Lecture 3

Systems Development Process

Abdisalam Issa-Salwe

Department of Computer Science

Faculty of Information Science and Technology
East Africa University

Topic list
 System development cycle
 The Waterfall Model
 The Spiral Model
 Feasibility study
 System investigation
 User involvement
 OO design
 Activities in the object-oriented design process
 UML may models

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Learning outcome
 Understand the concept of systems analysis and design
as a disciplined approach to development
 Become familiar with the evolution of systems analysis
and design
 Understand the concepts of data-centricity and process-
centricity
 Describe the various roles and responsibilities in systems
development
 Explain the types of skills necessary to be a successful
systems analyst
 Review the different classes ofcomputer system

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East Africa University, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science

System Development Life Cycle (cont…)

 Systems Development Lifecycle Composed of a
common set of phases and activities serve to
structure and guide the development process
 Systems Development Life Cycle contained the
following stages:
 Preliminary Investigation
 Systems Analysis
 Logical Design
 Physical Design
 Implementation
 Maintenance

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System Development Life Cycle (cont…)

Figure 1-5. The Systems Development Life Cycle

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Putting the SDLC Together

 Each phase consists of steps that lead to

specific deliverables
 The system evolves through gradual
refinement
 Once the system is implemented, it may
go back into a planning phase for its next
revision, a follow-on system, or
maintenance releases

East Africa University, Faculty of Information Science6and Technology, Department of Computer Science

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Developingcomputer systemand the SDLC
 System Development Methodology
 Standard process followed in an organization
 Consists of:
 Analysis

 Design

 Implementation

 Maintenance

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Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Identify, analyze,
prioritize, and
arrange computer
system needs

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SDLC Analysis Phase

Study and structure

system
requirements

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East Africa University, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science

SDLC Design Phase

Convert
recommended
solution to system
specifications Logical design:
functional features
described
independently of
computer platform

Physical design:
logical
specifications
transformed to
technology-
specific details

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SDLC Implementation Phase

Code, test, install,

and support
thecomputer
system

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East Africa University, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science

SDLC Maintenance Phase

Systematically
repair and improve
the computer
system

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Overview of Phases and Activities
 Preliminary investigation phase
 Identification and selection of a development
project
 Initiation of a preliminary investigation to
determine project feasibility
 Formation of a project team
 Development of the project plan

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East Africa University, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science

Overview of Phases and Activities

 Analysis Phase
 Study of the organization’s processes, procedures, and systems
 Logical Design Phase
 Revise and refine the logical model
 Implementation independent
 Physical Design Phase
 Convert logical model into physical specification
 Implementation Phase
 Installation of the physical model
 End user training
 Maintenance Phase
 Detailed modifications to the new system

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 System Development Life Cycle (cont…)
 SDLC is a framework for describing the phases involved in
developing and maintainingcomputer system
 A Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is an abstract
representation of how system is developed.
 A SDLC process can consist of
 Sequential Phases/Steps
 Parallel Phases/Steps

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Sample SDLC Models

 Waterfall model has well-defined, linear stages of
systems development and support
 Spiral model shows that software is developed
using an iterative or spiral approach rather than a
linear approach
 Incremental release model: provides for
progressive development of operational software
 RAD (Rapid Application Development) model
used to produce systems quickly without
sacrificing quality
 Prototyping model: used for developing
prototypes to clarify user requirements

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 Software Development Life Cycle (cont…)
Decide if the FEASIBILITY STUDY
needs can be Product:
realizable Feasibility Study

Systems Investigation
Understand the Product:
Business Investigating the System
Problem or
Opportunity
Systems Analysis
Product:
Functional Requirements

Develop an
Information Systems Design
Product:
System System Specifications
Solution

Systems Implementation
Product:
Implement Operational System

Traditional the Information

System Systems Review and
Maintenance
Approach Solution
Product:
Improved System
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Waterfall approach
 The Waterfall model was the first structured
approach to systems development
 The waterfall model is just a time-ordered
list of activities to be performed to obtain an
IT system

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 Waterfall Approach (cont…)

Requirements

Design

Coding
Unit Testing

Test
Integration

Acceptance Test

Maintenance

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East Africa University, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science

Spiral Model
 The spiral model is a combination of the best
features of both the waterfall model and
prototyping.
 Risk assessment is an added feature to the spiral
model.
 Similar to the prototyping model, an initial version
of the system is developed and then repetitively
modified based on input received from client
evaluations.

