Binary Trees

Contents
1 Handshaking Lemma and Interesting Tree Properties 11

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2 Applications of tree data structure 15

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3 Write a C program to Calculate Size of a tree 17

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4 Diameter of a Binary Tree 20

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5 Maximum width of a binary tree 25

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6 Find Height of Binary Tree represented by Parent array 33

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7 Write a C Program to Find the Maximum Depth or Height of

a Tree 37
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8 Find Minimum Depth of a Binary Tree 41

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9 Find depth of the deepest odd level leaf node 47

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10 Iterative Method to find Height of Binary Tree 50
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11 How to determine if a binary tree is height-balanced? 54

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12 Write C Code to Determine if Two Trees are Identical 61

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13 Tree Traversals 64
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14 Program to count leaf nodes in a binary tree 70

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15 Write a C program to Delete a Tree. 73

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16 Inorder Tree Traversal without Recursion 78

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17 Inorder Tree Traversal without recursion and without stack! 85

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18 Iterative Preorder Traversal 89

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19 Morris traversal for Preorder 92

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20 Iterative Postorder Traversal | Set 1 (Using Two Stacks) 96

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21 Iterative Postorder Traversal | Set 2 (Using One Stack) 102

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22 Level Order Tree Traversal 108
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23 Level order traversal in spiral form 115

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24 Perfect Binary Tree Specific Level Order Traversal 122

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25 Reverse Level Order Traversal 127

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26 Print a Binary Tree in Vertical Order | Set 1 133

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27 Print a Binary Tree in Vertical Order | Set 2 (Hashmap based

Method) 138
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28 Boundary Traversal of binary tree 142

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29 If you are given two traversal sequences, can you construct the
binary tree? 147
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30 Print Postorder traversal from given Inorder and Preorder

traversals 149
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31 Construct Special Binary Tree from given Inorder traversal 152

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32 Construct a special tree from given preorder traversal 157

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33 Construct Full Binary Tree from given preorder and postorder
traversals 161
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34 Construct Tree from given Inorder and Preorder traversals 166

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35 Construct a tree from Inorder and Level order traversals 171

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36 Given a binary tree, print out all of its root-to-leaf paths one
per line. 177
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37 Given a binary tree, print all root-to-leaf paths 181

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38 Root to leaf path sum equal to a given number 185

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39 Maximum Path Sum in a Binary Tree 189

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40 Find the maximum sum leaf to root path in a Binary Tree 193
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41 Sum of all the numbers that are formed from root to leaf paths197
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42 Diagonal Sum of a Binary Tree 200

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43 Vertical Sum in a given Binary Tree 205

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44 Difference between sums of odd level and even level nodes of a
Binary Tree 209
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45 Print Nodes in Top View of Binary Tree 212

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46 Bottom View of a Binary Tree 217

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47 Print Left View of a Binary Tree 222

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48 Print Right View of a Binary Tree 225

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49 Check for Children Sum Property in a Binary Tree. 228

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50 Check if a binary tree is subtree of another binary tree | Set 1232

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51 Check if a binary tree is subtree of another binary tree | Set 2237

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52 Check if a given Binary Tree is SumTree 243

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53 Check if a given Binary Tree is height balanced like a Red-Black

Tree 249
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54 Check if all leaves are at same level 253

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55 Check if two nodes are cousins in a Binary Tree 257

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56 Check whether a binary tree is a full binary tree or not 261
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57 Check whether a given Binary Tree is Complete or not | Set 1

(Iterative Solution) 266
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58 Check whether a binary tree is a complete tree or not | Set 2

(Recursive Solution) 272
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59 Clone a Binary Tree with Random Pointers 279

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60 Find the closest leaf in a Binary Tree 289

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61 Connect nodes at same level 294

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62 Connect nodes at same level using constant extra space 299

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63 Construct Binary Tree from given Parent Array representation307

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64 Construct Complete Binary Tree from its Linked List Repre-

sentation 312
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65 Write an Efficient C Function to Convert a Binary Tree into its

Mirror Tree 317
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66 Convert a Binary Tree to Threaded binary tree 321

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67 Convert a given Binary Tree to Doubly Linked List | Set 1 326
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70 Convert a given tree to its Sum Tree 339

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71 Convert an arbitrary Binary Tree to a tree that holds Children

Sum Property 343
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72 Custom Tree Problem 349

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73 Deepest left leaf node in a binary tree 355

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74 Double Tree 359

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75 Expression Tree 363

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76 Extract Leaves of a Binary Tree in a Doubly Linked List 368

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77 Find all possible interpretations of an array of digits 373

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78 Find distance between two given keys of a Binary Tree 379

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79 Find next right node of a given key 384
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80 Find sum of all left leaves in a given Binary Tree 388

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81 Find the maximum path sum between two leaves of a binary

tree 393
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82 Foldable Binary Trees 398

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83 Get Level of a node in a Binary Tree 406

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84 Given a binary tree, how do you remove all the half nodes? 409
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85 Dynamic Programming | Set 26 (Largest Independent Set Prob-

lem) 413
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86 Linked complete binary tree & its creation 420

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87 Lowest Common Ancestor in a Binary Tree | Set 1 426

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88 Print Ancestors of a given node in Binary Tree 435

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89 Print ancestors of a given binary tree node without recursion 438

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90 Minimum no. of iterations to pass information to all nodes in
the tree 444
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91 Mirror of n-ary Tree 454

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92 Populate Inorder Successor for all nodes 458

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93 Print all nodes at distance k from a given node 462

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94 Print all nodes that are at distance k from a leaf node 468
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95 Print all nodes that don’t have sibling 472

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96 Print nodes at k distance from root 475

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97 Print nodes between two given level numbers of a binary tree 478
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98 Remove all nodes which don’t lie in any path with sum>= k 483
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99 Remove nodes on root to leaf paths of length 491

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100Reverse alternate levels of a perfect binary tree 496

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101Segment Tree | Set 1 (Sum of given range) 501

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102Serialize and Deserialize a Binary Tree 511
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103Serialize and Deserialize an N-ary Tree 518

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104Succinct Encoding of Binary Tree 523

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105Symmetric Tree (Mirror Image of itself) 529

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106Ternary Search Tree 532

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107The Great Tree-List Recursion Problem. 538

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108Tree Isomorphism Problem 539

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109Vertex Cover Problem | Set 2 (Dynamic Programming Solution

for Tree) 543
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Chapter 1
Handshaking Lemma and

Interesting Tree Properties
What is Handshaking Lemma?

Handshaking lemma is about undirected graph. In every finite undirected graph
number of vertices with odd degree is always even. The handshaking lemma is a
consequence of the degree sum formula (also sometimes called the handshaking
lemma)
How is Handshaking Lemma useful in Tree Data structure?

Following are some interesting facts that can be proved using Handshaking
lemma.
1) In a k-ary tree where every node has either 0 or k children, fol-
lowing property is always true.
L = (k - 1)*I + 1
Where L = Number of leaf nodes
I = Number of internal nodes
Proof:
Proof can be divided in two cases.
Case 1 (Root is Leaf):There is only one node in tree. The above formula is
true for single node as L = 1, I = 0.
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Case 2 (Root is Internal Node): For trees with more than 1 nodes, root is
always internal node. The above formula can be proved using Handshaking
Lemma for this case. A tree is an undirected acyclic graph.
Total number of edges in Tree is number of nodes minus 1, i.e., |E| = L + I – 1.
All internal nodes except root in the given type of tree have degree k + 1. Root
has degree k. All leaves have degree 1. Applying the Handshaking lemma to
such trees, we get following relation.
Sum of all degrees = 2 * (Sum of Edges)
Sum of degrees of leaves +

Sum of degrees for Internal Node except root +
Root's degree = 2 * (No. of nodes - 1)
Putting values of above terms,

L + (I-1)*(k+1) + k = 2 * (L + I - 1)
L + k*I - k + I -1 + k = 2*L + 2I - 2
L + K*I + I - 1 = 2*L + 2*I - 2
K*I + 1 - I = L
(K-1)*I + 1 = L
So the above property is proved using Handshaking Lemma, let us discuss one
more interesting property.
2) In Binary tree, number of leaf nodes is always one more

than nodes with two children.
L = T + 1
Where L = Number of leaf nodes
T = Number of internal nodes with two children
Proof:
Let number of nodes with 2 children be T. Proof can be divided in three cases.
Case 1: There is only one node, the relationship holds

as T = 0, L = 1.
Case 2: Root has two children, i.e., degree of root is 2.
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Sum of degrees of nodes with two children except root +
Sum of degrees of nodes with one child +
Sum of degrees of leaves + Root's degree = 2 * (No. of Nodes - 1)

(T-1)*3 + S*2 + L + 2 = (S + T + L - 1)*2
Cancelling 2S from both sides.

(T-1)*3 + L + 2 = (S + L - 1)*2
T - 1 = L - 2
T = L - 1
Case 3: Root has one child, i.e., degree of root is 1.
Sum of degrees of nodes with two children +

Sum of degrees of nodes with one child except root +
Sum of degrees of leaves + Root's degree = 2 * (No. of Nodes - 1)

T*3 + (S-1)*2 + L + 1 = (S + T + L - 1)*2
Cancelling 2S from both sides.

3*T + L -1 = 2*T + 2*L - 2
T - 1 = L - 2
T = L - 1
Therefore, in all three cases, we get T = L-1.

We have discussed proof of two important properties of Trees using Handshaking
Lemma. Many GATE questions have been asked on these properties, following
are few links.
GATE-CS-2015 (Set 3) | Question 35
GATE-CS-2015 (Set 2) | Question 20

GATE-CS-2005 | Question 36
Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more
information about the topic discussed above
13
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/handshaking-lemma-and-interesting-tree-properties/
14
Chapter 2
Applications of tree data

structure
Difficulty Level: Rookie

Why Tree?
Unlike Array and Linked List, which are linear data structures, tree is hierar-
chical (or non-linear) data structure.
1) One reason to use trees might be because you want to store information that
naturally forms a hierarchy. For example, the file system on a computer:
file system
———–
/
2) If we organize keys in form of a tree (with some ordering e.g., BST), we can search for a giv
3) We can insert/delete keys in moderate time (quicker than Arrays and slower than Unordered L
4) Like Linked Lists and unlike Arrays, Pointer implementation of trees don’t have an upper li
As per Wikipedia, following are the common uses of tree.
1. Manipulate hierarchical data.
2. Make information easy to search (see tree traversal).
3. Manipulate sorted lists of data.
4. As a workflow for compositing digital images for visual effects.
5. Router algorithms
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References:
http://www.cs.bu.edu/teaching/c/tree/binary/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_%28data_structure%29#Common_uses
Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information abou
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/applications-of-tree-data-structure/
Category: Trees
16
Chapter 3
Write a C program to
Calculate Size of a tree
Size of a tree is the number of elements present in the tree. Size of the below
tree is 5.
Example Tree
Size() function recursively calculates the size of a tree. It works as follows:
Size of a tree = Size of left subtree + 1 + Size of right subtree
Algorithm:
size(tree)
1. If tree is empty then return 0
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2. Else
(a) Get the size of left subtree recursively i.e., call
size( tree->left-subtree)
(a) Get the size of right subtree recursively i.e., call
size( tree->right-subtree)
(c) Calculate size of the tree as following:
tree_size = size(left-subtree) + size(right-
subtree) + 1
(d) Return tree_size
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
/* A binary tree node has data, pointer to left child

and a pointer to right child */
struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* Helper function that allocates a new node with the

given data and NULL left and right pointers. */
struct node* newNode(int data)
{
struct node* node = (struct node*)
malloc(sizeof(struct node));
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
/* Computes the number of nodes in a tree. */

int size(struct node* node)
{
if (node==NULL)
return 0;
else
return(size(node->left) + 1 + size(node->right));
}
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/* Driver program to test size function*/
int main()
{
struct node *root = newNode(1);
root->left = newNode(2);
root->right = newNode(3);
root->left->left = newNode(4);
root->left->right = newNode(5);
printf("Size of the tree is %d", size(root));

getchar();
return 0;
}
Time & Space Complexities: Since this program is similar to traversal of

tree, time and space complexities will be same as Tree traversal (Please see our
Tree Traversal post for details)
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/write-a-c-program-to-calculate-size-of-a-tree/
Category: Trees Tags: Size of a Tree, Tree Size, TreeSize
19
Chapter 4
Diameter of a Binary Tree
The diameter of a tree (sometimes called the width) is the number of nodes on
the longest path between two leaves in the tree. The diagram below shows two
trees each with diameter nine, the leaves that form the ends of a longest path
are shaded (note that there is more than one path in each tree of length nine,
but no path longer than nine nodes).
The diameter of a tree T is the largest of the following quantities:

* the diameter of T’s left subtree
* the diameter of T’s right subtree
* the longest path between leaves that goes through the root of T (this can be
computed from the heights of the subtrees of T)
Implementation:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
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struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* function to create a new node of tree and returns pointer */

struct node* newNode(int data);
/* returns max of two integers */

int max(int a, int b);
/* function to Compute height of a tree. */

int height(struct node* node);
/* Function to get diameter of a binary tree */

int diameter(struct node * tree)
{
/* base case where tree is empty */
if (tree == 0)
return 0;
/* get the height of left and right sub-trees */

int lheight = height(tree->left);
int rheight = height(tree->right);
/* get the diameter of left and right sub-trees */

int ldiameter = diameter(tree->left);
int rdiameter = diameter(tree->right);
/* Return max of following three

1) Diameter of left subtree
2) Diameter of right subtree
3) Height of left subtree + height of right subtree + 1 */
return max(lheight + rheight + 1, max(ldiameter, rdiameter));
}
/* UTILITY FUNCTIONS TO TEST diameter() FUNCTION */
/* The function Compute the "height" of a tree. Height is the

number f nodes along the longest path from the root node
down to the farthest leaf node.*/
int height(struct node* node)
21
{
/* base case tree is empty */
if(node == NULL)
return 0;
/* If tree is not empty then height = 1 + max of left

height and right heights */
return 1 + max(height(node->left), height(node->right));
}

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
/* returns maximum of two integers */

int max(int a, int b)
{
return (a >= b)? a: b;
}
/* Driver program to test above functions*/

int main()
{
/* Constructed binary tree is

1
/ \
2 3
/ \
4 5
*/
22
printf("Diameter of the given binary tree is %d\n", diameter(root));
getchar();
return 0;
}
Time Complexity: O(nˆ2)

Optimized implementation: The above implementation can be optimized
by calculating the height in the same recursion rather than calling a height()
separately. Thanks to Amar for suggesting this optimized version. This opti-
mization reduces time complexity to O(n).
/*The second parameter is to store the height of tree.

Initially, we need to pass a pointer to a location with value
as 0. So, function should be used as follows:
int height = 0;
struct node *root = SomeFunctionToMakeTree();
int diameter = diameterOpt(root, &height); */
int diameterOpt(struct node *root, int* height)
{
/* lh --> Height of left subtree
rh --> Height of right subtree */
int lh = 0, rh = 0;
/* ldiameter --> diameter of left subtree

rdiameter --> Diameter of right subtree */
int ldiameter = 0, rdiameter = 0;
if(root == NULL)
{
*height = 0;
return 0; /* diameter is also 0 */
}
/* Get the heights of left and right subtrees in lh and rh

And store the returned values in ldiameter and ldiameter */
ldiameter = diameterOpt(root->left, &lh);
rdiameter = diameterOpt(root->right, &rh);
/* Height of current node is max of heights of left and

right subtrees plus 1*/
23
*height = max(lh, rh) + 1;
return max(lh + rh + 1, max(ldiameter, rdiameter));

}
Time Complexity: O(n)

References:
http://www.cs.duke.edu/courses/spring00/cps100/assign/trees/diameter.html
Please write comments if you find any of the above codes/algorithms incorrect,
or find other ways to solve the same problem.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/diameter-of-a-binary-tree/
Category: Trees
24
Chapter 5
Maximum width of a binary

tree
Given a binary tree, write a function to get the maximum width of the given
tree. Width of a tree is maximum of widths of all levels.
Let us consider the below example tree.
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ \
4 5 8
/ \
6 7
For the above tree,

width of level 1 is 1,
width of level 2 is 2,
width of level 3 is 3
width of level 4 is 2.
So the maximum width of the tree is 3.
Method 1 (Using Level Order Traversal)
This method mainly involves two functions. One is to count nodes at a
given level (getWidth), and other is to get the maximum width of the
tree(getMaxWidth). getMaxWidth() makes use of getWidth() to get the width
of all levels starting from root.
25
/*Function to print level order traversal of tree*/
getMaxWidth(tree)
maxWdth = 0
for i = 1 to height(tree)
width = getWidth(tree, i);
if(width > maxWdth)
maxWdth = width
return width
/*Function to get width of a given level */

getWidth(tree, level)
if tree is NULL then return 0;
if level is 1, then return 1;
else if level greater than 1, then
return getWidth(tree->left, level-1) +
getWidth(tree->right, level-1);
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/*Function protoypes*/
int getWidth(struct node* root, int level);
/* Function to get the maximum width of a binary tree*/

int getMaxWidth(struct node* root)
{
int maxWidth = 0;
26
int width;
int h = height(root);
int i;
/* Get width of each level and compare

the width with maximum width so far */
for(i=1; i<=h; i++)
{
width = getWidth(root, i);
if(width > maxWidth)
maxWidth = width;
}
return maxWidth;
}
/* Get width of a given level */

int getWidth(struct node* root, int level)
{
if(root == NULL)
return 0;
if(level == 1)
return 1;
else if (level > 1)

return getWidth(root->left, level-1) +
getWidth(root->right, level-1);
}
/* UTILITY FUNCTIONS */
/* Compute the "height" of a tree -- the number of
nodes along the longest path from the root node
{
if (node==NULL)
return 0;
else
{
/* compute the height of each subtree */
int lHeight = height(node->left);
int rHeight = height(node->right);
/* use the larger one */
27
return (lHeight > rHeight)? (lHeight+1): (rHeight+1);
}
}
{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
int main()
{
root->right->right = newNode(8);
root->right->right->left = newNode(6);
root->right->right->right = newNode(7);
/*
Constructed bunary tree is:
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ \
4 5 8
/ \
6 7
*/
printf("Maximum width is %d \n", getMaxWidth(root));
getchar();
return 0;
}
Time Complexity: O(nˆ2) in the worst case.
28
We can use Queue based level order traversal to optimize the time complexity
of this method. The Queue based level order traversal will take O(n) time in
worst case. Thanks to Nitish, DivyaCand tech.login.id2 for suggesting this opti-
mization. See their comments for implementation using queue based traversal.
Method 2 (Using Preorder Traversal)
In this method we create a temporary array count[] of size equal to the height of
tree. We initialize all values in count as 0. We traverse the tree using preorder
traversal and fill the entries in count so that the count array contains count of
nodes at each level in Binary Tree.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
// A utility function to get height of a binary tree

// A utility function to allocate a new node with given data

// A utility function that returns maximum value in arr[] of size n

int getMax(int arr[], int n);
// A function that fills count array with count of nodes at every

// level of given binary tree
void getMaxWidthRecur(struct node *root, int count[], int level);
/* Function to get the maximum width of a binary tree*/

int getMaxWidth(struct node* root)
{
int width;
// Create an array that will store count of nodes at each level

int *count = (int *)calloc(sizeof(int), h);
29
int level = 0;
// Fill the count array using preorder traversal

getMaxWidthRecur(root, count, level);
// Return the maximum value from count array

return getMax(count, h);
}
// A function that fills count array with count of nodes at every

// level of given binary tree
void getMaxWidthRecur(struct node *root, int count[], int level)
{
if(root)
{
count[level]++;
getMaxWidthRecur(root->left, count, level+1);
getMaxWidthRecur(root->right, count, level+1);
}
}
{
if (node==NULL)
return 0;
else
{
int lHeight = height(node->left);
int rHeight = height(node->right);
return (lHeight > rHeight)? (lHeight+1): (rHeight+1);

}
}
{
30
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
// Return the maximum value from count array

int getMax(int arr[], int n)
{
int max = arr[0];
int i;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
{
if (arr[i] > max)
max = arr[i];
}
return max;
}

int main()
{
/*
Constructed bunary tree is:
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ \
4 5 8
/ \
6 7
*/
printf("Maximum width is %d \n", getMaxWidth(root));
getchar();
return 0;
}
31
Thanks to Rajaand jagdishfor suggesting this method.
Please write comments if you find the above code/algorithm incorrect, or find
better ways to solve the same problem.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/maximum-width-of-a-binary-tree/
Category: Trees
Post navigation
← Run Length Encoding Intersection of two Sorted Linked Lists →
Writing code in comment? Please use code.geeksforgeeks.org, generate link and
share the link here.
32
Chapter 6
Find Height of Binary Tree

represented by Parent array
A given array represents a tree in such a way that the array value gives the
parent node of that particular index. The value of the root node index would
always be -1. Find the height of the tree.
Height of a Binary Tree is number of nodes on the path from root to the deepest
leaf node, the number includes both root and leaf.
Input: parent[] = {1 5 5 2 2 -1 3}
Output: 4
The given array represents following Binary Tree
5
/ \
1 2
/ / \
0 3 4
/
6
Input: parent[] = {-1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 3, 5};

Output: 5
The given array represents following Binary Tree
0
/ \
1 2
/ \
3 4
33
/
5
/
6
Source: Amazon Interview experience | Set 128 (For SDET)

We strongly recommend to minimize your browser and try this your-
self first.
A simple solution is to first construct the tree and then find height of the con-
structed binary tree. The tree can be constructed recursively by first searching
the current root, then recurring for the found indexes and making them left and
right subtrees of root. This solution takes O(n2 ) as we have to linearly search
for every node.
An efficient solution can solve the above problem in O(n) time. The idea is
to first calculate depth of every node and store in an array depth[]. Once we
have depths of all nodes, we return maximum of all depths.
1) Find depth of all nodes and fill in an auxiliary array depth[].
2) Return maximum value in depth[].
Following are steps to find depth of a node at index i.
1) If it is root, depth[i] is 1.
2) If depth of parent[i] is evaluated, depth[i] is depth[parent[i]] + 1.
3) If depth of parent[i] is not evaluated, recur for parent and assign depth[i] as
depth[parent[i]] + 1 (same as above).
Following is C++ implementation of above idea.
// C++ program to find height using parent array

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
// This function fills depth of i'th element in parent[]. The depth is

// filled in depth[i].
void fillDepth(int parent[], int i, int depth[])
{
// If depth[i] is already filled
if (depth[i])
return;
// If node at index i is root

if (parent[i] == -1)
{
34
depth[i] = 1;
return;
}
// If depth of parent is not evaluated before, then evaluate

// depth of parent first
if (depth[parent[i]] == 0)
fillDepth(parent, parent[i], depth);
// Depth of this node is depth of parent plus 1

depth[i] = depth[parent[i]] + 1;
}
// This function returns height of binary tree represented by

// parent array
int findHeight(int parent[], int n)
{
// Create an array to store depth of all nodes/ and
// initialize depth of every node as 0 (an invalid
// value). Depth of root is 1
int depth[n];
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
depth[i] = 0;
// fill depth of all nodes

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
fillDepth(parent, i, depth);
// The height of binary tree is maximum of all depths.

// Find the maximum value in depth[] and assign it to ht.
int ht = depth[0];
for (int i=1; i<n; i++)
if (ht < depth[i])
ht = depth[i];
return ht;
}
// Driver program to test above functions

int main()
{
// int parent[] = {1, 5, 5, 2, 2, -1, 3};
int parent[] = {-1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 3, 5};
int n = sizeof(parent)/sizeof(parent[0]);
cout << "Height is " << findHeight(parent, n);
return 0;
35
}
Output:
Height is 5
Note that the time complexity of this programs seems more than O(n). If we
take a closer look, we can observe that depth of every node is evaluated only
once.
This article is contributed by Siddharth. Please write comments if you find
anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic
discussed above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/find-height-binary-tree-represented-parent-array/
36
Chapter 7
Write a C Program to Find

the Maximum Depth or
Height of a Tree
Maximum depth or height of the below tree is 3.
Example Tree
Recursively calculate height of left and right subtrees of a node and assign height
to the node as max of the heights of two children plus 1. See below pseudo code
and program for details.
Algorithm:
maxDepth()
37
1. If tree is empty then return 0
2. Else
(a) Get the max depth of left subtree recursively i.e.,
call maxDepth( tree->left-subtree)
(a) Get the max depth of right subtree recursively i.e.,
call maxDepth( tree->right-subtree)
(c) Get the max of max depths of left and right
subtrees and add 1 to it for the current node.
max_depth = max(max dept of left subtree,
max depth of right subtree)
+ 1
(d) Return max_depth
See the below diagram for more clarity about execution of the recur-
sive function maxDepth() for above example tree.
maxDepth('1') = max(maxDepth('2'), maxDepth('3')) + 1

= 2 + 1
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
maxDepth('1') maxDepth('3') = 1
= max(maxDepth('4'), maxDepth('5')) + 1
= 1 + 1 = 2
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
maxDepth('4') = 1 maxDepth('5') = 1
Implementation:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
38
struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* Compute the "maxDepth" of a tree -- the number of

int maxDepth(struct node* node)
{
if (node==NULL)
return 0;
else
{
/* compute the depth of each subtree */
int lDepth = maxDepth(node->left);
int rDepth = maxDepth(node->right);

if (lDepth > rDepth)
return(lDepth+1);
else return(rDepth+1);
}
}

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
int main()
{
39
printf("Hight of tree is %d", maxDepth(root));
getchar();
return 0;
}
Time Complexity: O(n) (Please see our post Tree Traversalfor details)
References:
http://cslibrary.stanford.edu/110/BinaryTrees.html
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/write-a-c-program-to-find-the-maximum-depth-or-height-of-a-tree/
Category: Trees Tags: Height of a Tree, Tree Traveral, Trees
40
Chapter 8
Find Minimum Depth of a

Binary Tree
Given a binary tree, find its minimum depth. The minimum depth is the number
of nodes along the shortest path from root node down to the nearest leaf node.
For example, minimum height of below Binary Tree is 2.
Note that the path must end on a leaf node. For example, minimum height of
below Binary Tree is also 2.
10
/
5
41
We strongly recommend you to minimize your browser and try this
yourself first.
The idea is to traverse the given Binary Tree. For every node, check if it is a
leaf node. If yes, then return 1. If not leaf node then if left subtree is NULL,
then recur for right subtree. And if right subtree is NULL, then recur for left
subtree. If both left and right subtrees are NULL, then take the minimum of
two heights.
Below is C++ implementation of the above idea.
// C++ program to find minimum depth of a given Binary Tree

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
// A BT Node
struct Node
{
int data;
struct Node* left, *right;
};
int minDepth(Node *root)

{
// Corner case. Should never be hit unless the code is
// called on root = NULL
if (root == NULL)
return 0;
// Base case : Leaf Node. This accounts for height = 1.

if (root->left == NULL && root->right == NULL)
return 1;
// If left subtree is NULL, recur for right subtree

if (!root->left)
return minDepth(root->right) + 1;
// If right subtree is NULL, recur for right subtree

if (!root->right)
return minDepth(root->left) + 1;
return min(minDepth(root->left), minDepth(root->right)) + 1;

}
// Utility function to create new Node

Node *newNode(int data)
42
{
Node *temp = new Node;
temp->data = data;
temp->left = temp->right = NULL;
return (temp);
}
// Driver program
int main()
{
// Let us construct the Tree shown in the above figure
Node *root = newNode(1);
cout << minDepth(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
Time complexity of above solution is O(n) as it traverses the tree only once.
Thanks to Gaurav Ahirwar for providing above solution.
The above method may end up with complete traversal of Binary Tree even
when the topmost leaf is close to root. A Better Solution is to do Level Order
Traversal. While doing traversal, returns depth of the first encountered leaf
node. Below is C++ implementation of this solution.
// C++ program to find minimum depth of a given Binary Tree

// A Binary Tree Node

struct Node
{
int data;
struct Node *left, *right;
43
};
// A queue item (Stores pointer to node and an integer)

struct qItem
{
Node *node;
int depth;
};
// Iterative method to find minimum depth of Bianry Tree

int minDepth(Node *root)
{
// Corner Case
if (root == NULL)
return 0;
// Create an empty queue for level order tarversal

queue<qItem> q;
// Enqueue Root and initialize depth as 1

qItem qi = {root, 1};
q.push(qi);
// Do level order traversal

while (q.empty() == false)
{
// Remove the front queue item
qi = q.front();
q.pop();
// Get details of the remove item

Node *node = qi.node;
int depth = qi.depth;
// If this is the first leaf node seen so far

// Then return its depth as answer
if (node->left == NULL && node->right == NULL)
return depth;
// If left subtree is not NULL, add it to queue

if (node->left != NULL)
{
qi.node = node->left;
qi.depth = depth + 1;
q.push(qi);
}
44
// If right subtree is not NULL, add it to queue
if (node->right != NULL)
{
qi.node = node->right;
qi.depth = depth+1;
q.push(qi);
}
}
return 0;
}
// Utility function to create a new tree Node

Node* newNode(int data)
{
temp->data = data;
return temp;
}

int main()
{
// Let us create binary tree shown in above diagram
cout << minDepth(root);

return 0;
}
Output:
Thanks to Manish Chauhan for suggesting above idea and Ravi for providing
implementation.
45
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/find-minimum-depth-of-a-binary-tree/
Category: Trees
46
Chapter 9
Find depth of the deepest

odd level leaf node
Write a C code to get the depth of the deepest odd level leaf node in a binary
tree. Consider that level starts with 1. Depth of a leaf node is number of nodes
on the path from root to leaf (including both leaf and root).
For example, consider the following tree. The deepest odd level node is the node
with value 9 and depth of this node is 5.
1
/ \
2 3
/ / \
4 5 6
\ \
7 8
/ \
9 10
/
11
We strongly recommend you to minimize the browser and try this yourself first.
The idea is to recursively traverse the given binary tree and while traversing,
maintain a variable “level” which will store the current node’s level in the tree.
If current node is leaf then check “level” is odd or not. If level is odd then return
it. If current node is not leaf, then recursively find maximum depth in left and
right subtrees, and return maximum of the two depths.
47
// C program to find depth of the deepest odd level leaf node
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
// A utility function to find maximum of two integers

int max(int x, int y) { return (x > y)? x : y; }
// A Binary Tree node

struct Node
{
int data;
};
// A utility function to allocate a new tree node

struct Node* newNode(int data)
{
struct Node* node = (struct Node*) malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
node->data = data;
node->left = node->right = NULL;
return node;
}
// A recursive function to find depth of the deepest odd level leaf

int depthOfOddLeafUtil(Node *root,int level)
{
// Base Case
if (root == NULL)
return 0;
// If this node is a leaf and its level is odd, return its level
if (root->left==NULL && root->right==NULL && level&1)
return level;
// If not leaf, return the maximum value from left and right subtrees
return max(depthOfOddLeafUtil(root->left, level+1),
depthOfOddLeafUtil(root->right, level+1));
}
/* Main function which calculates the depth of deepest odd level leaf.
This function mainly uses depthOfOddLeafUtil() */
int depthOfOddLeaf(struct Node *root)
{
int level = 1, depth = 0;
return depthOfOddLeafUtil(root, level);
48
}

int main()
{
struct Node* root = newNode(1);
root->right->left = newNode(5);
root->right->left->right = newNode(7);
root->right->left->right->left = newNode(9);
root->right->right->right->right = newNode(10);
root->right->right->right->right->left = newNode(11);
printf("%d is the required depth\n", depthOfOddLeaf(root));

getchar();
return 0;
}
Output:
5 is the required depth
Time Complexity: The function does a simple traversal of the tree, so the
complexity is O(n).
This article is contributed by Chandra Prakash. Please write comments if
you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the
topic discussed above.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/find-depth-of-the-deepest-odd-level-node/
Category: Trees
49
Chapter 10
Iterative Method to find

Height of Binary Tree
There are two conventions to define height of Binary Tree

1) Number of nodes on longest path from root to the deepest node.
2) Number of edges on longest path from root to the deepest node.
In this post, the first convention is followed. For example, height of the below
tree is 3.
Example Tree
Recursive method to find height of Binary Tree is discussed here. How to find
height without recursion? We can use level order traversal to find height without
recursion. The idea is to traverse level by level. Whenever move down to a level,
50
increment height by 1 (height is initialized as 0). Count number of nodes at each
level, stop traversing when count of nodes at next level is 0.
Following is detailed algorithm to find level order traversal using queue.
Create a queue.
Push root into the queue.
height = 0
Loop
nodeCount = size of queue
// If number of nodes at this level is 0, return height

if nodeCount is 0
return Height;
else
increase Height
// Remove nodes of this level and add nodes of

// next level
while (nodeCount > 0)
pop node from front
push its children to queue
decrease nodeCount
// At this point, queue has nodes of next level
Following is C++ implementation of above algorithm.
/* Program to find height of the tree by Iterative Method */

#include <iostream>
#include <queue>

struct node
{
struct node *left;
int data;
struct node *right;
};
// Iterative method to find height of Bianry Tree

int treeHeight(node *root)
51
{
// Base Case
if (root == NULL)
return 0;

queue<node *> q;
// Enqueue Root and initialize height

q.push(root);
int height = 0;
while (1)
{
// nodeCount (queue size) indicates number of nodes
// at current lelvel.
int nodeCount = q.size();
if (nodeCount == 0)
return height;
height++;
// Dequeue all nodes of current level and Enqueue all

// nodes of next level
while (nodeCount > 0)
{
node *node = q.front();
q.pop();
q.push(node->left);
q.push(node->right);
nodeCount--;
}
}
}
// Utility function to create a new tree node

node* newNode(int data)
{
node *temp = new node;
temp->data = data;
temp->left = NULL;
temp->right = NULL;
return temp;
}
52
int main()
{
// Let us create binary tree shown in above diagram
node *root = newNode(1);
cout << "Height of tree is " << treeHeight(root);

return 0;
}
Output:
Height of tree is 3
Time Complexity: O(n) where n is number of nodes in given binary tree.

