Cisco IOS Commands
Cisco IOS Commands
Cisco IOS Commands
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Cisco IOS Commands
Posted on 02222003 00:13:00 UTC | Updated on 01012012 21:39:59 UTC
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About
3com This is a list of Cisco IOS commands and information. IOS is the software used on the
3ware vast majority of Cisco Systems routers and most Cisco network switches.
alsa
alsactl Quick Links
alsamixer
amd
android IOS Commands:
apache Notes:
Privileged Mode
areca Static and Dynamic Routing
Setting Passwords
arm DistanceVector and LinkState Routing
Configuring the Router
ati Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols
General
auditd Problems with Routing Protocols
Processes
awk Encapsulation Types
CDP
badblocks WAN Service Providers
Miscellaneous
bash WAN Devices
IP
bind ISDN
IPX
bios Classful and Classless Protocols
Routing Protocols:
bonnie Administrative Distances for IP Routes
RIP
cable Switching Terminology
IGRP
carp Access Lists
Access Lists
cat5 Troubleshooting Tools
WAN Configurations
cdrom Accessing Router with Terminal Emulation
PPP
cellphone Router Startup Sequence
FrameRelay
centos Miscellaneous Notes
Keyboard Shortcuts
chart
cifs
cisco
cloudera IOS Commands
comcast
commands
comodo Privileged Mode
compizfusion enable get to privileged mode
corsair disable get to user mode
cpufreq enable password <password_here> sets privileged mode password
cpufrequtils enable secret <password_here> sets encrypted privileged mode password
cpuspeed
Setting Passwords
cron
enable secret <password_here> set encrypted password for privilegedaccess
crontab
enable password <password_here> set password for privileged access (used
crossover
when there is no enable secret and when using older software)
cu
Set password for console access:
cups
(config)#line console 0
cvs
(configline)#login
database
(configline)#password <password_here>
dbus
Set password for virtual terminal (telnet) access (password must be set to access
dd
router through telnet):
dd_rescue
(config)#line vty 0 4
ddclient
(configline)#login
debian
(configline)#password <password_here>
decimal
Set password for auxiliary (modem) access:
dhclient
(config)#line aux 0
dhcp
(configline)#login
diagnostic
(configline)#password <password_here>
diskexplorer
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disks Configuring the Router
dns sh runningconfig details the running configuration file (RAM)
dos sh startupconfig displays the configuration stored in NVRAM
dovecot setup Will start the the automatic setup; the same as when you first boot the router
drac config t use to execute configuration commands from the terminal
dsniff config mem executes configuration commands stored in NVRAM; copies startup
dvdauthor config to runningconfig
email config net used to retrieve configuration info from a TFTP server
echo copy runningconfig startupconfig copies saved config in running config (RAM)
editor to NVRAM or "write memory" for IOS under ver.11
emerald copy startupconfig runningconfig copies from nonvolatile (NVRAM) to current
ethernet running config (RAM)
expect boot system flash <filename_here> tells router which IOS file in flash to boot
ext3 from
ext4 boot system tftp tells router which IOS file on the tftp server to boot from
fat32 boot system rom tell router to boot from ROM at next boot
fedora copy flash tftp Copies flash to tftp server
fetchmail copy tftp flash Restores flash from tftp server
fiber copy run tftp Copies the current runningconfig to tftp server
filesystems copy tftp run Restores the runningconfig from tftp server
firefox
firewall General Commands
flac no shutdown (enables the interface)
flexlm reload restarts the router
floppy sh ver Cisco IOS version, uptime of router, how the router started, where system
flowtools was loaded from, the interfaces the POST found, and the configuration register
fonts sh clock shows date and time on router
format sh history shows the history of your commands
freebsd sh debug shows all debugging that is currently enabled
ftp no debug all turns off all debugging
gdm sh users shows users connected to router
gnome sh protocols shows which protocols are configured
greasemonkey banner motd # Your_message # Set/change banner
greylisting hostname <router_name_here> use to configure the hostname of the router
