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CURRENT ELECTRICITY. THERMAL , CHEMICAL, MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT

CURRENT ELECTRICITY

 I = dq/dt
I = Q/t = ne/t
 If a point charge q is moving in circle with constant speed and frequency f,
then corresponding current. I = fq
𝐼
 Current density 𝐽= here θ is angle between direction of current area
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
vector of cross-section
 Resistance :

ρ : resistivity of conductor
l: length ; A : Area of cross section
(i) Effect of stretching a wire on its resistance
l1 and l2 be the initial and final lengths of the wire and r1 and r2 are the initial
and final radius then

(ii) % change in resistance for % change in length

 Conductance S = 1/R is called conductivity unit Ω-1 or seimen(s)

Conductivity = 1/resistivity
σ = 1/ρ
Unit of conductivity = Ω-1m-1
Dimensional formula for conductivity M-1 L-3 T3A2
 Current I = neAVd
Here vd is drift velocity.
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 Resistivity ρ

m : mass of electron
n : number density of electron per unit m3
τ : Relaxation time
e : charge of electrons
 Mobility:

 Temperature Dependence of Resistivity

ρ: resistivity at temperature θ
ρo : resistivity at reference temperature θo
R : resistance at temperature θ
Ro: resistance at reference temperature θo
α : temperature coefficient
 If R1 is resistance at temperature t1 and R2 is resistance at temperature t2 then

temperature coefficient α is

 Terminal voltage
When discharging V = E - Ir
When battery is charging V = E + Ir
When battery is charging, charging voltage is V and R is resistance to control
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current, r is internal resistance of battery, then

energy VIt = ΕIt + I2Rt + I2rt
Charging current I

 Connections of Resistors:
Series connection
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + .....
Parallel connection

Kirchoff's Rules:
First rule: `` The algebraic sum of all the electric currents meeting at the
junction is zero.'' ∑ I =0
Second Rule: `` For any closed loop the algebraic sum of the products of
resistance and the respective currents flowing through them is equal to the
algebraic sum of the emfs applied along the loop.'' ∑IR = ∑ ε
Sign convention: If direction of path and direction of current is same then IR is
negative else it is positive
While going through the path if negative terminal of battery appears first take
ε as positive else negative
 Connection of two Cells:
two cells of emfs ε1 and ε2 having internal resistance r1and r2 respectively.
current flowing through external resistance R is I (i) Series Connection Current
I is

Equivalent emf ε = ε1 + ε2
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Equivalent internal resistance r = r1 + r2

(ii)Parallel Connection

equivalent emf

Equivalent internal resistance

 grouping of n cells having same emf ε and internal resistance r

(A) Series grouping: In series grouping of one cell is connected to cathode of
other cell and so on, If n identical cells are connected in series.

(i) Equivalent emf of the combination εeq= nε

(ii) Equivalent internal resistance req = nr
(iii) Current from each cell and resistance R :

(iv) Potential difference across external resistance V = IR

(v) Potential difference across each cell v' = V/n
(vi) Power dissipated in the external circuit

(vii) Condition for maximum power R = nr

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(viii) This type of combination is used when nr << R.

(B) Parallel grouping: In parallel grouping all anodes are connected at one
point and all cathodes are connected together at other point. of n identical
cells are connected in parallel.

(i) Equivalent emf of the combination εeq= ε

(ii) Equivalent internal resistance req = r/n
(iii) Current from each cell and resistance R :

(iv) Potential difference across external resistance V= potential across each

cell = IR
(v) Current through each cell I' = I/n
(vi) Power dissipated in the external circuit
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(vii) Condition for maximum power R = r/n

(viii) general equation

(C) Mixed Grouping: If n identical cells are connected in a row and such m
rows are connected in parallel as shown, then

(i) Equivalent emf of the combination εeq= nε

(ii) Equivalent internal resistance req = nr/m
(iii) Current through resistance R :

(iv) Potential difference across external resistance V = IR

(v) Potential difference across each cell v' = V/n
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(vi) Current through each cell I' = I/n

(vii) Condition for maximum power R = nr /m

(viii) number of cell in circuit = mn

 Whetstone Bridge: For a balanced whetstone

For a balanced whetstone

For practical circuit

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 Potentiometer:
For comparing emf

For finding internal resistance of cell 'r'

AN1 = l1 and AN2 = l2

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THERMAL AND CHEMICAL EFFECTS OF CURRENT

 The work done in taking q coulomb of charge from one end of the wire to the
other at a potential difference of V volt will be V×q joule. Thus work done by
the battery or energy dissipated in the wire in t sec.
W = Vq = VIt joule
If resistance of wire is R, the V = IR
∴ W = I2Rt joule
or W = V2t/R
 Electric power p = W/t
P = I2R
P = V2/R
 When total current is divided in two parts among two resistance R1 and R2
Current through R1 is

