Northern Technical University

Technical College of Mosul

Building & Construction
Technology Engineering Dept.

Analysis & Design of Reinforced

Concrete Structures (1)

THIRD CLASS

Lecturer:
Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm ABBU

2015-2016
 Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Introduction Lecture .1

Design of Reinforced Concrete

Text Books:
1- Design of Concrete Structures (13th Edition) by: A. H. Nilson; D. Darwin &
C. H. Dolan
2- Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete ACI 318-05
References:
1- Reinforced concrete Design (7th Edition) by: C. K. Wang , C. G. Salmon &
J.A. Pincheira
2- Design of Reinforced Concrete (7th Edition) by: J.C. McCormac & J.K. Nelson
Units
SI Metric British
N gm lb
Force kN = 1000 N kg = 1000 g kip = 1000 lb
1 kg = 9.81 N Ton = 1000 kg 1 lb = 4.448 N
mm cm in
Length m = 1000 mm cm = 10 mm ft = 12 in (˝)
mm = 0.1 cm m = 100 cm 1 in = 25.4 mm
lb
Stress 
Force N
  Pa
gm  psi
Area m 2 cm 2 in 2
kip
Stress
kN
 kPa
kg  ksi  1000 psi
m2 cm 2 in 2

N Ton
 MPa
mm 2 m2 1ksi  6.895MPa

Kilo Pascal = kPa = 103 Pa

Mega Pascal = MPa= 106 Pa
Gega Pascal = GPa = 109 Pa
Tera Pascal = TPa = 1012 Pa

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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
 Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Introduction Lecture .1

Fundamentals

ACI building Code:

Whenever two different materials , such as steel and concrete, acting together, it is
understandable that the analysis for strength of a reinforced concrete member has
to be partial empirical although rational. These semi-rational principles and
methods are being constant revised and improved because of theoretical and
experimental research accumulate. The American Concrete Institute (ACI), serves
as clearing house for these changes, issues building code requirements.

Design Philosophy:

Two philosophies of design have long prevalent.

• Working stress method focuses on conditions at service loads.
• Strength of design method focusing on conditions at loads greater than
the service loads when failure may be imminent.
The strength design method is deemed conceptually more realistic to establish
structural safety.

Strength Design Method:

In the strength method, the service loads are increased sufficiently by factors to
obtain the load at which failure is considered to be “imminent”. This load is called
the factored load or factored service load.

strength required to 
strength provided   
 carry factored loads 

Strength provide is computed in accordance with rules and assumptions of

behavior prescribed by the building code and the strength required is obtained by
performing a structural analysis using factored loads.
The “strength provided” has commonly referred to as “ultimate strength”.
However, it is a code defined value for strength and not necessarily “ultimate”.
The ACI Code uses a conservative definition of strength.

Safety Provisions:

Structures and structural members must always be designed to carry some reserve
load above what is expected under normal use.
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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
 Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Introduction Lecture .1
There are three main reasons why some sort of safety factor are necessary in
structural design.
[1] Variability in resistance.
[2] Variability in loading.
[3] Consequences of failure.
 Variability of the strengths of concrete and reinforcement.
 Differences between the as-built dimensions and those found in structural
drawings.
 Effects of simplification made in the derivation of the members resistance.

Loading:

Specifications:
Cities in the U.S. generally base their building code on one of the three model
codes:
 Uniform Building Code
 Basic Building Code (BOCA)
 Standard Building Code
These codes have been consolidated in the 2006 International Building Code.
Loadings in these codes are mainly based on ASCE Minimum Design Loads for
Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE 7-98) – has been updated to ASCE 7-02.

Dead Loads:

 Weight of all permanent construction

 Constant magnitude and fixed location
Examples:
 Weight of the Structure
(Walls, Floors, Roofs, Ceilings, Stairways)
 Fixed Service Equipment
(HVAC, Piping Weights, Cable Tray, Etc.)
Can Be Uncertain….
 pavement thickness
 earth fill over underground structure

Live Loads:

 Loads produced by use and occupancy of the structure.

 Maximum loads likely to be produced by the intended use.
 Not less than the minimum uniformly distributed load given by Code.
Minimum concentrated loads are also given in the codes.