growisofs clear counters clear interface counters
grub
hacking Processes & Statistics
hadoop sh processes shows active processes running on router
harddrive sh process cpu shows cpu statistics
hba sh mem shows memory statistics
hex sh flash describes the flash memory and displays the size of files and the amount
hfsc of free flash memory
html sh buffers displays statistics for router buffer pools; shows the size of the Small,
html5 Middle, Big, Very Big, Large and Huge Buffers
http sh stacks shows reason for last reboot, monitors the stack use of processes and
https interrupts routines
idl
ie CDP Commands (Cisco Discovery Protocol uses layer 2 multicast over a SNAPcapable
ilo link to send data):
intel sh cdp neighbor shows directly connected neighbors
ios sh cdp int shows which interfaces are running CDP
iperf sh cdp int eth 0/0 show CDP info for specific interface
ipmi sh cdp entry <cdp_neighbor_here> shows CDP neighbor detail
iptables cdp timer 120 change how often CDP info is sent (default cdp timer is 60)
ipv6 cp holdtime 240 how long to wait before removing a CDP neighbor (default CDP
irix holdtime is 180)
javascript sh cdp run shows if CDP turned on
kde no cdp run turns off CDP for entire router (global config)
kernel no cdp enable turns off CDP on specific interface
kickstart
kmail Miscellaneous Commands
kprinter sh controller t1 shows status of T1 lines
krecord sh controller serial 1 use to determine if DCE or DTE device
kubuntu (configif)#clock rate 6400 set clock on DCE (bits per second)
kvm (configif)#bandwidth 64 set bandwidth (kilobits)
lame
IP Commands
ldap
Configure IP on an interface:
linux
int serial 0
logfile
ip address 157.89.1.3 255.255.0.0
lp
int eth 0
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lpq ip address 2008.1.1.4 255.255.255.0
lpr Other IP Commands:
maradns sh ip route view ip routing table
matlab ip route <remote_network> <mask> <default_gateway>
memory [administrative_distance] configure a static IP route
mencoder ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 <gateway_of_last_resort> sets default gateway
mhdd ip classless use with static routing to allow packets destined for unrecognized
mkinitrd subnets to use the best possible route
mkisofs sh arp view arp cache; shows MAC address of connected routers
moinmoin ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.0 secondary configure a 2nd ip address on an
motherboard interface
mouse sh ip protocol sh ip interface Show all IP interfaces
movemail sh ip interface brief Show brief overiew of IP interfaces
mplayer sh ip nat translations Show current IP NAT translations
multitail
mutt IPX Commands
myodbc Enable IPX on router:
mysql ipx routing
mythtv Configure IPX + IPXRIP on an int:
nagios int ser 0
nameserver ipx network 4A
netflow Other Commands:
nginx sh ipx route shows IPX routing table
nic sh ipx int e0 shows ipx address on int
ntfs sh ipx servers shows SAP table
ntp sh ipx traffic view traffic statistics
nvidia debug ipx routing activity debugs IPS RIP packets
odbc debug ipx sap debugs SAP packets
openbsd
openntpd Routing Protocols
openoffice Configure RIP:
openssh router rip
openssl network 157.89.0.0
opteron network 208.1.1.0
parted Other RIP Commands:
partimage debug ip rip view RIP debugging info
patch Configure IGRP:
perl router IGRP 200
pf network 157.89.0.0
pfflowd network 208.1.1.0
pfsync Other IGRP Commands:
photorec debug ip igrp events view IGRP debugging info
php debug ip igrp transactions view IGRP debugging info
pop3
Access Lists (see notes below for details)
pop3s
sh ip int ser 0 use to view which IP access lists are applies to which int
ports
sh ipx int ser 0 use to view which IPX access lists are applies to which int
postfix
sh appletalk int ser 0 use to view which AppleTalk access lists are applies to which
power
int
procmail
View access lists:
proftpd
sh accesslists
proxy
sh ip accesslists
pulseaudio
sh ipx accesslists
putty
sh appletalk accesslists
pxe
Apply standard IP access list to int eth 0:
python
accesslist 1 deny 200.1.1.0 0.0.0.255
qemu
accesslist 1 permit any
rstudio
int eth 0
raid
ip accessgroup 1 in
recovery
Apply Extended IP access list to int eth 0:
redhat
accesslist 100 deny tcp host 1.1.1.1 host 2.2.2.2 eq 23
router
accesslist 100 deny tcp 3.3.3.0 0.0.0.255 any eq 80
rpc
int eth 0
rsync
ip accessgroup 100 out
samba
Apply Standard IPX access list to int eth 0:
