f;=27oC

rr

100 mm
oC
Tz ='1 00
Alurlinunr

Heater
oil TA

oC
T, = looo

a) b)

Problem Sheet in Heat Transfer By CK. Chapter 9 fhermal Radiation

 _+\-

Nanre.
nJ
'inlnotd
9.11 Consider the three-surface cylindrical enclosure shown below. The lower plate (A1)
can
be considered as blackbody and has diameter of 400 mm. Heat dissipation frorn
this lower
plate is 1000 w. The upper plate (A2), a disk coaxial to Ap, is a diffuse, gruy
surface with e, =
0.8 and is maintained at Tz = 300 K. the diffuse, gray sides betw..r,'ti1. plut. ur. perfecily
insulated. Assune convection heat tr.ansfer is negligible.
a) Draw a thermal circuit foi the analysis of-tnL problem
b) Determine a view factor Frz, Frr and F23
c) Determine the operating temperature of the lower plate T1

lnsulatiorl'
L:0.2 m T:,A:
(,, (,

D=0.4rn

(] (

Prolrlem Sheet in Fleat Transfer By CK. Chapter 91'liermal Radiation

 Yxtmp{e
I
E ,1. Vfror*r*
qdr.B (a'6)0'ozD)
't*"t t}'JT, z+T'c &0,** = -P)-YD ' :
W*Jr, \,Lli "t o.496Etto-r
Q*;,t ''r, +loyr<.ne& tulx
P" . '- L66"L9 ' 85
ft^be i D"= 2,5 C-rTs'- loc'c Or"ttlctl

!.= t., , t+,- z.a yTotLh +-z

M,-* \)le
5o.rJr U* itutit = o3'{n/s a,.z 0.6 a.bb ^ o.zs
,-,-k N^= o-+s ( \.) Feo ?r ( f{,rn
a h --7 , b)'iruur!t\) Yow *lvl,
u tL., ,i7'4xizm Nw= o,9b/ 9tJ f'z ( 9.622)o'1( / ZjI
f"
itYl; lo.oqa ) ,z662ry.Eq)o'u
(-rn
c -l

.)
L
lVut, 111,5

! Ntl' 42

a I ov
;tzTNr;t',
)
a

q
k

{Y\I31)lo

!-! ? -- ,." --l 9t= 1"5 xz.qrli' L' i n, A7^, { boc T"-1; )
*h. oV
' E' #1;E*
2hy|' ,n gL= a.o1xt rY\ o 1'*>'
9r --
' - -7n: o'o5 'm
n.n4.ru,\ r?, /,\\ tu*c,ofi o f,,

r
E,'
-2 Exto-, ,l
o
ATt*, (;TaS-(r;!1)
aJ ,r=ffi = ,{"s+tz+(+r)'
,hl 0'-t"> -+-
*{rrutr,
1
A.(9rt\)xL
5o. o.o(tg m lft-T;)J
Ct<!,k s^( g*+D 1 AT_r*^-_ 46. tla I
UL
z
o.o{5 ( o'o\+ o'oL5 . 1-
, . q'r/O

o,o'16 1a.o1t29 7:ili, 4*

tztt,+u (11 zi x"
rc.o 7E
61lro.o N )U
Nt (4 6. 6t Lt I 7' 48e. 9 (o'6t) (o.\) ( 1l t a, I ) (6o)

\!/ 3ro-'-U^ fVr=

-= )01.o1 ^ lol
)ol.o9 ko-t Y
loT l,to't
.'. T:ilor V*^nr : ,.---
' 6T- D) drw',rir, ii,\twrt
>w',rh,iiQtwr1- h NLT
NtTlL
lL
', h.ga.tz,ttlt
fxart
o
'O^o5
,o5( ot.l ) Y4y,'K of, ff
- a,c1-E

V^* . o.6 tn/s

-frt
D.Tu =
- ?-
-- Y++1
-)-
-* '11 "c
bewEInfuEL6
,)"*, 'Watw
@ ,tg'c
J2"
?8s.t lglrt
c7,4lao J/yry.
, t
k= o, b\zo w/m'k
,/. o,tg6t x(db Lg/-o
Pt " ,,6La
 8".-@+ 't
Trwr!.n*rnDn/rlon ilDia ' ?ocwrn,$ r 9oa mvn 4Urirril /Ooow
qv,k c\cwtnt\veitu,Ao $u i z't"c
erinrvtr)r,i Is = ,17 c 6o:il

