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Ifstream Infile : General Tips

This document provides a summary of key concepts in C++ including: 1) General tips for C++ syntax like class declarations requiring semicolons and constructor/method definition formats. 2) Pointer concepts such as const pointers, passing pointers to functions, dynamically allocating memory, and pointers to class objects/structures. 3) Copy constructors, memberwise assignment, overloaded assignment operators, and how to define copy constructors for classes with pointer members. 4) Overloading stream insertion/extraction operators and arithmetic operators. 5) Linked list concepts like using reference parameters to modify list elements and correctly assigning new list nodes.

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Daniel Watkins
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35 views3 pages

Ifstream Infile : General Tips

This document provides a summary of key concepts in C++ including: 1) General tips for C++ syntax like class declarations requiring semicolons and constructor/method definition formats. 2) Pointer concepts such as const pointers, passing pointers to functions, dynamically allocating memory, and pointers to class objects/structures. 3) Copy constructors, memberwise assignment, overloaded assignment operators, and how to define copy constructors for classes with pointer members. 4) Overloading stream insertion/extraction operators and arithmetic operators. 5) Linked list concepts like using reference parameters to modify list elements and correctly assigning new list nodes.

Uploaded by

Daniel Watkins
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CS review

General tips:
- Class declarations require semicolon at the end
Class cat {
…
};
- General constructor define format is <object>::<object> (<object> &obj)
General method define format is <return type> <object>::<method name> (parameters)
- Condition ? X : Y
o If condition is true, return X; else, return Y
- If you make a copy constructor, just make a destructor “ ~<object>(); “
o If you do this, must define destructor too
- //first and second are reference parameters because they have to be modified
void Split(ListNode* head, ListNode* &first, ListNode* &second) {…}
- Ifstream inFile;
inFile.open(inputFileName.c_str());

Pointers:
- const int * ptr; //ptr points to a const int
- int * const ptr; //ptr itself is const, not the object it points to
o so, ptr = 0; //illegal
o but, *ptr = 0; //legal
- void setToZero (int* ptr) { …}
o int value;
setToZero(&value) //must pass in address
- ***Dynamic memory allocation is possible only with pointers
o Uses the ‘new’ operator
Pointers to int, double, etc.
o Int *ptr = new int;
 Once you allocate, must delete the allocated memory to free for future use
o Delete ptr;
ptr = 0;
o A function can only return a pointer of dynamically allocated storage (so the content in
the pointer should have been dynamically allocated). It CANNOT return a pointer to
local variables of the function since those variables are deallocated upon completion of
the function.
Pointers to class objects and structures
o Use “->” to dereference a pointer to a class object.
o When a pointer is a member of a class object (like a private member),
so like
struct GradeInfo {
String name;
Int *testScores;
}
GradeInfo student;
Cout << *student.testScores; //must add the * at the beginning
//or do this
GradeInfo* ptr;
Cout << *ptr->testScores //again, must add * at the beginning
o Pointer can dereference only a class object, not a member of a class object (member
requires the extra * at the beginning. -> dereferences ptr, *dereferences ptr-
>testScores)
Copy constructor/ memberwise assignment
- Memberwise assignment
o = operator can be used for objects too
o MoveOrder1 = MoveOrder2
//creates MoveOrder1 with the exact same member values as MoveOrder2
- Default copy constructors (the = operator) can be used for objects with non-pointer members.
When it has a pointer member though, you must use a programmer-defined copy constructor.
- General constructor define format is <object>::<object> (<object> &obj)
General method define format is <type> <object>::<method name> (parameters)
- Copy constructor example:
NumberArray::NumberArray (NumberArray &obj) {…}
NumberArray first ( 3, 5);
NumberArray second = first; //copy constructor called
//versus second = first, where a copy constructor is not called, just assignment operator
Overloaded operator
- Overloading ‘=’ operator to do ‘second = first’ without having to call copy constructor.
- MoveOrder MoveOrder::operator=( const MoveOrder &rhsObject)
//returns MoveOrder object on the left of ‘=’ if you do
MoveOrder MoveOrder::operator=( const MoveOrder &rhsObject)
{
…
return *this; //returns value of the object
}
- ‘second = first’ now the data of first is copied into second without errors
- ****Arithmetic overloaded operators – review before test (page 729 of textbook or section
11.6)
Overloading stream insertion/extraction operators
- Add “ friend ostream& operator<<( ostream &os, const MoveOrder &rhsObj ); ” as friend in
class declaration
- Ostream &operator<<(ostream &os, const MoveOrder &obj)
{
os << obj.<member variable>;
(repeated above)
return os;
}
Linked Lists
- //first and second are reference parameters because they have to be modified
void Split(ListNode* head, ListNode* &first, ListNode* &second) {…}
- Head->next = NULL;
ListNode* secondPtr = new ListNode();
head->next = secondPtr; //secondPtr MUST be on left, because we are setting ‘head->next’ to
the new pointer, not setting ‘secondPtr’ to ‘NULL’

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