This article is contributed by Rahul Kumar. Please write comments if you
find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic
discussed above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/iterative-method-to-find-height-of-binary-tree/
Category: Trees
53
Chapter 11
How to determine if a
binary tree is
height-balanced?
A tree where no leaf is much farther away from the root than any other leaf.
Different balancing schemes allow different definitions of “much farther” and
different amounts of work to keep them balanced.
Consider a height-balancing scheme where following conditions should be
checked to determine if a binary tree is balanced.
An empty tree is height-balanced. A non-empty binary tree T is balanced if:
1) Left subtree of T is balanced
2) Right subtree of T is balanced
3) The difference between heights of left subtree and right subtree is not more
than 1.
The above height-balancing scheme is used in AVL trees. The diagram below
shows two trees, one of them is height-balanced and other is not. The second
tree is not height-balanced because height of left subtree is 2 more than height
of right subtree.
54
To check if a tree is height-balanced, get the height of left and right subtrees.
Return true if difference between heights is not more than 1 and left and right
subtrees are balanced, otherwise return false.
/* program to check if a tree is height-balanced or not */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define bool int

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* Returns the height of a binary tree */

/* Returns true if binary tree with root as root is height-balanced */

bool isBalanced(struct node *root)
{
int lh; /* for height of left subtree */
int rh; /* for height of right subtree */
/* If tree is empty then return true */

if(root == NULL)
return 1;
/* Get the height of left and right sub trees */

lh = height(root->left);
55
rh = height(root->right);
if( abs(lh-rh) <= 1 &&

isBalanced(root->left) &&
isBalanced(root->right))
return 1;
/* If we reach here then tree is not height-balanced */

return 0;
}
/* UTILITY FUNCTIONS TO TEST isBalanced() FUNCTION */
/* returns maximum of two integers */

{
return (a >= b)? a: b;
}
/* The function Compute the "height" of a tree. Height is the

number of nodes along the longest path from the root node
{
/* base case tree is empty */
if(node == NULL)
return 0;
/* If tree is not empty then height = 1 + max of left

height and right heights */
return 1 + max(height(node->left), height(node->right));
}

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
56
int main()
{
root->left->left->left = newNode(8);
if(isBalanced(root))
printf("Tree is balanced");
else
printf("Tree is not balanced");
getchar();
return 0;
}
Time Complexity: O(nˆ2) Worst case occurs in case of skewed tree.

Optimized implementation: Above implementation can be optimized by
calculating the height in the same recursion rather than calling a height() func-
tion separately. Thanks to Amar for suggesting this optimized version. This
optimization reduces time complexity to O(n).
/* program to check if a tree is height-balanced or not */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define bool int

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* The function returns true if root is balanced else false

The second parameter is to store the height of tree.
Initially, we need to pass a pointer to a location with value
as 0. We can also write a wrapper over this function */
57
bool isBalanced(struct node *root, int* height)
{
/* lh --> Height of left subtree
rh --> Height of right subtree */
int lh = 0, rh = 0;
/* l will be true if left subtree is balanced

and r will be true if right subtree is balanced */
int l = 0, r = 0;
if(root == NULL)
{
*height = 0;
return 1;
}
/* Get the heights of left and right subtrees in lh and rh

And store the returned values in l and r */
l = isBalanced(root->left, &lh);
r = isBalanced(root->right,&rh);
/* Height of current node is max of heights of left and

right subtrees plus 1*/
*height = (lh > rh? lh: rh) + 1;
/* If difference between heights of left and right

subtrees is more than 2 then this node is not balanced
so return 0 */
if((lh - rh >= 2) || (rh - lh >= 2))
return 0;
/* If this node is balanced and left and right subtrees

are balanced then return true */
else return l&&r;
}
/* UTILITY FUNCTIONS TO TEST isBalanced() FUNCTION */

{
node->data = data;
58
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
int main()
{
int height = 0;

1
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/
7
*/
if(isBalanced(root, &height))
printf("Tree is balanced");
else
printf("Tree is not balanced");
getchar();
return 0;
}

Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-to-determine-if-a-binary-tree-is-balanced/
59
Category: Trees
60
Chapter 12
Write C Code to Determine

if Two Trees are Identical
Two trees are identical when they have same data and arrangement of data is
also same.
To identify if two trees are identical, we need to traverse both trees simultane-
ously, and while traversing we need to compare data and children of the trees.
Algorithm:
sameTree(tree1, tree2)
1. If both trees are empty then return 1.
2. Else If both trees are non -empty
(a) Check data of the root nodes (tree1->data == tree2->data)
(b) Check left subtrees recursively i.e., call sameTree(
tree1->left_subtree, tree2->left_subtree)
(c) Check right subtrees recursively i.e., call sameTree(
tree1->right_subtree, tree2->right_subtree)
(d) If a,b and c are true then return 1.
3 Else return 0 (one is empty and other is not)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
61
struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
/* Given two trees, return true if they are

structurally identical */
int identicalTrees(struct node* a, struct node* b)
{
/*1. both empty */
if (a==NULL && b==NULL)
return 1;
/* 2. both non-empty -> compare them */

if (a!=NULL && b!=NULL)
{
return
(
a->data == b->data &&
identicalTrees(a->left, b->left) &&
identicalTrees(a->right, b->right)
);
}
/* 3. one empty, one not -> false */

return 0;
}
/* Driver program to test identicalTrees function*/

int main()
62
{
struct node *root1 = newNode(1);
struct node *root2 = newNode(1);
root1->left = newNode(2);
root1->right = newNode(3);
root1->left->left = newNode(4);
root1->left->right = newNode(5);
root2->left = newNode(2);
root2->right = newNode(3);
root2->left->left = newNode(4);
root2->left->right = newNode(5);
if(identicalTrees(root1, root2))
printf("Both tree are identical.");
else
printf("Trees are not identical.");
getchar();
return 0;
}
Time Complexity:
Complexity of the identicalTree() will be according to the tree with lesser
number of nodes. Let number of nodes in two trees be m and n then complexity
of sameTree() is O(m) where m
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/write-c-code-to-determine-if-two-trees-are-identical/
Category: Trees Tags: Tree Traveral, Trees
63
Chapter 13
Tree Traversals
Unlike linear data structures (Array, Linked List, Queues, Stacks, etc) which
have only one logical way to traverse them, trees can be traversed in different
ways. Following are the generally used ways for traversing trees.
Example Tree
Depth First Traversals:
(a) Inorder
(b) Preorder
(c) Postorder
Breadth First or Level Order Traversal
Please see thispost for Breadth First Traversal.
Inorder Traversal:
64
Algorithm Inorder(tree)
1. Traverse the left subtree, i.e., call Inorder(left-subtree)
2. Visit the root.
3. Traverse the right subtree, i.e., call Inorder(right-subtree)
Uses of Inorder
In case of binary search trees (BST), Inorder traversal gives nodes in non-
decreasing order. To get nodes of BST in non-increasing order, a variation of
Inorder traversal where Inorder itraversal s reversed, can be used.
Example: Inorder traversal for the above given figure is 4 2 5 1 3.
Preorder Traversal:
Algorithm Preorder(tree)
1. Visit the root.
2. Traverse the left subtree, i.e., call Preorder(left-subtree)
3. Traverse the right subtree, i.e., call Preorder(right-subtree)
Uses of Preorder
Preorder traversal is used to create a copy of the tree. Preorder traversal
is also used to get prefix expression on of an expression tree. Please see
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_notation to know why prefix expressions
are useful.
Example: Preorder traversal for the above given figure is 1 2 4 5 3.
Postorder Traversal:
Algorithm Postorder(tree)
1. Traverse the left subtree, i.e., call Postorder(left-subtree)
2. Traverse the right subtree, i.e., call Postorder(right-subtree)
3. Visit the root.
Uses of Postorder
Postorder traversal is used to delete the tree. Please see the question for deletion
of tree for details. Postorder traversal is also useful to get the postfix expression
of an expression tree. Please see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_Polish_
notation to for the usage of postfix expression.
65
Example: Postorder traversal for the above given figure is 4 5 2 3 1.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
/* Given a binary tree, print its nodes according to the

"bottom-up" postorder traversal. */
void printPostorder(struct node* node)
{
if (node == NULL)
return;
// first recur on left subtree

printPostorder(node->left);
// then recur on right subtree

printPostorder(node->right);
// now deal with the node

printf("%d ", node->data);
}
/* Given a binary tree, print its nodes in inorder*/
66
void printInorder(struct node* node)
{
if (node == NULL)
return;
/* first recur on left child */

printInorder(node->left);
/* then print the data of node */

/* now recur on right child */

printInorder(node->right);
}
/* Given a binary tree, print its nodes in preorder*/

void printPreorder(struct node* node)
{
if (node == NULL)
return;
/* first print data of node */

/* then recur on left sutree */

printPreorder(node->left);
/* now recur on right subtree */

printPreorder(node->right);
}

int main()
{
printf("\n Preorder traversal of binary tree is \n");

printPreorder(root);
printf("\n Inorder traversal of binary tree is \n");

printInorder(root);
67
printf("\n Postorder traversal of binary tree is \n");
printPostorder(root);
getchar();
return 0;
}

Let us prove it:
Complexity function T(n) — for all problem where tree traversal is involved —
can be defined as:
T(n) = T(k) + T(n – k – 1) + c
Where k is the number of nodes on one side of root and n-k-1 on the other side.
Let’s do analysis of boundary conditions
Case 1: Skewed tree (One of the subtrees is empty and other subtree is non-
empty )
k is 0 in this case.
T(n) = T(0) + T(n-1) + c
T(n) = 2T(0) + T(n-2) + 2c
T(n) = 3T(0) + T(n-3) + 3c
T(n) = 4T(0) + T(n-4) + 4c
…………………………………………
………………………………………….
T(n) = (n-1)T(0) + T(1) + (n-1)c
T(n) = nT(0) + (n)c
Value of T(0) will be some constant say d. (traversing a empty tree will take
some constants time)
T(n) = n(c+d)
T(n) = (-)(n) (Theta of n)
Case 2: Both left and right subtrees have equal number of nodes.
T(n) = 2T(|_n/2_|) + c
This recursive function is in the standard form (T(n) = aT(n/b) + (-)(n) ) for
master method http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_theorem. If we solve it
by master method we get (-)(n)
Auxiliary Space : If we don’t consider size of stack for function calls then
O(1) otherwise O(n).
68
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/618/
69
Chapter 14
Program to count leaf

nodes in a binary tree
A node is a leaf node if both left and right child nodes of it are NULL.
Here is an algorithm to get the leaf node count.
getLeafCount(node)
1) If node is NULL then return 0.
2) Else If left and right child nodes are NULL return 1.
3) Else recursively calculate leaf count of the tree using below formula.
Leaf count of a tree = Leaf count of left subtree +
Leaf count of right subtree
70
Example Tree
Leaf count for the above tree is 3.
Implementation:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* Function to get the count of leaf nodes in a binary tree*/

unsigned int getLeafCount(struct node* node)
{
if(node == NULL)
return 0;
if(node->left == NULL && node->right==NULL)
return 1;
else
return getLeafCount(node->left)+
getLeafCount(node->right);
}

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
/*Driver program to test above functions*/

int main()
{
71
/*create a tree*/
/*get leaf count of the above created tree*/

printf("Leaf count of the tree is %d", getLeafCount(root));
getchar();
return 0;
}
Time & Space Complexities: Since this program is similar to traversal of

tree, time and space complexities will be same as Tree traversal (Please see our
Tree Traversal post for details)
Please write comments if you find any bug in the above programs/algorithms
or other ways to solve the same problem.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/write-a-c-program-to-get-count-of-leaf-nodes-in-a-binary-tree/
Category: Trees
72
Chapter 15
Write a C program to
Delete a Tree.
To delete a tree we must traverse all the nodes of the tree and delete them one
by one. So which traversal we should use – Inorder or Preorder or Postorder.
Answer is simple – Postorder, because before deleting the parent node we should
delete its children nodes first
We can delete tree with other traversals also with extra space complexity but
why should we go for other traversals if we have Postorder available which does
the work without storing anything in same time complexity.
For the following tree nodes are deleted in order – 4, 5, 2, 3, 1
Example Tree
Program
73
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
/* This function traverses tree in post order to

to delete each and every node of the tree */
void deleteTree(struct node* node)
{
if (node == NULL) return;
/* first delete both subtrees */

deleteTree(node->left);
deleteTree(node->right);
/* then delete the node */

printf("\n Deleting node: %d", node->data);
free(node);
}
/* Driver program to test deleteTree function*/

int main()
{
74
deleteTree(root);
root = NULL;
printf("\n Tree deleted ");
getchar();
return 0;
}
The above deleteTree() function deletes the tree, but doesn’t change root to
NULL which may cause problems if the user of deleteTree() doesn’t change root
to NULL and tires to access values using root pointer. We can modify the
deleteTree() function to take reference to the root node so that this problem
doesn’t occur. See the following code.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
75
}
/* This function is same as deleteTree() in the previous program */

void _deleteTree(struct node* node)
{
/* first delete both subtrees */

_deleteTree(node->left);
_deleteTree(node->right);
/* then delete the node */

printf("\n Deleting node: %d", node->data);
free(node);
}
/* Deletes a tree and sets the root as NULL */

void deleteTree(struct node** node_ref)
{
_deleteTree(*node_ref);
*node_ref = NULL;
}
/* Driver program to test deleteTree function*/

int main()
{
// Note that we pass the address of root here

deleteTree(&root);
printf("\n Tree deleted ");
getchar();
return 0;
}

Space Complexity: If we don’t consider size of stack for function calls then
O(1) otherwise O(n)
76
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/write-a-c-program-to-delete-a-tree/
Category: Trees Tags: Delete Tree, Tree Traveral, Trees
77
Chapter 16
Inorder Tree Traversal

without Recursion
Using Stackis the obvious way to traverse tree without recursion. Below is an
algorithm for traversing binary tree using stack. See this for step wise step
execution of the algorithm.
1) Create an empty stack S.

2) Initialize current node as root
3) Push the current node to S and set current = current->left until current is NULL
4) If current is NULL and stack is not empty then
a) Pop the top item from stack.
b) Print the popped item, set current = popped_item->right
c) Go to step 3.
5) If current is NULL and stack is empty then we are done.
Let us consider the below tree for example
1
/ \
2 3
/ \
4 5
Step 1 Creates an empty stack: S = NULL
78
Step 2 sets current as address of root: current -> 1
Step 3 Pushes the current node and set current = current->left until current is NULL
current -> 1
push 1: Stack S -> 1
current -> 2
push 2: Stack S -> 2, 1
current -> 4
push 4: Stack S -> 4, 2, 1
current = NULL
Step 4 pops from S

a) Pop 4: Stack S -> 2, 1
b) print "4"
c) current = NULL /*right of 4 */ and go to step 3
Since current is NULL step 3 doesn't do anything.
Step 4 pops again.

a) Pop 2: Stack S -> 1
b) print "2"
c) current -> 5/*right of 2 */ and go to step 3
Step 3 pushes 5 to stack and makes current NULL

Stack S -> 5, 1
current = NULL
Step 4 pops from S

a) Pop 5: Stack S -> 1
b) print "5"
c) current = NULL /*right of 5 */ and go to step 3
Since current is NULL step 3 doesn't do anything
Step 4 pops again.

a) Pop 1: Stack S -> NULL
b) print "1"
c) current -> 3 /*right of 5 */
Step 3 pushes 3 to stack and makes current NULL

Stack S -> 3
current = NULL
Step 4 pops from S

a) Pop 3: Stack S -> NULL
b) print "3"
c) current = NULL /*right of 3 */
79
Traversal is done now as stack S is empty and current is NULL.
Implementation:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define bool int
/* A binary tree tNode has data, pointer to left child

struct tNode
{
int data;
struct tNode* left;
struct tNode* right;
};
/* Structure of a stack node. Linked List implementation is used for

stack. A stack node contains a pointer to tree node and a pointer to
next stack node */
struct sNode
{
struct tNode *t;
struct sNode *next;
};
/* Stack related functions */

void push(struct sNode** top_ref, struct tNode *t);
struct tNode *pop(struct sNode** top_ref);
bool isEmpty(struct sNode *top);
/* Iterative function for inorder tree traversal */

void inOrder(struct tNode *root)
{
/* set current to root of binary tree */
struct tNode *current = root;
struct sNode *s = NULL; /* Initialize stack s */
bool done = 0;
while (!done)
{
80
/* Reach the left most tNode of the current tNode */
if(current != NULL)
{
/* place pointer to a tree node on the stack before traversing
the node's left subtree */
push(&s, current);
current = current->left;
}
/* backtrack from the empty subtree and visit the tNode

at the top of the stack; however, if the stack is empty,
you are done */
else
{
if (!isEmpty(s))
{
current = pop(&s);
printf("%d ", current->data);
/* we have visited the node and its left subtree.

Now, it's right subtree's turn */
current = current->right;
}
else
done = 1;
}
} /* end of while */
}
/* Function to push an item to sNode*/
void push(struct sNode** top_ref, struct tNode *t)
{
/* allocate tNode */
struct sNode* new_tNode =
(struct sNode*) malloc(sizeof(struct sNode));
if(new_tNode == NULL)
{
printf("Stack Overflow \n");
getchar();
exit(0);
}
/* put in the data */

new_tNode->t = t;
81
/* link the old list off the new tNode */
new_tNode->next = (*top_ref);
/* move the head to point to the new tNode */

(*top_ref) = new_tNode;
}
/* The function returns true if stack is empty, otherwise false */

bool isEmpty(struct sNode *top)
{
return (top == NULL)? 1 : 0;
}
/* Function to pop an item from stack*/

struct tNode *pop(struct sNode** top_ref)
{
struct tNode *res;
struct sNode *top;
/*If sNode is empty then error */

if(isEmpty(*top_ref))
{
printf("Stack Underflow \n");
getchar();
exit(0);
}
else
{
top = *top_ref;
res = top->t;
*top_ref = top->next;
free(top);
return res;
}
}
/* Helper function that allocates a new tNode with the

struct tNode* newtNode(int data)
{
struct tNode* tNode = (struct tNode*)
malloc(sizeof(struct tNode));
tNode->data = data;
tNode->left = NULL;
tNode->right = NULL;
82
return(tNode);
}

int main()
{

1
/ \
2 3
/ \
4 5
*/
struct tNode *root = newtNode(1);
root->left = newtNode(2);
root->right = newtNode(3);
root->left->left = newtNode(4);
root->left->right = newtNode(5);
inOrder(root);
getchar();
return 0;
}

References:
http://web.cs.wpi.edu/~cs2005/common/iterative.inorder
http://neural.cs.nthu.edu.tw/jang/courses/cs2351/slide/animation/Iterative%
20Inorder%20Traversal.pps
See this post for another approach of Inorder Tree Traversal without recursion
and without stack!
Please write comments if you find any bug in above code/algorithm, or want to
share more information about stack based Inorder Tree Traversal.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/inorder-tree-traversal-without-recursion/
83
Category: Trees Tags: Tree Traveral
84
Chapter 17

without recursion and
without stack!
Using Morris Traversal, we can traverse the tree without using stack and re-
cursion. The idea of Morris Traversal is based on Threaded Binary Tree. In
this traversal, we first create links to Inorder successor and print the data using
these links, and finally revert the changes to restore original tree.
1. Initialize current as root

2. While current is not NULL
If current does not have left child
a) Print current’s data
b) Go to the right, i.e., current = current->right
Else
a) Make current as right child of the rightmost node in current's left subtree
b) Go to this left child, i.e., current = current->left
Although the tree is modified through the traversal, it is reverted back to its
original shape after the completion. Unlike Stack based traversal, no extra space
is required for this traversal.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
85
/* A binary tree tNode has data, pointer to left child
struct tNode
{
int data;
struct tNode* left;
struct tNode* right;
};
/* Function to traverse binary tree without recursion and

without stack */
void MorrisTraversal(struct tNode *root)
{
struct tNode *current,*pre;
if(root == NULL)
return;
current = root;
while(current != NULL)
{
if(current->left == NULL)
{
printf(" %d ", current->data);
}
else
{
/* Find the inorder predecessor of current */
pre = current->left;
while(pre->right != NULL && pre->right != current)
pre = pre->right;
/* Make current as right child of its inorder predecessor */

if(pre->right == NULL)
{
pre->right = current;
current = current->left;
}
/* Revert the changes made in if part to restore the original

tree i.e., fix the right child of predecssor */
else
{
pre->right = NULL;
86
printf(" %d ",current->data);
} /* End of if condition pre->right == NULL */
} /* End of if condition current->left == NULL*/
} /* End of while */
}
/* Helper function that allocates a new tNode with the
struct tNode* newtNode(int data)
{
struct tNode* tNode = (struct tNode*)
malloc(sizeof(struct tNode));
tNode->data = data;
tNode->left = NULL;
tNode->right = NULL;
return(tNode);
}

int main()
{

1
/ \
2 3
/ \
4 5
*/
struct tNode *root = newtNode(1);
root->left = newtNode(2);
root->right = newtNode(3);
root->left->left = newtNode(4);
root->left->right = newtNode(5);
MorrisTraversal(root);
getchar();
return 0;
}
87
References:
www.liacs.nl/~deutz/DS/september28.pdf
http://comsci.liu.edu/~murali/algo/Morris.htm
www.scss.tcd.ie/disciplines/software_systems/…/HughGibbonsSlides.pdf
Please write comments if you find any bug in above code/algorithm, or want to
share more information about stack Morris Inorder Tree Traversal.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/inorder-tree-traversal-without-recursion-and-without-stack/
Category: Trees Tags: Tree Traveral
88
Chapter 18
Iterative Preorder Traversal
Given a Binary Tree, write an iterative function to print Preorder traversal of

the given binary tree.
Refer thisfor recursive preorder traversal of Binary Tree. To convert an inher-
ently recursive procedures to iterative, we need an explicit stack. Following is a
simple stack based iterative process to print Preorder traversal.
1) Create an empty stack nodeStack and push root node to stack.
2) Do following while nodeStack is not empty.
….a) Pop an item from stack and print it.
….b) Push right child of popped item to stack
….c) Push left child of popped item to stack
Right child is pushed before left child to make sure that left subtree is processed
first.
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
/* A binary tree node has data, left child and right child */
struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
89
/* Helper function that allocates a new node with the given data and
NULL left and right pointers.*/
{
struct node* node = new struct node;
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
// An iterative process to print preorder traversal of Binary tree

void iterativePreorder(node *root)
{
// Base Case
if (root == NULL)
return;
// Create an empty stack and push root to it

stack<node *> nodeStack;
nodeStack.push(root);
/* Pop all items one by one. Do following for every popped item
a) print it
b) push its right child
c) push its left child
Note that right child is pushed first so that left is processed first */
while (nodeStack.empty() == false)
{
// Pop the top item from stack and print it
struct node *node = nodeStack.top();
printf ("%d ", node->data);
nodeStack.pop();
// Push right and left children of the popped node to stack

if (node->right)
nodeStack.push(node->right);
if (node->left)
nodeStack.push(node->left);
}
}

int main()
{
90
10
/ \
8 2
/ \ /
3 5 2
*/
iterativePreorder(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
10 8 3 5 2 2
This article is compiled by Saurabh Sharma and reviewed by GeeksforGeeks

team. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to
share more information about the topic discussed above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/iterative-preorder-traversal/
Category: Trees
91
Chapter 19
Morris traversal for

Preorder
Using Morris Traversal, we can traverse the tree without using stack and re-
cursion. The algorithm for Preorder is almost similar to Morris traversal for
Inorder.
1...If left child is null, print the current node data. Move to right child.
….Else, Make the right child of the inorder predecessor point to the current
node. Two cases arise:
………a) The right child of the inorder predecessor already points to the current
node. Set right child to NULL. Move to right child of current node.
………b) The right child is NULL. Set it to current node. Print current node’s
data and move to left child of current node.
2...Iterate until current node is not NULL.
Following is C implementation of the above algorithm.
// C program for Morris Preorder traversal

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct node
{
int data;
struct node *left, *right;
};

92
{
struct node* temp = (struct node*) malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->data = data;
return temp;
}
// Preorder traversal without recursion and without stack

void morrisTraversalPreorder(struct node* root)
{
while (root)
{
// If left child is null, print the current node data. Move to
// right child.
if (root->left == NULL)
{
printf( "%d ", root->data );
root = root->right;
}
else
{
// Find inorder predecessor
struct node* current = root->left;
while (current->right && current->right != root)
// If the right child of inorder predecessor already points to

// this node
if (current->right == root)
{
current->right = NULL;
root = root->right;
}
// If right child doesn't point to this node, then print this

// node and make right child point to this node
else
{
printf("%d ", root->data);
current->right = root;
root = root->left;
}
}
}
}
93
// Function for sStandard preorder traversal
void preorder(struct node* root)
{
if (root)
{
printf( "%d ", root->data);
preorder(root->left);
preorder(root->right);
}
}

int main()
{
struct node* root = NULL;
root = newNode(1);
root->left->left->right = newNode(9);
root->left->right->left = newNode(10);
root->left->right->right = newNode(11);
morrisTraversalPreorder(root);
printf("\n");
preorder(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
1 2 4 8 9 5 10 11 3 6 7
94
1 2 4 8 9 5 10 11 3 6 7
Limitations:
Morris traversal modifies the tree during the process. It establishes the right
links while moving down the tree and resets the right links while moving up the
tree. So the algorithm cannot be applied if write operations are not allowed.
This article is compiled by Aashish Barnwal and reviewed by GeeksforGeeks
share more information about the topic discussed above.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/morris-traversal-for-preorder/
Category: Trees
95
Chapter 20
Iterative Postorder
Traversal | Set 1 (Using
Two Stacks)
We have discussed iterative inorder and iterative preorder traversals. In this

post, iterative postorder traversal is discussed which is more complex than the
other two traversals (due to its nature of non-tail recursion, there is an extra
statement after the final recursive call to itself). The postorder traversal can
easily be done using two stacks though. The idea is to push reverse postorder
traversal to a stack. Once we have reverse postorder traversal in a stack, we
can just pop all items one by one from the stack and print them, this order
of printing will be in postorder because of LIFO property of stacks. Now the
question is, how to get reverse post order elements in a stack – the other stack
is used for this purpose. For example, in the following tree, we need to get 1, 3,
7, 6, 2, 5, 4 in a stack. If take a closer look at this sequence, we can observe that
this sequence is very similar to preorder traversal. The only difference is right
child is visited before left child and therefore sequence is “root right left” instead
of “root left right”. So we can do something like iterative preorder traversal with
following differences.
a) Instead of printing an item, we push it to a stack.
b) We push left subtree before right subtree.
Following is the complete algorithm. After step 2, we get reverse postorder
traversal in second stack. We use first stack to get this order.
1. Push root to first stack.

2. Loop while first stack is not empty
2.1 Pop a node from first stack and push it to second stack
96
2.2 Push left and right children of the popped node to first stack
3. Print contents of second stack
Let us consider the following tree
Following are the steps to print postorder traversal of the above tree using two
stacks.
1. Push 1 to first stack.

First stack: 1
Second stack: Empty
2. Pop 1 from first stack and push it to second stack.

Push left and right children of 1 to first stack
First stack: 2, 3
Second stack: 1

First stack: 2, 6, 7
Second stack:1, 3

First stack: 2, 6
Second stack:1, 3, 7
97
First stack: 2
Second stack:1, 3, 7, 6

First stack: 4, 5
Second stack:1, 3, 7, 6, 2

First stack: 4
Second stack: 1, 3, 7, 6, 2, 5

First stack: Empty
Second stack: 1, 3, 7, 6, 2, 5, 4
The algorithm stops since there is no more item in first stack.

Observe that content of second stack is in postorder fashion. Print them.
Following is C implementation of iterative postorder traversal using two stacks.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
// Maximum stack size

#define MAX_SIZE 100
// A tree node
struct Node
{
int data;
};
// Stack type
struct Stack
{
int size;
int top;
struct Node* *array;
};
// A utility function to create a new tree node
98
{
node->data = data;
return node;
}
// A utility function to create a stack of given size

struct Stack* createStack(int size)
{
struct Stack* stack =
(struct Stack*) malloc(sizeof(struct Stack));
stack->size = size;
stack->top = -1;
stack->array =
(struct Node**) malloc(stack->size * sizeof(struct Node*));
return stack;
}
// BASIC OPERATIONS OF STACK

int isFull(struct Stack* stack)
{ return stack->top - 1 == stack->size; }
int isEmpty(struct Stack* stack)

{ return stack->top == -1; }
void push(struct Stack* stack, struct Node* node)

{
if (isFull(stack))
return;
stack->array[++stack->top] = node;
}
struct Node* pop(struct Stack* stack)

{
if (isEmpty(stack))
return NULL;
return stack->array[stack->top--];
}
// An iterative function to do post order traversal of a given binary tree

void postOrderIterative(struct Node* root)
{
// Create two stacks
struct Stack* s1 = createStack(MAX_SIZE);
99
struct Stack* s2 = createStack(MAX_SIZE);
// push root to first stack

push(s1, root);
struct Node* node;
// Run while first stack is not empty

while (!isEmpty(s1))
{
// Pop an item from s1 and push it to s2
node = pop(s1);
push(s2, node);
// Push left and right children of removed item to s1

if (node->left)
push(s1, node->left);
if (node->right)
push(s1, node->right);
}
// Print all elements of second stack

while (!isEmpty(s2))
{
node = pop(s2);
}
}

int main()
{
// Let us construct the tree shown in above figure
struct Node* root = NULL;
root = newNode(1);
postOrderIterative(root);
return 0;
}
100
Output:
4 5 2 6 7 3 1
Following is overview of the above post.

Iterative preorder traversal can be easily implemented using two stacks. The
first stack is used to get the reverse postorder traversal in second stack. The
steps to get reverse postorder are similar to iterative preorder.
You may also like to see a method which uses only one stack.
This article is compiled byAashish Barnwal. Please write comments if you find
discussed above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/iterative-postorder-traversal/
Category: Trees Tags: stack
Post navigation
← Flatten a multilevel linked list Iterative Postorder Traversal | Set 2 (Using
One Stack) →
101
Chapter 21
Iterative Postorder
Traversal | Set 2 (Using
One Stack)
We have discussed a simple iterative postorder traversal using two stacks in the
previous post. In this post, an approach with only one stack is discussed.
The idea is to move down to leftmost node using left pointer. While moving
down, push root and root’s right child to stack. Once we reach leftmost node,
print it if it doesn’t have a right child. If it has a right child, then change root
so that the right child is processed before.
Following is detailed algorithm.
1.1 Create an empty stack

2.1 Do following while root is not NULL
a) Push root's right child and then root to stack.
b) Set root as root's left child.
2.2 Pop an item from stack and set it as root.
a) If the popped item has a right child and the right child
is at top of stack, then remove the right child from stack,
push the root back and set root as root's right child.
b) Else print root's data and set root as NULL.
2.3 Repeat steps 2.1 and 2.2 while stack is not empty.
Let us consider the following tree
102
Following are the steps to print postorder traversal of the above tree using one
stack.
1. Right child of 1 exists.

Push 3 to stack. Push 1 to stack. Move to left child.
Stack: 3, 1
2. Right child of 2 exists.

Push 5 to stack. Push 2 to stack. Move to left child.
Stack: 3, 1, 5, 2
3. Right child of 4 doesn't exist. '

Push 4 to stack. Move to left child.
Stack: 3, 1, 5, 2, 4
4. Current node is NULL.

Pop 4 from stack. Right child of 4 doesn't exist.
Print 4. Set current node to NULL.
Stack: 3, 1, 5, 2
5. Current node is NULL.

Pop 2 from stack. Since right child of 2 equals stack top element,
pop 5 from stack. Now push 2 to stack.
Move current node to right child of 2 i.e. 5
Stack: 3, 1, 2
6. Right child of 5 doesn't exist. Push 5 to stack. Move to left child.

Stack: 3, 1, 2, 5
103
7. Current node is NULL. Pop 5 from stack. Right child of 5 doesn't exist.
Stack: 3, 1, 2
8. Current node is NULL. Pop 2 from stack.

Right child of 2 is not equal to stack top element.
Stack: 3, 1
9. Current node is NULL. Pop 1 from stack.

Since right child of 1 equals stack top element, pop 3 from stack.
Now push 1 to stack. Move current node to right child of 1 i.e. 3
Stack: 1
10. Repeat the same as above steps and Print 6, 7 and 3.