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 Spiral Model (cont…)

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East Africa University, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science

Spiral model (cont…)

 The four quadrants of activity are:
 Determine project objectives, such review
alternatives as build or buy, and identify such
constraints as time available, budget and staff
talent availability
 Evaluate the defined alternatives and identify
the risks, and choose alternatives to minimize
those risks
 Develop a prototype based on previous work
and verify its effectiveness
 Re-evaluate and plan the next cycle
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Spiral model (cont…)
 Each trip around the quadrants is called a “round” and a
commitment to proceed or a decision to abandon is made
at the end of each round.
 Rounds zero and one are generally concerned with project
feasibility and risk assessment.
 If there is a “go” decision at the end of round one, a more
detailed analysis and concept of operations is begun. At
this point, the spiral model borrows

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Object-oriented Design Approach

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Object-oriented development
 Object-oriented analysis, design and programming are
related but distinct.
 OOA is concerned with developing an object model of the
application domain.
 OOD is concerned with developing an object-oriented
system model to implement requirements.
 OOP is concerned with realising an OOD using an OO
programming language such as Java or C++.

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Characteristics of OOD
 Objects are abstractions of real-world or system entities
and manage themselves.
 Objects are independent and encapsulate state and
representation information.
 System functionality is expressed in terms of object
services.
 Shared data areas are eliminated.
 Objects communicate by message passing.
 Objects may be distributed and may execute
sequentially or in parallel.

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Interacting objects

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Advantages of OOD
 Easier maintenance.
 Objects may be
understood as stand-alone entities.
 Objects are potentially reusable components.
 For some systems, there may be an obvious
mapping from real world entities to system
objects.

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Objects and object classes
 Objects are entities in a software system which
represent instances of real-world and system
entities.
 Object classes are templates for objects. They
may be used to create objects.
 Object classes may inherit attributes and
services from other object classes.

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About Objects and classes

 An object is an entity that has a state and a defined set
of operations which operate on that state.
 The state is represented as a set of object attributes.
 The operations associated with the object provide
services to other objects (clients) which request these
services when some computation is required.
 Objects are created according to some object class
definition.
 An object class definition serves as a template for
objects.
 It includes declarations of all the attributes and services
which should be associated with an object of that class.

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The Unified Modeling Language
 Several different notations for describing object-
oriented designs were proposed in the 1980s
and 1990s.
 The Unified Modeling Language is an integration
of these notations.
 It describes notations for a number of different
models that may be produced during OO
analysis and design.
 It is now a de facto standard for OO modelling.

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East Africa University, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science

Object communication
 Conceptually, objects communicate by
message passing.
 Messages
 The name of the service requested by the calling
object;
 Copies of the information required to execute the
service
and the name of a holder for the result of the service.
 In practice, messages are often implemented
by procedure calls
 Name = procedure name;
 Information = parameter list.

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Generalisation and inheritance
 Objects are members of classes that define
attribute types and operations.
 Classes may be arranged in a class hierarchy
where one class (a super-class) is a generalisation
of one or more other classes (sub-classes).
 A sub-class inherits the attributes and
operations from its super class and may add
new methods or attributes of its own.
 Generalisation in the UML is implemented as
inheritance in OO programming languages.

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Advantages of inheritance
 It is an abstraction mechanism which may be
used to classify entities.
 It is a reuse mechanism at both the design and
the programming level.
 The inheritance graph is a source of
organisational knowledge about domains and
systems.

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Problems with inheritance
 Object classes are not self-contained. they
cannot be understood without reference to their
super-classes.
 Designers have a tendency to reuse the
inheritance graph created during analysis. Can
lead to significant inefficiency.
 The inheritance graphs of analysis, design and
implementation have different functions and
should be separately maintained.