schedule
accesslist 800 deny 7a 8000
scsi
accesslist 800 permit 1
seagate
int eth 0
seatools
ipx accessgroup 800 out
sed
Apply Standard IPX access list to int eth 0:
sendmail
accesslist 900 deny sap any 3378 1
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sgi accesslist 900 permit sap any all 1
shell int eth 0
siw ipx accessgroup 900 out
smtp
snort
solaris
soundcard Wan Configurations (see notes below for more details)
sox
PPP Configuration
spam
encapsulation ppp
spamd
ppp authentication <chap_or_pap_here>
sql
ppp chap hostname <routername_here>
sqlite
ppp pap sentusername <username_here>
squid
sh int ser 0 use to view encapsulation on the interface
ssh
ssh.com
FrameRelay Configuration
ssl
encapsulation framerelay ietf use IETF when setting up a framerelay network
su
between a Cisco router and a nonCisco router
subnet
framerelay lmitype ansi LMI types are Cisco, ANSI, Q933A; Cisco is the default;
subversion
LMI type is autosensed in IOS v11.2 and up
sudo
framerelay map ip 3.3.3.3 100 broadcast if inverse ARP won't work, map Other
sun
IP to Your DLCI # (local)
supermicro
keepalive 10 use to set keepalive
switches
sh int ser 0 use to show DLCI, LMI, and encapsulation info
symbols
sh framerelay pvc shows the configured DLCI's; shows PVC traffic stats
syslinux
sh framerelay map shows route maps
syslog
sh framerelay lmi shows LMI info
systemrescuecd
t1 Keyboard Shortcuts
tcpip CTRLP show previous command
tcpwrappers CTRLN show next command
telnet SHIFTCTRL6 Break
terminal
testdisk
tftp Notes
thttpd
thunderbird
timezone
ting Static and Dynamic Routing
tls
tools Static Routing manually assigned by the Admin user entering the routes (Routed
tr Protocols IP, IPX and AppleTalk)
trac Dynamic Routing generated/determined by a Routing Protocol (Routing Protocols
tuning RIP I, RIP II, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, NLSP, RTMP)
tunnel
ubuntu Dynamic
vi 1) With Dynamic Routing, routers pass information between each other so that routing
wget tables are regularly maintained.
wiki 2) The routers then determine the correct paths packets should take to reach their
windows destinations.
windowsxp 3) Information is passed only between routers.
wireless 4) A routing domain is called an Autonomous System, as it is a portion of the
wpa_supplicant Internetwork under common admin authority.
x 5) Consists of routers that share information over the same protocol. Can be split into
xauth routing areas.
xfree86
xfs
xinearama
Distance Vector and LinkState Routing
xmms
youtube Routing Protocols
zdump I) Interior (within an autonomous system AS group of routers under the same
zic administrative authority)
zlib a) Distance Vector understands the direction and distance to any network
connection on the internetwork. Knows how
many hops (the metric) to get there. All routers w/in the internetwork listen for
messages from other routers, which are sent
every 30 to 90 seconds. They pass their entire routing tables. Uses hop count for
measurement. 1) Used in smaller networks
that are have fewer than 100 routers. 2) Easy to configure and use. 3) As routers
increase in number, you need to consider
CPU utilization, convergence time, and bandwidth utilization. 4) Convergence is due
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to routing updates at set intervals. 5) When
a router recognizes a change it updates the routing table and sends the whole table
to all of its neighbors.
1) RIP 15 hop count max
2) IGRP 255 hop count max, uses reliability factor (255 optimal), and
bandwidth
3) RTMP
b) Link State understands the entire network, and does not use secondhand
information. Routers exchange LSP?s (hello
packets). Each router builds a topographical view of the network, then uses SPF
(shortest path first) algorithm to determine the
best route. Changes in topology can be sent out immediately, so convergence can
be quicker. Uses Bandwidth, congestion for measurement; Dijkstra's algorithm;
1) Maintains Topology Database. 2) Routers have formal neighbor relationship. 3)
Exchanges LSA (Link State Advertisement) or
hello packets with directly connected interfaces. 4) These are exchanged at short
intervals (typically 10 sec). 5) Only new info is
exchanged. 6) Scales well, however link?state protocols are more complex. 7)
Requires more processing power, memory, and bandwidth.