0,1^,c,n v ivt irgniorltut wI Di* = Lre rvwvt

,. i^ r\, * a tt, YvNu fa^,t rvw q G t 6"t G.Ly e<n i, i, w a
i;a,rr"*r.,,ilTenp6riv1iienra1ili;n u'" ,Gl^1c*;i7,,',otn tu.tt7 due1"r9'riu
9d atja"inl p ,.rzri-.q hg/-, ,cp--zqL? s/tot<t y'l,*1.qxi't 1/r,. ; k= zo dxt,-?Vrtk)(r= 6?Bo
g21gl d, a.s4"rb$run o\
) t'"tJ{
2 ^
L
t1*. . *-*.--->l " "---"''
. t# ___\,__TS"I+C
t, %oc YnYA , U. 1WWrt ;ft.r, t d-dytw)>P
' Yh,
lJ\,#,[i
: (i.? l"';_,r/ As
PL
, {DL " Tl'0'xl6a tr' L

?4 Ae , O'aSta L

oo.-gr 8
*,tu. 1 *i - (.q + - L4 ) e-'###
4ryL
..g, -o,on?zL '
1-3 ; -o,ar1llL
i"ffiavtq*6*)cic ,,t..
t *rY ^'
qs g-. ncocTr-Ti> !o,9021'\
\\
o,otqDL
lor". flCUzil(4-z't? ' L -- tr,eLq ?n # 4---.==-===_
u" o.c6c6 + $AX ,io*0,
W, u@ a. h/5[-fh* \=J,
\v.
\o^ r
R.. ND tql \z)
lonr,>r,
,"7 tq. t>
t,
i, jy
ht
L *1';'|#;J
rr-r;l l1r'
l2l\.
l-t
/ e<-
{.n f y=7
--
-'s1 ,/.a) | -
v. /oco = E2'718 (o,a624L)( ls,ffiq)
? *-) ()^, -2
y' Ua=
-f Aj €? L
21'
-,
g,S-"t r

F"r,j2,a" D; -lY G'e-

.tl-_
,t lY ff91 ,'^'ll}
ia
NT

4
gib= tt( o ,o 686+) Vvl{'4)t I
1/4Q,U,Idtr
ffi';tlTI c u>t6a) -lil l'!'8
r^ ='--= . r(.26 rcn
9un/torhrb,m,t@W
lyrnoocnrrU tlq" 6\)Ir&co lJ. ,,
l 7@xo.,
T:
y} , i"='-r"ai-il. r+ao
hhy'iq
-@
Qoc tY1w = 90,8 -*,y
wh' ,
t 6, ?-{

-.gn ta.r'a'no^,
,tr or4 ylonnrfi I

Nw-|,6 6 ' W
k_3
h. 1,66r< 286Y-t6 -- ,z. rn6 w/m'k
-----------
?-'rbtZ
 fu*@ y'ro
d'&'""o stay5+'d'
Aff l1'a q^Ur'rr
D = tt,,t ---, lr;fintn t 1;;'tr. }Jc
"{rX i --, i
X g
r. lr1.t rrn) ST = \t, orrou )-ow, lf+?uilAlo'rt
"
Lr"- 5115-fo,U;*q4----*--> N1'B
,{rrnr,7n"*}I"*,1u
r
u,nn a) h- &
\;i"ilr 1.1 rua,lotLk,+4
V 5*"y** gfrr
l- ffi_r,
Dae ,,r,lur^rri..,
R"r, Pyotft.9grNz| \

!E-$$
\/'=n:
G'- T. I',
'r-,,,,,_:g,"b @,,'z'c
u*:q,. o - |i '@; i"'"cs1)o'Re:r':"1il;
'x.l"a'+t], "]
a - (,o I ln,. t ,t,L;t\.,
.r -, - o'29 -
-, --l 0 .^.0,r-,.".0.7(7o,4lt> \..rt-l
l
c i + .l : !N"n**"one[o't'(+;)"(14a'1)'bq)'t'o'""fu'(:'ot7])
". : i ' INor,*r',5'Ql'tt1
o c c---o l,,rn1'1
4 L 7 7i
,

arN^r,N,rtt'ff
\n -- r;trg
\rr) f,l, -- lit rg i
|i
h
" ' qlJgSJg:tlto
'-
:'1 'L3)-JIZ--19t -- lbq.t !'
-- t7-t tt N/r?
/ ' K
"aiit6,q>rc-L
b :-- .- -a

M*w1.=15"c it, \Il Ato**L--*

Aili,lr;r,ny1a
pr{yr
,, 1b= b-tls ---t5L
- ufi',, c-
floc.lw,LdLt^' /6 , 4""!v|uro
zi At" I'D^.
L "qlfvl u^w'io
.

r ,__
.r"- i c,t^** _,5 - - --(@(l
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