Pop 1 and Print 1.
// C program for iterative postorder traversal using one stack

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

// A tree node
struct Node
{
int data;
};
// Stack type
struct Stack
{
int size;
int top;
};

{
104
node->data = data;
return node;
}

{
struct Stack* stack = (struct Stack*) malloc(sizeof(struct Stack));
stack->size = size;
stack->top = -1;
stack->array = (struct Node**) malloc(stack->size * sizeof(struct Node*));
return stack;
}

{ return stack->top - 1 == stack->size; }

{ return stack->top == -1; }

{
if (isFull(stack))
return;
}

{
if (isEmpty(stack))
return NULL;
}
struct Node* peek(struct Stack* stack)

{
if (isEmpty(stack))
return NULL;
return stack->array[stack->top];
}
// An iterative function to do postorder traversal of a given binary tree

void postOrderIterative(struct Node* root)
{
105
// Check for empty tree
if (root == NULL)
return;
struct Stack* stack = createStack(MAX_SIZE);

do
{
// Move to leftmost node
while (root)
{
// Push root's right child and then root to stack.
if (root->right)
push(stack, root->right);
push(stack, root);
// Set root as root's left child

root = root->left;
}
// Pop an item from stack and set it as root

root = pop(stack);
// If the popped item has a right child and the right child is not
// processed yet, then make sure right child is processed before root
if (root->right && peek(stack) == root->right)
{
pop(stack); // remove right child from stack
push(stack, root); // push root back to stack
root = root->right; // change root so that the right
// child is processed next
}
else // Else print root's data and set root as NULL
{
root = NULL;
}
} while (!isEmpty(stack));
}

int main()
{
// Let us construct the tree shown in above figure
root = newNode(1);
106
postOrderIterative(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
4 5 2 6 7 3 1
This article is compiled byAashish Barnwal. Please write comments if you find
discussed above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/iterative-postorder-traversal-using-stack/
Category: Trees Tags: stack
Post navigation
← Iterative Postorder Traversal | Set 1 (Using Two Stacks) Generate n-bit Gray
Codes →
107
Chapter 22
Level Order Tree Traversal
Level order traversal of a tree is breadth first traversal for the tree.
Example Tree
Level order traversal of the above tree is 1 2 3 4 5
METHOD 1 (Use function to print a given level)
Algorithm:
There are basically two functions in this method. One is to print all nodes at a
given level (printGivenLevel), and other is to print level order traversal of the
tree (printLevelorder). printLevelorder makes use of printGivenLevel to print
nodes at all levels one by one starting from root.
/*Function to print level order traversal of tree*/

printLevelorder(tree)
for d = 1 to height(tree)
printGivenLevel(tree, d);
108
/*Function to print all nodes at a given level*/
printGivenLevel(tree, level)
if tree is NULL then return;
if level is 1, then
print(tree->data);
printGivenLevel(tree->left, level-1);
printGivenLevel(tree->right, level-1);
Implementation:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
void printGivenLevel(struct node* root, int level);
/* Function to print level order traversal a tree*/

void printLevelOrder(struct node* root)
{
int i;
for(i=1; i<=h; i++)
printGivenLevel(root, i);
}
/* Print nodes at a given level */

void printGivenLevel(struct node* root, int level)
{
if(root == NULL)
109
return;
if(level == 1)
else if (level > 1)
{
printGivenLevel(root->left, level-1);
printGivenLevel(root->right, level-1);
}
}

{
if (node==NULL)
return 0;
else
{
int lheight = height(node->left);
int rheight = height(node->right);

if (lheight > rheight)
return(lheight+1);
else return(rheight+1);
}
}

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}

int main()
{
110
printf("Level Order traversal of binary tree is \n");

printLevelOrder(root);
getchar();
return 0;
}
Time Complexity: O(nˆ2) in worst case. For a skewed tree, printGivenLevel()

takes O(n) time where n is the number of nodes in the skewed tree. So time
complexity of printLevelOrder() is O(n) + O(n-1) + O(n-2) + .. + O(1) which
is O(nˆ2).
METHOD 2 (Use Queue)
Algorithm:
For each node, first the node is visited and then it’s child nodes are put in a
FIFO queue.
printLevelorder(tree)
1) Create an empty queue q
2) temp_node = root /*start from root*/
3) Loop while temp_node is not NULL
a) print temp_node->data.
b) Enqueue temp_node’s children (first left then right children) to q
c) Dequeue a node from q and assign it’s value to temp_node
Implementation:
Here is a simple implementation of the above algorithm. Queue is implemented
using an array with maximum size of 500. We can implement queue as linked
list also.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MAX_Q_SIZE 500
111
struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* frunction prototypes */
struct node** createQueue(int *, int *);
void enQueue(struct node **, int *, struct node *);
struct node *deQueue(struct node **, int *);
/* Given a binary tree, print its nodes in level order

using array for implementing queue */
void printLevelOrder(struct node* root)
{
int rear, front;
struct node **queue = createQueue(&front, &rear);
struct node *temp_node = root;
while(temp_node)
{
printf("%d ", temp_node->data);
/*Enqueue left child */

if(temp_node->left)
enQueue(queue, &rear, temp_node->left);
/*Enqueue right child */

if(temp_node->right)
enQueue(queue, &rear, temp_node->right);
/*Dequeue node and make it temp_node*/

temp_node = deQueue(queue, &front);
}
}
/*UTILITY FUNCTIONS*/
struct node** createQueue(int *front, int *rear)
{
struct node **queue =
(struct node **)malloc(sizeof(struct node*)*MAX_Q_SIZE);
*front = *rear = 0;
112
return queue;
}
void enQueue(struct node **queue, int *rear, struct node *new_node)

{
queue[*rear] = new_node;
(*rear)++;
}
struct node *deQueue(struct node **queue, int *front)

{
(*front)++;
return queue[*front - 1];
}

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}

int main()
{

printLevelOrder(root);
getchar();
return 0;
}
113
Time Complexity: O(n) where n is number of nodes in the binary tree
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadth-first_traversal
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/level-order-tree-traversal/
Category: Trees
Post navigation
← Compute the minimum or maximum of two integers without branching Pro-
gram to count leaf nodes in a binary tree →
114
Chapter 23
Level order traversal in

spiral form
Write a function to print spiral order traversal of a tree. For below tree, function
should print 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.
Method 1 (Recursive)
This problem can bee seen as an extension of the level order traversal post.
To print the nodes in spiral order, nodes at different levels should be printed in
alternating order. An additional Boolean variable ltr is used to change printing
order of levels. If ltr is 1 then printGivenLevel() prints nodes from left to right
else from right to left. Value of ltr is flipped in each iteration to change the
order.
Function to print level order traversal of tree
115
printSpiral(tree)
bool ltr = 0;
for d = 1 to height(tree)
printGivenLevel(tree, d, ltr);
ltr ~= ltr /*flip ltr*/
Function to print all nodes at a given level
printGivenLevel(tree, level, ltr)

if level is 1, then
print(tree->data);
if(ltr)
printGivenLevel(tree->left, level-1, ltr);
printGivenLevel(tree->right, level-1, ltr);
else
printGivenLevel(tree->right, level-1, ltr);
printGivenLevel(tree->left, level-1, ltr);
Following is C implementation of above algorithm.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h>

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* Function protoypes */
void printGivenLevel(struct node* root, int level, int ltr);
116
/* Function to print spiral traversal of a tree*/
void printSpiral(struct node* root)
{
int i;
/*ltr -> Left to Right. If this variable is set,

then the given level is traverseed from left to right. */
bool ltr = false;
for(i=1; i<=h; i++)
{
printGivenLevel(root, i, ltr);
/*Revert ltr to traverse next level in oppposite order*/

ltr = !ltr;
}
}

void printGivenLevel(struct node* root, int level, int ltr)
{
if(root == NULL)
return;
if(level == 1)
else if (level > 1)
{
if(ltr)
{
printGivenLevel(root->left, level-1, ltr);
printGivenLevel(root->right, level-1, ltr);
}
else
{
printGivenLevel(root->right, level-1, ltr);
printGivenLevel(root->left, level-1, ltr);
}
}
}

{
117
if (node==NULL)
return 0;
else
{

return(lheight+1);
}
}

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}

int main()
{
printf("Spiral Order traversal of binary tree is \n");
printSpiral(root);
return 0;
}
118
Output:
Spiral Order traversal of binary tree is

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Time Complexity: Worst case time complexity of the above method is

O(nˆ2). Worst case occurs in case of skewed trees.
Method 2 (Iterative)
We can print spiral order traversal in O(n) time and O(n) extra space. The
idea is to use two stacks. We can use one stack for printing from left to right
and other stack for printing from right to left. In every iteration, we have nodes
of one level in one of the stacks. We print the nodes, and push nodes of next
level in other stack.
// C++ implementation of a O(n) time method for spiral order traversal

#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
// Binary Tree node

struct node
{
int data;
};
void printSpiral(struct node *root)

{
if (root == NULL) return; // NULL check
// Create two stacks to store alternate levels

stack<struct node*> s1; // For levels to be printed from right to left
stack<struct node*> s2; // For levels to be printed from left to right
// Push first level to first stack 's1'

s1.push(root);
// Keep ptinting while any of the stacks has some nodes

while (!s1.empty() || !s2.empty())
{
// Print nodes of current level from s1 and push nodes of
// next level to s2
while (!s1.empty())
119
{
struct node *temp = s1.top();
s1.pop();
cout << temp->data << " ";
// Note that is right is pushed before left

if (temp->right)
s2.push(temp->right);
if (temp->left)
s2.push(temp->left);
}
// Print nodes of current level from s2 and push nodes of

// next level to s1
while (!s2.empty())
{
struct node *temp = s2.top();
s2.pop();
cout << temp->data << " ";
// Note that is left is pushed before right

if (temp->left)
s1.push(temp->left);
if (temp->right)
s1.push(temp->right);
}
}
}
// A utility functiont to create a new node

{
struct node* node = new struct node;
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
int main()
{
120
cout << "Spiral Order traversal of binary tree is \n";
printSpiral(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
Spiral Order traversal of binary tree is

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Please write comments if you find any bug in the above program/algorithm; or
if you want to share more information about spiral traversal.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/level-order-traversal-in-spiral-form/
Category: Trees
Post navigation
← Babylonian method for square root Data Structures and Algorithms | Set 7
→
121
Chapter 24
Perfect Binary Tree Specific

Level Order Traversal
Given a Perfect Binary Tree like below:

(click on image to get a clear view)
Print the level order of nodes in following specific manner:
1 2 3 4 7 5 6 8 15 9 14 10 13 11 12 16 31 17 30 18 29 19 28 20 27 21 26 22 25 23 24
i.e. print nodes in level order but nodes should be from left and right side
alternatively. Here 1st and 2nd levels are trivial.
While 3rd level: 4(left), 7(right), 5(left), 6(right) are printed.
While 4th level: 8(left), 15(right), 9(left), 14(right), .. are printed.
While 5th level: 16(left), 31(right), 17(left), 30(right), .. are printed.
self first.
In standard Level Order Traversal, we enqueue root into a queue 1st , then we
dequeue ONE node from queue, process (print) it, enqueue its children into
queue. We keep doing this until queue is empty.
Approach 1:
We can do standard level order traversal here too but instead of printing nodes
directly, we have to store nodes in current level in a temporary array or list 1st
122
and then take nodes from alternate ends (left and right) and print nodes. Keep
repeating this for all levels.
This approach takes more memory than standard traversal.
Approach 2:
The standard level order traversal idea will slightly change here. Instead of
processing ONE node at a time, we will process TWO nodes at a time. And
while pushing children into queue, the enqueue order will be: 1st node’s left
child, 2nd node’s right child, 1st node’s right child and 2nd node’s left child.
/* C++ program for special order traversal */

#include <iostream>
#include <queue>

struct Node
{
int data;
Node *left;
Node *right;
};

{
Node *node = new Node;
node->data = data;
node->right = node->left = NULL;
return node;
}
/* Given a perfect binary tree, print its nodes in specific

level order */
void printSpecificLevelOrder(Node *root)
{
if (root == NULL)
return;
// Let us print root and next level first

cout << root->data;
// / Since it is perfect Binary Tree, right is not checked
123
if (root->left != NULL)
cout << " " << root->left->data << " " << root->right->data;
// Do anything more if there are nodes at next level in

// given perfect Binary Tree
if (root->left->left == NULL)
return;
// Create a queue and enqueue left and right children of root

queue <Node *> q;
q.push(root->left);
q.push(root->right);
// We process two nodes at a time, so we need two variables

// to store two front items of queue
Node *first = NULL, *second = NULL;
// traversal loop
while (!q.empty())
{
// Pop two items from queue
first = q.front();
q.pop();
second = q.front();
q.pop();
// Print children of first and second in reverse order

cout << " " << first->left->data << " " << second->right->data;
cout << " " << first->right->data << " " << second->left->data;
// If first and second have grandchildren, enqueue them

// in reverse order
if (first->left->left != NULL)
{
q.push(first->left);
q.push(second->right);
q.push(first->right);
q.push(second->left);
}
}
}

int main()
{
//Perfect Binary Tree of Height 4
124
root->right->left->left = newNode(12);
root->left->left->left->left = newNode(16);
root->left->left->left->right = newNode(17);
root->left->left->right->left = newNode(18);
root->left->left->right->right = newNode(19);
root->left->right->left->left = newNode(20);
root->left->right->left->right = newNode(21);
root->left->right->right->left = newNode(22);
root->left->right->right->right = newNode(23);
root->right->left->left->left = newNode(24);
root->right->left->left->right = newNode(25);
root->right->left->right->right = newNode(27);
root->right->right->left->left = newNode(28);
root->right->right->left->right = newNode(29);
root->right->right->right->left = newNode(30);
cout << "Specific Level Order traversal of binary tree is \n";

printSpecificLevelOrder(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
Specific Level Order traversal of binary tree is
125
1 2 3 4 7 5 6 8 15 9 14 10 13 11 12 16 31 17 30 18 29 19 28 20 27 21 26 22 25 23 24
Followup Questions:
1. The above code prints specific level order from TOP to BOTTOM. How
will you do specific level order traversal from BOTTOM to TOP (Amazon
Interview | Set 120 – Round 1 Last Problem)
2. What if tree is not perfect, but complete.
3. What if tree is neither perfect, nor complete. It can be any general binary
tree.
This article is contributed by Anurag Singh. Please write comments if you

discussed above.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/perfect-binary-tree-specific-level-order-traversal/
126
Chapter 25
Reverse Level Order

Traversal
We have discussed level order traversal of a post in previous post. The idea is to
print last level first, then second last level, and so on. Like Level order traversal,
every level is printed from left to right.
Example Tree
Reverse Level order traversal of the above tree is “4 5 2 3 1�.
Both methods for normal level order traversal can be easily modified to do
reverse level order traversal.
METHOD 1 (Recursive function to print a given level)
We can easily modify the method 1 of the normal level order traversal. In
method 1, we have a method printGivenLevel() which prints a given level num-
ber. The only thing we need to change is, instead of calling printGivenLevel()
from first level to last level, we call it from last level to first level.
127
// A recursive C program to print REVERSE level order traversal
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
/* A binary tree node has data, pointer to left and right child */
struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
void printGivenLevel(struct node* root, int level);
/* Function to print REVERSE level order traversal a tree*/

void reverseLevelOrder(struct node* root)
{
int i;
for (i=h; i>=1; i--) //THE ONLY LINE DIFFERENT FROM NORMAL LEVEL ORDER
printGivenLevel(root, i);
}

void printGivenLevel(struct node* root, int level)
{
if (root == NULL)
return;
if (level == 1)
else if (level > 1)
{
printGivenLevel(root->left, level-1);
printGivenLevel(root->right, level-1);
}
}

{
128
if (node==NULL)
return 0;
else
{

return(lheight+1);
}
}

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}

int main()
{

reverseLevelOrder(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
129
Level Order traversal of binary tree is
4 5 2 3 1
Time Complexity: The worst case time complexity of this method is O(nˆ2).
For a skewed tree, printGivenLevel() takes O(n) time where n is the number of
nodes in the skewed tree. So time complexity of printLevelOrder() is O(n) +
O(n-1) + O(n-2) + .. + O(1) which is O(nˆ2).
METHOD 2 (Using Queue and Stack)
The method 2 of normal level order traversal can also be easily modified to
print level order traversal in reverse order. The idea is to use a stack to get the
reverse level order. If we do normal level order traversal and instead of printing
a node, push the node to a stack and then print contents of stack, we get “5 4
3 2 1� for above example tree, but output should be “4 5 2 3 1�. So to get the
correct sequence (left to right at every level), we process children of a node in
reverse order, we first push the right subtree to stack, then left subtree.
// A C++ program to print REVERSE level order traversal using stack and queue
// This approach is adopted from following link
// http://tech-queries.blogspot.in/2008/12/level-order-tree-traversal-in-reverse.html
#include <iostream>
#include <stack>
#include <queue>
/* A binary tree node has data, pointer to left and right children */
struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* Given a binary tree, print its nodes in reverse level order */

void reverseLevelOrder(node* root)
{
stack <node *> S;
queue <node *> Q;
Q.push(root);
// Do something like normal level order traversal order. Following are the
// differences with normal level order traversal
// 1) Instead of printing a node, we push the node to stack
// 2) Right subtree is visited before left subtree
130
while (Q.empty() == false)
{
/* Dequeue node and make it root */
root = Q.front();
Q.pop();
S.push(root);
/* Enqueue right child */

if (root->right)
Q.push(root->right); // NOTE: RIGHT CHILD IS ENQUEUED BEFORE LEFT
/* Enqueue left child */

if (root->left)
Q.push(root->left);
}
// Now pop all items from stack one by one and print them
while (S.empty() == false)
{
root = S.top();
cout << root->data << " ";
S.pop();
}
}

{
node* temp = new node;
temp->data = data;
temp->left = NULL;
temp->right = NULL;
return (temp);
}

int main()
{
131
cout << "Level Order traversal of binary tree is \n";

reverseLevelOrder(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
Level Order traversal of binary tree is

4 5 6 7 2 3 1
Time Complexity: O(n) where n is number of nodes in the binary tree.

Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/reverse-level-order-traversal/
132
Chapter 26
Print a Binary Tree in

Vertical Order | Set 1
Given a binary tree, print it vertically. The following example illustrates vertical
order traversal.
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ / \
4 5 6 7
\ \
8 9
The output of print this tree vertically will be:

4
2
1 5 6
3 8
7
9
We strongly recommend to minimize the browser and try this yourself

first.
The idea is to traverse the tree once and get the minimum and maximum horizon-
tal distance with respect to root. For the tree shown above, minimum distance
133
is -2 (for node with value 4) and maximum distance is 3 (For node with value
9).
Once we have maximum and minimum distances from root, we iterate for each
vertical line at distance minimum to maximum from root, and for each vertical
line traverse the tree and print the nodes which lie on that vertical line.
Algorithm:
// min --> Minimum horizontal distance from root

// max --> Maximum horizontal distance from root
// hd --> Horizontal distance of current node from root
findMinMax(tree, min, max, hd)
if hd is less than min then

min = hd;
else if hd is greater than max then
*max = hd;
findMinMax(tree->left, min, max, hd-1);

findMinMax(tree->right, min, max, hd+1);
printVerticalLine(tree, line_no, hd)

if hd is equal to line_no, then

print(tree->data);
printVerticalLine(tree->left, line_no, hd-1);
printVerticalLine(tree->right, line_no, hd+1);
Implementation:
#include <iostream>
// A node of binary tree

struct Node
{
int data;
};
134
// A utility function to create a new Binary Tree node
Node* newNode(int data)
{
temp->data = data;
return temp;
}
// A utility function to find min and max distances with respect

// to root.
void findMinMax(Node *node, int *min, int *max, int hd)
{
// Base case
// Update min and max

if (hd < *min) *min = hd;
else if (hd > *max) *max = hd;
// Recur for left and right subtrees

findMinMax(node->left, min, max, hd-1);
findMinMax(node->right, min, max, hd+1);
}
// A utility function to print all nodes on a given line_no.

// hd is horizontal distance of current node with respect to root.
void printVerticalLine(Node *node, int line_no, int hd)
{
// Base case
// If this node is on the given line number

if (hd == line_no)
cout << node->data << " ";

printVerticalLine(node->left, line_no, hd-1);
printVerticalLine(node->right, line_no, hd+1);
}
// The main function that prints a given binary tree in

// vertical order
void verticalOrder(Node *root)
{
135
// Find min and max distances with resepect to root
int min = 0, max = 0;
findMinMax(root, &min, &max, 0);
// Iterate through all possible vertical lines starting

// from the leftmost line and print nodes line by line
for (int line_no = min; line_no <= max; line_no++)
{
printVerticalLine(root, line_no, 0);
cout << endl;
}
}

int main()
{
// Create binary tree shown in above figure
cout << "Vertical order traversal is \n";

verticalOrder(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
Vertical order traversal is

4
2
1 5 6
3 8
7
9
136
Time Complexity: Time complexity of above algorithm is O(w*n) where w
is width of Binary Tree and n is number of nodes in Binary Tree. In worst case,
the value of w can be O(n) (consider a complete tree for example) and time
complexity can become O(n2 ).
This problem can be solved more efficiently using the technique discussed in
thispost. We will soon be discussing complete algorithm and implementation of
more efficient method.
This article is contributed by Shalki Agarwal. Please write comments if you
discussed above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/print-binary-tree-vertical-order/
Category: Trees
Post navigation
← Interval Tree Integer Promotions in C →
137
Chapter 27
Print a Binary Tree in

Vertical Order | Set 2
(Hashmap based Method)
Given a binary tree, print it vertically. The following example illustrates vertical
order traversal.
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ / \
4 5 6 7
\ \
8 9
The output of print this tree vertically will be:

4
2
1 5 6
3 8
7
9

first.
138
We have discussed a O(n2 ) solution in the previous post. In this post, an effi-
cient solution based on hash map is discussed. We need to check the Horizontal
Distances from root for all nodes. If two nodes have the same Horizontal Dis-
tance (HD), then they are on same vertical line. The idea of HD is simple. HD
for root is 0, a right edge (edge connecting to right subtree) is considered as +1
horizontal distance and a left edge is considered as -1 horizontal distance. For
example, in the above tree, HD for Node 4 is at -2, HD for Node 2 is -1, HD for
5 and 6 is 0 and HD for node 7 is +2.
We can do inorder traversal of the given Binary Tree. While traversing the
tree, we can recursively calculate HDs. We initially pass the horizontal distance
as 0 for root. For left subtree, we pass the Horizontal Distance as Horizontal
distance of root minus 1. For right subtree, we pass the Horizontal Distance as
Horizontal Distance of root plus 1. For every HD value, we maintain a list of
nodes in a hasp map. Whenever we see a node in traversal, we go to the hash
map entry and add the node to the hash map using HD as a key in map.
Following is C++ implementation of the above method. Thanks to Chirag for
providing the below C++ implementation.
// C++ program for printing vertical order of a given binary tree

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
// Structure for a binary tree node

struct Node
{
int key;
Node *left, *right;
};
// A utility function to create a new node

struct Node* newNode(int key)
{
struct Node* node = new Node;
node->key = key;
return node;
}
// Utility function to store vertical order in map 'm'

// 'hd' is horigontal distance of current node from root.
// 'hd' is initally passed as 0
void getVerticalOrder(Node* root, int hd, map<int, vector<int>> &m)
139
{
// Base case
if (root == NULL)
return;
// Store current node in map 'm'

m[hd].push_back(root->key);
// Store nodes in left subtree

getVerticalOrder(root->left, hd-1, m);
// Store nodes in right subtree

getVerticalOrder(root->right, hd+1, m);
}
// The main function to print vertical oder of a binary tree

// with given root
void printVerticalOrder(Node* root)
{
// Create a map and store vertical oder in map using
// function getVerticalOrder()
map < int,vector<int> > m;
int hd = 0;
getVerticalOrder(root, hd,m);
// Traverse the map and print nodes at every horigontal

// distance (hd)
map< int,vector<int> > :: iterator it;
for (it=m.begin(); it!=m.end(); it++)
{
for (int i=0; i<it->second.size(); ++i)
cout << it->second[i] << " ";
cout << endl;
}
}

int main()
{
140
cout << "Vertical order traversal is \n";
printVerticalOrder(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
Vertical order traversal is

4
2
1 5 6
3 8
7
9
Time Complexity of hashing based solution can be considered as O(n) under

the assumption that we have good hashing function that allows insertion and
retrieval operations in O(1) time. In the above C++ implementation, map of
STL is used. map in STL is typically implemented using a Self-Balancing Binary
Search Tree where all operations take O(Logn) time. Therefore time complexity
of above implementation is O(nLogn).
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/print-binary-tree-vertical-order-set-2/
Category: Hash Trees
Post navigation
← Suffix Array | Set 2 (nLogn Algorithm) Convert a floating point number to
string in C →
141
Chapter 28
Boundary Traversal of
binary tree
Given a binary tree, print boundary nodes of the binary tree Anti-Clockwise
starting from the root. For example, boundary traversal of the following tree is
“20 8 4 10 14 25 22�
We break the problem in 3 parts:

1. Print the left boundary in top-down manner.
2. Print all leaf nodes from left to right, which can again be sub-divided into
two sub-parts:
…..2.1 Print all leaf nodes of left sub-tree from left to right.
…..2.2 Print all leaf nodes of right subtree from left to right.
3. Print the right boundary in bottom-up manner.
142
We need to take care of one thing that nodes are not printed again. e.g. The
left most node is also the leaf node of the tree.
Based on the above cases, below is the implementation:
/* program for boundary traversal of a binary tree */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct node
{
int data;
};
// A simple function to print leaf nodes of a binary tree

void printLeaves(struct node* root)
{
if ( root )
{
printLeaves(root->left);
// Print it if it is a leaf node

if ( !(root->left) && !(root->right) )
printLeaves(root->right);
}
}
// A function to print all left boundry nodes, except a leaf node.

// Print the nodes in TOP DOWN manner
void printBoundaryLeft(struct node* root)
{
if (root)
{
if (root->left)
{
// to ensure top down order, print the node
// before calling itself for left subtree
printBoundaryLeft(root->left);
}
143
else if( root->right )
{
printBoundaryLeft(root->right);
}
// do nothing if it is a leaf node, this way we avoid
// duplicates in output
}
}
// A function to print all right boundry nodes, except a leaf node

// Print the nodes in BOTTOM UP manner
void printBoundaryRight(struct node* root)
{
if (root)
{
if ( root->right )
{
// to ensure bottom up order, first call for right
// subtree, then print this node
printBoundaryRight(root->right);
}
else if ( root->left )
{
printBoundaryRight(root->left);
}
// do nothing if it is a leaf node, this way we avoid
// duplicates in output
}
}
// A function to do boundary traversal of a given binary tree

void printBoundary (struct node* root)
{
if (root)
{
printf("%d ",root->data);
// Print the left boundary in top-down manner.

printBoundaryLeft(root->left);
// Print all leaf nodes

printLeaves(root->left);
144
printLeaves(root->right);
// Print the right boundary in bottom-up manner

printBoundaryRight(root->right);
}
}
// A utility function to create a node

struct node* newNode( int data )
{
struct node* temp = (struct node *) malloc( sizeof(struct node) );
temp->data = data;
return temp;
}

int main()
{
// Let us construct the tree given in the above diagram
printBoundary( root );
return 0;
}
Output:
20 8 4 10 14 25 22
Time Complexity: O(n) where n is the number of nodes in binary tree.

145
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/boundary-traversal-of-binary-tree/
Category: Trees
146
Chapter 29
If you are given two

traversal sequences, can you
construct the binary tree?
It depends on what traversals are given. If one of the traversal methods is

Inorder then the tree can be constructed, otherwise not.
Therefore, following combination can uniquely identify a tree.

Inorder and Preorder.
Inorder and Postorder.
Inorder and Level-order.
And following do not.
147
Postorder and Preorder.
Preorder and Level-order.
Postorder and Level-order.
For example, Preorder, Level-order and Postorder traversals are same for the
trees given in above diagram.
Preorder Traversal = AB
Postorder Traversal = BA
Level-Order Traversal = AB
So, even if three of them (Pre, Post and Level) are given, the tree can not be
constructed.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/if-you-are-given-two-traversal-sequences-can-you-construct-the-binary-tree/
Category: Trees Tags: Binary Tree, Tree Traveral
148
Chapter 30
Print Postorder traversal

from given Inorder and
Preorder traversals
Given Inorder and Preorder traversals of a binary tree, print Postorder traversal.
Example:
Input:
Inorder traversal in[] = {4, 2, 5, 1, 3, 6}
Preorder traversal pre[] = {1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 6}
Output:
Postorder traversal is {4, 5, 2, 6, 3, 1}
Trversals in the above example represents following tree
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ \
4 5 6
149
A naive method is to first construct the tree, then use simple recursive method
to print postorder traversal of the constructed tree.
We can print postorder traversal without constructing the tree. The
idea is, root is always the first item in preorder traversal and it must be the
last item in postorder traversal. We first recursively print left subtree, then
recursively print right subtree. Finally, print root. To find boundaries of left
and right subtrees in pre[] and in[], we search root in in[], all elements before
root in in[] are elements of left subtree and all elements after root are elements
of right subtree. In pre[], all elements after index of root in in[] are elements of
right subtree. And elements before index (including the element at index and
excluding the first element) are elements of left subtree.
// C++ program to print postorder traversal from preorder and inorder traversals
#include <iostream>
// A utility function to search x in arr[] of size n

int search(int arr[], int x, int n)
{
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
if (arr[i] == x)
return i;
return -1;
}
// Prints postorder traversal from given inorder and preorder traversals

void printPostOrder(int in[], int pre[], int n)
{
// The first element in pre[] is always root, search it
// in in[] to find left and right subtrees
int root = search(in, pre[0], n);
// If left subtree is not empty, print left subtree

if (root != 0)
printPostOrder(in, pre+1, root);
// If right subtree is not empty, print right subtree

if (root != n-1)
printPostOrder(in+root+1, pre+root+1, n-root-1);
// Print root
cout << pre[0] << " ";
}
150
int main()
{
int in[] = {4, 2, 5, 1, 3, 6};
int pre[] = {1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 6};
int n = sizeof(in)/sizeof(in[0]);
cout << "Postorder traversal " << endl;
printPostOrder(in, pre, n);
return 0;
}
Output
Postorder traversal
4 5 2 6 3 1
Time Complexity: The above function visits every node in array. For every
visit, it calls search which takes O(n) time. Therefore, overall time complexity
of the function is O(n2 )
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/print-postorder-from-given-inorder-and-preorder-traversals/
Category: Trees
Post navigation
← NP-Completeness | Set 1 (Introduction) Morgan Stanley Interview | Set 3 →
151
Chapter 31
Construct Special Binary

Tree from given Inorder
traversal
Given Inorder Traversal of a Special Binary Tree in which key of every node
is greater than keys in left and right children, construct the Binary Tree and
return root.
Examples:
Input: inorder[] = {5, 10, 40, 30, 28}

Output: root of following tree
40
/ \
10 30
/ \
5 28
The idea used in Construction of Tree from given Inorder and Preorder traversals
can be used here. Let the given array is {1, 5, 10, 40, 30, 15, 28, 20}. The
maximum element in given array must be root. The elements on left side of
the maximum element are in left subtree and elements on right side are in right
subtree.
152
40
/ \
{1,5,10} {30,15,28,20}
We recursively follow above step for left and right subtrees, and finally get the
following tree.
40
/ \
10 30
/ \
5 28
/ / \
1 15 20
Algorithm: buildTree()
1) Find index of the maximum element in array. The maximum element must
be root of Binary Tree.
2) Create a new tree node ‘root’ with the data as the maximum value found in
step 1.
3) Call buildTree for elements before the maximum element and make the built
tree as left subtree of ‘root’.
5) Call buildTree for elements after the maximum element and make the built
tree as right subtree of ‘root’.
6) return ‘root’.
Implementation: Following is C/C++ implementation of the above algo-
rithm.
/* program to construct tree from inorder traversal */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
153
struct node* right;
};
/* Prototypes of a utility function to get the maximum

value in inorder[start..end] */
int max(int inorder[], int strt, int end);
/* A utility function to allocate memory for a node */

/* Recursive function to construct binary of size len from

Inorder traversal inorder[]. Initial values of start and end
should be 0 and len -1. */
struct node* buildTree (int inorder[], int start, int end)
{
if (start > end)
return NULL;
/* Find index of the maximum element from Binary Tree */

int i = max (inorder, start, end);
/* Pick the maximum value and make it root */

struct node *root = newNode(inorder[i]);
/* If this is the only element in inorder[start..end],

then return it */
if (start == end)
return root;
/* Using index in Inorder traversal, construct left and

right subtress */
root->left = buildTree (inorder, start, i-1);
root->right = buildTree (inorder, i+1, end);
return root;
}
/* Function to find index of the maximum value in arr[start...end] */
int max (int arr[], int strt, int end)
{
int i, max = arr[strt], maxind = strt;
for(i = strt+1; i <= end; i++)
{
if(arr[i] > max)
{
154
max = arr[i];
maxind = i;
}
}
return maxind;
}

struct node* newNode (int data)
{
struct node* node = (struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return node;
}
/* This funtcion is here just to test buildTree() */

void printInorder (struct node* node)
{
if (node == NULL)
return;

printInorder (node->left);


printInorder (node->right);
}
/* Driver program to test above functions */

int main()
{
/* Assume that inorder traversal of following tree is given
40
/ \
10 30
/ \
5 28 */
int inorder[] = {5, 10, 40, 30, 28};
155
int len = sizeof(inorder)/sizeof(inorder[0]);
struct node *root = buildTree(inorder, 0, len - 1);
/* Let us test the built tree by printing Insorder traversal */

printf("\n Inorder traversal of the constructed tree is \n");
printInorder(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
Inorder traversal of the constructed tree is

5 10 40 30 28
Time Complexity: O(nˆ2)

Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/construct-binary-tree-from-inorder-traversal/
Category: Trees
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156
Chapter 32
Construct a special tree

from given preorder
traversal
Given an array ‘pre[]’ that represents Preorder traversal of a spacial binary

tree where every node has either 0 or 2 children. One more array ‘preLN[]’ is
given which has only two possible values ‘L’ and ‘N’. The value ‘L’ in ‘preLN[]’
indicates that the corresponding node in Binary Tree is a leaf node and value
‘N’ indicates that the corresponding node is non-leaf node. Write a function to
construct the tree from the given two arrays.
Source: Amazon Interview Question
Example:
Input: pre[] = {10, 30, 20, 5, 15}, preLN[] = {'N', 'N', 'L', 'L', 'L'}
Output: Root of following tree
10
/ \
30 15
/ \
20 5
The first element in pre[] will always be root. So we can easily figure out root.
If left subtree is empty, the right subtree must also be empty and preLN[] entry
for root must be ‘L’. We can simply create a node and return it. If left and right
157
subtrees are not empty, then recursively call for left and right subtrees and link
the returned nodes to root.
/* A program to construct Binary Tree from preorder traversal */

#include<stdio.h>
/* A binary tree node structure */

struct node
{
int data;
struct node *left;
struct node *right;
};
/* Utility function to create a new Binary Tree node */

{
struct node *temp = new struct node;
temp->data = data;
temp->left = NULL;
temp->right = NULL;
return temp;
}
/* A recursive function to create a Binary Tree from given pre[]

preLN[] arrays. The function returns root of tree. index_ptr is used
to update index values in recursive calls. index must be initially
passed as 0 */
struct node *constructTreeUtil(int pre[], char preLN[], int *index_ptr, int n)
{
int index = *index_ptr; // store the current value of index in pre[]
// Base Case: All nodes are constructed

if (index == n)
return NULL;
// Allocate memory for this node and increment index for

// subsequent recursive calls
struct node *temp = newNode ( pre[index] );
(*index_ptr)++;
// If this is an internal node, construct left and right subtrees and link the subtrees
if (preLN[index] == 'N')
{
temp->left = constructTreeUtil(pre, preLN, index_ptr, n);
158
temp->right = constructTreeUtil(pre, preLN, index_ptr, n);
}
return temp;
}
// A wrapper over constructTreeUtil()

struct node *constructTree(int pre[], char preLN[], int n)
{
// Initialize index as 0. Value of index is used in recursion to maintain
// the current index in pre[] and preLN[] arrays.
int index = 0;
return constructTreeUtil (pre, preLN, &index, n);

}
/* This function is used only for testing */

{
if (node == NULL)
return;

printInorder (node->left);


printInorder (node->right);
}
/* Driver function to test above functions */

int main()
{
struct node *root = NULL;
/* Constructing tree given in the above figure

10
/ \
30 15
/ \
20 5 */
int pre[] = {10, 30, 20, 5, 15};
char preLN[] = {'N', 'N', 'L', 'L', 'L'};
159
int n = sizeof(pre)/sizeof(pre[0]);
// construct the above tree

root = constructTree (pre, preLN, n);
// Test the constructed tree

printf("Following is Inorder Traversal of the Constructed Binary Tree: \n");
printInorder (root);
return 0;
}
Output:
Following is Inorder Traversal of the Constructed Binary Tree:

20 30 5 10 15

Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/construct-a-special-tree-from-given-preorder-traversal/
Category: Trees
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160
Chapter 33
Construct Full Binary Tree

from given preorder and
postorder traversals
Given two arrays that represent preorder and postorder traversals of a full binary
tree, construct the binary tree.
A Full Binary Tree is a binary tree where every node has either 0 or 2 children
Following are examples of Full Trees.
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ / \
4 5 6 7
1
/ \
2 3
/ \
4 5
/ \
6 7
161
/ \
2 3
/ \ / \
4 5 6 7
/ \
8 9
It is not possible to construct a general Binary Tree from preorder and postorder
traversals (See this). But if know that the Binary Tree is Full, we can construct
the tree without ambiguity. Let us understand this with the help of following
example.
Let us consider the two given arrays as pre[] = {1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 5, 3, 6, 7} and
post[] = {8, 9, 4, 5, 2, 6, 7, 3, 1};
In pre[], the leftmost element is root of tree. Since the tree is full and array size
is more than 1. The value next to 1 in pre[], must be left child of root. So we
know 1 is root and 2 is left child. How to find the all nodes in left subtree? We
know 2 is root of all nodes in left subtree. All nodes before 2 in post[] must
be in left subtree. Now we know 1 is root, elements {8, 9, 4, 5, 2} are in left
subtree, and the elements {6, 7, 3} are in right subtree.
1
\ /
/ \
{8, 9, 4, 5, 2} {6, 7, 3}
We recursively follow the above approach and get the following tree.
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ / \
4 5 6 7
/ \
8 9
162
/* program for construction of full binary tree */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct node
{
int data;
struct node *left;
struct node *right;
};

{
temp->data = data;
return temp;
}
// A recursive function to construct Full from pre[] and post[].

