Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings

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Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings

AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL


FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

Guided By : Ar. FIROZ ANWAR, Ar. MUSHAHID ANWAR


Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings

An Introduction …. Aim ….
• Electricity is a secondary energy source, i.e. it comes • The aim of this dissertation is to study the principle, process and
from the conversion of other sources of energy, various elements of electric power distribution used in designing
such as coal, natural gas, oil, wood and nuclear of electrical services for its installation and operation in a
power. residential building.
• The energy sources used to make electricity can be
renewable or non-renewable, but electricity itself is
Objectives ….
neither. Nor it can be stored. • The objectives will include:-
• The high-voltage transmission systems, which carry • To study various components and their role in electric power
electricity from the power plants and transmit it distribution system.
hundreds of miles away.
• To study how to determine the electrical energy needed for
• And the lower-voltage distribution systems, which particular area.
draw electricity from the transmission lines and • To analyze power requirement of a residential building.
distribute it to individual customers.
• To study method of determining the load of electrical system in
residential building.

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Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICITY
Stages of a Power network
(i) Generation
Electrical energy is generated from power stations generally at 11 kV or 15 kV three phase and at standard frequency.
(ii) Primary Transmission
Power enters to step-up substation, where the voltage is stepped up to higher voltages for transmission at 132 kV or 220 kV to a
complex network comprising transmission lines or cables known as national grid.

(iii) Secondary Transmission


From the primary transmission substation the power is transmitted at 66 kV or 33 kV through sub-transmission lines to different load
centres. The sub-transmission lines terminate at the secondary transmission substations to step down the voltage from 66 kV to 33 kV.

(iv) Primary Distribution


The power is distributed at 33 kV to main load centres inside a city through either primary distribution cables or lines, then further
stepped down to 11 kV at primary distribution substations.

(v) Secondary Distribution


Close to consumers the voltage stepped down to 415 V and 240 V at local secondary distribution substations and finally delivered to
domestic, commercial and small-scale industrial customers through either lines or underground cables.

2 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL


Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
Electrical Distribution System
Primary distribution systems Secondary distribution systems
• Between distribution substation and distribution • Between the primary feeders and utilization equipment.
transformer.
• Consists of step-down transformers and secondary
• Made up of circuits called primary feeders or circuits at utilization voltage levels.
distribution feeders.
• Residential secondary systems are generally single-phase,
• aluminum conductors have almost entirely displaced but commercial and industrial buildings get three phase
copper for new construction. For underground
• In residential and rural areas the nominal supply is a 220
primaries, size range from No. 4 AWG to 1000 kCMil.
V, single-phase.
• The traditional rule of thumb is to allow a voltage drop
• In commercial or industrial areas, where motor loads are
of about 5% in the primary of urban and suburban
predominant, the common three-phase system voltages
systems at time of peak load. It is very probable,
are 220 V and 440 V.
• However, that economic system designs have a
• Heavy machines with 440 V loads are connected directly
primary voltage drop smaller than 3%. In rural
to the system at 440 V and fluorescent lighting is
systems, typically with long lines and light load
connected phase to neutral at 220 V.
densities, voltage drop maybe somewhat larger.

3 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL


Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS
Power supply
level
11 kV / 415 V Substation Main Load
power transformer distribution panel distribution level
level Socket
outlets
D
B

Washing
Cooker machine
Lighting
Power Final circuits
DB

Lighting Heating
11 kV Lift and
Water pump
Secondary distribution
power station

415 V /240 V Conventional installations


or final circuits in
Distribution boards to residential buildings
Main distribution
board (cubicle) flats or other
building services

Busbar trunking system or cable


Busbar trunking system or cable
Installation with cable system

Distribution in a large scale residential buildings


4 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL
Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN BUILDINGS
 At all levels of the distribution in buildings solid connections to
various service cables or bus bar trunking systems are established
by main and sub-main distribution boards. These provide;
o easy installation
o easy maintenance and
o safe operation
at every levels of installation systems.

 At main distribution level main distribution boards are used for;  Both distribution boards are equipped with;
o Safety disconnection o Circuit breakers and tie circuit breakers
o Coupling bus bar sections o Isolators
o Protecting bus bars o MCCBs
o Fuses
 At sub-distribution level, sub-distribution boards are used for:
o Safety disconnection for maintenance
o Switching lighting and power loads
o Protecting all electrical cables and bus bars and loads.
o Control, metering and measuring purposes.

4 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL


Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
Secondary Distribution System

The vertical supply system (rising mains)

Single rising main:-

In this type of system only one main line goes to the upper level and
distribute at each floor respectively. Not very common in practice, generally
used at place where high supply security system is not important.

Advantages

• The different loads on individual floors are balanced out.


• Only a small main L.V board is required.
• Simple in construction and operation.

Disadvantage

• Low supply security (a fault in the rising mains effect all floors).
4 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL
Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
Secondary Distribution System

The vertical supply system (rising mains)

Grouped supply-

In this type of system two or more main lines run together and serves
different floors.
Applicable for the high rise buildings.

Advantages
• Easier mounting.
• Smaller size for rising mains.

Disadvantage
• A fault in any rising mains effect several floors (relatively low
Security).
• Loads are balanced only within each group.
• Larger power distribution board.
4 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL
Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
Secondary Distribution System

The vertical supply system (rising mains)

Individual floor supply:-

In high rise buildings were stories are let separately (metering is at


central point at ground floor).

Advantages
• Smaller size of cables can be used (easy installation).
• In the case of a fault in arising main, only one story is affected.

Disadvantage
• Different loading of the individual floors cannot be balanced out.
• The rising main must be rated for the peak load of each floor.
• Uneconomical – large number of cables and the size of the rising
main shaft is quite large.
• Large low voltage distribution board with numerous circuits
4 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL
Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
Secondary Distribution System

The vertical supply system (rising mains)

Ring main supply:-

In large buildings when relatively higher security is required.

Advantages
• Higher power supply security (in the event of a fault, it is possible to
switch off the faulty part and leave the majority of the building
operational)
• A small low voltage distribution board is required.
• The differing loading of individual floor are balanced out (smaller sizes
for rising mains)

Disadvantage

4 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL


Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
Secondary Distribution System

The vertical supply system (rising mains)

Double feed supply:-

In large buildings with relatively large loads at the top floors (lifts, Kitchen,
air-conditioning).

Advantages

• Higher power supply security.


• The differing loading of individual floors are balanced out.
• Smaller L.V. distribution board required.

Disadvantage

4 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL


Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
Secondary Distribution System

The horizontal supply (Distribution at each floor level):-

Double feed supply:-

• Normally HV switchgear and substation transformers are


installed at ground floor (or basement).

• However, often there are appliances with large power


demand installed on the top floors (converters and motors
for lifts, air-conditioning equipment and electric kitchens).

• The arrangement of the rising mains depends on the size and


shape of the building and suitable size of shafts for installing
cables and bus ducts must be provided in coordination with the
building architect.

4 AZHAR AYYUB & SHAHBAZ AFZAL


Design of Electrical Power Distribution in Residential Buildings F/O ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS JMI
THANK YOU

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