Current through R2 is

 When resistance of power P1, P2 .... Pn when voltage is V are connected in

series with voltage V then Power obtained

 When resistance of power P1, P2 .... Pn when voltage is V are connected in

parallel with voltage V then Power obtained
P = P1 + P2 + .... +Pn
 Faraday's laws of electrolysis
(a) First law : it states that the amount of substance deposited or liberated in
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electrolysis is directly proportional to the charge flowing through the

electrolyte
If m is the amount of substance liberated, when charge q passes through the
electrolyte then
m = Zq, here Z is called electrochemical equivalent of the substance
Or m = ZIt ( as q =It)
unit of Z is kg/coul.
Dimensional formula is [ M A-1 T-1 ]
(b) Second Law: If same amount of electricity is passed through different
electrolytes for same time then the ratio of masses of the substance liberated
at the respective electrodes is equal to the ratio of their chemical equivalents.
if e1 and e2 are chemical equivalents and there electrochemical equivalent is
Z1 and Z2 respectively then

If M is molecular weight of substance deposited and p is valence then e = M/p

 Faraday Constant : Charge on one mole of electron is called faraday constant
its value is 96500C/mol.
F = e/Z
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MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT

 Biot-Savart law

Here θ is the angle between direction of current and vector joining the point
and current element,
 µo = 4π×10-7 wb amp-1 metre-1
or µo = 4π×10-7 T m A-1
If θ = 0 or π dB = 0., thus for all the point along the length of the element , the
magnetic field is zero
(ii) If θ = 90°, dB is maximum . thus field is maximum for all points lying in a
plane through the element and perpendicular to its length
 Magnetic field due to

(A) Finite length of a wire

i is the current through conductor d is a perpendicular distance

(B) Infinite length of a wire

put θ1 = θ2 = 90° in first equation of (A)
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(C) Semi - infinite length of a wire

take θ1 = 0 and θ2 = 90° in first equation of (A)

(D) Magnetic field at the centre of current carrying coil

n is number of turns
(E) Magnetic field on the axis of the current carrying circular coil of n turns, of
radius R

(i) At centre x = 0

(ii) At a point at very large distance from the coil

For such point x2 >> R2

(F) For Solenoid

(i) Finite length solenoid
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Angle α1 and α2 are the angle subtended by two ends of the solenoid with
normal drawn from point p

(ii) Infinite length solenoid

α1 = α2 = 90°
if n is the number of turns per unit length

(iii) Mag. field at either end

α1 =0 α2 = 90

(G) Toroid:

N is total number of turns, and r is the radius of toroid

(H) Magnetic field inside Lethe conductor
Let "a" be the radius of cylindrical conductor and "r" be the perpendicular
distance from axis of cylinder. r > a, then

Force on a charged particle in magnetic field.

⃗ = q(𝒗
(A) 𝑭 ⃗⃗ )
⃗ ×𝑩
F = qvB sinθ
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θ is the angle between direction of velocity ⃗𝒗 and direction of magnetic

field ⃗𝑩
⃗

(i) Magnetic force is zero if v = 0 or charge is stationary, or θ = 0

(ii) Magnetic force is maximum when θ = 0
(iii) Direction of force can be determine by using Fleming's Left and rule
(iv) charged particle moves on straight line if θ =0

(V) If θ = 90 then charged particle moves on circular path of radius r

(B) Fleming's Left and rule

First finger indicates ⇒ direction of magnetic field.
Middle finger indicates ⇒ direction of motion of POSITIVE charge particle
Thumb indicates ⇒ direction of force
(C) If θ is neither zero nor perpendicular it performs Helical path.
(i) radius of helical path r

(ii) periodic time

(iii) pitch of the helix = Tv cosθ , here v is velocity

(iv) number of pith = length(l) /Pitch distance

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 Lorentz's force

 Cyclotron frequency

Maximum energy of positive ions

Limitation of cyclotron
As the charged particle is accelerated, its velocity increases and thence the
masses, according to formula

Since t ∝ m, charge particles takes more time in Dees. Since the electric field
charges after fix interval, the charge particle lags behind the field, finally it
becomes impossible to accelerate the charged particle as it becomes
completely out of step of the applied A.C.
 Force between two parallel current carrying wires.

d is perpendicular distance between wires

Case (i) If I1 and I2 are flowing in same direction Attraction.
Case (ii) If I1 and I2 are flowing in opposite direction Repulsion.
 Torque acting on a rectangle frame carrying current i , in uniform magnetic
field B
τ= BINA sin θ (i) If frame is parallel to the field θ = 0, τ = 0
(ii) If frame is perpendicular to the field θ = 90, τ = BINA
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 Moving coil Galvanic meter.

(i) τ= BINA
restoring force = Kφ
Where φ = deflection in galvanometer
BINA = Kφ

(ii) Current sensitivity (Si) : The deflection produced in the Galvanometer per
unit current flowing through it.

(iii) Voltage sensitivity (Sv) :

The deflection produced in the Galvanometer per unit voltage applied to it.

 Ammeter:
Formula for shunt

here I : is maximum current , Ig is current through galvanometer for full scale

deflection
G is resistance of galvanometer
S is resistance connected in parallel to galvanometer
 Voltmeter
Series Resistance

Rs is resistance connected in series with Galvanometer, Ig is current through

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galvanometer for full scale deflection

G is resistance of galvanometer, V is the potential difference to be measured