// preIndex is used to keep track of index in pre[].
// l is low index and h is high index for the current subarray in post[]
struct node* constructTreeUtil (int pre[], int post[], int* preIndex,
int l, int h, int size)
{
// Base case
if (*preIndex >= size || l > h)
return NULL;
// The first node in preorder traversal is root. So take the node at

// preIndex from preorder and make it root, and increment preIndex
struct node* root = newNode ( pre[*preIndex] );
++*preIndex;
// If the current subarry has only one element, no need to recur

if (l == h)
return root;
// Search the next element of pre[] in post[]

int i;
163
for (i = l; i <= h; ++i)
if (pre[*preIndex] == post[i])
break;
// Use the index of element found in postorder to divide postorder array in

// two parts. Left subtree and right subtree
if (i <= h)
{
root->left = constructTreeUtil (pre, post, preIndex, l, i, size);
root->right = constructTreeUtil (pre, post, preIndex, i + 1, h, size);
}
return root;
}
// The main function to construct Full Binary Tree from given preorder and
// postorder traversals. This function mainly uses constructTreeUtil()
struct node *constructTree (int pre[], int post[], int size)
{
int preIndex = 0;
return constructTreeUtil (pre, post, &preIndex, 0, size - 1, size);
}
// A utility function to print inorder traversal of a Binary Tree

{
if (node == NULL)
return;
}

int main ()
{
int pre[] = {1, 2, 4, 8, 9, 5, 3, 6, 7};
int post[] = {8, 9, 4, 5, 2, 6, 7, 3, 1};
int size = sizeof( pre ) / sizeof( pre[0] );
struct node *root = constructTree(pre, post, size);
printf("Inorder traversal of the constructed tree: \n");

printInorder(root);
return 0;
164
}
Output:
Inorder traversal of the constructed tree:

8 4 9 2 5 1 6 3 7
information about the topic discussed above.
Source
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Category: Trees
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165
Chapter 34
Construct Tree from given

Inorder and Preorder
traversals
Let us consider the below traversals:

Inorder sequence: D B E A F C
Preorder sequence: A B D E C F
In a Preorder sequence, leftmost element is the root of the tree. So we know ‘A’
is root for given sequences. By searching ‘A’ in Inorder sequence, we can find
out all elements on left side of ‘A’ are in left subtree and elements on right are
in right subtree. So we know below structure now.
A
/ \
/ \
D B E F C
We recursively follow above steps and get the following tree.
A
/ \
/ \
B C
166
/ \ /
/ \ /
D E F
Algorithm: buildTree()
1) Pick an element from Preorder. Increment a Preorder Index Variable (preIn-
dex in below code) to pick next element in next recursive call.
2) Create a new tree node tNode with the data as picked element.
3) Find the picked element’s index in Inorder. Let the index be inIndex.
4) Call buildTree for elements before inIndex and make the built tree as left
subtree of tNode.
5) Call buildTree for elements after inIndex and make the built tree as right
subtree of tNode.
6) return tNode.
Thanks to Rohini and Tushar for suggesting the code.
/* program to construct tree using inorder and preorder traversals */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

struct node
{
char data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* Prototypes for utility functions */

int search(char arr[], int strt, int end, char value);
struct node* newNode(char data);
/* Recursive function to construct binary of size len from

Inorder traversal in[] and Preorder traversal pre[]. Initial values
of inStrt and inEnd should be 0 and len -1. The function doesn't
do any error checking for cases where inorder and preorder
do not form a tree */
struct node* buildTree(char in[], char pre[], int inStrt, int inEnd)
{
static int preIndex = 0;
167
if(inStrt > inEnd)
return NULL;
/* Pick current node from Preorder traversal using preIndex

and increment preIndex */
struct node *tNode = newNode(pre[preIndex++]);
/* If this node has no children then return */

if(inStrt == inEnd)
return tNode;
/* Else find the index of this node in Inorder traversal */

int inIndex = search(in, inStrt, inEnd, tNode->data);
/* Using index in Inorder traversal, construct left and

right subtress */
tNode->left = buildTree(in, pre, inStrt, inIndex-1);
tNode->right = buildTree(in, pre, inIndex+1, inEnd);
return tNode;
}
/* Function to find index of value in arr[start...end]
The function assumes that value is present in in[] */
int search(char arr[], int strt, int end, char value)
{
int i;
for(i = strt; i <= end; i++)
{
if(arr[i] == value)
return i;
}
}

struct node* newNode(char data)
{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
168
/* This funtcion is here just to test buildTree() */
{
if (node == NULL)
return;


printf("%c ", node->data);

}

int main()
{
char in[] = {'D', 'B', 'E', 'A', 'F', 'C'};
char pre[] = {'A', 'B', 'D', 'E', 'C', 'F'};
int len = sizeof(in)/sizeof(in[0]);
struct node *root = buildTree(in, pre, 0, len - 1);

printInorder(root);
getchar();
}
Time Complexity: O(nˆ2). Worst case occurs when tree is left skewed. Example
Preorder and Inorder traversals for worst case are {A, B, C, D} and {D, C, B,
A}.
Please write comments if you find any bug in above codes/algorithms, or find
other ways to solve the same problem.
Source
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Category: Trees Tags: Inorder Traversal, Preorder Traversal, Tree Traveral
169
Post navigation
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leaf paths →
170
Chapter 35
Construct a tree from

Inorder and Level order
traversals
Given inorder and level-order traversals of a Binary Tree, construct the Binary
Tree. Following is an example to illustrate the problem.
171
Input: Two arrays that represent Inorder
and level order traversals of a
Binary Tree
in[] = {4, 8, 10, 12, 14, 20, 22};
level[] = {20, 8, 22, 4, 12, 10, 14};
Output: Construct the tree represented

by the two arrays.
For the above two arrays, the
constructed tree is shown in
the diagram on right side

first.
The following post can be considered as a prerequisite for this.
Construct Tree from given Inorder and Preorder traversals
172
Let us consider the above example.
in[] = {4, 8, 10, 12, 14, 20, 22};
level[] = {20, 8, 22, 4, 12, 10, 14};
In a Levelorder sequence, the first element is the root of the tree. So we know
’20’ is root for given sequences. By searching ’20’ in Inorder sequence, we can
find out all elements on left side of ‘20’ are in left subtree and elements on right
are in right subtree. So we know below structure now.
20
/ \
/ \
{4,8,10,12,14} {22}
Let us call {4,8,10,12,14} as left subarray in Inorder traversal and {22} as right
subarray in Inorder traversal.
In level order traversal, keys of left and right subtrees are not consecutive. So we
extract all nodes from level order traversal which are in left subarray of Inorder
traversal. To construct the left subtree of root, we recur for the extracted
elements from level order traversal and left subarray of inorder traversal. In the
above example, we recur for following two arrays.
// Recur for following arrays to construct the left subtree

In[] = {4, 8, 10, 12, 14}
level[] = {8, 4, 12, 10, 14}
Similarly, we recur for following two arrays and construct the right subtree.
// Recur for following arrays to construct the right subtree

In[] = {22}
level[] = {22}
Following is C++ implementation of the above approach.
/* program to construct tree using inorder and levelorder traversals */

#include <iostream>
173
/* A binary tree node */

struct Node
{
int key;
};
/* Function to find index of value in arr[start...end] */

int search(int arr[], int strt, int end, int value)
{
for (int i = strt; i <= end; i++)
if (arr[i] == value)
return i;
return -1;
}
// n is size of level[], m is size of in[] and m < n. This

// function extracts keys from level[] which are present in
// in[]. The order of extracted keys must be maintained
int *extrackKeys(int in[], int level[], int m, int n)
{
int *newlevel = new int[m], j = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
if (search(in, 0, m-1, level[i]) != -1)
newlevel[j] = level[i], j++;
return newlevel;
}
/* function that allocates a new node with the given key */

Node* newNode(int key)
{
node->key = key;
return (node);
}
/* Recursive function to construct binary tree of size n from

Inorder traversal in[] and Level Order traversal level[].
inSrt and inEnd are start and end indexes of array in[]
Initial values of inStrt and inEnd should be 0 and n -1.
The function doesn't do any error checking for cases
where inorder and levelorder do not form a tree */
Node* buildTree(int in[], int level[], int inStrt, int inEnd, int n)
174
{
// If start index is more than the end index

if (inStrt > inEnd)
return NULL;
/* The first node in level order traversal is root */

Node *root = newNode(level[0]);
/* If this node has no children then return */

if (inStrt == inEnd)
return root;
/* Else find the index of this node in Inorder traversal */

int inIndex = search(in, inStrt, inEnd, root->key);
// Extract left subtree keys from level order traversal

int *llevel = extrackKeys(in, level, inIndex, n);
// Extract right subtree keys from level order traversal

int *rlevel = extrackKeys(in + inIndex + 1, level, n-inIndex-1, n);
/* construct left and right subtress */

root->left = buildTree(in, llevel, inStrt, inIndex-1, n);
root->right = buildTree(in, rlevel, inIndex+1, inEnd, n);
// Free memory to avoid memory leak

delete [] llevel;
delete [] rlevel;
return root;
}
/* Uti;ity function to print inorder traversal of binary tree */

void printInorder(Node* node)
{
if (node == NULL)
return;
cout << node->key << " ";
}

int main()
{
175
int in[] = {4, 8, 10, 12, 14, 20, 22};
int level[] = {20, 8, 22, 4, 12, 10, 14};
int n = sizeof(in)/sizeof(in[0]);
Node *root = buildTree(in, level, 0, n - 1, n);

cout << "Inorder traversal of the constructed tree is \n";
printInorder(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
Inorder traversal of the constructed tree is

4 8 10 12 14 20 22
An upper bound on time complexity of above method is O(n3 ). In the main

recursive function, extractNodes() is called which takes O(n2 ) time.
The code can be optimized in many ways and there may be better solutions.
Looking for improvements and other optimized approaches to solve this problem.
This article is contributed by Abhay Rathi. Please write comments if you
discussed above
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176
Chapter 36
Given a binary tree, print

out all of its root-to-leaf
paths one per line.
Asked by Varun Bhatia

Here is the solution.
Algorithm:
initialize: pathlen = 0, path[1000]

/*1000 is some max limit for paths, it can change*/
/*printPathsRecur traverses nodes of tree in preorder */

printPathsRecur(tree, path[], pathlen)
1) If node is not NULL then
a) push data to path array:
path[pathlen] = node->data.
b) increment pathlen
pathlen++
2) If node is a leaf node then print the path array.
3) Else
a) Call printPathsRecur for left subtree
printPathsRecur(node->left, path, pathLen)
b) Call printPathsRecur for right subtree.
printPathsRecur(node->right, path, pathLen)
177
Example:
Example Tree
Output for the above example will be
1 2 4
1 2 5
1 3
Implementation:
/*program to print all of its root-to-leaf paths for a tree*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
void printArray(int [], int);

void printPathsRecur(struct node*, int [], int);
178
struct node* newNode(int );
void printPaths(struct node*);
/* Given a binary tree, print out all of its root-to-leaf

paths, one per line. Uses a recursive helper to do the work.*/
void printPaths(struct node* node)
{
int path[1000];
printPathsRecur(node, path, 0);
}
/* Recursive helper function -- given a node, and an array containing

the path from the root node up to but not including this node,
print out all the root-leaf paths. */
void printPathsRecur(struct node* node, int path[], int pathLen)
{
if (node==NULL) return;
/* append this node to the path array */

path[pathLen] = node->data;
pathLen++;
/* it's a leaf, so print the path that led to here */

if (node->left==NULL && node->right==NULL)
{
printArray(path, pathLen);
}
else
{
/* otherwise try both subtrees */
printPathsRecur(node->left, path, pathLen);
printPathsRecur(node->right, path, pathLen);
}
}

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
179
}
/* Utility that prints out an array on a line */

void printArray(int ints[], int len)
{
int i;
for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
printf("%d ", ints[i]);
}
printf("\n");
}
/* Driver program to test mirror() */

int main()
{
/* Print all root-to-leaf paths of the input tree */

printPaths(root);
getchar();
return 0;
}
References:
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/given-a-binary-tree-print-out-all-of-its-root-to-leaf-paths-one-per-line/
Category: Trees
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in a Binary Search Tree. →
180
Chapter 37
Given a binary tree, print

all root-to-leaf paths
For the below example tree, all root-to-leaf paths are:

10 –> 8 –> 3
10 –> 8 –> 5
10 –> 2 –> 2
Algorithm:
Use a path array path[] to store current root to leaf path. Traverse from root
to all leaves in top-down fashion. While traversing, store data of all nodes in
current path in array path[]. When we reach a leaf node, print the path array.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
181
struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* Prototypes for funtions needed in printPaths() */

void printPathsRecur(struct node* node, int path[], int pathLen);
void printArray(int ints[], int len);
/*Given a binary tree, print out all of its root-to-leaf

paths, one per line. Uses a recursive helper to do the work.*/
void printPaths(struct node* node)
{
int path[1000];
printPathsRecur(node, path, 0);
}
/* Recursive helper function -- given a node, and an array containing

the path from the root node up to but not including this node,
print out all the root-leaf paths.*/
void printPathsRecur(struct node* node, int path[], int pathLen)
{
if (node==NULL)
return;
/* append this node to the path array */

path[pathLen] = node->data;
pathLen++;
/* it's a leaf, so print the path that led to here */

if (node->left==NULL && node->right==NULL)
{
printArray(path, pathLen);
}
else
{
/* otherwise try both subtrees */
printPathsRecur(node->left, path, pathLen);
printPathsRecur(node->right, path, pathLen);
}
}
182
/* Utility that prints out an array on a line. */
void printArray(int ints[], int len)
{
int i;
for (i=0; i<len; i++)
{
printf("%d ", ints[i]);
}
printf("\n");
}
/* utility that allocates a new node with the

struct node* newnode(int data)
{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}

int main()
{

10
/ \
8 2
/ \ /
3 5 2
*/
struct node *root = newnode(10);
root->left = newnode(8);
root->right = newnode(2);
root->left->left = newnode(3);
root->left->right = newnode(5);
root->right->left = newnode(2);
printPaths(root);
183
getchar();
return 0;
}

References:
Please write comments if you find any bug in above codes/algorithms, or find
Source
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Category: Trees
184
Chapter 38
Root to leaf path sum equal

to a given number
Given a binary tree and a number, return true if the tree has a root-to-leaf
path such that adding up all the values along the path equals the given number.
Return false if no such path can be found.
For example, in the above tree root to leaf paths exist with following sums.
21 –> 10 – 8 – 3
23 –> 10 – 8 – 5
14 –> 10 – 2 – 2
So the returned value should be true only for numbers 21, 23 and 14. For any
other number, returned value should be false.
Algorithm:
185
Recursively check if left or right child has path sum equal to ( number – value
at current node)
Implementation:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define bool int

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/*
Given a tree and a sum, return true if there is a path from the root
down to a leaf, such that adding up all the values along the path
equals the given sum.
Strategy: subtract the node value from the sum when recurring down,
and check to see if the sum is 0 when you run out of tree.
*/
bool hasPathSum(struct node* node, int sum)
{
/* return true if we run out of tree and sum==0 */
if (node == NULL)
{
return (sum == 0);
}
else
{
bool ans = 0;
/* otherwise check both subtrees */

int subSum = sum - node->data;
/* If we reach a leaf node and sum becomes 0 then return true*/

if ( subSum == 0 && node->left == NULL && node->right == NULL )
return 1;
186
if(node->left)
ans = ans || hasPathSum(node->left, subSum);
if(node->right)
ans = ans || hasPathSum(node->right, subSum);
return ans;
}
}
{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}

int main()
{
int sum = 21;

10
/ \
8 2
/ \ /
3 5 2
*/
root->right->left = newnode(2);
if(hasPathSum(root, sum))
printf("There is a root-to-leaf path with sum %d", sum);
else
187
printf("There is no root-to-leaf path with sum %d", sum);
getchar();
return 0;
}

References:
Author: Tushar Roy
Please write comments if you find any bug in above code/algorithm, or find
other ways to solve the same problem
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Category: Trees
188
Chapter 39
Maximum Path Sum in a

Binary Tree
Given a binary tree, find the maximum path sum. The path may start and end
at any node in the tree.
Example:
Input: Root of below tree

1
/ \
2 3
Output: 6
See below diagram for another example.

1+2+3
189
yourself first.
For each node there can be four ways that the max path goes through the node:
1. Node only
2. Max path through Left Child + Node
3. Max path through Right Child + Node
4. Max path through Left Child + Node + Max path through Right Child
The idea is to keep trace of four paths and pick up the max one in the end. An
important thing to note is, root of every subtree need to return maximum path
sum such that at most one child of root is involved. This is needed for parent
function call. In below code, this sum is stored in ‘max_single’ and returned
by the recursive function.
// C program to remove all half Nodes

// A binary tree node

struct Node
190
{
int data;
};
// A utility function to allocate a new node

{
struct Node* newNode = new Node;
newNode->data = data;
newNode->left = newNode->right = NULL;
return (newNode);
}
// This function returns overall maximum path sum in 'res'

// And returns max path sum going through root.
int findMaxUtil(Node* root, int &res)
{
//Base Case
if (root == NULL)
return 0;
// l and r store maximum path sum going through left and

// right child of root respectively
int l = findMaxUtil(root->left,res);
int r = findMaxUtil(root->right,res);
// Max path for parent call of root. This path must

// include at-most one child of root
int max_single = max(max(l, r) + root->data, root->data);
// Max Top represents the sum when the Node under

// consideration is the root of the maxsum path and no
// ancestors of root are there in max sum path
int max_top = max(max_single, l + r + root->data);
res = max(res, max_top); // Store the Maximum Result.
return max_single;
}
// Returns maximum path sum in tree with given root

int findMaxSum(Node *root)
{
// Initialize result
int res = INT_MIN;
191
// Compute and return result
findMaxUtil(root, res);
return res;
}
// Driver program
int main(void)
{
struct Node *root = newNode(10);
root->right->right = newNode(-25);
cout << "Max path sum is " << findMaxSum(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
Max path sum is 42
Time Complexity: O(n) where n is number of nodes in Binary Tree.

This article is contributed by Anmol Varshney (FB Profile: https://www.
facebook.com/anmolvarshney695). Please write comments if you find anything
incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed
above
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Category: Trees
192
Chapter 40
Find the maximum sum leaf

to root path in a Binary
Tree
Given a Binary Tree, find the maximum sum path from a leaf to root. For
example, in the following tree, there are three leaf to root paths 8->-2->10, -4-
>-2->10 and 7->10. The sums of these three paths are 16, 4 and 17 respectively.
The maximum of them is 17 and the path for maximum is 7->10.
10
/ \
-2 7
/ \
8 -4
Solution
1) First find the leaf node that is on the maximum sum path. In the following
code getTargetLeaf() does this by assigning the result to *target_leaf_ref.
2) Once we have the target leaf node, we can print the maximum sum path by
traversing the tree. In the following code, printPath() does this.
The main function is maxSumPath() that uses above two functions to get the
complete solution.
193
#include<stdio.h>
#include<limits.h>
/* A tree node structure */

struct node
{
int data;
struct node *left;
struct node *right;
};
// A utility function that prints all nodes on the path from root to target_leaf
bool printPath (struct node *root, struct node *target_leaf)
{
// base case
if (root == NULL)
return false;
// return true if this node is the target_leaf or target leaf is present in

// one of its descendants
if (root == target_leaf || printPath(root->left, target_leaf) ||
printPath(root->right, target_leaf) )
{
return true;
}
return false;
}
// This function Sets the target_leaf_ref to refer the leaf node of the maximum
// path sum. Also, returns the max_sum using max_sum_ref
void getTargetLeaf (struct node *node, int *max_sum_ref, int curr_sum,
struct node **target_leaf_ref)
{
if (node == NULL)
return;
// Update current sum to hold sum of nodes on path from root to this node
curr_sum = curr_sum + node->data;
// If this is a leaf node and path to this node has maximum sum so far,
// then make this node target_leaf
{
if (curr_sum > *max_sum_ref)
194
{
*max_sum_ref = curr_sum;
*target_leaf_ref = node;
}
}
// If this is not a leaf node, then recur down to find the target_leaf
getTargetLeaf (node->left, max_sum_ref, curr_sum, target_leaf_ref);
getTargetLeaf (node->right, max_sum_ref, curr_sum, target_leaf_ref);
}
// Returns the maximum sum and prints the nodes on max sum path
int maxSumPath (struct node *node)
{
// base case
if (node == NULL)
return 0;
struct node *target_leaf;

int max_sum = INT_MIN;
// find the target leaf and maximum sum

getTargetLeaf (node, &max_sum, 0, &target_leaf);
// print the path from root to the target leaf

printPath (node, target_leaf);
return max_sum; // return maximum sum

}

{
temp->data = data;
temp->left = NULL;
temp->right = NULL;
return temp;
}

int main()
{
/* Constructing tree given in the above figure */
195
root = newNode(10);
root->left = newNode(-2);
root->left->right = newNode(-4);
printf ("Following are the nodes on the maximum sum path \n");
int sum = maxSumPath(root);
printf ("\nSum of the nodes is %d ", sum);
getchar();
return 0;
}
Output:
Following are the nodes on the maximum sum path

7 10
Sum of the nodes is 17
Time Complexity: Time complexity of the above solution is O(n) as it involves

tree traversal two times.
Source
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Category: Trees
196
Chapter 41
Sum of all the numbers that

are formed from root to leaf
paths
Given a binary tree, where every node value is a Digit from 1-9 .Find the sum
of all the numbers which are formed from root to leaf paths.
For example consider the following Binary Tree.
6
/ \
3 5
/ \ \
2 5 4
/ \
7 4
There are 4 leaves, hence 4 root to leaf paths:
Path Number
6->3->2 632
6->3->5->7 6357
6->3->5->4 6354
6->5>4 654
Answer = 632 + 6357 + 6354 + 654 = 13997
We strongly recommend you to minimize the browser and try this

yourself first.
197
The idea is to do a preorder traversal of the tree. In the preorder traversal, keep
track of the value calculated till the current node, let this value be val. For
every node, we update the val as val*10 plus node’s data.
// C program to find sum of all paths from root to leaves

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct node
{
int data;
};
// function to allocate new node with given data

{
node->data = data;
return (node);
}
// Returns sum of all root to leaf paths. The first parameter is root
// of current subtree, the second parameter is value of the number formed
// by nodes from root to this node
int treePathsSumUtil(struct node *root, int val)
{
// Base case
if (root == NULL) return 0;
// Update val
val = (val*10 + root->data);
// if current node is leaf, return the current value of val

if (root->left==NULL && root->right==NULL)
return val;
// recur sum of values for left and right subtree

return treePathsSumUtil(root->left, val) +
treePathsSumUtil(root->right, val);
}
// A wrapper function over treePathsSumUtil()

int treePathsSum(struct node *root)
198
{
// Pass the initial value as 0 as there is nothing above root
return treePathsSumUtil(root, 0);
}
// Driver function to test the above functions

int main()
{
root->right->right= newNode(7);
printf("Sum of all paths is %d", treePathsSum(root));
return 0;
}
Output:
Sum of all paths is 13997
Time Complexity: The above code is a simple preorder traversal code which
visits every exactly once. Therefore, the time complexity is O(n) where n is the
number of nodes in the given binary tree.
This article is contributed by Ramchand R. Please write comments if you
discussed above
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Category: Trees
199
Chapter 42
Diagonal Sum of a Binary

Tree
Consider lines of slope -1 passing between nodes (dotted lines in below diagram).
Diagonal sum in a binary tree is sum of all node’s data lying between these lines.
Given a Binary Tree, print all diagonal sums.
For the following input tree, output should be 9, 19, 42.
9 is sum of 1, 3 and 5.
19 is sum of 2, 6, 4 and 7.
42 is sum of 9, 10, 11 and 12.
200
We strongly recommend to minimize your browser and try this yourself first
Algorithm:
The idea is to keep track of vertical distance from top diagonal passing through
root. We increment the vertical distance we go down to next diagonal.
1. Add root with vertical distance as 0 to the queue.
2. Process the sum of all right child and right of right child and so on.
3. Add left child current node into the queue for later processing. The vertical
distance of left child is vertical distance of current node plus 1.
4. Keep doing 2nd, 3rd and 4th step till the queue is empty.
Following is Java implementation of above idea.
// Java Program to find diagonal sum in a Binary Tree

import java.util.*;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
//Tree node
class TreeNode
201
{
int data; //node data
int vd; //vertical distance diagonally
TreeNode left, right; //left and right child's reference
// Tree node constructor

public TreeNode(int data)
{
this.data = data;
vd = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
left = right = null;
}
}
// Tree class
class Tree
{
TreeNode root;//Tree root
// Tree constructor
public Tree(TreeNode root) { this.root = root; }
// Diagonal sum method

public void diagonalSum()
{
// Queue which stores tree nodes
Queue<TreeNode> queue = new LinkedList<TreeNode>();
// Map to store sum of node's data lying diagonally

Map<Integer, Integer> map = new TreeMap<>();
// Assign the root's vertical distance as 0.

root.vd = 0;
// Add root node to the queue

queue.add(root);
// Loop while the queue is not empty

while (!queue.isEmpty())
{
// Remove the front tree node from queue.
TreeNode curr = queue.remove();
// Get the vertical distance of the dequeued node.

int vd = curr.vd;
202
// Sum over this node's right-child, right-of-right-child
// and so on
while (curr != null)
{
int prevSum = (map.get(vd) == null)? 0: map.get(vd);
map.put(vd, prevSum + curr.data);
// If for any node the left child is not null add

// it to the queue for future processing.
if (curr.left != null)
{
curr.left.vd = vd+1;
queue.add(curr.left);
}
// Move to the current node's right child.

curr = curr.right;
}
}
// Make an entry set from map.

Set<Entry<Integer, Integer>> set = map.entrySet();
// Make an iterator
Iterator<Entry<Integer, Integer>> iterator = set.iterator();
// Traverse the map elements using the iterator.

while (iterator.hasNext())
{
Map.Entry<Integer, Integer> me = iterator.next();
System.out.print(me.getValue()+" ");
}
}
}
//Driver class
public class DiagonalSum
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
TreeNode root = new TreeNode(1);
root.left = new TreeNode(2);
root.right = new TreeNode(3);
root.left.left = new TreeNode(9);
root.left.right = new TreeNode(6);
root.right.left = new TreeNode(4);
203
root.right.right = new TreeNode(5);
root.right.left.left = new TreeNode(12);
root.right.left.right = new TreeNode(7);
root.left.right.left = new TreeNode(11);
root.left.left.right = new TreeNode(10);
Tree tree = new Tree(root);
tree.diagonalSum();
}
}
Output:
9, 19, 42
Exercise:
This problem was for diagonals from top to bottom and slope -1. Try the same
problem for slope +1.
This article is contributed by Kumar Gautam. Please write comments if you
discussed above.
Source
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Category: Trees
204
Chapter 43
Vertical Sum in a given

Binary Tree
Given a Binary Tree, find vertical sum of the nodes that are in same vertical
line. Print all sums through different vertical lines.
Examples:
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ / \
4 5 6 7
The tree has 5 vertical lines

Vertical-Line-1 has only one node 4 => vertical sum is 4
Vertical-Line-2: has only one node 2=> vertical sum is 2
Vertical-Line-3: has three nodes: 1,5,6 => vertical sum is 1+5+6 = 12
Vertical-Line-4: has only one node 3 => vertical sum is 3
Vertical-Line-5: has only one node 7 => vertical sum is 7
So expected output is 4, 2, 12, 3 and 7
Solution:
We need to check the Horizontal Distances from root for all nodes. If two nodes
have the same Horizontal Distance (HD), then they are on same vertical line.
The idea of HD is simple. HD for root is 0, a right edge (edge connecting to right
205
subtree) is considered as +1 horizontal distance and a left edge is considered as
-1 horizontal distance. For example, in the above tree, HD for Node 4 is at -2,
HD for Node 2 is -1, HD for 5 and 6 is 0 and HD for node 7 is +2.
We can do inorder traversal of the given Binary Tree. While traversing the
tree, we can recursively calculate HDs. We initially pass the horizontal distance
as 0 for root. For left subtree, we pass the Horizontal Distance as Horizontal
distance of root minus 1. For right subtree, we pass the Horizontal Distance as
Horizontal Distance of root plus 1.
Following is Java implementation for the same. HashMap is used to store the
vertical sums for different horizontal distances. Thanks to Nages for suggesting
this method.
import java.util.HashMap;
// Class for a tree node

class TreeNode {
// data members
private int key;
private TreeNode left;
private TreeNode right;
// Accessor methods
public int key() { return key; }
public TreeNode left() { return left; }
public TreeNode right() { return right; }
// Constructor
public TreeNode(int key) { this.key = key; left = null; right = null; }
// Methods to set left and right subtrees

public void setLeft(TreeNode left) { this.left = left; }
public void setRight(TreeNode right) { this.right = right; }
}
// Class for a Binary Tree

class Tree {
private TreeNode root;
// Constructors
public Tree() { root = null; }
public Tree(TreeNode n) { root = n; }
206
// Method to be called by the consumer classes like Main class
public void VerticalSumMain() { VerticalSum(root); }
// A wrapper over VerticalSumUtil()

private void VerticalSum(TreeNode root) {
// base case
if (root == null) { return; }
// Creates an empty hashMap hM

HashMap<Integer, Integer> hM = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>();
// Calls the VerticalSumUtil() to store the vertical sum values in hM

VerticalSumUtil(root, 0, hM);
// Prints the values stored by VerticalSumUtil()

if (hM != null) {
System.out.println(hM.entrySet());
}
}
// Traverses the tree in Inoorder form and builds a hashMap hM that

// contains the vertical sum
private void VerticalSumUtil(TreeNode root, int hD,
HashMap<Integer, Integer> hM) {
// base case
// Store the values in hM for left subtree

VerticalSumUtil(root.left(), hD - 1, hM);
// Update vertical sum for hD of this node

int prevSum = (hM.get(hD) == null) ? 0 : hM.get(hD);
hM.put(hD, prevSum + root.key());
// Store the values in hM for right subtree

VerticalSumUtil(root.right(), hD + 1, hM);
}
}
// Driver class to test the verticalSum methods

public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {

/* Create following Binary Tree
207
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ / \
4 5 6 7
*/
root.setLeft(new TreeNode(2));
root.setRight(new TreeNode(3));
root.left().setLeft(new TreeNode(4));
root.left().setRight(new TreeNode(5));
root.right().setLeft(new TreeNode(6));
root.right().setRight(new TreeNode(7));
Tree t = new Tree(root);
System.out.println("Following are the values of vertical sums with "

+ "the positions of the columns with respect to root ");
t.VerticalSumMain();
}
}
See this for a sample run.