1) OSPF decisions based on cost of route (metric limit of 65,535)
2) EIGRP hybrid protocol (both DistanceVector and Link State), Cisco
proprietary
3) NLSP
4) ISIS
II) Exterior
1) EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)
2) BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
Routing Protocols used for each Routed Protocol
IP RIP, IGRP, OSPF, ISIS, EIGRP
IPX IPX RIP, NLSP, EIGRP
AppleTalk RTMP, AURP, EIGRP
Problems with Routing Protocols
1) Routing Loops occur when routing tables are not updated fast enough when one
of the networks becomes unreachable. Due to the slow convergence (updates of
routing table between all routers), some routers will end up with incorrect routing table
and will broadcast that routing table to other routers. This incorrect routing tables will
cause packets to travel repeatedly in circles.
2) Counting to infinity occurs when packets end up in a routing loop; hop count
increases with every pass through a router on the network
Solutions to Problems with Routing Protocols
1) Define the maximum number of hops When the number of hops reaches this
predefined value, the distance is considered infinite, thus the network is considered
unreachable. This does stop routing loops, but only limit the time that packet can travel
inside the loop.
2) Split horizon The packets can not be sent back to the same interface that they
originally came from. During the updates, one router does not send updates to the
router that it received the information from.
3) Route poisoning The router sets the cost/distance of routes that are unreachable
to infinity. Used with holddown timers
4) Triggered updates The router sends updates of the routing table as soon as it
detects changes in the network. Does not wait for the prescribed time to expire.
5) HoldDowns After the router detects unreachable network, the routers waits for
a specified time before announcing that a network is unreachable. The router will also
wait for a period of time before it updates its routing table after it detects that another
router came online (Router keeps an entry for the network possibly down state,
allowing time for other routers to recompute for this topology change). Holddowns
can only partially prevent counting to infinity problem. Prevents routes from changing
too rapidly in order to determine if a link has really failed, or is back up
Encapsulation Types
Encapsulation
802.2 sap
802.3 novellether
Ethernet II arpa (Internet Standard)
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Snap snap
Wan Service Providers
1) Customer premises equipment (CPE) Devices physically located at subscriber?s
location; examples: CSU/DSU, modem, wiring on the customer's location
2) Demarcation (or demarc) The place where the CPE ends and the local loop
portion of the service begins. (Usually in the "phone closet").
3) Local loop Cabling from the demarc into the WAN service provider?s central
office; wiring from customer's location to the nearest CO
4) Central Office switch (CO) Switching facility that provides the nearest point of
presence for the provider?s WAN service; location of telephone company's equipment
where the phone line connects to the high speed line (trunk); Regional Telco Office
where the local loop terminates (the Telco location nearest you)
5) Toll network The switches and facilities, (trunks), inside the WAN provider?s
"cloud."
DTE the router side and receive clocking
DCE the CSU/DSU side and provide clocking
WAN Devices
Routers Offer both internetwork and WAN interface controls
ATM Switches Highspeed cell switching between both LANs and WANs
X.25 and FrameRelay Switches Connect private data over public circuits using
digital signals
Modems Connect private data over public telephone circuits using analog signals
CSU/DSU (Channel Service Units/Data Service Units) Customer Premises
Equipment (CPE) which is used to terminate a digital circuit at the customer site
Communication Servers Dial in/out servers that allow dialing in from remote
locations and attach to the LAN
Multiplexors Device that allows more than one signal to be sent out simultaneously
over one physical circuit
ISDN
ISDN BRI (Basic Rate Interface) 2 64K B channels, plus 1 16K D channel
ISDN PRI (Primary Rate Interface) 23 64K B channels, plus 1 64K D channel (North
America & Japan), 30 64K B channels, plus 1 64K D channel (Europe & Australia)
Classful and Classless Protocols
Classful summarizes routing info by major network numbers; ex. RIP, IGRP
Classless BGP, OSPF
Administrative Distances for IP Routes
Administrative Distances are configured using ip route command:
Example: ip route 154.4.55.0 255.255.255.0 195.23.55.1 85 (where 85 is the
administrative distance)
IP Route Administrative Distance
Directly connected interface 0
Static route using connected interface 0
Static route using IP address 1
EIGRP summary route 5
External BGP route 20
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Internal EIGRP route 90
IGRP route 100
OSPF route 110
ISIS route 115
RIP route 120
EGP route 140
External EIGRP route 170
Internal BGP route 200
Route of unknown origin 255
Switching Terminology
StoreandForward ? copies entire frame into buffer, checks for CRC errors before
forwarding. Higher latency.