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UML associations
 Objects and object classes participate in relationships
with other objects and object classes.
 In the UML, a generalised relationship is indicated by an
association.
 Associations may be annotated with information that
describes the association.
 Associations are general but may indicate that an
attribute of an object is an associated object or that a
method relies on an associated object.

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 An object-oriented design process
 Structured design processes involve developing
a number of different system models.
 They require a lot of effort for development and
maintenance of these models and, for small
systems, this may not be cost-effective.
 However, for large systems developed by
different groups design models are an essential
communication mechanism.

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East Africa University, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science

Process stages
 Highlights key activities without being tied to any
proprietary process such as the RUP.
 Define the context and modes of use of the
system;
 Design the system architecture;
 Identify the principal system objects;
 Develop design models;
 Specify object interfaces.

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System context and models of use
 Develop an understanding of the relationships between
the software being designed and its external environment
 System context
 A static model that describes other systems in the
environment. Use a subsystem model to show other
systems. Following slide shows the systems around the
weather station system.
 Model of system use
 A dynamic model that describes how the system interacts
with its environment. Use use-cases to show interactions

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East Africa University, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science

Use-case models
 Use-case models are used to represent each
interaction with the system.
 A use-case model shows the system features as
ellipses and the interacting entity as a stick
figure.

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Object identification
 Identifying objects (or object classes) is the most
difficult part of object oriented design.
 There is no 'magic formula' for object
identification. It relies on the skill, experience
and domain knowledge of system designers.
 Object identification is an iterative process. You
are unlikely to get it right first time.

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Approaches to identification
 Use a grammatical approach based on a natural
language description of the system (used in Hood OOD
method).
 Base the identification on tangible things in the
application domain.
 Use a behavioural approach and identify objects based
on what participates in what behaviour.
 Use a scenario-based analysis. The objects, attributes
and methods in each scenario are identified.

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Design models
 Design models show the objects and object
classes and relationships between these entities.
 Static models describe the static structure of the
system in terms of object classes and
relationships.
 Dynamic models describe the dynamic
interactions between objects.

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East Africa University, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science

Examples of design models

 Sub-system models that show logical groupings of
objects into coherent subsystems.
 Sequence models that show the sequence of object
interactions.
 State machine models that show how individual objects
change their state in response to events.
 Other models include use-case models, aggregation
models, generalisation models, etc.

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Subsystem models
 Shows how the design is organised into logically
related groups of objects.
 In the UML, these are shown using packages -
an encapsulation construct. This is a logical
model. The actual organisation of objects in the
system may be different.

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East Africa University, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science

Sequence models
 Sequence models show the sequence of object
interactions that take place
 Objects are arranged horizontally across the
top;
 Time is represented vertically so models are
read top to bottom;
 Interactions are represented by labelled
arrows, Different styles of arrow represent
different types of interaction;
 A thin rectangle in an object lifeline
represents the time when the object is the
controlling object in the system.
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Object interface specification
 Object interfaces have to be specified so that the
objects and other components can be designed
in parallel.
 Designers should avoid designing the interface
representation but should hide this in the object
itself.
 Objects may have several interfaces which are
viewpoints on the methods provided.
 The UML uses class diagrams for interface
specification but Java may also be used.

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East Africa University, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science

Design evolution
 Hiding information inside objects means that
changes made to an object do not affect other
objects in an unpredictable way.
 Assume pollution monitoring facilities are to be
added to weather stations. These sample the
air and compute the amount of different
pollutants in the atmosphere.
 Pollution readings are transmitted with weather
data.

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Reference
 Alan Dennis and Barbara Haley Wixom, Systems
Analysis and Design,John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Sommerville 2004, Software Engineering, 7th
edition. Chapter 14
 Abdisalam Issa-Salwe (2004), SSM Notes,
Thames Valley University.

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East Africa University, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science

Discussion Questions
 Group 1: Discuss why Systems Development Life
Cycle (SDLC) is important? Could you name three
stages of SDLC in your discussion

 Group 2: What is user involvement and why is

important in SDLC process?

 Group 3: Explain the importance of object-

oriented approach to system design?
 Add in your discussion classes and objects?
 Give some examples of classes and objectes.
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East Africa University, Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Department of
Computer Science

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