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208
Chapter 44
Difference between sums of

odd level and even level
nodes of a Binary Tree
Given a a Binary Tree, find the difference between the sum of nodes at odd
level and the sum of nodes at even level. Consider root as level 1, left and right
children of root as level 2 and so on.
For example, in the following tree, sum of nodes at odd level is (5 + 1 + 4 + 8)
which is 18. And sum of nodes at even level is (2 + 6 + 3 + 7 + 9) which is 27.
The output for following tree should be 18 – 27 which is -9.
5
/ \
2 6
/ \ \
1 4 8
/ / \
3 7 9
A straightforward method is to use level order traversal. In the traversal,

check level of current node, if it is odd, increment odd sum by data of current
node, otherwise increment even sum. Finally return difference between odd sum
and even sum. See following for implementation of this approach.
C implementation of level order traversal based approach to find the difference.
209
The problem can also be solved using simple recursive traversal. We can
recursively calculate the required difference as, value of root’s data subtracted
by the difference for subtree under left child and the difference for subtree under
right child. Following is C implementation of this approach.
// A recursive program to find difference between sum of nodes at

// odd level and sum at even level
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
// Binary Tree node

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left, *right;
};
// A utility function to allocate a new tree node with given data

{
node->data = data;
return (node);
}
// The main function that return difference between odd and even level
// nodes
int getLevelDiff(struct node *root)
{
// Base case
if (root == NULL)
return 0;
// Difference for root is root's data - difference for left subtree

// - difference for right subtree
return root->data - getLevelDiff(root->left) - getLevelDiff(root->right);
}

int main()
{
210
printf("%d is the required difference\n", getLevelDiff(root));
getchar();
return 0;
}
Output:
-9 is the required difference
Time complexity of both methods is O(n), but the second method is simple and
easy to implement.
Source
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Category: Trees
211
Chapter 45
Print Nodes in Top View of

Binary Tree
Top view of a binary tree is the set of nodes visible when the tree is viewed from
the top. Given a binary tree, print the top view of it. The output nodes can be
printed in any order. Expected time complexity is O(n)
A node x is there in output if x is the topmost node at its horizontal distance.
Horizontal distance of left child of a node x is equal to horizontal distance of x
minus 1, and that of right child is horizontal distance of x plus 1.
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ / \
4 5 6 7
Top view of the above binary tree is
4 2 1 3 7
1
/ \
2 3
\
4
\
5
\
6
Top view of the above binary tree is
212
2 1 3 6

self first.
The idea is to do something similar to vertical Order Traversal. Like vertical
Order Traversal, we need to nodes of same horizontal distance together. We do
a level order traversal so that the topmost node at a horizontal node is visited
before any other node of same horizontal distance below it. Hashing is used to
check if a node at given horizontal distance is seen or not.
// Java program to print top view of Binary tree

import java.util.*;
// Class for a tree node

class TreeNode
{
// Members
int key;
TreeNode left, right;
// Constructor
public TreeNode(int key)
{
this.key = key;
}
}
// A class to represent a queue item. The queue is used to do Level

// order traversal. Every Queue item contains node and horizontal
// distance of node from root
class QItem
{
TreeNode node;
int hd;
public QItem(TreeNode n, int h)
{
node = n;
hd = h;
}
}
// Class for a Binary Tree
213
class Tree
{
TreeNode root;
// Constructors
public Tree() { root = null; }
public Tree(TreeNode n) { root = n; }
// This method prints nodes in top view of binary tree

public void printTopView()
{
// base case
// Creates an empty hashset

HashSet<Integer> set = new HashSet<>();
// Create a queue and add root to it

Queue<QItem> Q = new LinkedList<QItem>();
Q.add(new QItem(root, 0)); // Horizontal distance of root is 0
// Standard BFS or level order traversal loop

while (!Q.isEmpty())
{
// Remove the front item and get its details
QItem qi = Q.remove();
int hd = qi.hd;
TreeNode n = qi.node;
// If this is the first node at its horizontal distance,

// then this node is in top view
if (!set.contains(hd))
{
set.add(hd);
System.out.print(n.key + " ");
}
// Enqueue left and right children of current node

if (n.left != null)
Q.add(new QItem(n.left, hd-1));
if (n.right != null)
Q.add(new QItem(n.right, hd+1));
}
}
}
214
// Driver class to test above methods
public class Main
{
{
/* Create following Binary Tree
1
/ \
2 3
\
4
\
5
\
6*/
root.left.right.right = new TreeNode(5);
root.left.right.right.right = new TreeNode(6);
Tree t = new Tree(root);
System.out.println("Following are nodes in top view of Binary Tree");
t.printTopView();
}
}
Output:
Following are nodes in top view of Binary Tree

1 2 3 6
Time Complexity of the above implementation is O(n) where n is number of

nodes in given binary tree. The assumption here is that add() and contains()
methods of HashSet work in O(1) time.
This article is contributed by Rohan. Please write comments if you find any-
thing incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed
above.
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215
Category: Trees
216
Chapter 46
Bottom View of a Binary

Tree
Given a Binary Tree, we need to print the bottom view from left to right. A
node x is there in output if x is the bottommost node at its horizontal distance.
Horizontal distance of left child of a node x is equal to horizontal distance of x
minus 1, and that of right child is horizontal distance of x plus 1.
Examples:
20
/ \
8 22
/ \ \
5 3 25
/ \
10 14
For the above tree the output should be 5, 10, 3, 14, 25.
If there are multiple bottom-most nodes for a horizontal distance from root,
then print the later one in level traversal. For example, in the below diagram,
3 and 4 are both the bottom-most nodes at horizontal distance 0, we need to
print 4.
217
20
/ \
8 22
/ \ / \
5 3 4 25
/ \
10 14
For the above tree the output should be 5, 10, 4, 14, 25.
self first.
The following are steps to print Bottom View of Bianry Tree.
1. We put tree nodes in a queue for the level order traversal.
2. Start with the horizontal distance(hd) 0 of the root node, keep on adding
left child to queue along with the horizontal distance as hd-1 and right child as
hd+1.
3. Also, use a TreeMap which stores key value pair sorted on key.
4. Every time, we encounter a new horizontal distance or an existing horizontal
distance put the node data for the horizontal distance as key. For the first time
it will add to the map, next time it will replace the value. This will make sure
that the bottom most element for that horizontal distance is present in the map
and if you see the tree from beneath that you will see that element.
A Java based implementation is below :
// Java Program to print Bottom View of Binary Tree

import java.util.*;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
// Tree node class

class TreeNode
{
int data; //data of the node
int hd; //horizontal distance of the node
TreeNode left, right; //left and right references
// Constructor of tree node

public TreeNode(int key)
{
data = key;
hd = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
218
}
}
//Tree class
class Tree
{
TreeNode root; //root node of tree
// Default constructor
public Tree() {}
// Parameterized tree constructor

public Tree(TreeNode node)
{
root = node;
}
// Method that prints the bottom view.

public void bottomView()
{
if (root == null)
return;
// Initialize a variable 'hd' with 0 for the root element.

int hd = 0;
// TreeMap which stores key value pair sorted on key value

Map<Integer, Integer> map = new TreeMap<>();
// Queue to store tree nodes in level order traversal

Queue<TreeNode> queue = new LinkedList<TreeNode>();
// Assign initialized horizontal distance value to root

// node and add it to the queue.
root.hd = hd;
queue.add(root);
// Loop until the queue is empty (standard level order loop)

while (!queue.isEmpty())
{
TreeNode temp = queue.remove();
// Extract the horizontal distance value from the

// dequeued tree node.
hd = temp.hd;
219
// Put the dequeued tree node to TreeMap having key
// as horizontal distance. Every time we find a node
// having same horizontal distance we need to replace
// the data in the map.
map.put(hd, temp.data);
// If the dequeued node has a left child add it to the

// queue with a horizontal distance hd-1.
if (temp.left != null)
{
temp.left.hd = hd-1;
queue.add(temp.left);
}
// If the dequeued node has a left child add it to the
// queue with a horizontal distance hd+1.
if (temp.right != null)
{
temp.right.hd = hd+1;
queue.add(temp.right);
}
}
// Extract the entries of map into a set to traverse

// an iterator over that.
Set<Entry<Integer, Integer>> set = map.entrySet();
// Make an iterator
Iterator<Entry<Integer, Integer>> iterator = set.iterator();
// Traverse the map elements using the iterator.

while (iterator.hasNext())
{
Map.Entry<Integer, Integer> me = iterator.next();
System.out.print(me.getValue()+" ");
}
}
}
// Main driver class

public class BottomView
{
{
220
root.left.left = new TreeNode(5);
root.right.left = new TreeNode(4);
root.right.right = new TreeNode(25);
root.left.right.left = new TreeNode(10);
root.left.right.right = new TreeNode(14);
Tree tree = new Tree(root);
System.out.println("Bottom view of the given binary tree:");
tree.bottomView();
}
}
Output:
Bottom view of the given binary tree:

5 10 4 14 25
Exercise: Extend the above solution to print all bottommost nodes at a hori-
zontal distance if there are multiple bottommost nodes. For the above second
example, the output should be 5 10 3 4 14 25.
discussed above.
Source
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221
Chapter 47
Print Left View of a Binary

Tree
Given a Binary Tree, print left view of it. Left view of a Binary Tree is set of
nodes visible when tree is visited from left side. Left view of following tree is
12, 10, 25.
12
/ \
10 30
/ \
25 40
The left view contains all nodes that are first nodes in their levels. A simple
solution is to do level order traversal and print the first node in every level.
The problem can also be solved using simple recursive traversal. We can
keep track of level of a node by passing a parameter to all recursive calls. The
idea is to keep track of maximum level also. Whenever we see a node whose level
is more than maximum level so far, we print the node because this is the first
node in its level (Note that we traverse the left subtree before right subtree).
Following is C implementation of this approach.
// C program to print left view of Binary Tree

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
222
struct node
{
int data;
};
// A utility function to create a new Binary Tree node

struct node *newNode(int item)
{
struct node *temp = (struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
temp->data = item;
return temp;
}
// Recursive function to print left view of a binary tree.

void leftViewUtil(struct node *root, int level, int *max_level)
{
// Base Case
if (root==NULL) return;
// If this is the first node of its level

if (*max_level < level)
{
printf("%d\t", root->data);
*max_level = level;
}

leftViewUtil(root->left, level+1, max_level);
leftViewUtil(root->right, level+1, max_level);
}
// A wrapper over leftViewUtil()

void leftView(struct node *root)
{
int max_level = 0;
leftViewUtil(root, 1, &max_level);
}
// Driver Program to test above functions

int main()
{
223
leftView(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
12 10 25
complexity is O(n).
This article is contributed by Ramsai Chinthamani. Please write comments if
topic discussed above
Source
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Category: Trees
224
Chapter 48
Print Right View of a

Binary Tree
Given a Binary Tree, print Right view of it. Right view of a Binary Tree is set
of nodes visible when tree is visited from Right side.
Right view of following tree is 1 3 7 8
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ / \
4 5 6 7
\
8

first.
The Right view contains all nodes that are last nodes in their levels. A simple
solution is to do level order traversal and print the last node in every level.
The problem can also be solved using simple recursive traversal. We can keep
track of level of a node by passing a parameter to all recursive calls. The idea
is to keep track of maximum level also. And traverse the tree in a manner that
right subtree is visited before left subtree. Whenever we see a node whose level
is more than maximum level so far, we print the node because this is the last
node in its level (Note that we traverse the right subtree before left subtree).
Following is C implementation of this approach.
225
// C program to print right view of Binary Tree
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
struct Node
{
int data;
};
// A utility function to create a new Binary Tree Node

struct Node *newNode(int item)
{
struct Node *temp = (struct Node *)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
temp->data = item;
return temp;
}
// Recursive function to print right view of a binary tree.

void rightViewUtil(struct Node *root, int level, int *max_level)
{
// Base Case
if (root==NULL) return;
// If this is the last Node of its level

if (*max_level < level)
{
printf("%d\t", root->data);
*max_level = level;
}
// Recur for right subtree first, then left subtree

rightViewUtil(root->right, level+1, max_level);
rightViewUtil(root->left, level+1, max_level);
}
// A wrapper over rightViewUtil()

void rightView(struct Node *root)
{
int max_level = 0;
rightViewUtil(root, 1, &max_level);
}
226
int main()
{
rightView(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
1 3 7 8
complexity is O(n).
This article is contributed by Shalki Agarwal. Please write comments if you
discussed above
Source
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Category: Trees
227
Chapter 49
Check for Children Sum

Property in a Binary Tree.
Given a binary tree, write a function that returns true if the tree satisfies below
property.
For every node, data value must be equal to sum of data values in left and right
children. Consider data value as 0 for NULL children. Below tree is an example
Algorithm:
Traverse the given binary tree. For each node check (recursively) if the node
and both its children satisfy the Children Sum Property, if so then return true
else return false.
Implementation:
228
/* Program to check children sum property */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* returns 1 if children sum property holds for the given

node and both of its children*/
int isSumProperty(struct node* node)
{
/* left_data is left child data and right_data is for right child data*/
int left_data = 0, right_data = 0;
/* If node is NULL or it's a leaf node then

return true */
if(node == NULL ||
(node->left == NULL && node->right == NULL))
return 1;
else
{
/* If left child is not present then 0 is used
as data of left child */
if(node->left != NULL)
left_data = node->left->data;
/* If right child is not present then 0 is used

as data of right child */
if(node->right != NULL)
right_data = node->right->data;
/* if the node and both of its children satisfy the

property return 1 else 0*/
if((node->data == left_data + right_data)&&
isSumProperty(node->left) &&
isSumProperty(node->right))
return 1;
else
return 0;
}
}
229
/*
Helper function that allocates a new node
with the given data and NULL left and right
pointers.
*/
{
struct node* node =
(struct node*)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
/* Driver program to test above function */

int main()
{
if(isSumProperty(root))
printf("The given tree satisfies the children sum property ");
else
printf("The given tree does not satisfy the children sum property ");
getchar();
return 0;
}
Time Complexity: O(n), we are doing a complete traversal of the tree.

As an exercise, extend the above question for an n-ary tree.
This question was asked by Shekhar.
Please write comments if you find any bug in the above algorithm or a better
way to solve the same problem.
230
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Category: Trees
231
Chapter 50
Check if a binary tree is

subtree of another binary
tree | Set 1
Given two binary trees, check if the first tree is subtree of the second one. A
subtree of a tree T is a tree S consisting of a node in T and all of its descendants
in T. The subtree corresponding to the root node is the entire tree; the subtree
corresponding to any other node is called a proper subtree.
For example, in the following case, tree S is a subtree of tree T.
Tree S
10
/ \
4 6
\
30
Tree T
26
/ \
10 3
232
/ \ \
4 6 3
\
30
Solution: Traverse the tree T in preorder fashion. For every visited node in
the traversal, see if the subtree rooted with this node is identical to S.
Following is C implementation for this.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* A utility function to check whether trees with roots as root1 and

root2 are identical or not */
bool areIdentical(struct node * root1, struct node *root2)
{
/* base cases */
if (root1 == NULL && root2 == NULL)
return true;
if (root1 == NULL || root2 == NULL)

return false;
/* Check if the data of both roots is same and data of left and right
subtrees are also same */
return (root1->data == root2->data &&
areIdentical(root1->left, root2->left) &&
areIdentical(root1->right, root2->right) );
}
/* This function returns true if S is a subtree of T, otherwise false */

bool isSubtree(struct node *T, struct node *S)
{
233
/* base cases */
if (S == NULL)
return true;
if (T == NULL)
return false;
/* Check the tree with root as current node */

if (areIdentical(T, S))
return true;
/* If the tree with root as current node doesn't match then

try left and right subtrees one by one */
return isSubtree(T->left, S) ||
isSubtree(T->right, S);
}
/* Helper function that allocates a new node with the given data
and NULL left and right pointers. */
{
struct node* node =
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}

int main()
{
/* Construct the following tree
26
/ \
10 3
/ \ \
4 6 3
\
30
*/
struct node *T = newNode(26);
T->right = newNode(3);
T->right->right = newNode(3);
T->left = newNode(10);
234
T->left->left = newNode(4);
T->left->left->right = newNode(30);
T->left->right = newNode(6);
/* Construct the following tree

10
/ \
4 6
\
30
*/
struct node *S = newNode(10);
S->right = newNode(6);
S->left = newNode(4);
S->left->right = newNode(30);
if (isSubtree(T, S))
printf("Tree S is subtree of tree T");
else
printf("Tree S is not a subtree of tree T");
getchar();
return 0;
}
Output:
Tree S is subtree of tree T
Time Complexity: Time worst case complexity of above solution is O(mn) where
m and n are number of nodes in given two trees.
We can solve the above problem in O(n) time. Please refer Check if a binary
tree is subtree of another binary tree | Set 2 for O(n) solution.
Source
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235
Category: Trees
236
Chapter 51
Check if a binary tree is

subtree of another binary
tree | Set 2
Given two binary trees, check if the first tree is subtree of the second one. A
subtree of a tree T is a tree S consisting of a node in T and all of its descendants
in T.
The subtree corresponding to the root node is the entire tree; the subtree cor-
responding to any other node is called a proper subtree.
For example, in the following case, Tree1 is a subtree of Tree2.
Tree1
x
/ \
a b
\
c
Tree2
z
/ \
x e
/ \ \
a b k
237
\
c
We have discussed a O(n2 ) solution for this problem. In this post a O(n) solution
is discussed. The idea is based on the fact that inorder and preorder/postorder
uniquely identify a binary tree. Tree S is a subtree of T if both inorder and
preorder traversals of S arew substrings of inorder and preorder traversals of T
respectively.
Following are detailed steps.
1) Find inorder and preorder traversals of T, store them in two auxiliary arrays
inT[] and preT[].
2) Find inorder and preorder traversals of S, store them in two auxiliary arrays
inS[] and preS[].
3) If inS[] is a subarray of inT[] and preS[] is a subarray preT[], then S is a
subtree of T. Else not.
We can also use postorder traversal in place of preorder in the above algorithm.
Let us consider the above example
Inorder and Preorder traversals of the big tree are.

inT[] = {a, c, x, b, z, e, k}
preT[] = {z, x, a, c, b, e, k}
Inorder and Preorder traversals of small tree are

inS[] = {a, c, x, b}
preS[] = {x, a, c, b}
We can easily figure out that inS[] is a subarray of

inT[] and preS[] is a subarray of preT[].
EDIT
The above algorithm doesn't work for cases where a tree is present
in another tree, but not as a subtree. Consider the following example.
Tree1
x
/ \
a b
238
/
c
Tree2
x
/ \
a b
/ \
c d
Inorder and Preorder traversals of the big tree or Tree2 are.
Inorder and Preorder traversals of small tree or Tree1 are
The Tree2 is not a subtree of Tree1, but inS[] and preS[] are
subarrays of inT[] and preT[] respectively.
The above algorithm can be extended to handle such cases by adding a spe-
cial character whenever we encounter NULL in inorder and preorder traversals.
Thanks to Shivam Goel for suggesting this extension.
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
#define MAX 100
// Structure of a tree node

struct Node
{
char key;
};
// A utility function to create a new BST node

Node *newNode(char item)
{
temp->key = item;
return temp;
239
}
// A utility function to store inorder traversal of tree rooted

// with root in an array arr[]. Note that i is passed as reference
void storeInorder(Node *root, char arr[], int &i)
{
if (root == NULL)
{
arr[i++] = '$';
return;
}
storeInorder(root->left, arr, i);
arr[i++] = root->key;
storeInorder(root->right, arr, i);
}
// A utility function to store preorder traversal of tree rooted

// with root in an array arr[]. Note that i is passed as reference
void storePreOrder(Node *root, char arr[], int &i)
{
if (root == NULL)
{
arr[i++] = '$';
return;
}
arr[i++] = root->key;
storePreOrder(root->left, arr, i);
storePreOrder(root->right, arr, i);
}
/* This function returns true if S is a subtree of T, otherwise false */

bool isSubtree(Node *T, Node *S)
{
/* base cases */
if (S == NULL) return true;
if (T == NULL) return false;
// Store Inorder traversals of T and S in inT[0..m-1]

// and inS[0..n-1] respectively
int m = 0, n = 0;
char inT[MAX], inS[MAX];
storeInorder(T, inT, m);
storeInorder(S, inS, n);
inT[m] = '\0', inS[n] = '\0';
// If inS[] is not a substring of preS[], return false
240
if (strstr(inT, inS) == NULL)
return false;
// Store Preorder traversals of T and S in inT[0..m-1]

// and inS[0..n-1] respectively
m = 0, n = 0;
char preT[MAX], preS[MAX];
storePreOrder(T, preT, m);
storePreOrder(S, preS, n);
preT[m] = '\0', preS[n] = '\0';
// If inS[] is not a substring of preS[], return false

// Else return true
return (strstr(preT, preS) != NULL);
}
// Driver program to test above function

int main()
{
Node *T = newNode('a');
T->left = newNode('b');
T->right = newNode('d');
T->left->left = newNode('c');
T->right->right = newNode('e');
Node *S = newNode('a');
S->left = newNode('b');
S->left->left = newNode('c');
S->right = newNode('d');
if (isSubtree(T, S))
cout << "Yes: S is a subtree of T";
else
cout << "No: S is NOT a subtree of T";
return 0;
}
Output:
No: S is NOT a subtree of T
241
Time Complexity: Inorder and Preorder traversals of Binary Tree take O(n)
time. The function strstr() can also be implemented in O(n) time using KMP
string matching algorithm.
Auxiliary Space: O(n)
Thanks to Ashwini Singh for suggesting this method. Please write comments
if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the
topic discussed above
Source
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Category: Trees
Post navigation
← Amazon Interview | Set 97 (On-Campus for SDE1) Euler Circuit in a Directed
Graph →
242
Chapter 52
Check if a given Binary

Tree is SumTree
Write a function that returns true if the given Binary Tree is SumTree else false.
A SumTree is a Binary Tree where the value of a node is equal to sum of the
nodes present in its left subtree and right subtree. An empty tree is SumTree
and sum of an empty tree can be considered as 0. A leaf node is also considered
as SumTree.
Following is an example of SumTree.
26
/ \
10 3
/ \ \
4 6 3
Method 1 ( Simple )
Get the sum of nodes in left subtree and right subtree. Check if the sum
calculated is equal to root’s data. Also, recursively check if the left and right
subtrees are SumTrees.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct node
243
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* A utility function to get the sum of values in tree with root

as root */
int sum(struct node *root)
{
if(root == NULL)
return 0;
return sum(root->left) + root->data + sum(root->right);
}
/* returns 1 if sum property holds for the given

node and both of its children */
int isSumTree(struct node* node)
{
int ls, rs;

return true */
if(node == NULL ||
return 1;
/* Get sum of nodes in left and right subtrees */

ls = sum(node->left);
rs = sum(node->right);
/* if the node and both of its children satisfy the

property return 1 else 0*/
if((node->data == ls + rs)&&
isSumTree(node->left) &&
isSumTree(node->right))
return 1;
return 0;
}
/*
Helper function that allocates a new node
pointers.
*/
244
{
struct node* node =
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}

int main()
{
if(isSumTree(root))
printf("The given tree is a SumTree ");
else
printf("The given tree is not a SumTree ");
getchar();
return 0;
}
Time Complexity: O(nˆ2) in worst case. Worst case occurs for a skewed tree.
Method 2 ( Tricky )
The Method 1 uses sum() to get the sum of nodes in left and right subtrees.
The method 2 uses following rules to get the sum directly.
1) If the node is a leaf node then sum of subtree rooted with this node is equal
to value of this node.
2) If the node is not a leaf node then sum of subtree rooted with this node is
twice the value of this node (Assuming that the tree rooted with this node is
SumTree).
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
245
struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* Utillity function to check if the given node is leaf or not */

int isLeaf(struct node *node)
{
if(node == NULL)
return 0;
if(node->left == NULL && node->right == NULL)
return 1;
return 0;
}
/* returns 1 if SumTree property holds for the given

tree */
int isSumTree(struct node* node)
{
int ls; // for sum of nodes in left subtree
int rs; // for sum of nodes in right subtree

return true */
if(node == NULL || isLeaf(node))
return 1;
if( isSumTree(node->left) && isSumTree(node->right))

{
// Get the sum of nodes in left subtree
if(node->left == NULL)
ls = 0;
else if(isLeaf(node->left))
ls = node->left->data;
else
ls = 2*(node->left->data);
// Get the sum of nodes in right subtree

if(node->right == NULL)
rs = 0;
else if(isLeaf(node->right))
rs = node->right->data;
else
rs = 2*(node->right->data);
246
/* If root's data is equal to sum of nodes in left
and right subtrees then return 1 else return 0*/
return(node->data == ls + rs);
}
return 0;
}
/* Helper function that allocates a new node

pointers.
*/
{
struct node* node =
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}

int main()
{
if(isSumTree(root))
printf("The given tree is a SumTree ");
else
printf("The given tree is not a SumTree ");
getchar();
return 0;
}

Please write comments if you find the above codes/algorithms incorrect, or find
247
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248
Chapter 53
Check if a given Binary

Tree is height balanced like
a Red-Black Tree
In a Red-Black Tree, the maximum height of a node is at most twice the min-
imum height (The four Red-Black tree properties make sure this is always fol-
lowed). Given a Binary Search Tree, we need to check for following property.
For every node, length of the longest leaf to node path has not more than twice
the nodes on shortest path from node to leaf.
12 40
\ / \
14 10 100
\ / \
16 60 150
Cannot be a Red-Black Tree It can be Red-Black Tree
with any color assignment
Max height of 12 is 1
Min height of 12 is 3
10
/ \
5 100
/ \
50 150
/
249
40
It can also be Red-Black Tree
Expected time complexity is O(n). The tree should be traversed at-most once
in the solution.
first.
For every node, we need to get the maximum and minimum heights and compare
them. The idea is to traverse the tree and for every node check if it’s balanced.
We need to write a recursive function that returns three things, a boolean value
to indicate the tree is balanced or not, minimum height and maximum height.
To return multiple values, we can either use a structure or pass variables by
reference. We have passed maxh and minh by reference so that the values can
be used in parent calls.
/* Program to check if a given Binary Tree is balanced like a Red-Black Tree */

#include <iostream>
struct Node
{
int key;
Node *left, *right;
};
/* utility that allocates a new Node with the given key */

{
Node* node = new Node;
node->key = key;
return (node);
}
// Returns returns tree if the Binary tree is balanced like a Red-Black

// tree. This function also sets value in maxh and minh (passed by
// reference). maxh and minh are set as maximum and minimum heights of root.
bool isBalancedUtil(Node *root, int &maxh, int &minh)
{
// Base case
if (root == NULL)
{
250
maxh = minh = 0;
return true;
}
int lmxh, lmnh; // To store max and min heights of left subtree
int rmxh, rmnh; // To store max and min heights of right subtree
// Check if left subtree is balanced, also set lmxh and lmnh

if (isBalancedUtil(root->left, lmxh, lmnh) == false)
return false;
// Check if right subtree is balanced, also set rmxh and rmnh

if (isBalancedUtil(root->right, rmxh, rmnh) == false)
return false;
// Set the max and min heights of this node for the parent call
maxh = max(lmxh, rmxh) + 1;
minh = min(lmnh, rmnh) + 1;
// See if this node is balanced

if (maxh <= 2*minh)
return true;
return false;
}
// A wrapper over isBalancedUtil()

bool isBalanced(Node *root)
{
int maxh, minh;
return isBalancedUtil(root, maxh, minh);
}

int main()
{
Node * root = newNode(10);
isBalanced(root)? cout << "Balanced" : cout << "Not Balanced";
return 0;
}
251
Output:
Balanced
Time Complexity: Time Complexity of above code is O(n) as the code does a
simple tree traversal.
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252
Chapter 54
Check if all leaves are at

same level
Given a Binary Tree, check if all leaves are at same level or not.
12
/ \
5 7
/ \
3 1
Leaves are at same level
12
/ \
5 7
/
3
Leaves are Not at same level
12
/
5
/ \
3 9
/ /
1 2
253
The idea is to first find level of the leftmost leaf and store it in a variable
leafLevel. Then compare level of all other leaves with leafLevel, if same, return
true, else return false. We traverse the given Binary Tree in Preorder fashion.
An argument leaflevel is passed to all calls. The value of leafLevel is initialized
as 0 to indicate that the first leaf is not yet seen yet. The value is updated
when we find first leaf. Level of subsequent leaves (in preorder) is compared
with leafLevel.
// C program to check if all leaves are at same level

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct Node
{
int data;
};
// A utility function to allocate a new tree node

{
node->data = data;
return node;
}
/* Recursive function which checks whether all leaves are at same level */
bool checkUtil(struct Node *root, int level, int *leafLevel)
{
// Base case
if (root == NULL) return true;
// If a leaf node is encountered

{
// When a leaf node is found first time
if (*leafLevel == 0)
{
*leafLevel = level; // Set first found leaf's level
254
return true;
}
// If this is not first leaf node, compare its level with

// first leaf's level
return (level == *leafLevel);
}
// If this node is not leaf, recursively check left and right subtrees
return checkUtil(root->left, level+1, leafLevel) &&
checkUtil(root->right, level+1, leafLevel);
}
/* The main function to check if all leafs are at same level.