CutThrough ? reads only the destination address into buffer, and forwards
immediately; Low latency; "wirespeed"
Fragment free ? modified form of cutthrough; switch will read into the first 64 bytes
before forwarding the frame. Collisions will usually occur within the first 64 bytes.
(default for 1900 series).
Access Lists
199 IP Standard Access List
100199 IP Extended Access List
200299 Protocol Typecode Access List
300399 DECnet Access List
600699 Appletalk Access List
700799 48bit MAC Address Access List
800899 IPX Standard Access List
900999 IPX Extended Access List
10001099 IPX SAP Access List
11001199 Extended 48bit MAC Address Access List
12001299 IPX Summary Address Access List
Access
Filters Wildcard Masks Additional Notes
List
To put simply, Wildcard mask examples:
when the IP is 0.0.0.0=entire address must
Source IP
broken down to match. 0.255.255.255=only the
Standard address field in
binary, the 1's first octet must match, the rest
IP the packet's IP
allow everything will allow everything.
header
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and the 0's must 255.255.255.255=allow
match exactly. everything
Source IP or
Destination IP,
The key word ANY implies any
or TCP or UDP
Extended IP value is allowed, the
Source or Same as standard
IP keyword HOST implies the IP
Destination
exactly has to match
Ports, or
Protocol
Packets sent by
clients and Configured as a
Standard servers, and hexadecimal 1 means any and all network
IPX SAP updates number instead of numbers ( works like ANY)
sent by servers binary
and routers
Source Network
or Node, or
Match multiple
Destination
Extended networks with one The most practical use of the
Network or
IPX statement, again protocol type is for NetBIOS
Node, or IPX
in hexadecimal
Protocol, or IPX
Socket, or SAP
Sent and
Updates its own SAP tables.
SAP received SAP N/A
Again uses 1 to mean "ANY"
traffic
Troubleshooting Tools:
Ping Results
! success
, timeout
U destination unreachable
? unknown packet type
& TTL exceeded
Traceroute Results
!H router rec'd, but didn't forward because of accesslist
P protocol unreachable
N network unreachable
U port unreachable
, timeout
Accessing Router with Terminal Emulation
Using HyperTerminal on a Windows machine adjust the following settings:
VT100 Emulation
Connection Speed: 9600 Baud
Data Bits: 8
Parity: None
Stop Bits: 1
Flow Control: None
On a Linux machine you may use Seyon or Minicom (at least one should come with
your distribution).
Router Startup Sequence
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POST
Bootstrap program loaded from ROM
IOS is loaded from either flash (default), TFTP, or ROM
IOS image loaded into lowaddressed memory; hardware and software is determined
Config file is load from NVRAM; if no configuration exists in NVRAM, the initial
configuration dialog will begin
Miscellaneous Notes
Multiple Loop Problems ? complex topology can cause multiple loops to occur. Layer
2 has no mechanism to stop the loop. This is the main reason for Spanning ? Tree
Protocol.
SpanningTree Protocol (STP) IEEE 802.1d. ? developed to prevent routing loops;
uses STA (SpanningTree Algorithm) to calculate a loopfree network topology; allows
redundant paths without suffering the effects of loops in the network
Virtual LAN?s (VLAN's) ? sets different ports on a switch to be part of different sub
networks. Some benefits: simplify moves, adds, changes; reduce administrative costs;
have better control of broadcasts; tighten security; and distribute load. Relocate the
server into a secured location.
HDLC (HighLevel Data Link Control) Link layer protocol for Serial links. Cisco
Default. Supports the following modes: Normal Response Mode ? as per Secondary
under SDLC; Asynchronous Response Mode allows secondary to communicate without
permission; Asynchronous Balanced mode combines the two stations. Has lower
overhead than LAPB but less error checking.
Modular Switch/VIP Syntax
type slot/port (example: e 2/1)
type slot/portadapter/port (example: e 2/0/1)
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