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Chapter 5

The document discusses qualitative research designs and methods for data collection. It describes several qualitative research designs including case studies, grounded theory, ethnography, content analysis, and phenomenological studies. It also discusses non-probability sampling techniques such as convenience sampling, quota sampling, and judgmental sampling. Finally, it outlines various qualitative data collection methods like interviews, participant observation, focus groups, observational evaluation, biographies/autobiographies, and collection of documents, audio, and visual materials.

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Lourene Jauod- Guanzon
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124 views2 pages

Chapter 5

The document discusses qualitative research designs and methods for data collection. It describes several qualitative research designs including case studies, grounded theory, ethnography, content analysis, and phenomenological studies. It also discusses non-probability sampling techniques such as convenience sampling, quota sampling, and judgmental sampling. Finally, it outlines various qualitative data collection methods like interviews, participant observation, focus groups, observational evaluation, biographies/autobiographies, and collection of documents, audio, and visual materials.

Uploaded by

Lourene Jauod- Guanzon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Understanding Data and Ways to Systematically Collect Data

Lesson 1: Qualitative Research Designs

Qualitative Research Designs

 Several research design have been advanced in conducting qualitative research by experts for different goal or
purposes.

 Leedy and Ormod (2001) recommend the following: Case studies, grounded theory, ethnography, content
analysis and phenomenological studies.

 Cresswell (2003) shows hope these methods meet different needs. Case studies and Grounded theory, for
example, explore processes, activities and events while ethnographic research analyses broad culture-sharing
behaviours of individuals or groups. Case studies, as well as phenomenology, can be used to study individuals

1. Case Study

 The CASE STUDY studies a person, program or event in a defined time frame (Leedy and Omrod, 2001) Cresswell
(1998) says the structure of a case study should be the problem, the context, the issues and the lessons learned.

2. Ethnography

 Macmillan (1993) defines this type of research as interactive and which requires relatively extensive time in a
site to systematically observe, interview and record processes as they occur natural at the selected location.

 Leedy and Omrod (2001) say that this study studies groups of people that share a common culture.

3. Content Analysis

 This research design calls for “a detailed and systematic examination of the contents of a particular body of
materials for the purpose of identifying patterns, themes or biases (Leedy and Omrod 2001) This method
identifies specific characteristics of the content of human communication.

4. Phenomenological Study

 Cresswell (1998) points out c search for “the central underlying meaning of the research participant’s
“experience”. Leedy and Omrod (2001) stress that the purpose of the study is to understand an experience from
the research participant’s point of view.

5. Grounded Theory

 In this kind of approach, the theory or general pattern of understanding will emerge as it begins with initial
codes, develops into broad themes or domains and redounds into a grounded theory or broad interpretation.

Lesson 2: SAMPLING PROCEDURE

Qualitative Sampling

 The primary goal of sampling is to get a representative sample, or a small collection of units or cases from a
much larger collection or population, such that the researcher can study the smaller group and produce accurate
generalizations about the larger groups (Neuman,2007)

 Qualitative researchers focus on how the sample or small collection of cases, units, or activities illuminates key
features of social life. The purpose of sampling is to collect, cases, events or actions that clarify and deepen
understanding

Non-probability Sampling

 The three common types of non-probability samples are convenience sampling, quota sampling, and
judgemental sampling. These are mostly used in qualitative research.

A. Convenience Sampling
As the name implies, convenience sampling involves choosing respondents at the convenience of the
researcher. Example of this sample include people-in-the-street-interviews-the sampling of the people to which
the researcher has easy access/such as a class of students and studies that use people who have volunteered to
be questioned as a result of an advertisement or another type of promotion.
B. Quota Sampling
Quota sampling is gathering a representative sample from a group based on certain characteristics of the
populations chosen by the researcher. Usually the population is divided into specific groups. If the specific
condition, for example, is for both genders, male and females are to be represented equally in the sample group
C. Judgmental Sampling
In this kind of sampling, the researcher uses his/her own “expert” judgement.
An example of this type of sample would be a study of potential users of a new recreational facility that is
limited to those persons who live within the vicinity.

Lesson 3: Data Collection and Analysis Procedure


Interview
 In this method, research participants are prodded to talk about their experiences, feelings, beliefs, outlooks, etc.
 The interview can take the form of informal conversations, open-minded, interview or in-depth discussions.
 Interview can be one-time interviews, multiple interview with the same participants, multiple interview with
various participants, or group interviews.
 They can also be structured, unstructured and semi-structured, in accordance to the research design
 When interviewing face to face, the researcher and participant engage in a conversation, which is usually audio-
recorded and the recording is transformed into a written text, ready for analysis, through a process of
transcription.
 The same basic procedure applies for telephone interview: virtual interviews via skype have also been explored,
via instant messaging chat.
 Interview are ideally suited for experience type of research questions (Braum and Clard,2013) Ex. The
experiences of OCW’s, miners, college drop-out, investors, entrepreneurs, and the like.

Participant Observation

 In this method the researcher immerses himself/herself in the natural setting of the research participant. The
researcher’s immersion in the natural setting of research participants enables him/her to see, hear, feel and
experience the research participant’s daily life.
 The participant observes and participates fully in the activities of the group, the members of which are aware
that the participant observer is a researcher

Focus Group Interview


 6 to 8 persons participate in the interview. The advantage of this is that critical issues or sensitive ones can be
more freely discussed with a group.
 This type of interview is a very rich source of data.
 The moderator or researcher must be skilled in facilitating such group discussion and stay focused on the goal
and topic of said interview

Observational Evaluation
 The researcher may or may not participate in activities of the group being observed. But mostly, observes and
records both the verbal and non-verbal behaviour of a person or group of persons.

Biography / Autobiography
 Personal biographies offer a rich source of data or evidence that can shed light or provide tentative answers to
research questions.
 Perhaps even diaries can be added here, just like the Diary of Ann Frank that offered much information or
evidence on Nazi atrocities. Another example is Victor Frankl’s “Man’s Search for Meaning” which also provided
much insight on the horrors of the Nazi death camps where the author, Dr Frankl, spent year as a prisoners in
Auschwitz and other concentration camps.

Basic Types of Data Collection

 Observations – The researcher takes field noted on the behaviour and activities of research participants at the
research site or in their natural setting. The qualitative observer (researcher) may take the role of a non-
participant observer or complete participant.

 Interviews- The researcher may:


 conduct face-to-face interviews with participants
 Do telephone interviews of participants or;
 Engage in focus group interviews, with 6 or 8 interviewees.
 Documents – These take the form of public document (newspapers minutes of meeting, official reports) or
private documents (personal, journals, diaries, letters, emails) which are all collected during the research
process.

 Audio and Visual Materials – May take the form of photographs, art objects videotaped, or any forms of sound. `

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