It mainly uses checkUtil() */
bool check(struct Node *root)
{
int level = 0, leafLevel = 0;
return checkUtil(root, level, &leafLevel);
}

int main()
{
// Let us create tree shown in thirdt example
if (check(root))
printf("Leaves are at same level\n");
else
printf("Leaves are not at same level\n");
getchar();
return 0;
}
Output:
255
complexity is O(n).
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/check-leaves-level/
Category: Trees
256
Chapter 55
Check if two nodes are

cousins in a Binary Tree
Given the binary Tree and the two nodes say ‘a’ and ‘b’, determine whether the
two nodes are cousins of each other or not.
Two nodes are cousins of each other if they are at same level and have different
parents.
Example
6
/ \
3 5
/ \ / \
7 8 1 3
Say two node be 7 and 1, result is TRUE.
Say two nodes are 3 and 5, result is FALSE.
Say two nodes are 7 and 5, result is FALSE.

first.
The idea is to find level of one of the nodes. Using the found level, check if ‘a’
and ‘b’ are at this level. If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are at given level, then finally check if
they are not children of same parent.
Following is C implementation of the above approach.
257
// C program to check if two Nodes in a binary tree are cousins
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct Node
{
int data;
};

struct Node *newNode(int item)
{
struct Node *temp = (struct Node *)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
temp->data = item;
return temp;
}
// Recursive function to check if two Nodes are siblings

int isSibling(struct Node *root, struct Node *a, struct Node *b)
{
// Base case
if (root==NULL) return 0;
return ((root->left==a && root->right==b)||

(root->left==b && root->right==a)||
isSibling(root->left, a, b)||
isSibling(root->right, a, b));
}
// Recursive function to find level of Node 'ptr' in a binary tree

int level(struct Node *root, struct Node *ptr, int lev)
{
// base cases
if (root == NULL) return 0;
if (root == ptr) return lev;
// Return level if Node is present in left subtree

int l = level(root->left, ptr, lev+1);
if (l != 0) return l;
// Else search in right subtree

return level(root->right, ptr, lev+1);
258
}
// Returns 1 if a and b are cousins, otherwise 0

int isCousin(struct Node *root, struct Node *a, struct Node *b)
{
//1. The two Nodes should be on the same level in the binary tree.
//2. The two Nodes should not be siblings (means that they should
// not have the same parent Node).
if ((level(root,a,1) == level(root,b,1)) && !(isSibling(root,a,b)))
return 1;
else return 0;
}

int main()
{
struct Node *Node1,*Node2;

Node1 = root->left->left;
Node2 = root->right->right;
isCousin(root,Node1,Node2)? puts("Yes"): puts("No");
return 0;
}
Ouput:
Yes
Time Complexity of the above solution is O(n) as it does at most three traversals
of binary tree.
259
This article is contributed by Ayush Srivastava. Please write comments if you
discussed above
Source
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Category: Trees
Post navigation
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→
260
Chapter 56
Check whether a binary

tree is a full binary tree or
not
A full binary tree is defined as a binary tree in which all nodes have either zero
or two child nodes. Conversely, there is no node in a full binary tree, which has
one child node. More information about full binary trees can be found here.
For Example:
261
262
self first.
To check whether a binary tree is a full binary tree we need to test the following
cases:-
1) If a binary tree node is NULL then it is a full binary tree.
2) If a binary tree node does have empty left and right sub-trees, then it is a
full binary tree by definition
3) If a binary tree node has left and right sub-trees, then it is a part of a full
binary tree by definition. In this case recursively check if the left and right
sub-trees are also binary trees themselves.
4) In all other combinations of right and left sub-trees, the binary tree is not a
full binary tree.
Following is the C code for checking if a binary tree is a full binary tree.
// C program to check whether a given Binary Tree is full or not

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdbool.h>
/* Tree node structure */

struct Node
{
int key;
};

given key and NULL left and right pointer. */
struct Node *newNode(char k)
{
struct Node *node = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
node->key = k;
return node;
}
/* This function tests if a binary tree is a full binary tree. */

bool isFullTree (struct Node* root)
{
// If empty tree
if (root == NULL)
return true;
263
// If leaf node
return true;
// If both left and right are not NULL, and left & right subtrees
// are full
if ((root->left) && (root->right))
return (isFullTree(root->left) && isFullTree(root->right));
// We reach here when none of the above if conditions work

return false;
}
// Driver Program
int main()
{
root = newNode(10);
if (isFullTree(root))
printf("The Binary Tree is full\n");
else
printf("The Binary Tree is not full\n");
return(0);
}
Output:
264
The Binary Tree is full
Time complexity of the above code is O(n) where n is number of nodes in given
binary tree.
This article is contributed by Gaurav Gupta. Please write comments if you
discussed above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/check-whether-binary-tree-full-binary-tree-not/
Category: Trees
265
Chapter 57
Check whether a given

Binary Tree is Complete or
not | Set 1 (Iterative
Solution)
Given a Binary Tree, write a function to check whether the given Binary Tree
is Complete Binary Tree or not.
A complete binary tree is a binary tree in which every level, except possibly the
last, is completely filled, and all nodes are as far left as possible. See following
examples.
The following trees are examples of Complete Binary Trees

1
/ \
2 3
1
/ \
2 3
/
4
1
/ \
2 3
266
/ \ /
4 5 6
The following trees are examples of Non-Complete Binary Trees

1
\
3
1
/ \
2 3
\ / \
4 5 6
1
/ \
2 3
/ \
4 5
Source: Write an algorithm to check if a tree is complete binary tree or not

The method 2 of level order traversal post can be easily modified to check
whether a tree is Complete or not. To understand the approach, let us first
define a term ‘Full Node’. A node is ‘Full Node’ if both left and right children
are not empty (or not NULL).
The approach is to do a level order traversal starting from root. In the traversal,
once a node is found which is NOT a Full Node, all the following nodes must
be leaf nodes.
Also, one more thing needs to be checked to handle the below case: If a node
has empty left child, then the right child must be empty.
1
/ \
2 3
\
4
Thanks to Guddu Sharma for suggesting this simple and efficient approach.
267
// A program to check if a given binary tree is complete or not
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#define MAX_Q_SIZE 500

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* frunction prototypes for functions needed for Queue data

structure. A queue is needed for level order tarversal */
struct node** createQueue(int *, int *);
void enQueue(struct node **, int *, struct node *);
struct node *deQueue(struct node **, int *);
bool isQueueEmpty(int *front, int *rear);
/* Given a binary tree, return true if the tree is complete

else false */
bool isCompleteBT(struct node* root)
{
// Base Case: An empty tree is complete Binary Tree
if (root == NULL)
return true;
// Create an empty queue

int rear, front;
struct node **queue = createQueue(&front, &rear);
// Create a flag variable which will be set true

// when a non full node is seen
bool flag = false;
// Do level order traversal using queue.

enQueue(queue, &rear, root);
while(!isQueueEmpty(&front, &rear))
{
struct node *temp_node = deQueue(queue, &front);
/* Ceck if left child is present*/
268
if(temp_node->left)
{
// If we have seen a non full node, and we see a node
// with non-empty left child, then the given tree is not
// a complete Binary Tree
if (flag == true)
return false;
enQueue(queue, &rear, temp_node->left); // Enqueue Left Child

}
else // If this a non-full node, set the flag as true
flag = true;
/* Ceck if right child is present*/

if(temp_node->right)
{
// If we have seen a non full node, and we see a node
// with non-empty left child, then the given tree is not
// a complete Binary Tree
if(flag == true)
return false;
enQueue(queue, &rear, temp_node->right); // Enqueue Right Child

}
else // If this a non-full node, set the flag as true
flag = true;
}
// If we reach here, then the tree is complete Bianry Tree

return true;
}
/*UTILITY FUNCTIONS*/
struct node** createQueue(int *front, int *rear)
{
struct node **queue =
(struct node **)malloc(sizeof(struct node*)*MAX_Q_SIZE);
*front = *rear = 0;
return queue;
}
void enQueue(struct node **queue, int *rear, struct node *new_node)

{
queue[*rear] = new_node;
269
(*rear)++;
}
struct node *deQueue(struct node **queue, int *front)

{
(*front)++;
return queue[*front - 1];
}
bool isQueueEmpty(int *front, int *rear)

{
return (*rear == *front);
}

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}

int main()
{
/* Let us construct the following Binary Tree which
is not a complete Binary Tree
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ \
4 5 6
*/

270
if ( isCompleteBT(root) == true )
printf ("Complete Binary Tree");
else
printf ("NOT Complete Binary Tree");
return 0;
}
Output:
NOT Complete Binary Tree
Time Complexity: O(n) where n is the number of nodes in given Binary Tree
Auxiliary Space: O(n) for queue.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/check-if-a-given-binary-tree-is-complete-tree-or-not/
Category: Trees
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271
Chapter 58
Check whether a binary

tree is a complete tree or
not | Set 2 (Recursive
Solution)
A complete binary tree is a binary tree whose all levels except the last level are
completely filled and all the leaves in the last level are all to the left side. More
information about complete binary trees can be found here.
For Example:-
Below tree is a Complete Binary Tree (All nodes till the second last nodes are
filled and all leaves are to the left side)
272
Below tree is not a Complete Binary Tree (The second level is not completely
filled)
Below tree is not a Complete Binary Tree (All the leaves are not aligned to
the left. The left child node of node with data 3 is empty while the right child
node is non-empty).
273
An iterative solution for this problem is discussed in below post.
Check whether a given Binary Tree is Complete or not | Set 1 (Using Level
Order Traversal)
In this post a recursive solution is discussed.
In the array representation of a binary tree, if the parent node is assigned an
index of ‘i’ and left child gets assigned an index of ‘2*i + 1’ while the right
child is assigned an index of ‘2*i + 2’. If we represent the binary tree below as
an array with the respective indices assigned to the different nodes of the tree
below are shown below:-
274
As can be seen from the above figure, the assigned indices in case of a complete
binary tree will strictly less be than the number of nodes in the complete binary
tree. Below is the example of non-complete binary tree with the assigned array
indices. As can be seen the assigned indices are equal to the number of nodes
in the binary tree. Hence this tree is not a complete binary tree.
275
Hence we proceed in the following manner in order to check if the binary tree
is complete binary tree.
1. Calculate the number of nodes (count) in the binary tree.

2. Start recursion of the binary tree from the root node of the binary tree
with index (i) being set as 0 and the number of nodes in the binary (count).
3. If the current node under examination is NULL, then the tree is a complete
binary tree. Return true.
4. If index (i) of the current node is greater than or equal to the number of
nodes in the binary tree (count) i.e. (i>= count), then the tree is not a
complete binary. Return false.
5. Recursively check the left and right sub-trees of the binary tree for same
condition. For the left sub-tree use the index as (2*i + 1) while for the
right sub-tree use the index as (2*i + 2).
The time complexity of the above algorithm is O(n). Following is C code for
checking if a binary tree is a complete binary tree.
/* C program to checks if a binary tree complete ot not */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<stdbool.h>
/* Tree node structure */

struct Node
{
int key;
};

given key and NULL left and right pointer. */
struct Node *newNode(char k)
{
struct Node *node = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
node->key = k;
return node;
}
/* This function counts the number of nodes in a binary tree */

unsigned int countNodes(struct Node* root)
{
if (root == NULL)
276
return (0);
return (1 + countNodes(root->left) + countNodes(root->right));
}
/* This function checks if the binary tree is complete or not */

bool isComplete (struct Node* root, unsigned int index,
unsigned int number_nodes)
{
// An empty tree is complete
if (root == NULL)
return (true);
// If index assigned to current node is more than

// number of nodes in tree, then tree is not complete
if (index >= number_nodes)
return (false);

return (isComplete(root->left, 2*index + 1, number_nodes) &&
isComplete(root->right, 2*index + 2, number_nodes));
}
// Driver program
int main()
{
// Le us create tree in the last diagram above
root = newNode(1);
unsigned int node_count = countNodes(root);

unsigned int index = 0;
if (isComplete(root, index, node_count))

printf("The Binary Tree is complete\n");
else
printf("The Binary Tree is not complete\n");
return (0);
}
Output:
277
The Binary Tree is not complete
This article is contributed by Gaurav Gupta. Please write comments if you

discussed above.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/check-whether-binary-tree-complete-not-set-2-recursive-solution/
278
Chapter 59
Clone a Binary Tree with

Random Pointers
Given a Binary Tree where every node has following structure.
struct node {
int key;
struct node *left,*right,*random;
}
The random pointer points to any random node of the binary tree and can even
point to NULL, clone the given binary tree.
Method 1 (Use Hashing)
The idea is to store mapping from given tree nodes to clone tre node in hashtable.
Following are detailed steps.
1) Recursively traverse the given Binary and copy key value, left pointer and
right pointer to clone tree. While copying, store the mapping from given tree
node to clone tree node in a hashtable. In the following pseudo code, ‘cloneNode’
is currently visited node of clone tree and ‘treeNode’ is currently visited node
of given tree.
cloneNode->key = treeNode->key
cloneNode->left = treeNode->left
cloneNode->right = treeNode->right
map[treeNode] = cloneNode
279
2) Recursively traverse both trees and set random pointers using entries from
hash table.
cloneNode->random = map[treeNode->random]
Following is C++ implementation of above idea. The following implementa-

tion uses mapfrom C++ STL. Note that map doesn’t implement hash table, it
actually is based on self-balancing binary search tree.
// A hashmap based C++ program to clone a binary tree with random pointers
#include<iostream>
#include<map>
/* A binary tree node has data, pointer to left child, a pointer to right
child and a pointer to random node*/
struct Node
{
int key;
struct Node* left, *right, *random;
};
/* Helper function that allocates a new Node with the

given data and NULL left, right and random pointers. */
{
Node* temp = new Node;
temp->key = key;
temp->random = temp->right = temp->left = NULL;
return (temp);
}
/* Given a binary tree, print its Nodes in inorder*/

{
if (node == NULL)
return;
/* First recur on left sutree */

/* then print data of Node and its random */
280
cout << "[" << node->key << " ";
if (node->random == NULL)
cout << "NULL], ";
else
cout << node->random->key << "], ";

}
// This function creates clone by copying key and left and right pointers
// This function also stores mapping from given tree node to clone.
Node* copyLeftRightNode(Node* treeNode, map<Node *, Node *> *mymap)
{
if (treeNode == NULL)
return NULL;
Node* cloneNode = newNode(treeNode->key);
(*mymap)[treeNode] = cloneNode;
cloneNode->left = copyLeftRightNode(treeNode->left, mymap);
cloneNode->right = copyLeftRightNode(treeNode->right, mymap);
return cloneNode;
}
// This function copies random node by using the hashmap built by

// copyLeftRightNode()
void copyRandom(Node* treeNode, Node* cloneNode, map<Node *, Node *> *mymap)
{
if (cloneNode == NULL)
return;
cloneNode->random = (*mymap)[treeNode->random];
copyRandom(treeNode->left, cloneNode->left, mymap);
copyRandom(treeNode->right, cloneNode->right, mymap);
}
// This function makes the clone of given tree. It mainly uses

// copyLeftRightNode() and copyRandom()
Node* cloneTree(Node* tree)
{
if (tree == NULL)
return NULL;
map<Node *, Node *> *mymap = new map<Node *, Node *>;
Node* newTree = copyLeftRightNode(tree, mymap);
copyRandom(tree, newTree, mymap);
return newTree;
}
281
int main()
{
//Test No 1
Node *tree = newNode(1);
tree->left = newNode(2);
tree->right = newNode(3);
tree->left->left = newNode(4);
tree->left->right = newNode(5);
tree->random = tree->left->right;
tree->left->left->random = tree;
tree->left->right->random = tree->right;
// Test No 2
// tree = NULL;
// Test No 3
// tree = newNode(1);
// Test No 4
/* tree = newNode(1);
tree->random = tree->right;
tree->left->random = tree;
*/
cout << "Inorder traversal of original binary tree is: \n";

printInorder(tree);
Node *clone = cloneTree(tree);
cout << "\n\nInorder traversal of cloned binary tree is: \n";

printInorder(clone);
return 0;
}
Output:
Inorder traversal of original binary tree is:

[4 1], [2 NULL], [5 3], [1 5], [3 NULL],
282
Inorder traversal of cloned binary tree is:
[4 1], [2 NULL], [5 3], [1 5], [3 NULL],
Method 2 (Temporarily Modify the Given Binary Tree)

1. Create new nodes in cloned tree and insert each new node in original tree
between the left pointer edge of corresponding node in the original tree (See the
below image).
i.e. if current node is A and it’s left child is B ( A — >> B ), then new cloned
node with key A wil be created (say cA) and it will be put as A — >> cA —
>> B (B can be a NULL or a non-NULL left child). Right child pointer will
be set correctly i.e. if for current node A, right child is C in original tree (A —
>> C) then corresponding cloned nodes cA and cC will like cA —- >> cC
2. Set random pointer in cloned tree as per original tree

i.e. if node A’s random pointer points to node B, then in cloned tree, cA will
point to cB (cA and cB are new node in cloned tree corresponding to node A
and B in original tree)
3. Restore left pointers correctly in both original and cloned tree
#include <iostream>
/* A binary tree node has data, pointer to left child, a pointer to right
283
child and a pointer to random node*/
struct Node
{
int key;
struct Node* left, *right, *random;
};

given data and NULL left, right and random pointers. */
{
temp->key = key;
temp->random = temp->right = temp->left = NULL;
return (temp);
}
/* Given a binary tree, print its Nodes in inorder*/

{
if (node == NULL)
return;
/* First recur on left sutree */

/* then print data of Node and its random */

cout << "[" << node->key << " ";
if (node->random == NULL)
cout << "NULL], ";
else
cout << node->random->key << "], ";

}
// This function creates new nodes cloned tree and puts new cloned node
// in between current node and it's left child
// i.e. if current node is A and it's left child is B ( A --- >> B ),
// then new cloned node with key A wil be created (say cA) and
// it will be put as
// A --- >> cA --- >> B
// Here B can be a NULL or a non-NULL left child
// Right child pointer will be set correctly
// i.e. if for current node A, right child is C in original tree
284
// (A --- >> C) then corresponding cloned nodes cA and cC will like
// cA ---- >> cC
Node* copyLeftRightNode(Node* treeNode)
{
return NULL;
Node* left = treeNode->left;

treeNode->left = newNode(treeNode->key);
treeNode->left->left = left;
if(left != NULL)
left->left = copyLeftRightNode(left);
treeNode->left->right = copyLeftRightNode(treeNode->right);
return treeNode->left;
}
// This function sets random pointer in cloned tree as per original tree
// i.e. if node A's random pointer points to node B, then
// in cloned tree, cA wil point to cB (cA and cB are new node in cloned
// tree corresponding to node A and B in original tree)
void copyRandomNode(Node* treeNode, Node* cloneNode)
{
return;
if(treeNode->random != NULL)
cloneNode->random = treeNode->random->left;
else
cloneNode->random = NULL;
if(treeNode->left != NULL && cloneNode->left != NULL)

copyRandomNode(treeNode->left->left, cloneNode->left->left);
copyRandomNode(treeNode->right, cloneNode->right);
}
// This function will restore left pointers correctly in

// both original and cloned tree
void restoreTreeLeftNode(Node* treeNode, Node* cloneNode)
{
return;
if (cloneNode->left != NULL)
{
Node* cloneLeft = cloneNode->left->left;
treeNode->left = treeNode->left->left;
cloneNode->left = cloneLeft;
285
}
else
treeNode->left = NULL;
restoreTreeLeftNode(treeNode->left, cloneNode->left);
restoreTreeLeftNode(treeNode->right, cloneNode->right);
}
//This function makes the clone of given tree

Node* cloneTree(Node* treeNode)
{
return NULL;
Node* cloneNode = copyLeftRightNode(treeNode);
copyRandomNode(treeNode, cloneNode);
restoreTreeLeftNode(treeNode, cloneNode);
return cloneNode;
}

int main()
{
/* //Test No 1
tree->random = tree->left->right;
tree->left->left->random = tree;
tree->left->right->random = tree->right;
// Test No 2
// Node *tree = NULL;
/*
// Test No 3
// Test No 4
tree->random = tree->right;
286
Test No 5
tree->right->left = newNode(6);
tree->right->right = newNode(7);
tree->random = tree->left;
*/
// Test No 6
Node *n2 = newNode(6);
tree->left = n2;
tree->right = n3;
tree->random = n2;
n2->left = n4;
n2->right = n5;
n2->random = n8;
n3->left = n6;
n3->right = n7;
n3->random = n5;
n4->random = n9;
n5->left = n8;
n5->right = n9;
n5->random = tree;
n6->random = n9;
n9->random = n8;
/* Test No 7
tree->right->random = tree->left;
*/
cout << "Inorder traversal of original binary tree is: \n";
printInorder(tree);
287
Node *clone = cloneTree(tree);
cout << "\n\nInorder traversal of cloned binary tree is: \n";

printInorder(clone);
return 0;
}
Output:
Inorder traversal of original binary tree is:

[5 9], [6 7], [7 NULL], [8 10], [9 7], [10 6], [11 9], [12 8], [13 NULL],
Inorder traversal of cloned binary tree is:

[5 9], [6 7], [7 NULL], [8 10], [9 7], [10 6], [11 9], [12 8], [13 NULL],

discussed above.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/clone-binary-tree-random-pointers/
Category: Trees Tags: Hashing
Post navigation
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288
Chapter 60
Find the closest leaf in a

Binary Tree
Given a Binary Tree and a key ‘k’, find distance of the closest leaf from ‘k’.
Examples:
A
/ \
B C
/ \
E F
/ \
G H
/ \ /
I J K
Closest leaf to 'H' is 'K', so distance is 1 for 'H'

Closest leaf to 'C' is 'B', so distance is 2 for 'C'
Closest leaf to 'E' is either 'I' or 'J', so distance is 2 for 'E'
Closest leaf to 'B' is 'B' itself, so distance is 0 for 'B'

self first
The main point to note here is that a closest key can either be a descendent of
given key or can be reached through one of the ancestors.
The idea is to traverse the given tree in preorder and keep track of ancestors
289
in an array. When we reach the given key, we evaluate distance of the closest
leaf in subtree rooted with given key. We also traverse all ancestors one by one
and find distance of the closest leaf in the subtree rooted with ancestor. We
compare all distances and return minimum.
// A C++ program to find the closesr leaf of a given key in Binary Tree
#include <iostream>
#include <climits>
/* A binary tree Node has key, pocharer to left and right children */
struct Node
{
char key;
};

given data and NULL left and right pocharers. */
Node *newNode(char k)
{
node->key = k;
return node;
}
// A utility function to find minimum of x and y

int getMin(int x, int y)
{
return (x < y)? x :y;
}
// A utility function to find distance of closest leaf of the tree

// rooted under given root
int closestDown(struct Node *root)
{
// Base cases
if (root == NULL)
return INT_MAX;
return 0;
// Return minimum of left and right, plus one

return 1 + getMin(closestDown(root->left), closestDown(root->right));
290
}
// Returns distance of the cloest leaf to a given key 'k'. The array
// ancestors is used to keep track of ancestors of current node and
// 'index' is used to keep track of curremt index in 'ancestors[]'
int findClosestUtil(struct Node *root, char k, struct Node *ancestors[],
int index)
{
// Base case
if (root == NULL)
return INT_MAX;
// If key found
if (root->key == k)
{
// Find the cloest leaf under the subtree rooted with given key
int res = closestDown(root);
// Traverse all ancestors and update result if any parent node

// gives smaller distance
for (int i = index-1; i>=0; i--)
res = getMin(res, index - i + closestDown(ancestors[i]));
return res;
}
// If key node found, store current node and recur for left and
// right childrens
ancestors[index] = root;
return getMin(findClosestUtil(root->left, k, ancestors, index+1),
findClosestUtil(root->right, k, ancestors, index+1));
// The main function that returns distance of the closest key to 'k'. It
// mainly uses recursive function findClosestUtil() to find the closes
// distance.
int findClosest(struct Node *root, char k)
{
// Create an array to store ancestors
// Assumptiom: Maximum height of tree is 100
struct Node *ancestors[100];
return findClosestUtil(root, k, ancestors, 0);

}
291
int main()
{
// Let us construct the BST shown in the above figure
struct Node *root = newNode('A');
root->left = newNode('B');
root->right = newNode('C');
root->right->left = newNode('E');
root->right->right = newNode('F');
root->right->left->left = newNode('G');
root->right->left->left->left = newNode('I');
root->right->left->left->right = newNode('J');
root->right->right->right = newNode('H');
root->right->right->right->left = newNode('K');
char k = 'H';
cout << "Distace of the closest key from " << k << " is "
<< findClosest(root, k) << endl;
k = 'C';
k = 'E';
k = 'B';
return 0;
}
Output:
Distace of the closest key from H is 1

Distace of the closest key from C is 2
Distace of the closest key from E is 2
Distace of the closest key from B is 0
The above code can be optimized by storing the left/right information also
in ancestor array. The idea is, if given key is in left subtree of an ancestors,
then there is no point to call closestDown(). Also, the loop can that traverses
ancestors array can be optimized to not traverse ancestors which are at more
distance than current result.
292
Exercise:
Extend the above solution to print not only distance, but the key of closest leaf
also.
This article is contributed by Shubham. Please write comments if you find
discussed above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/find-closest-leaf-binary-tree/
Category: Trees
Post navigation
← Nuts & Bolts Problem (Lock & Key problem) Print all possible strings that
can be made by placing spaces →
293
Chapter 61
Connect nodes at same level
Write a function to connect all the adjacent nodes at the same level in a binary
tree. Structure of the given Binary Tree node is like following.
struct node{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
struct node* nextRight;
}
Initially, all the nextRight pointers point to garbage values. Your function
should set these pointers to point next right for each node.
Example
Input Tree
A
/ \
B C
/ \ \
D E F
Output Tree
A--->NULL
294
/ \
B-->C-->NULL
/ \ \
D-->E-->F-->NULL
Method 1 (Extend Level Order Traversal or BFS)

Consider the method 2 of Level Order Traversal. The method 2 can easily be
extended to connect nodes of same level. We can augment queue entries to
contain level of nodes also which is 0 for root, 1 for root’s children and so on.
So a queue node will now contain a pointer to a tree node and an integer level.
When we enqueue a node, we make sure that correct level value for node is being
set in queue. To set nextRight, for every node N, we dequeue the next node
from queue, if the level number of next node is same, we set the nextRight of
N as address of the dequeued node, otherwise we set nextRight of N as NULL.
Method 2 (Extend Pre Order Traversal)

This approach works only for Complete Binary Trees. In this method we set
nextRight in Pre Order fashion to make sure that the nextRight of parent is
set before its children. When we are at node p, we set the nextRight of its left
and right children. Since the tree is complete tree, nextRight of p’s left child
(p->left->nextRight) will always be p’s right child, and nextRight of p’s right
child (p->right->nextRight) will always be left child of p’s nextRight (if p is
not the rightmost node at its level). If p is the rightmost node, then nextRight
of p’s right child will be NULL.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct node
{
int data;
struct node *left;
struct node *right;
struct node *nextRight;
};
void connectRecur(struct node* p);
295
// Sets the nextRight of root and calls connectRecur() for other nodes
void connect (struct node *p)
{
// Set the nextRight for root
p->nextRight = NULL;
// Set the next right for rest of the nodes (other than root)
connectRecur(p);
}
/* Set next right of all descendents of p.

Assumption: p is a compete binary tree */
void connectRecur(struct node* p)
{
// Base case
if (!p)
return;
// Set the nextRight pointer for p's left child

if (p->left)
p->left->nextRight = p->right;
// Set the nextRight pointer for p's right child

// p->nextRight will be NULL if p is the right most child at its level
if (p->right)
p->right->nextRight = (p->nextRight)? p->nextRight->left: NULL;
// Set nextRight for other nodes in pre order fashion

connectRecur(p->left);
connectRecur(p->right);
}
{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
node->nextRight = NULL;
return(node);
296
}

int main()
{

10
/ \
8 2
/
3
*/
// Populates nextRight pointer in all nodes

connect(root);
// Let us check the values of nextRight pointers

printf("Following are populated nextRight pointers in the tree "
"(-1 is printed if there is no nextRight) \n");
printf("nextRight of %d is %d \n", root->data,
root->nextRight? root->nextRight->data: -1);
printf("nextRight of %d is %d \n", root->left->data,
root->left->nextRight? root->left->nextRight->data: -1);
printf("nextRight of %d is %d \n", root->right->data,
root->right->nextRight? root->right->nextRight->data: -1);
printf("nextRight of %d is %d \n", root->left->left->data,
root->left->left->nextRight? root->left->left->nextRight->data: -1);
getchar();
return 0;
}
Thanks to Dhanya for suggesting this approach.

Why doesn’t method 2 work for trees which are not Complete Binary
Trees?
Let us consider following tree as an example. In Method 2, we set the nextRight
pointer in pre order fashion. When we are at node 4, we set the nextRight of
297
its children which are 8 and 9 (the nextRight of 4 is already set as node 5).
nextRight of 8 will simply be set as 9, but nextRight of 9 will be set as NULL
which is incorrect. We can’t set the correct nextRight, because when we set
nextRight of 9, we only have nextRight of node 4 and ancestors of node 4, we
don’t have nextRight of nodes in right subtree of root.
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ / \
4 5 6 7
/ \ / \
8 9 10 11
See next postfor more solutions.

Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/connect-nodes-at-same-level/
298
Chapter 62
Connect nodes at same level

using constant extra space
Write a function to connect all the adjacent nodes at the same level in a binary
tree. Structure of the given Binary Tree node is like following.
struct node {
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
struct node* nextRight;
}
Initially, all the nextRight pointers point to garbage values. Your function
should set these pointers to point next right for each node. You can use only
constant extra space.
Example
Input Tree
A
/ \
B C
/ \ \
D E F
299
Output Tree
A--->NULL
/ \
B-->C-->NULL
/ \ \
D-->E-->F-->NULL
We discussed two different approaches to do it in the previous post. The aux-

iliary space required in both of those approaches is not constant. Also, the
method 2 discussed there only works for complete Binary Tree.
In this post, we will first modify the method 2 to make it work for all kind of
trees. After that, we will remove recursion from this method so that the extra
space becomes constant.
A Recursive Solution
In the method 2 of previous post, we traversed the nodes in pre order fashion.
Instead of traversing in Pre Order fashion (root, left, right), if we traverse the
nextRight node before the left and right children (root, nextRight, left), then we
can make sure that all nodes at level i have the nextRight set, before the level
i+1 nodes. Let us consider the following example (same example as previous
post). The method 2 fails for right child of node 4. In this method, we make
sure that all nodes at the 4’s level (level 2) have nextRight set, before we try
to set the nextRight of 9. So when we set the nextRight of 9, we search for a
nonleaf node on right side of node 4 (getNextRight() does this for us).
1 -------------- Level 0
/ \
2 3 -------------- Level 1
/ \ / \
4 5 6 7 -------------- Level 2
/ \ / \
8 9 10 11 -------------- Level 3
void connectRecur(struct node* p);

struct node *getNextRight(struct node *p);
// Sets the nextRight of root and calls connectRecur() for other nodes
void connect (struct node *p)
{
300
// Set the nextRight for root
// Set the next right for rest of the nodes (other than root)
connectRecur(p);
}
/* Set next right of all descendents of p. This function makes sure that
nextRight of nodes ar level i is set before level i+1 nodes. */
void connectRecur(struct node* p)
{
// Base case
if (!p)
return;
/* Before setting nextRight of left and right children, set nextRight

of children of other nodes at same level (because we can access
children of other nodes using p's nextRight only) */
if (p->nextRight != NULL)
connectRecur(p->nextRight);
/* Set the nextRight pointer for p's left child */

if (p->left)
{
if (p->right)
{
p->left->nextRight = p->right;
p->right->nextRight = getNextRight(p);
}
else
p->left->nextRight = getNextRight(p);
/* Recursively call for next level nodes. Note that we call only
for left child. The call for left child will call for right child */
connectRecur(p->left);
}
/* If left child is NULL then first node of next level will either be
p->right or getNextRight(p) */
else if (p->right)
{
p->right->nextRight = getNextRight(p);
connectRecur(p->right);
}
else
connectRecur(getNextRight(p));
301
}
/* This function returns the leftmost child of nodes at the same level as p.
This function is used to getNExt right of p's right child
If right child of p is NULL then this can also be used for the left child */
struct node *getNextRight(struct node *p)
{
struct node *temp = p->nextRight;
/* Traverse nodes at p's level and find and return

the first node's first child */
while(temp != NULL)
{
if(temp->left != NULL)
return temp->left;
if(temp->right != NULL)
return temp->right;
temp = temp->nextRight;
}
// If all the nodes at p's level are leaf nodes then return NULL
return NULL;
}
An Iterative Solution
The recursive approach discussed above can be easily converted to iterative. In
the iterative version, we use nested loop. The outer loop, goes through all the
levels and the inner loop goes through all the nodes at every level. This solution
uses constant space.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct node
{
int data;
struct node *left;
struct node *right;
struct node *nextRight;
};
302
/* This function returns the leftmost child of nodes at the same level as p.
This function is used to getNExt right of p's right child
If right child of is NULL then this can also be sued for the left child */
struct node *getNextRight(struct node *p)
{
struct node *temp = p->nextRight;
/* Traverse nodes at p's level and find and return

the first node's first child */
while (temp != NULL)
{
if (temp->left != NULL)
return temp->left;
if (temp->right != NULL)
return temp->right;
temp = temp->nextRight;
}
// If all the nodes at p's level are leaf nodes then return NULL
return NULL;
}
/* Sets nextRight of all nodes of a tree with root as p */

void connect(struct node* p)
{
struct node *temp;
if (!p)
return;
// Set nextRight for root

// set nextRight of all levels one by one

while (p != NULL)
{
struct node *q = p;
/* Connect all childrem nodes of p and children nodes of all other nodes
at same level as p */
while (q != NULL)
{
// Set the nextRight pointer for p's left child
if (q->left)
{
// If q has right child, then right child is nextRight of
303
// p and we also need to set nextRight of right child
if (q->right)
q->left->nextRight = q->right;
else
q->left->nextRight = getNextRight(q);
}
if (q->right)
q->right->nextRight = getNextRight(q);
// Set nextRight for other nodes in pre order fashion

q = q->nextRight;
}
// start from the first node of next level

if (p->left)
p = p->left;
else if (p->right)
p = p->right;
else
p = getNextRight(p);
}
}
{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
node->nextRight = NULL;
return(node);
}

int main()
{

10
/ \
304
8 2
/ \
3 90
*/
root->right->right = newnode(90);

connect(root);
// Let us check the values of nextRight pointers

printf("Following are populated nextRight pointers in the tree "
"(-1 is printed if there is no nextRight) \n");
printf("nextRight of %d is %d \n", root->data,
root->nextRight? root->nextRight->data: -1);
printf("nextRight of %d is %d \n", root->left->data,
root->left->nextRight? root->left->nextRight->data: -1);
printf("nextRight of %d is %d \n", root->right->data,
root->right->nextRight? root->right->nextRight->data: -1);
printf("nextRight of %d is %d \n", root->left->left->data,
root->left->left->nextRight? root->left->left->nextRight->data: -1);
printf("nextRight of %d is %d \n", root->right->right->data,
root->right->right->nextRight? root->right->right->nextRight->data: -1);
getchar();
return 0;
}
Output:
Following are populated nextRight pointers in the tree (-1 is printed if

there is no nextRight)
nextRight of 10 is -1
nextRight of 8 is 2
nextRight of 3 is 90
305
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/connect-nodes-at-same-level-with-o1-extra-space/
Category: Trees
Post navigation
← Connect nodes at same level Find the maximum element in an array which
is first increasing and then decreasing →
306
Chapter 63
Construct Binary Tree from

given Parent Array
representation
Given an array that represents a tree in such a way array indexes are values in
tree nodes array values give the parent node of that particular index (or node).
The value of the root node index would always be -1 as there is no parent for
root. Construct the standard linked representation of given Binary Tree from
this given representation.
Input: parent[] = {1, 5, 5, 2, 2, -1, 3}

Output: root of below tree
5
/ \
1 2
/ / \
0 3 4
/
6
Explanation:
Index of -1 is 5. So 5 is root.
5 is present at indexes 1 and 2. So 1 and 2 are
children of 5.
1 is present at index 0, so 0 is child of 1.
2 is present at indexes 3 and 4. So 3 and 4 are
children of 2.
3 is present at index 6, so 6 is child of 3.
307
Input: parent[] = {-1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 3, 5};
Output: root of below tree
0
/ \
1 2
/ \
3 4
/
5
/
6
Expected time complexity is O(n) where n is number of elements in given array.
We strongly recommend to minimize your browser and try this

yourself first.
A Simple Solution to recursively construct by first searching the current root,
then recurring for the found indexes (there can be at most two indexes) and
making them left and right subtrees of root. This solution takes O(n2 ) as we
have to linearly search for every node.
An Efficient Solution can solve the above problem in O(n) time. The idea
is to use extra space. An array created[0..n-1] is used to keep track of created
nodes.
createTree(parent[], n)
1. Create an array of pointers say created[0..n-1]. The value of created[i] is

NULL if node for index i is not created, else value is pointer to the created
node.
2. Do following for every index i of given array
createNode(parent, i, created)
createNode(parent[], i, crated[])
1. If created[i] is not NULL, then node is already created. So return.