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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
 Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Introduction Lecture .1

Structural System Overview:

1. Building system primary functions

2. Types of load
3. RC structural systems
4. RC structural members

1. Basic Building System Functions:

Support gravity loads for strength and serviceability during:

1. Normal use (service) conditions
2. Maximum considered use conditions
3. Environmental loading of varying intensities

2. Types of Load
Gravity: Lateral
Dead Wind
Live Earthquake
Impact Soil lateral Pressure
Snow Thermal
Rain/floods

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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
 Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Introduction Lecture .1
Vertical deflection (sag) Lateral deflection (sway)

Dead, Live, etc. Wind or

earthquakes

Performance-Based Design: Control displacements within acceptable

limits during service loading, factored loaded, and varying intensities
of environmental loading

4. RC Structural Systems

A. Floor Systems
B. Lateral Load Systems

A. Floor Systems:
 Flat plate
 Flat slab (w/ drop panels and/or capitals)
 One-way joist system
 Two-way waffle system

Flat Plate Floor System: Slab-column frame system in two-way bending

Advantages:

 Simple construction
 Flat ceilings (reduced finishing costs)
 Low story heights due to shallow floors

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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
 Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Introduction Lecture .1

Plan Elevation

Flat Plate w/Spandrel Beam System:

Advantages:
 Same as flat plate system, plus
 Increased gravity and lateral load resistance
 Increased torsional resistance
 Decreased slab edge displacements

Plan
Flat Plate w/Beams Floor System:
Advantages:
 Increased gravity and lateral load resistance
 Simple construction
 Flat ceilings (reduced finishing costs)

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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
 Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Introduction Lecture .1

Gravity and lateral load frames

Flat Slab Floor System: Flat plate with drop panels, shear capitals, and/or column
capitals.
Advantages:
 Reduced slab displacements
 Increased slab shear resistance
 Relatively flat ceilings (reduced finishing costs)
 Low story heights due to shallow floors

Plan Elevation
One-Way Joist Floor System: Ribbed (joist) slab : (One-way bending)
Advantages:
 Longer spans with heavy loads
 Reduced dead load due to voids
 Electrical, mechanical etc. can be placed between voids
 Good vibration resistance

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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
 Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Introduction Lecture .1

2D gravity or lateral
frames

2D lateral frames

Floor joists, type

Typical Joist
Top of Slab

8-24” for 30” Modules

16-24” for 53” Modules
14-24” for 66” Modules
1:12 Slope, type
Width varies
4”, 6” or larger
• 2’ or 3’ cc. – Joists
• 4’ or 6’ cc. – Skip joists
• 5’ or 6’ cc – Wide-module joists
Two-Way Joist Floor System: Waffle slab : (Two-way bending)
Advantages:
 Longer spans with heavy loads
 Reduced dead load due to voids
 Electrical, mechanical etc. can be placed in voids
 Good vibration resistance
 Attractive Ceiling

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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
 Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Introduction Lecture .1

2D lateral frames

Waffle pans, type

B. Lateral Load Systems:

 Frame Overview
 Flat plate (& slab)-column (w/ and w/o drop panels and/or capitals) frame
systems
 Beam-column frame systems
 Shear wall systems (building frame and bearing wall)
 Dual systems (frames and shear walls)

Frame: Coplanar system of beam (or slab) and column elements dominated by
flexural deformation

Planar (2D) Space (3D)

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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
 Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Introduction Lecture .1

Basic Behavior:

Gravity Load Lateral Loading

Frame Advantages:

 Optimum use of floor space, ie. optimal for office buildings, retail, parking
structures where open space is required.
 Relatively simple and experienced construction process
 Generally economical for low-to mid-rise construction (less than about 20
stories)
 In Houston, most frames are made of reinforced concrete.

Frame Disadvantages:

 Generally, frames are flexible structures and lateral deflections generally

control the design process for buildings with greater than about 4 stories. Note
that concrete frames are about 8 times stiffer than steel frames of the same
strength.
 Span lengths are limited when using normal reinforced concrete (generally less
than about 40 ft, but up to about 50 ft). Span lengths can be increased by using
pre-stressed concrete.

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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
 Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Introduction Lecture .1
Shear Wall Lateral Load Systems
Shear wall Shear deformations
Edge column
generally govern

Elevation
Interior gravity
frames

Elevator shaft configuration

Gravity frames

Shear walls
Hole

Coupling beams

4. Structural Members:
 Beams
 Columns
 Slabs/plates/shells/folded plates
 Walls/diaphragms

Beam Elements: Members subject to bending and shear.

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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
 Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Introduction Lecture .1

L V
M M
V E,I,A

Elastic Properties:
 = My/I (normal stress) kb = f ( EI/Ln) (bending)
v = VQ/Ib (shear stress) ks = GA/L (shear)
b = f (load, support conditions, L, E, I) (bending) 
Column Elements: Members subject to bending, shear, and axial.

L V
F F
M V E,I,A M
Elastic Properties:
a = F/A (normal stress) ka = EA/L (axial)
b = My/I (normal stress) kb = f ( EI/Ln) (bending)
v = VQ/Ib (shear stress) ks = GA/L (shear)
b = f (load, support conditions, L, E, I, A) (normal) 
Slab/Plate Elements
Defn: Members subject to bi-directional bending & shear

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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm
 Analysis & Design of
Reinforced Concrete Structures (1) Introduction Lecture .1

Wall/Diaphragm Elements
Defn: Members subject to shear

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Dr. Muthanna Adil Najm