2. Create a new node with value ‘i’.
3. If parent[i] is -1 (i is root), make created node as root and return.
4. Check if parent of ‘i’ is created (We can check this by checking if cre-
ated[parent[i]] is NULL or not.
5. If parent is not created, recur for parent and create the parent first.
6. Let the pointer to parent be p. If p->left is NULL, then make the new
node as left child. Else make the new node as right child of parent.
308
// C++ program to construct a Binary Tree from parent array

// A tree node
struct Node
{
int key;
};

Node *newNode(int key)
{
temp->key = key;
return (temp);
}
// Creates a node with key as 'i'. If i is root, then it changes

// root. If parent of i is not created, then it creates parent first
void createNode(int parent[], int i, Node *created[], Node **root)
{
// If this node is already created
if (created[i] != NULL)
return;
// Create a new node and set created[i]

created[i] = newNode(i);
// If 'i' is root, change root pointer and return

if (parent[i] == -1)
{
*root = created[i];
return;
}
// If parent is not created, then create parent first

if (created[parent[i]] == NULL)
createNode(parent, parent[i], created, root);
// Find parent pointer
309
Node *p = created[parent[i]];
// If this is first child of parent

if (p->left == NULL)
p->left = created[i];
else // If second child
p->right = created[i];
}
// Creates tree from parent[0..n-1] and returns root of the created tree
Node *createTree(int parent[], int n)
{
// Create an array created[] to keep track
// of created nodes, initialize all entries
// as NULL
Node *created[n];
created[i] = NULL;
Node *root = NULL;

createNode(parent, i, created, &root);
return root;
}
// Utility function to do inorder traversal

void inorder(Node *root)
{
if (root != NULL)
{
inorder(root->left);
cout << root->key << " ";
inorder(root->right);
}
}
// Driver method
int main()
{
int parent[] = {-1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 3, 5};
int n = sizeof parent / sizeof parent[0];
Node *root = createTree(parent, n);
inorder(root);
return 0;
}
310
Output:
6 5 3 1 4 0 2
Similar Problem: Find Height of Binary Tree represented by Parent array

Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/construct-a-binary-tree-from-parent-array-representation/
Category: Trees
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311
Chapter 64
Construct Complete Binary

Tree from its Linked List
Representation
Given Linked List Representation of Complete Binary Tree, construct the Bi-
nary tree. A complete binary tree can be represented in an array in the following
approach.
If root node is stored at index i, its left, and right children are stored at indices
2*i+1, 2*i+2 respectively.
Suppose tree is represented by a linked list in same way, how do we convert this
into normal linked representation of binary tree where every node has data, left
and right pointers? In the linked list representation, we cannot directly access
the children of the current node unless we traverse the list.
312
We are mainly given level order traversal in sequential access form. We know
head of linked list is always is root of the tree. We take the first node as root
and we also know that the next two nodes are left and right children of root.
So we know partial Binary Tree. The idea is to do Level order traversal of the
partially built Binary Tree using queue and traverse the linked list at the same
time. At every step, we take the parent node from queue, make next two nodes
of linked list as children of the parent node, and enqueue the next two nodes to
queue.
1. Create an empty queue.
2. Make the first node of the list as root, and enqueue it to the queue.
3. Until we reach the end of the list, do the following.
………a. Dequeue one node from the queue. This is the current parent.
………b. Traverse two nodes in the list, add them as children of the current
parent.
………c. Enqueue the two nodes into the queue.
Below is the code which implements the same in C++.
// C++ program to create a Complete Binary tree from its Linked List
// Representation
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <queue>
// Linked list node

struct ListNode
{
int data;
ListNode* next;
};
// Binary tree node structure

struct BinaryTreeNode
{
int data;
BinaryTreeNode *left, *right;
};
// Function to insert a node at the beginning of the Linked List

void push(struct ListNode** head_ref, int new_data)
{
// allocate node and assign data
struct ListNode* new_node = new ListNode;
new_node->data = new_data;
313
// link the old list off the new node
new_node->next = (*head_ref);
// move the head to point to the new node

(*head_ref) = new_node;
}
// method to create a new binary tree node from the given data
BinaryTreeNode* newBinaryTreeNode(int data)
{
BinaryTreeNode *temp = new BinaryTreeNode;
temp->data = data;
return temp;
}
// converts a given linked list representing a complete binary tree into the
// linked representation of binary tree.
void convertList2Binary(ListNode *head, BinaryTreeNode* &root)
{
// queue to store the parent nodes
queue<BinaryTreeNode *> q;
// Base Case
if (head == NULL)
{
root = NULL; // Note that root is passed by reference
return;
}
// 1.) The first node is always the root node, and add it to the queue
root = newBinaryTreeNode(head->data);
q.push(root);
// advance the pointer to the next node

head = head->next;
// until the end of linked list is reached, do the following steps

while (head)
{
// 2.a) take the parent node from the q and remove it from q
BinaryTreeNode* parent = q.front();
q.pop();
// 2.c) take next two nodes from the linked list. We will add
314
// them as children of the current parent node in step 2.b. Push them
// into the queue so that they will be parents to the future nodes
BinaryTreeNode *leftChild = NULL, *rightChild = NULL;
leftChild = newBinaryTreeNode(head->data);
q.push(leftChild);
head = head->next;
if (head)
{
rightChild = newBinaryTreeNode(head->data);
q.push(rightChild);
head = head->next;
}
// 2.b) assign the left and right children of parent

parent->left = leftChild;
parent->right = rightChild;
}
}
// Utility function to traverse the binary tree after conversion

void inorderTraversal(BinaryTreeNode* root)
{
if (root)
{
inorderTraversal( root->left );
inorderTraversal( root->right );
}
}

int main()
{
// create a linked list shown in above diagram
struct ListNode* head = NULL;
push(&head, 36); /* Last node of Linked List */
push(&head, 30);
push(&head, 25);
push(&head, 15);
push(&head, 12);
push(&head, 10); /* First node of Linked List */
BinaryTreeNode *root;
convertList2Binary(head, root);
cout << "Inorder Traversal of the constructed Binary Tree is: \n";
315
inorderTraversal(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
Inorder Traversal of the constructed Binary Tree is:

25 12 30 10 36 15
Time Complexity: Time complexity of the above solution is O(n) where n is

the number of nodes.
This article is compiled by Ravi Chandra Enaganti. Please write comments
if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/given-linked-list-representation-of-complete-tree-convert-it-to-linked-represent
Category: Trees Tags: Queue
316
Chapter 65
Write an Efficient C
Function to Convert a
Binary Tree into its Mirror
Tree
Mirror of a Tree: Mirror of a Binary Tree T is another Binary Tree M(T) with
left and right children of all non-leaf nodes interchanged.
Trees in the below figure are mirror of each other
Algorithm – Mirror(tree):
317
(1) Call Mirror for left-subtree i.e., Mirror(left-subtree)
(2) Call Mirror for right-subtree i.e., Mirror(right-subtree)
(3) Swap left and right subtrees.
temp = left-subtree
left-subtree = right-subtree
right-subtree = temp
Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
/* Change a tree so that the roles of the left and

right pointers are swapped at every node.
So the tree...
4
318
/ \
2 5
/ \
1 3
is changed to...
4
/ \
5 2
/ \
3 1
*/
void mirror(struct node* node)
{
if (node==NULL)
return;
else
{
struct node* temp;
/* do the subtrees */
mirror(node->left);
mirror(node->right);
/* swap the pointers in this node */

temp = node->left;
node->left = node->right;
node->right = temp;
}
}
/* Helper function to test mirror(). Given a binary

search tree, print out its data elements in
increasing sorted order.*/
void inOrder(struct node* node)
{
if (node == NULL)
return;
inOrder(node->left);
inOrder(node->right);
}
319
int main()
{
/* Print inorder traversal of the input tree */

inOrder(root);
/* Convert tree to its mirror */

mirror(root);
/* Print inorder traversal of the mirror tree */

printf("\n Inorder traversal of the mirror tree is \n");
inOrder(root);
getchar();
return 0;
}
Time & Space Complexities: This program is similar to traversal of tree

space and time complexities will be same as Tree traversal (Please see our Tree
Traversal post for details)
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/write-an-efficient-c-function-to-convert-a-tree-into-its-mirror-tree/
Category: Trees Tags: Convert to Mirror, Get the Mirror, Mirror Tree, Tree
Traveral, Trees
320
Chapter 66
Convert a Binary Tree to

Threaded binary tree
We have discussed Threaded Binary Tree. The idea of threaded binary trees is
to make inorder traversal faster and do it without stack and without recursion.
In a simple threaded binary tree, the NULL right pointers are used to store
inorder successor. Where-ever a right pointer is NULL, it is used to store inorder
successor.
Following diagram shows an example Single Threaded Binary Tree. The dotted
lines represent threads.
Following is structure of single threaded binary tree.
321
struct Node
{
int key;
Node *left, *right;
// Used to indicate whether the right pointer is a normal right

// pointer or a pointer to inorder successor.
bool isThreaded;
};
How to convert a Given Binary Tree to Threaded Binary Tree?

We basically need to set NULL right pointers to inorder successor. We first do
an inorder traversal of the tree and store it in a queue (we can use a simple
array also) so that the inorder successor becomes the next node. We again do
an inorder traversal and whenever we find a node whose right is NULL, we take
the front item from queuue and make it the right of current node. We also set
isThreaded to true to indicate that the right pointer is a threaded link.
Following is C++ implementation of the above idea.
/* C++ program to convert a Binary Tree to Threaded Tree */

#include <iostream>
#include <queue>
/* Structure of a node in threaded binary tree */

struct Node
{
int key;
Node *left, *right;
// Used to indicate whether the right pointer is a normal

// right pointer or a pointer to inorder successor.
bool isThreaded;
};
// Helper function to put the Nodes in inorder into queue

void populateQueue(Node *root, std::queue <Node *> *q)
{
if (root == NULL) return;
if (root->left)
populateQueue(root->left, q);
q->push(root);
322
if (root->right)
populateQueue(root->right, q);
}
// Function to traverse queue, and make tree threaded

void createThreadedUtil(Node *root, std::queue <Node *> *q)
{
if (root->left)
createThreadedUtil(root->left, q);
q->pop();
if (root->right)
createThreadedUtil(root->right, q);
// If right pointer is NULL, link it to the

// inorder successor and set 'isThreaded' bit.
else
{
root->right = q->front();
root->isThreaded = true;
}
}
// This function uses populateQueue() and

// createThreadedUtil() to convert a given binary tree
// to threaded tree.
void createThreaded(Node *root)
{
// Create a queue to store inorder traversal
std::queue <Node *> q;
// Store inorder traversal in queue

populateQueue(root, &q);
// Link NULL right pointers to inorder successor

createThreadedUtil(root, &q);
}
// A utility function to find leftmost node in a binary

// tree rooted with 'root'. This function is used in inOrder()
Node *leftMost(Node *root)
{
while (root != NULL && root->left != NULL)
root = root->left;
323
return root;
}
// Function to do inorder traversal of a threadded binary tree

void inOrder(Node *root)
{
// Find the leftmost node in Binary Tree

Node *cur = leftMost(root);
while (cur != NULL)

{
cout << cur->key << " ";
// If this Node is a thread Node, then go to

// inorder successor
if (cur->isThreaded)
cur = cur->right;
else // Else go to the leftmost child in right subtree

cur = leftMost(cur->right);
}
}

{
temp->key = key;
return temp;
}

int main()
{
/* 1
/ \
2 3
/ \ / \
4 5 6 7 */
324
createThreaded(root);
cout << "Inorder traversal of creeated threaded tree is\n";

inOrder(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
Inorder traversal of creeated threaded tree is

4 2 5 1 6 3 7
This article is contributed by Minhaz. Please write comments if you find

discussed above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/convert-binary-tree-threaded-binary-tree/
Category: Trees
325
Chapter 67
Convert a given Binary

Tree to Doubly Linked List
| Set 1
Given a Binary Tree (Bt), convert it to a Doubly Linked List(DLL). The left and
right pointers in nodes are to be used as previous and next pointers respectively
in converted DLL. The order of nodes in DLL must be same as Inorder of the
given Binary Tree. The first node of Inorder traversal (left most node in BT)
must be head node of the DLL.
I came across this interview during one of my interviews. A similar problem is
discussed in this post. The problem here is simpler as we don’t need to create
circular DLL, but a simple DLL. The idea behind its solution is quite simple
and straight.
1. If left subtree exists, process the left subtree
…..1.a) Recursively convert the left subtree to DLL.
…..1.b) Then find inorder predecessor of root in left subtree (inorder predecessor
is rightmost node in left subtree).
…..1.c) Make inorder predecessor as previous of root and root as next of inorder
predecessor.
2. If right subtree exists, process the right subtree (Below 3 steps are similar to
left subtree).
…..2.a) Recursively convert the right subtree to DLL.
…..2.b) Then find inorder successor of root in right subtree (inorder successor
is leftmost node in right subtree).
…..2.c) Make inorder successor as next of root and root as previous of inorder
successor.
3. Find the leftmost node and return it (the leftmost node is always head of
326
converted DLL).
Below is the source code for above algorithm.
// A C++ program for in-place conversion of Binary Tree to DLL

#include <stdio.h>
/* A binary tree node has data, and left and right pointers */
struct node
{
int data;
node* left;
node* right;
};
/* This is the core function to convert Tree to list. This function follows
steps 1 and 2 of the above algorithm */
node* bintree2listUtil(node* root)
{
// Base case
if (root == NULL)
return root;
// Convert the left subtree and link to root

if (root->left != NULL)
{
// Convert the left subtree
node* left = bintree2listUtil(root->left);
// Find inorder predecessor. After this loop, left

// will point to the inorder predecessor
for (; left->right!=NULL; left=left->right);
// Make root as next of the predecessor

left->right = root;
// Make predecssor as previous of root

root->left = left;
}
// Convert the right subtree and link to root

if (root->right!=NULL)
{
// Convert the right subtree
node* right = bintree2listUtil(root->right);
327
// Find inorder successor. After this loop, right
// will point to the inorder successor
for (; right->left!=NULL; right = right->left);
// Make root as previous of successor

right->left = root;
// Make successor as next of root

root->right = right;
}
return root;
}
// The main function that first calls bintree2listUtil(), then follows step 3
// of the above algorithm
node* bintree2list(node *root)
{
// Base case
if (root == NULL)
return root;
// Convert to DLL using bintree2listUtil()

root = bintree2listUtil(root);
// bintree2listUtil() returns root node of the converted

// DLL. We need pointer to the leftmost node which is
// head of the constructed DLL, so move to the leftmost node
while (root->left != NULL)
root = root->left;
return (root);
}

{
node* new_node = new node;
new_node->data = data;
new_node->left = new_node->right = NULL;
return (new_node);
}
/* Function to print nodes in a given doubly linked list */
328
void printList(node *node)
{
while (node!=NULL)
{
node = node->right;
}
}

int main()
{
// Let us create the tree shown in above diagram
// Convert to DLL
node *head = bintree2list(root);
// Print the converted list

printList(head);
return 0;
}
Output:
25 12 30 10 36 15
This article is compiled by Ashish Mangla and reviewed by GeeksforGeeks

You may also like to see Convert a given Binary Tree to Doubly Linked List |
Set 2 for another simple and efficient solution.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/in-place-convert-a-given-binary-tree-to-doubly-linked-list/
329
Category: Trees
330
Chapter 68

| Set 2
Given a Binary Tree (BT), convert it to a Doubly Linked List(DLL). The left and
right pointers in nodes are to be used as previous and next pointers respectively
in converted DLL. The order of nodes in DLL must be same as Inorder of the
given Binary Tree. The first node of Inorder traversal (left most node in BT)
must be head node of the DLL.
A solution to this problem is discussed in this post.
In this post, another simple and efficient solution is discussed. The solution
discussed here has two simple steps.
1) Fix Left Pointers: In this step, we change left pointers to point to previous
nodes in DLL. The idea is simple, we do inorder traversal of tree. In inorder
traversal, we keep track of previous visited node and change left pointer to the
previous node. See fixPrevPtr() in below implementation.
2) Fix Right Pointers: The above is intuitive and simple. How to change
right pointers to point to next node in DLL? The idea is to use left pointers
fixed in step 1. We start from the rightmost node in Binary Tree (BT). The
rightmost node is the last node in DLL. Since left pointers are changed to point
to previous node in DLL, we can linearly traverse the complete DLL using these
pointers. The traversal would be from last to first node. While traversing the
DLL, we keep track of the previously visited node and change the right pointer
to the previous node. See fixNextPtr() in below implementation.
// A simple inorder traversal based program to convert a Binary Tree to DLL
331
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
// A tree node
struct node
{
int data;
};

struct node *newNode(int data)
{
struct node *node = (struct node *)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
node->data = data;
return(node);
}
// Standard Inorder traversal of tree

void inorder(struct node *root)
{
if (root != NULL)
{
printf("\t%d",root->data);
}
}
// Changes left pointers to work as previous pointers in converted DLL

// The function simply does inorder traversal of Binary Tree and updates
// left pointer using previously visited node
void fixPrevPtr(struct node *root)
{
static struct node *pre = NULL;
if (root != NULL)
{
fixPrevPtr(root->left);
root->left = pre;
pre = root;
fixPrevPtr(root->right);
}
}
332
// Changes right pointers to work as next pointers in converted DLL
struct node *fixNextPtr(struct node *root)
{
struct node *prev = NULL;
// Find the right most node in BT or last node in DLL

while (root && root->right != NULL)
root = root->right;
// Start from the rightmost node, traverse back using left pointers.
// While traversing, change right pointer of nodes.
while (root && root->left != NULL)
{
prev = root;
root = root->left;
root->right = prev;
}
// The leftmost node is head of linked list, return it

return (root);
}
// The main function that converts BST to DLL and returns head of DLL
struct node *BTToDLL(struct node *root)
{
// Set the previous pointer
fixPrevPtr(root);
// Set the next pointer and return head of DLL

return fixNextPtr(root);
}
// Traverses the DLL from left tor right

void printList(struct node *root)
{
while (root != NULL)
{
printf("\t%d", root->data);
root = root->right;
}
}

int main(void)
{
333
printf("\n\t\tInorder Tree Traversal\n\n");

inorder(root);
struct node *head = BTToDLL(root);
printf("\n\n\t\tDLL Traversal\n\n");
printList(head);
return 0;
}
Output:
25 12 30 10 36 15
DLL Traversal
25 12 30 10 36 15
Time Complexity: O(n) where n is the number of nodes in given Binary Tree.
The solution simply does two traversals of all Binary Tree nodes.
This article is contributed by Bala. Please write comments if you find anything
above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/convert-a-given-binary-tree-to-doubly-linked-list-set-2/
Category: Trees
334
Chapter 69

| Set 3
Given a Binary Tree (BT), convert it to a Doubly Linked List(DLL) In-Place.

The left and right pointers in nodes are to be used as previous and next pointers
respectively in converted DLL. The order of nodes in DLL must be same as
Inorder of the given Binary Tree. The first node of Inorder traversal (left most
node in BT) must be head node of the DLL.
Following two different solutions have been discussed for this problem.
Convert a given Binary Tree to Doubly Linked List | Set 1
Convert a given Binary Tree to Doubly Linked List | Set 2

In this post, a third solution is discussed which seems to be the simplest of
all. The idea is to do inorder traversal of the binary tree. While doing inorder
traversal, keep track of the previously visited node in a variable say prev. For
every visited node, make it next of prev and previous of this node as prev.
Thanks to rahul, wishall and all other readers for their useful comments on the
above two posts.
Following is C++ implementation of this solution.
// A C++ program for in-place conversion of Binary Tree to DLL

#include <iostream>
335
/* A binary tree node has data, and left and right pointers */
struct node
{
int data;
node* left;
node* right;
};
// A simple recursive function to convert a given Binary tree to Doubly

// Linked List
// root --> Root of Binary Tree
// head --> Pointer to head node of created doubly linked list
void BinaryTree2DoubleLinkedList(node *root, node **head)
{
// Base case
// Initialize previously visited node as NULL. This is

// static so that the same value is accessible in all recursive
// calls
static node* prev = NULL;
// Recursively convert left subtree

BinaryTree2DoubleLinkedList(root->left, head);
// Now convert this node

if (prev == NULL)
*head = root;
else
{
root->left = prev;
prev->right = root;
}
prev = root;
// Finally convert right subtree

BinaryTree2DoubleLinkedList(root->right, head);
}

{
node* new_node = new node;
336
new_node->data = data;
new_node->left = new_node->right = NULL;
return (new_node);
}
/* Function to print nodes in a given doubly linked list */

void printList(node *node)
{
while (node!=NULL)
{
cout << node->data << " ";
node = node->right;
}
}

int main()
{
// Convert to DLL
node *head = NULL;
BinaryTree2DoubleLinkedList(root, &head);
// Print the converted list

printList(head);
return 0;
}
Output:
25 12 30 10 36 15
Note that use of static variables like above is not a recommended practice (we
have used static for simplicity). Imagine a situation where same function is
337
called for two or more trees, the old value of prev would be used in next call for
a different tree. To avoid such problems, we can use double pointer or reference
to a pointer.
Time Complexity: The above program does a simple inorder traversal, so time
complexity is O(n) where n is the number of nodes in given binary tree.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/convert-given-binary-tree-doubly-linked-list-set-3/
338
Chapter 70
Convert a given tree to its

Sum Tree
Given a Binary Tree where each node has positive and negative values. Convert
this to a tree where each node contains the sum of the left and right sub trees
in the original tree. The values of leaf nodes are changed to 0.
For example, the following tree
10
/ \
-2 6
/ \ / \
8 -4 7 5
should be changed to
20(4-2+12+6)
/ \
4(8-4) 12(7+5)
/ \ / \
0 0 0 0
339
Solution:
Do a traversal of the given tree. In the traversal, store the old value of the
current node, recursively call for left and right subtrees and change the value of
current node as sum of the values returned by the recursive calls. Finally return
the sum of new value and value (which is sum of values in the subtree rooted
with this node).
#include<stdio.h>

struct node
{
int data;
struct node *left;
struct node *right;
};
// Convert a given tree to a tree where every node contains sum of values of
// nodes in left and right subtrees in the original tree
int toSumTree(struct node *node)
{
// Base case
if(node == NULL)
return 0;
// Store the old value

int old_val = node->data;
// Recursively call for left and right subtrees and store the sum as
// new value of this node
node->data = toSumTree(node->left) + toSumTree(node->right);
// Return the sum of values of nodes in left and right subtrees and
// old_value of this node
return node->data + old_val;
}
// A utility function to print inorder traversal of a Binary Tree

{
if (node == NULL)
return;
340
}

{
temp->data = data;
temp->left = NULL;
temp->right = NULL;
return temp;
}

int main()
{
int x;

root = newNode(10);
root->left = newNode(-2);
root->left->right = newNode(-4);
toSumTree(root);
// Print inorder traversal of the converted tree to test result of toSumTree()

printf("Inorder Traversal of the resultant tree is: \n");
printInorder(root);
getchar();
return 0;
}
Output:
Inorder Traversal of the resultant tree is:

0 4 0 20 0 12 0
341
Time Complexity: The solution involves a simple traversal of the given tree. So
the time complexity is O(n) where n is the number of nodes in the given Binary
Tree.
See thisforum thread for the original question. Please write comments if you
discussed above.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/convert-a-given-tree-to-sum-tree/
Category: Trees
342
Chapter 71
Convert an arbitrary
Binary Tree to a tree that
holds Children Sum
Property
Question: Given an arbitrary binary tree, convert it to a binary tree that holds
Children Sum Property. You can only increment data values in any node (You
cannot change structure of tree and cannot decrement value of any node).
For example, the below tree doesn’t hold the children sum property, convert it
to a tree that holds the property.
50
/ \
/ \
7 2
/ \ /\
/ \ / \
3 5 1 30
Algorithm:
Traverse given tree in post order to convert it, i.e., first change left and right
children to hold the children sum property then change the parent node.
Let difference between node’s data and children sum be diff.
343
diff = node’s children sum - node’s data
If diff is 0 then nothing needs to be done.

If diff > 0 ( node’s data is smaller than node’s children sum) increment the
node’s data by diff.
If diff 50 / \ / \ 8 2 / \ /\ / \ / \ 3 5 1 30
Then convert the right subtree (increment 2 to 31)
50
/ \
/ \
8 31
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
3 5 1 30
Now convert the root, we have to increment left subtree for converting the root.
50
/ \
/ \
19 31
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
14 5 1 30
Please note the last step – we have incremented 8 to 19, and to fix the subtree
we have incremented 3 to 14.
Implementation:
/* Program to convert an aribitary binary tree to

a tree that holds children sum property */
344
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* This function is used to increment left subtree */

void increment(struct node* node, int diff);

pointers. */
/* This function changes a tree to to hold children sum

property */
void convertTree(struct node* node)
{
int left_data = 0, right_data = 0, diff;
/* If tree is empty or it's a leaf node then

return true */
if (node == NULL ||
return;
else
{
/* convert left and right subtrees */
convertTree(node->left);
convertTree(node->right);
/* If left child is not present then 0 is used

as data of left child */
left_data = node->left->data;
/* If right child is not present then 0 is used

as data of right child */
right_data = node->right->data;
345
/* get the diff of node's data and children sum */
diff = left_data + right_data - node->data;
/* If node's children sum is greater than the node's data */

if (diff > 0)
node->data = node->data + diff;
/* THIS IS TRICKY --> If node's data is greater than children sum,

then increment subtree by diff */
if (diff < 0)
increment(node, -diff); // -diff is used to make diff positive
}
}
/* This function is used to increment subtree by diff */

void increment(struct node* node, int diff)
{
/* IF left child is not NULL then increment it */
if(node->left != NULL)
{
node->left->data = node->left->data + diff;
// Recursively call to fix the descendants of node->left

increment(node->left, diff);
}
else if (node->right != NULL) // Else increment right child
{
node->right->data = node->right->data + diff;
// Recursively call to fix the descendants of node->right

increment(node->right, diff);
}
}
/* Given a binary tree, printInorder() prints out its

inorder traversal*/
{
if (node == NULL)
return;


346
}

pointers. */
{
struct node* node =
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}

int main()
{
printf("\n Inorder traversal before conversion ");

printInorder(root);
convertTree(root);
printf("\n Inorder traversal after conversion ");

printInorder(root);
getchar();
return 0;
}
Time Complexity: O(nˆ2), Worst case complexity is for a skewed tree such
that nodes are in decreasing order from root to leaf.
347
Please write comments if you find any bug in the above algorithm or a better
way to solve the same problem.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/convert-an-arbitrary-binary-tree-to-a-tree-that-holds-children-sum-property/
348
Chapter 72
Custom Tree Problem
You are given a set of links, e.g.
a ---> b
b ---> c
b ---> d
a ---> e
Print the tree that would form when each pair of these links that has the same
character as start and end point is joined together. You have to maintain fidelity
w.r.t. the height of nodes, i.e. nodes at height n from root should be printed at
same row or column. For set of links given above, tree printed should be –
-->a
|-->b
| |-->c
| |-->d
|-->e
Note that these links need not form a single tree; they could form, ahem, a
forest. Consider the following links
a ---> b
a ---> g
b ---> c
c ---> d
349
d ---> e
c ---> f
z ---> y
y ---> x
x ---> w
The output would be following forest.
-->a
|-->b
| |-->c
| | |-->d
| | | |-->e
| | |-->f
|-->g
-->z
|-->y
| |-->x
| | |-->w
You can assume that given links can form a tree or forest of trees only, and
there are no duplicates among links.
Solution: The idea is to maintain two arrays, one array for tree nodes and
other for trees themselves (we call this array forest). An element of the node
array contains the TreeNode object that corresponds to respective character. An
element of the forest array contains Tree object that corresponds to respective
root of tree.
It should be obvious that the crucial part is creating the forest here, once it
is created, printing it out in required format is straightforward. To create the
forest, following procedure is used –
Do following for each input link,

1. If start of link is not present in node array
Create TreeNode objects for start character
Add entries of start in both arrays.
2. If end of link is not present in node array
Create TreeNode objects for start character
Add entry of end in node array.
3. If end of link is present in node array.
350
If end of link is present in forest array, then remove it
from there.
4. Add an edge (in tree) between start and end nodes of link.
It should be clear that this procedure runs in linear time in number of nodes as
well as of links – it makes only one pass over the links. It also requires linear
space in terms of alphabet size.
Following is Java implementation of above algorithm. In the following imple-
mentation characters are assumed to be only lower case characters from ‘a’ to
‘z’.
// Java program to create a custom tree from a given set of links.
// The main class that represents tree and has main method
public class Tree {
private TreeNode root;
/* Returns an array of trees from links input. Links are assumed to

be Strings of the form "<s> <e>" where <s> and <e> are starting
and ending points for the link. The returned array is of size 26
and has non-null values at indexes corresponding to roots of trees
in output */
public Tree[] buildFromLinks(String [] links) {
// Create two arrays for nodes and forest

TreeNode[] nodes = new TreeNode[26];
Tree[] forest = new Tree[26];
// Process each link

for (String link : links) {
// Find the two ends of current link

String[] ends = link.split(" ");
int start = (int) (ends[0].charAt(0) - 'a'); // Start node
int end = (int) (ends[1].charAt(0) - 'a'); // End node
// If start of link not seen before, add it two both arrays

if (nodes[start] == null)
{
nodes[start] = new TreeNode((char) (start + 'a'));
351
// Note that it may be removed later when this character is
// last character of a link. For example, let we first see
// a--->b, then c--->a. We first add 'a' to array of trees
// and when we see link c--->a, we remove it from trees array.
forest[start] = new Tree(nodes[start]);
}
// If end of link is not seen before, add it to the nodes array

if (nodes[end] == null)
nodes[end] = new TreeNode((char) (end + 'a'));
// If end of link is seen before, remove it from forest if

// it exists there.
else forest[end] = null;
// Establish Parent-Child Relationship between Start and End

nodes[start].addChild(nodes[end], end);
}
return forest;
}
// Constructor
public Tree(TreeNode root) { this.root = root; }
public static void printForest(String[] links)

{
Tree t = new Tree(new TreeNode('\0'));
for (Tree t1 : t.buildFromLinks(links)) {
if (t1 != null)
{
t1.root.printTreeIdented("");
System.out.println("");
}
}
}
// Driver method to test

public static void main(String[] args) {
String [] links1 = {"a b", "b c", "b d", "a e"};
System.out.println("------------ Forest 1 ----------------");
printForest(links1);
String [] links2 = {"a b", "a g", "b c", "c d", "d e", "c f",
"z y", "y x", "x w"};
System.out.println("------------ Forest 2 ----------------");
printForest(links2);
352
}
}
// Class to represent a tree node

class TreeNode {
TreeNode []children;
char c;
// Adds a child 'n' to this node

public void addChild(TreeNode n, int index) { this.children[index] = n;}
// Constructor
public TreeNode(char c) { this.c = c; this.children = new TreeNode[26];}
// Recursive method to print indented tree rooted with this node.

public void printTreeIdented(String indent) {
System.out.println(indent + "-->" + c);
for (TreeNode child : children) {
if (child != null)
child.printTreeIdented(indent + " |");
}
}
}
Output:
------------ Forest 1 ----------------

-->a
|-->b
| |-->c
| |-->d
|-->e
------------ Forest 2 ----------------

-->a
|-->b
| |-->c
| | |-->d
| | | |-->e
| | |-->f
|-->g
353
-->z
|-->y
| |-->x
| | |-->w
Exercise:
In the above implementation, endpoints of input links are assumed to be from set
of only 26 characters. Extend the implementation where endpoints are strings
of any length.
This article is contributed by Ciphe. Please write comments if you find anything
incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/custom-tree-problem/
354
Chapter 73
Deepest left leaf node in a

binary tree
Given a Binary Tree, find the deepest leaf node that is left child of its parent.
For example, consider the following tree. The deepest left leaf node is the node
with value 9.
1
/ \
2 3
/ / \
4 5 6
\ \
7 8
/ \
9 10
The idea is to recursively traverse the given binary tree and while traversing,
maintain “level” which will store the current node’s level in the tree. If current
node is left leaf, then check if its level is more than the level of deepest left
leaf seen so far. If level is more then update the result. If current node is not
leaf, then recursively find maximum depth in left and right subtrees, and return
maximum of the two depths. Thanks to Coder011for suggesting this approach.
// A C++ program to find the deepest left leaf in a given binary tree
355
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream>
struct Node
{
int val;
};

{
temp->val = data;
return temp;
}
// A utility function to find deepest leaf node.

// lvl: level of current node.
// maxlvl: pointer to the deepest left leaf node found so far
// isLeft: A bool indicate that this node is left child of its parent
// resPtr: Pointer to the result
void deepestLeftLeafUtil(Node *root, int lvl, int *maxlvl,
bool isLeft, Node **resPtr)
{
// Base case
if (root == NULL)
return;
// Update result if this node is left leaf and its level is more
// than the maxl level of the current result
if (isLeft && !root->left && !root->right && lvl > *maxlvl)
{
*resPtr = root;
*maxlvl = lvl;
return;
}

deepestLeftLeafUtil(root->left, lvl+1, maxlvl, true, resPtr);
deepestLeftLeafUtil(root->right, lvl+1, maxlvl, false, resPtr);
}
// A wrapper over deepestLeftLeafUtil().

Node* deepestLeftLeaf(Node *root)
356
{
int maxlevel = 0;
Node *result = NULL;
deepestLeftLeafUtil(root, 0, &maxlevel, false, &result);
return result;
}

int main()
{
Node* root = newNode(1);
Node *result = deepestLeftLeaf(root);

if (result)
cout << "The deepest left child is " << result->val;
else
cout << "There is no left leaf in the given tree";
return 0;
}
Output:
The deepest left child is 9
complexity is O(n).
This article is contributed by Abhay Rathi. Please write comments if you
discussed above
357
Source
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Category: Trees
358
Chapter 74
Double Tree
Write a program that converts a given tree to its Double tree. To create Double
tree of the given tree, create a new duplicate for each node, and insert the
duplicate as the left child of the original node.
So the tree…
2
/ \
1 3
is changed to…
2
/ \
2 3
/ /
1 3
/
1
And the tree
1
/ \
359
2 3
/ \
4 5
is changed to
1
/ \
1 3
/ /
2 3
/ \
2 5
/ /
4 5
/
4
Algorithm:
Recursively convert the tree to double tree in postorder fashion. For each node,
first convert the left subtree of the node, then right subtree, finally create a
duplicate node of the node and fix the left child of the node and left child of left
child.
Implementation:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* function to create a new node of tree and returns pointer */
360
/* Function to convert a tree to double tree */

void doubleTree(struct node* node)
{
struct node* oldLeft;
doubleTree(node->left);
doubleTree(node->right);
/* duplicate this node to its left */

oldLeft = node->left;
node->left = newNode(node->data);
node->left->left = oldLeft;
}
/* UTILITY FUNCTIONS TO TEST doubleTree() FUNCTION */

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
/* Given a binary tree, print its nodes in inorder*/

{
if (node == NULL)
return;
}
361
int main()
{

1
/ \
2 3
/ \
4 5
*/
printf("Inorder traversal of the original tree is \n");

printInorder(root);
doubleTree(root);
printf("\n Inorder traversal of the double tree is \n");

printInorder(root);
getchar();
return 0;
}
Time Complexity: O(n) where n is the number of nodes in the tree.

References:
Please write comments if you find any bug in above code/algorithm, or find
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/double-tree/
Category: Trees
362
Chapter 75
Expression Tree
Expression tree is a binary tree in which each internal node corresponds to

operator and each leaf node corresponds to operand so for example expression
tree for 3 + ((5+9)*2) would be:
Inorder traversal of expression tree produces infix version of given postfix ex-
363
pression (same with preorder traversal it gives prefix expression)
Evaluating the expression represented by expression tree:
Let t be the expression tree

If t is not null then
If t.value is operand then
Return t.value
A = solve(t.left)
B = solve(t.right)
// calculate applies operator 't.value'

// on A and B, and returns value
Return calculate(A, B, t.value)
Construction of Expression Tree:

Now For constructing expression tree we use a stack. We loop through input
expression and do following for every character.
1) If character is operand push that into stack
2) If character is operator pop two values from stack make them its child and
push current node again.
At the end only element of stack will be root of expression tree.
Below is C++ implementation t
// C++ program for expression tree

// An expression tree node

struct et
{
char value;
et* left, *right;
};
// A utility function to check if 'c'

// is an operator
bool isOperator(char c)
{
if (c == '+' || c == '-' ||
c == '*' || c == '/' ||
364
c == '^')
return true;
return false;
}
// Utility function to do inorder traversal

void inorder(et *t)
{
if(t)
{
inorder(t->left);
printf("%c ", t->value);
inorder(t->right);
}
}

et* newNode(int v)
{
et *temp = new et;
temp->value = v;
return temp;
};
// Returns root of constructed tree for given

// postfix expression
et* constructTree(char postfix[])
{
stack<et *> st;
et *t, *t1, *t2;
// Traverse through every character of

// input expression
for (int i=0; i<strlen(postfix); i++)
{
// If operand, simply push into stack
if (!isOperator(postfix[i]))
{
t = newNode(postfix[i]);
st.push(t);
}
else // operator
{
t = newNode(postfix[i]);
365
// Pop two top nodes
t1 = st.top(); // Store top
st.pop(); // Remove top
t2 = st.top();
st.pop();
// make them children

t->right = t1;
t->left = t2;
// Add this subexpression to stack

st.push(t);
}
}
// only element will be root of expression

// tree
t = st.top();
st.pop();
return t;
}
// Driver program to test above

int main()
{
char postfix[] = "ab+ef*g*-";
et* r = constructTree(postfix);
printf("infix expression is \n");
inorder(r);
return 0;
}
Output:
infix expression is
a + b - e * f * g
This article is contributed by Utkarsh Trivedi. Please write comments if you

discussed above.
366
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/expression-tree/
Category: Trees
367
Chapter 76
Extract Leaves of a Binary

Tree in a Doubly Linked
List
Given a Binary Tree, extract all leaves of it in a Doubly Linked List (DLL).
Note that the DLL need to be created in-place. Assume that the node structure
of DLL and Binary Tree is same, only the meaning of left and right pointers are
different. In DLL, left means previous pointer and right means next pointer.
Let the following be input binary tree

1
/ \
2 3
/ \ \
4 5 6
/ \ / \
7 8 9 10
Output:
Doubly Linked List
785910
Modified Tree:
1
/ \
2 3
368
/ \
4 6
We need to traverse all leaves and connect them by changing their left and right
pointers. We also need to remove them from Binary Tree by changing left or
right pointers in parent nodes. There can be many ways to solve this. In the
following implementation, we add leaves at the beginning of current linked list
and update head of the list using pointer to head pointer. Since we insert at
the beginning, we need to process leaves in reverse order. For reverse order, we
first traverse the right subtree then the left subtree. We use return values to
update left or right pointers in parent nodes.
// C program to extract leaves of a Binary Tree in a Doubly Linked List

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
// Structure for tree and linked list

struct Node
{
int data;
};
// Main function which extracts all leaves from given Binary Tree.
// The function returns new root of Binary Tree (Note that root may change
// if Binary Tree has only one node). The function also sets *head_ref as
// head of doubly linked list. left pointer of tree is used as prev in DLL
// and right pointer is used as next
struct Node* extractLeafList(struct Node *root, struct Node **head_ref)
{
// Base cases
if (root == NULL) return NULL;

{
// This node is going to be added to doubly linked list
// of leaves, set right pointer of this node as previous
// head of DLL. We don't need to set left pointer as left
// is already NULL
root->right = *head_ref;
// Change left pointer of previous head
369
if (*head_ref != NULL) (*head_ref)->left = root;
// Change head of linked list

*head_ref = root;
return NULL; // Return new root

}
// Recur for right and left subtrees

root->right = extractLeafList(root->right, head_ref);
root->left = extractLeafList(root->left, head_ref);
return root;
}
// Utility function for allocating node for Binary Tree.

{
struct Node* node = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
node->data = data;
return node;
}
// Utility function for printing tree in In-Order.

void print(struct Node *root)
{
if (root != NULL)
{
print(root->left);
print(root->right);
}
}
// Utility function for printing double linked list.

void printList(struct Node *head)
{
while (head)
{
printf("%d ", head->data);
head = head->right;
}
}
370
int main()
{
struct Node *head = NULL;
printf("Inorder Trvaersal of given Tree is:\n");

print(root);
root = extractLeafList(root, &head);
printf("\nExtracted Double Linked list is:\n");

printList(head);
printf("\nInorder traversal of modified tree is:\n");

print(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
Inorder Trvaersal of given Tree is:

7 4 8 2 5 1 3 9 6 10
Extracted Double Linked list is:
7 8 5 9 10
Inorder traversal of modified tree is:
4 2 1 3 6
Time Complexity: O(n), the solution does a single traversal of given Binary
Tree.
371
Source
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Category: Trees
372
Chapter 77
Find all possible

interpretations of an array
of digits
Consider a coding system for alphabets to integers where ‘a’ is represented as 1,

‘b’ as 2, .. ‘z’ as 26. Given an array of digits (1 to 9) as input, write a function
that prints all valid interpretations of input array.
Examples
Input: {1, 1}
Output: ("aa", 'k")
[2 interpretations: aa(1, 1), k(11)]
Input: {1, 2, 1}
Output: ("aba", "au", "la")
[3 interpretations: aba(1,2,1), au(1,21), la(12,1)]
Input: {9, 1, 8}
Output: {"iah", "ir"}
[2 interpretations: iah(9,1,8), ir(9,18)]
Please note we cannot change order of array. That means {1,2,1} cannot become
{2,1,1}
On first look it looks like a problem of permutation/combination. But on closer
look you will figure out that this is an interesting tree problem.
373
The idea here is string can take at-most two paths:
1. Proces single digit
2. Process two digits
That means we can use binary tree here. Processing with single digit will be
left child and two digits will be right child. If value two digits is greater than
26 then our right child will be null as we don’t have alphabet for greater than
26.
Let’s understand with an example .Array a = {1,2,1}. Below diagram shows
that how our tree grows.
“” {1,2,1} Codes used in tree

/ \ "a" --> 1
/ \ "b" --> 2
"a"{2,1} "l"{1} "l" --> 12
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
"ab"{1} "au" "la" null
/ \
/ \
"aba" null
Braces {} contain array still pending for processing. Note that with every level,
our array size decreases. If you will see carefully, it is not hard to find that tree
height is always n (array size)
How to print all strings (interpretations)? Output strings are leaf node of tree.
i.e for {1,2,1}, output is {aba au la}.
We can conclude that there are mainly two steps to print all interpretations of
given integer array.
Step 1: Create a binary tree with all possible interpretations in leaf nodes.
Step 2: Print all leaf nodes from the binary tree created in step 1.
Following is Java implementation of above algorithm.
// A Java program to print all interpretations of an integer array

import java.util.Arrays;

class Node {
String dataString;
Node left;
374
Node right;
Node(String dataString) {
this.dataString = dataString;
//Be default left and right child are null.
}
public String getDataString() {

return dataString;
}
}
public class arrayToAllInterpretations {
// Method to create a binary tree which stores all interpretations

// of arr[] in lead nodes
public static Node createTree(int data, String pString, int[] arr) {
// Invalid input as alphabets maps from 1 to 26

if (data > 26)
return null;
// Parent String + String for this node

String dataToStr = pString + alphabet[data];
Node root = new Node(dataToStr);
// if arr.length is 0 means we are done

if (arr.length != 0) {
data = arr[0];
// new array will be from index 1 to end as we are consuming

// first index with this node
int newArr[] = Arrays.copyOfRange(arr, 1, arr.length);
// left child
root.left = createTree(data, dataToStr, newArr);
// right child will be null if size of array is 0 or 1

if (arr.length > 1) {
data = arr[0] * 10 + arr[1];
// new array will be from index 2 to end as we

// are consuming first two index with this node
newArr = Arrays.copyOfRange(arr, 2, arr.length);
375
root.right = createTree(data, dataToStr, newArr);
}
}
return root;
}
// To print out leaf nodes

public static void printleaf(Node root) {
if (root == null)
return;
if (root.left == null && root.right == null)

System.out.print(root.getDataString() + " ");
printleaf(root.left);
printleaf(root.right);
}
// The main function that prints all interpretations of array

static void printAllInterpretations(int[] arr) {
// Step 1: Create Tree

Node root = createTree(0, "", arr);
// Step 2: Print Leaf nodes

printleaf(root);
System.out.println(); // Print new line

}
// For simplicity I am taking it as string array. Char Array will save space
private static final String[] alphabet = {"", "a", "b", "c", "d", "e",
"f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o", "p", "q", "r",
"s", "t", "u", "v", "w", "x", "v", "z"};
// Driver method to test above methods

public static void main(String args[]) {
// aacd(1,1,3,4) amd(1,13,4) kcd(11,3,4)

// Note : 1,1,34 is not valid as we don't have values corresponding
// to 34 in alphabet
int[] arr = {1, 1, 3, 4};
printAllInterpretations(arr);
// aaa(1,1,1) ak(1,11) ka(11,1)
376
int[] arr2 = {1, 1, 1};
printAllInterpretations(arr2);
// bf(2,6) z(26)
int[] arr3 = {2, 6};
// ab(1,2), l(12)
int[] arr4 = {1, 2};
// a(1,0} j(10)
int[] arr5 = {1, 0};
// "" empty string output as array is empty

int[] arr6 = {};
// abba abu ava lba lu

int[] arr7 = {1, 2, 2, 1};
}
}
Output:
aacd amd kcd

aaa ak ka
bf z
ab l
a j
abba abu ava lba lu
Exercise:
1. What is the time complexity of this solution? [Hint : size of tree + finding
leaf nodes]
2. Can we store leaf nodes at the time of tree creation so that no need to run
loop again for leaf node fetching?
3. How can we reduce extra space?
377
This article is compiled by Varun Jain. Please write comments if you find
discussed above
Source
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Category: Trees Tags: Facebook
Post navigation
← Expression Evaluation Microsoft Interview | Set 19 →
378
Chapter 78
Find distance between two

given keys of a Binary Tree
Find the distance between two keys in a binary tree, no parent pointers are given.
Distance between two nodes is the minimum number of edges to be traversed
to reach one node from other.

first.
The distance between two nodes can be obtained in terms of lowest common
ancestor. Following is the formula.
Dist(n1, n2) = Dist(root, n1) + Dist(root, n2) - 2*Dist(root, lca)
379
'n1' and 'n2' are the two given keys
'root' is root of given Binary Tree.
'lca' is lowest common ancestor of n1 and n2
Dist(n1, n2) is the distance between n1 and n2.
Following is C++ implementation of above approach. The implementation is

adopted from last code provided in Lowest Common Ancestor Post.
/* Program to find distance between n1 and n2 using one traversal */

#include <iostream>

struct Node
{
int key;
};

{
temp->key = key;
return temp;
}
// Returns level of key k if it is present in tree, otherwise returns -1

int findLevel(Node *root, int k, int level)
{
// Base Case
if (root == NULL)
return -1;
// If key is present at root, or in left subtree or right subtree,

// return true;
if (root->key == k)
return level;
int l = findLevel(root->left, k, level+1);

return (l != -1)? l : findLevel(root->right, k, level+1);
380
}
// This function returns pointer to LCA of two given values n1 and n2.
// It also sets d1, d2 and dist if one key is not ancestor of other
// d1 --> To store distance of n1 from root
// d2 --> To store distance of n2 from root
// lvl --> Level (or distance from root) of current node
// dist --> To store distance between n1 and n2
Node *findDistUtil(Node* root, int n1, int n2, int &d1, int &d2,
int &dist, int lvl)
{
// Base case
// If either n1 or n2 matches with root's key, report

// the presence by returning root (Note that if a key is
// ancestor of other, then the ancestor key becomes LCA
if (root->key == n1)
{
d1 = lvl;
return root;
}
{
d2 = lvl;
return root;
}
// Look for n1 and n2 in left and right subtrees

Node *left_lca = findDistUtil(root->left, n1, n2, d1, d2, dist, lvl+1);
Node *right_lca = findDistUtil(root->right, n1, n2, d1, d2, dist, lvl+1);
// If both of the above calls return Non-NULL, then one key

// is present in once subtree and other is present in other,
// So this node is the LCA
if (left_lca && right_lca)
{
dist = d1 + d2 - 2*lvl;
return root;
}
// Otherwise check if left subtree or right subtree is LCA

return (left_lca != NULL)? left_lca: right_lca;
}
// The main function that returns distance between n1 and n2
381
// This function returns -1 if either n1 or n2 is not present in
// Binary Tree.
int findDistance(Node *root, int n1, int n2)
{
// Initialize d1 (distance of n1 from root), d2 (distance of n2
// from root) and dist(distance between n1 and n2)
int d1 = -1, d2 = -1, dist;
Node *lca = findDistUtil(root, n1, n2, d1, d2, dist, 1);
// If both n1 and n2 were present in Binary Tree, return dist

if (d1 != -1 && d2 != -1)
return dist;
// If n1 is ancestor of n2, consider n1 as root and find level

// of n2 in subtree rooted with n1
if (d1 != -1)
{
dist = findLevel(lca, n2, 0);
return dist;
}
// If n2 is ancestor of n1, consider n2 as root and find level

// of n1 in subtree rooted with n2
if (d2 != -1)
{
dist = findLevel(lca, n1, 0);
return dist;
}
return -1;
}

int main()
{
// Let us create binary tree given in the above example
cout << "Dist(4, 5) = " << findDistance(root, 4, 5);
cout << "\nDist(4, 6) = " << findDistance(root, 4, 6);
382
return 0;
}
Output:
Dist(4, 5) = 2
Dist(4, 6) = 4
Dist(3, 4) = 3
Dist(2, 4) = 1
Dist(8, 5) = 5
Time Complexity: Time complexity of the above solution is O(n) as the

method does a single tree traversal.
Thanks to Atul Singh for providing the initial solution for this post.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/find-distance-two-given-nodes/
Category: Trees
Post navigation
← Lowest Common Ancestor in a Binary Tree | Set 1 Print a long int in C using
putchar() only →
383
Chapter 79
Find next right node of a

given key
Given a Binary tree and a key in the binary tree, find the node right to the
given key. If there is no node on right side, then return NULL. Expected time
complexity is O(n) where n is the number of nodes in the given binary tree.
For example, consider the following Binary Tree. Output for 2 is 6, output for
4 is 5. Output for 10, 6 and 5 is NULL.
10
/ \
2 6
/ \ \
8 4 5
We strongly recommend you to minimize the browser and try this

yourself first.
Solution: The idea is to do level order traversal of given Binary Tree. When
we find the given key, we just check if the next node in level order traversal is
of same level, if yes, we return the next node, otherwise return NULL.
/* Program to find next right of a given key */

#include <iostream>
#include <queue>
384
struct node
{
int key;
};
// Method to find next right of given key k, it returns NULL if k is

// not present in tree or k is the rightmost node of its level
node* nextRight(node *root, int k)
{
// Base Case
if (root == NULL)
return 0;

queue<node *> qn; // A queue to store node addresses
queue<int> ql; // Another queue to store node levels
int level = 0; // Initialize level as 0
// Enqueue Root and its level

qn.push(root);
ql.push(level);
// A standard BFS loop

while (qn.size())
{
// dequeue an node from qn and its level from ql
node *node = qn.front();
level = ql.front();
qn.pop();
ql.pop();
// If the dequeued node has the given key k

if (node->key == k)
{
// If there are no more items in queue or given node is
// the rightmost node of its level, then return NULL
if (ql.size() == 0 || ql.front() != level)
return NULL;
// Otherwise return next node from queue of nodes

return qn.front();
}
385
// Standard BFS steps: enqueue children of this node
{
qn.push(node->left);
ql.push(level+1);
}
{
qn.push(node->right);
ql.push(level+1);
}
}
// We reach here if given key x doesn't exist in tree

return NULL;
}

node* newNode(int key)
{
temp->key = key;
return temp;
}
// A utility function to test above functions

void test(node *root, int k)
{
node *nr = nextRight(root, k);
if (nr != NULL)
cout << "Next Right of " << k << " is " << nr->key << endl;
else
cout << "No next right node found for " << k << endl;
}

int main()
{
386
test(root, 10);
test(root, 2);
test(root, 6);
test(root, 5);
test(root, 8);
test(root, 4);
return 0;
}
Output:
No next right node found for 10

Next Right of 2 is 6
Time Complexity: The above code is a simple BFS traversal code which
visits every enqueue and dequeues a node at most once. Therefore, the time
complexity is O(n) where n is the number of nodes in the given binary tree.
Exercise: Write a function to find left node of a given node. If there is no node
on the left side, then return NULL.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/find-next-right-node-of-a-given-key/
Category: Trees
387
Chapter 80
Find sum of all left leaves

in a given Binary Tree
Given a Binary Tree, find sum of all left leaves in it. For example, sum of all
left leaves in below Binary Tree is 5+23+50 = 78.

self first.
The idea is to traverse the tree, starting from root. For every node, check if its
left subtree is a leaf. If it is, then add it to the result.
388
// A C++ program to find sum of all left leaves
#include <iostream>
/* A binary tree Node has key, pointer to left and right

children */
struct Node
{
int key;
};

given data and NULL left and right pointer. */
{
node->key = k;
return node;
}
// A utility function to check if a given node is leaf or not

bool isLeaf(Node *node)
{
if (node == NULL)
return false;
return true;
return false;
}
// This function returns sum of all left leaves in a given

// binary tree
int leftLeavesSum(Node *root)
{
// Initialize result
int res = 0;
// Update result if root is not NULL

if (root != NULL)
{
// If left of root is NULL, then add key of
// left child
if (isLeaf(root->left))
389
res += root->left->key;
else // Else recur for left child of root
res += leftLeavesSum(root->left);
// Recur for right child of root and update res

res += leftLeavesSum(root->right);
}
// return result
return res;
}

int main()
{
// Let us construct the Binary Tree shown in the
// above figure
cout << "Sum of left leaves is "
<< leftLeavesSum(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
Sum of left leaves is 78
Time complexity of the above solution is O(n) where n is number of nodes in

Binary Tree.
Following is Another Method to solve the above problem. This solution passes
in a sum variable as an accumulator. When a left leaf is encountered, the leaf’s
data is added to sum. Time complexity of this method is also O(n). Thanks to
Xin Tong (geeksforgeeks userid trent.tong) for suggesting this method.
390
// A C++ program to find sum of all left leaves
#include <iostream>
/* A binary tree Node has key, pointer to left and right

children */
struct Node
{
int key;
};

given data and NULL left and right pointer. */
{
node->key = k;
return node;
}
/* Pass in a sum variable as an accumulator */

void leftLeavesSumRec(Node *root, bool isleft, int *sum)
{
if (!root) return;
// Check whether this node is a leaf node and is left.

if (!root->left && !root->right && isleft)
*sum += root->key;
// Pass 1 for left and 0 for right

leftLeavesSumRec(root->left, 1, sum);
leftLeavesSumRec(root->right, 0, sum);
}
// A wrapper over above recursive function

int leftLeavesSum(Node *root)
{
int sum = 0; //Initialize result
// use the above recursive function to evaluate sum

leftLeavesSumRec(root, 0, &sum);
return sum;
}
391
int main()
{
// Let us construct the Binary Tree shown in the
// above figure
int sum = 0;
cout << "Sum of left leaves is " << leftLeavesSum(root) << endl;
return 0;
}
Output:
Sum of left leaves is 78
This article is contributed by Manish. Please write comments if you find any-
above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/find-sum-left-leaves-given-binary-tree/
Category: Trees
392
Chapter 81
Find the maximum path

sum between two leaves of a
binary tree
Given a binary tree in which each node element contains a number. Find the
maximum possible sum from one leaf node to another.
The maximum sum path may or may not go through root. For example, in
the following binary tree, the maximum sum is 27(3 + 6 + 9 + 0 – 1 + 10).
Expected time complexity is O(n).
If one side of root is empty, then function should return minus infinite
(INT_MIN in case of C/C++)
393
A simple solution is to traverse the tree and do following for every traversed
node X.
1) Find maximum sum from leaf to root in left subtree of X (we can use this
post for this and next steps)
2) Find maximum sum from leaf to root in right subtree of X.
3) Add the above two calculated values and X->data and compare the sum with
the maximum value obtained so far and update the maximum value.
4) Return the maximum value.
The time complexity of above solution is O(n2 )
We can find the maximum sum using single traversal of binary tree.
The idea is to maintain two values in recursive calls
1) Maximum root to leaf path sum for the subtree rooted under current node.
2) The maximum path sum between leaves (desired output).
For every visited node X, we find the maximum root to leaf sum in left and
right subtrees of X. We add the two values with X->data, and compare the sum
with maximum path sum found so far.
Following is C++ implementation of the above O(n) solution.
// C++ program to find maximum path sum between two leaves of

// a binary tree
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
394

struct Node
{
int data;
};
// Utility function to allocate memory for a new node

{
struct Node* node = new(struct Node);
node->data = data;
return (node);
}
// Utility function to find maximum of two integers

{ return (a >= b)? a: b; }
// A utility function to find the maximum sum between any

// two leaves.This function calculates two values:
// 1) Maximum path sum between two leaves which is stored
// in res.
// 2) The maximum root to leaf path sum which is returned.
// If one side of root is empty, then it returns INT_MIN
int maxPathSumUtil(struct Node *root, int &res)
{
// Base cases
if (root==NULL) return 0;
if (!root->left && !root->right) return root->data;
// Find maximum sum in left and right subtree. Also

// find maximum root to leaf sums in left and right
// subtrees and store them in ls and rs
int ls = maxPathSumUtil(root->left, res);
int rs = maxPathSumUtil(root->right, res);
// If both left and right children exist

if (root->left && root->right)
{
// Update result if needed
res = max(res, ls + rs + root->data);
395
// Return maxium possible value for root being
// on one side
return max(ls, rs) + root->data;
}
// If any of the two children is empty, return

// root sum for root being on one side
return (!root->left)? rs + root->data:
ls + root->data;
}
// The main function which returns sum of the maximum

// sum path between two leaves. This function mainly
// uses maxPathSumUtil()
int maxPathSum(struct Node *root)
{
int res = INT_MIN;
maxPathSumUtil(root, res);
return res;
}
// driver program to test above function

int main()
{
struct Node *root = newNode(-15);
root->left->left = newNode(-8);
root->right->right->right= newNode(0);
root->right->right->right->left= newNode(4);
root->right->right->right->right= newNode(-1);
root->right->right->right->right->left= newNode(10);
cout << "Max pathSum of the given binary tree is "
<< maxPathSum(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
396
Max pathSum of the given binary tree is 27.
Thanks to Saurabh Vats for suggesting corrections in original approach.

This article is contributed by Kripal Gaurav. Please write comments if you
discussed above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/find-maximum-path-sum-two-leaves-binary-tree/
Category: Trees
397
Chapter 82
Foldable Binary Trees
Question: Given a binary tree, find out if the tree can be folded or not.
A tree can be folded if left and right subtrees of the tree are structure wise
mirror image of each other. An empty tree is considered as foldable.
Consider the below trees:

(a) and (b) can be folded.
(c) and (d) cannot be folded.
(a)
10
/ \
7 15
\ /
9 11
(b)
10
/ \
7 15
/ \
9 11
(c)
10
/ \
7 15
/ /
5 11
398
(d)
10
/ \
7 15
/ \ /
9 10 12
Method 1 (Change Left subtree to its Mirror and compare it with

Right subtree)
Algorithm: isFoldable(root)
1) If tree is empty, then return true.

2) Convert the left subtree to its mirror image
mirror(root->left); /* See this post */
3) Check if the structure of left subtree and right subtree is same
and store the result.
res = isStructSame(root->left, root->right); /*isStructSame()
recursively compares structures of two subtrees and returns
true if structures are same */
4) Revert the changes made in step (2) to get the original tree.
mirror(root->left);
5) Return result res stored in step 2.
Thanks to ajaymfor suggesting this approach.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
/* You would want to remove below 3 lines if your compiler

supports bool, true and false */
#define bool int
#define true 1
#define false 0

struct node
{
399
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* converts a tree to its mrror image */

void mirror(struct node* node);
/* returns true if structure of two trees a and b is same

Only structure is considered for comparison, not data! */
bool isStructSame(struct node *a, struct node *b);
/* Returns true if the given tree is foldable */

bool isFoldable(struct node *root)
{
bool res;
/* base case */
if(root == NULL)
return true;
/* convert left subtree to its mirror */

mirror(root->left);
/* Compare the structures of the right subtree and mirrored

left subtree */
res = isStructSame(root->left, root->right);
/* Get the originial tree back */

mirror(root->left);
return res;
}
bool isStructSame(struct node *a, struct node *b)

{
if (a == NULL && b == NULL)
{ return true; }
if ( a != NULL && b != NULL &&
isStructSame(a->left, b->left) &&
isStructSame(a->right, b->right)
)
{ return true; }
return false;
400
}
/* Change a tree so that the roles of the left and
right pointers are swapped at every node.
See http://geeksforgeeks.org/?p=662 for details */
void mirror(struct node* node)
{
if (node==NULL)
return;
else
{
struct node* temp;
mirror(node->left);
mirror(node->right);
/* swap the pointers in this node */

temp = node->left;
node->left = node->right;
node->right = temp;
}
}

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}

int main(void)
{
/* The constructed binary tree is
1
/ \
2 3
401
\ /
4 5
*/
if(isFoldable(root) == 1)
{ printf("\n tree is foldable"); }
else
{ printf("\n tree is not foldable"); }
getchar();
return 0;
}
Time complexity: O(n)

Method 2 (Check if Left and Right subtrees are Mirror)
There are mainly two functions:
// Checks if tree can be folded or not
IsFoldable(root)
1) If tree is empty then return true
2) Else check if left and right subtrees are structure wise mirrors of
each other. Use utility function IsFoldableUtil(root->left,
root->right) for this.
// Checks if n1 and n2 are mirror of each other.
IsFoldableUtil(n1, n2)
1) If both trees are empty then return true.
2) If one of them is empty and other is not then return false.
3) Return true if following conditions are met
a) n1->left is mirror of n2->right
b) n1->right is mirror of n2->left
402
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
/* You would want to remove below 3 lines if your compiler

supports bool, true and false */
#define bool int
#define true 1
#define false 0

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* A utility function that checks if trees with roots as n1 and n2

are mirror of each other */
bool IsFoldableUtil(struct node *n1, struct node *n2);
/* Returns true if the given tree can be folded */

bool IsFoldable(struct node *root)
{
if (root == NULL)
{ return true; }
return IsFoldableUtil(root->left, root->right);

}
/* A utility function that checks if trees with roots as n1 and n2

are mirror of each other */
bool IsFoldableUtil(struct node *n1, struct node *n2)
{
/* If both left and right subtrees are NULL,
then return true */
if (n1 == NULL && n2 == NULL)
{ return true; }
/* If one of the trees is NULL and other is not,

then return false */
if (n1 == NULL || n2 == NULL)
{ return false; }
403
/* Otherwise check if left and right subtrees are mirrors of
their counterparts */
return IsFoldableUtil(n1->left, n2->right) &&
IsFoldableUtil(n1->right, n2->left);
}
/*UTILITY FUNCTIONS */
{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}

int main(void)
{
/* The constructed binary tree is
1
/ \
2 3
\ /
4 5
*/
if(IsFoldable(root) == true)
{ printf("\n tree is foldable"); }
else
{ printf("\n tree is not foldable"); }
getchar();
return 0;
}
404
Thanks to Dzmitry Huba for suggesting this approach.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/foldable-binary-trees/
Category: Trees
Post navigation
← Reverse a Linked List in groups of given size Practice Questions for Recursion
| Set 3 →
405
Chapter 83
Get Level of a node in a

Binary Tree
Given a Binary Tree and a key, write a function that returns level of the key.
For example, consider the following tree. If the input key is 3, then your function
should return 1. If the input key is 4, then your function should return 3. And
for key which is not present in key, then your function should return 0.
Thanks to prandeeyfor suggesting the following solution.

The idea is to start from the root and level as 1. If the key matches with root’s
data, return level. Else recursively call for left and right subtrees with level as
level + 1.
#include<stdio.h>
406
struct node
{
int data;
struct node *left;
struct node *right;
};
/* Helper function for getLevel(). It returns level of the data if data is

present in tree, otherwise returns 0.*/
int getLevelUtil(struct node *node, int data, int level)
{
if (node == NULL)
return 0;
if (node->data == data)
return level;
int downlevel = getLevelUtil(node->left, data, level+1);

if (downlevel != 0)
return downlevel;
downlevel = getLevelUtil(node->right, data, level+1);

return downlevel;
}
/* Returns level of given data value */

int getLevel(struct node *node, int data)
{
return getLevelUtil(node,data,1);
}

{
temp->data = data;
temp->left = NULL;
temp->right = NULL;
return temp;
}

int main()
{
407
struct node *root = new struct node;
int x;

root = newNode(3);
for (x = 1; x <=5; x++)

{
int level = getLevel(root, x);
if (level)
printf(" Level of %d is %d\n", x, getLevel(root, x));
else
printf(" %d is not present in tree \n", x);
getchar();
return 0;
}
Output:
Level of 1 is 3
Level of 2 is 2
Level of 3 is 1
Level of 4 is 3
Level of 5 is 2
Time Complexity: O(n) where n is the number of nodes in the given Binary
Tree.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/get-level-of-a-node-in-a-binary-tree/
Category: Trees
408
Chapter 84
Given a binary tree, how do

you remove all the half
nodes?
Given A binary Tree, how do you remove all the half nodes (which has only one
child)? Note leaves should not be touched as they have both children as NULL.
For example consider the below tree.
Nodes 7, 5 and 9 are half nodes as one of their child is Null. We need to remove
all such half nodes and return the root pointer of following new tree.
409
self first.
The idea is to use post-order traversal to solve this problem efficiently. We first
process the left children, then right children, and finally the node itself. So we
form the new tree bottom up, starting from the leaves towards the root. By the
time we process the current node, both its left and right subtrees were already
processed. Below is C implementation of this idea.
// C program to remove all half nodes

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left, *right;
};

{
node->data = data;
return(node);
}
void printInoder(struct node*root)

{
if (root != NULL)
{
printInoder(root->left);
printInoder(root->right);
410
}
}
// Removes all nodes with only one child and returns

// new root (note that root may change)
struct node* RemoveHalfNodes(struct node* root)
{
if (root==NULL)
return NULL;
root->left = RemoveHalfNodes(root->left);
root->right = RemoveHalfNodes(root->right);

return root;
/* if current nodes is a half node with left

child NULL left, then it's right child is
returned and replaces it in the given tree */
if (root->left==NULL)
{
struct node *new_root = root->right;
free(root); // To avoid memory leak
return new_root;
}
/* if current nodes is a half node with right

child NULL right, then it's right child is
returned and replaces it in the given tree */
if (root->right==NULL)
{
struct node *new_root = root->left;
free(root); // To avoid memory leak
return new_root;
}
return root;
}
// Driver program
int main(void)
{
struct node*NewRoot=NULL;
411
root->left->right->left=newNode(1);
root->left->right->right=newNode(11);
root->right->right=newNode(9);
root->right->right->left=newNode(4);
printf("Inorder traversal of given tree \n");

printInoder(root);
NewRoot = RemoveHalfNodes(root);
printf("\nInorder traversal of the modified tree \n");

printInoder(NewRoot);
return 0;
}
Output:
Inorder traversal of given tree

7 1 6 11 2 5 4 9
Inorder traversal of the modified tree
1 6 11 2 4
Time complexity of the above solution is O(n) as it does a simple traversal of

binary tree.
This article is contributed by Jyoti Saini. Please write comments if you find
discussed above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/given-a-binary-tree-how-do-you-remove-all-the-half-nodes/
Category: Trees
412
Chapter 85
Dynamic Programming |
Set 26 (Largest
Independent Set Problem)
Given a Binary Tree, find size of the Largest Independent Set(LIS) in it. A
subset of all tree nodes is an independent set if there is no edge between any
two nodes of the subset.
For example, consider the following binary tree. The largest independent
set(LIS) is {10, 40, 60, 70, 80} and size of the LIS is 5.
413
A Dynamic Programming solution solves a given problem using solutions of
subproblems in bottom up manner. Can the given problem be solved using
solutions to subproblems? If yes, then what are the subproblems? Can we
find largest independent set size (LISS) for a node X if we know LISS for all
descendants of X? If a node is considered as part of LIS, then its children cannot
be part of LIS, but its grandchildren can be. Following is optimal substructure
property.
1) Optimal Substructure:
Let LISS(X) indicates size of largest independent set of a tree with root X.
LISS(X) = MAX { (1 + sum of LISS for all grandchildren of X),

(sum of LISS for all children of X) }
The idea is simple, there are two possibilities for every node X, either X is a
member of the set or not a member. If X is a member, then the value of LISS(X)
is 1 plus LISS of all grandchildren. If X is not a member, then the value is sum
of LISS of all children.
2) Overlapping Subproblems
Following is recursive implementation that simply follows the recursive structure
mentioned above.
414
// A naive recursive implementation of Largest Independent Set problem
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
// A utility function to find max of two integers

int max(int x, int y) { return (x > y)? x: y; }
/* A binary tree node has data, pointer to left child and a pointer to
right child */
struct node
{
int data;
};
// The function returns size of the largest independent set in a given

// binary tree
int LISS(struct node *root)
{
if (root == NULL)
return 0;
// Caculate size excluding the current node

int size_excl = LISS(root->left) + LISS(root->right);
// Calculate size including the current node

int size_incl = 1;
if (root->left)
size_incl += LISS(root->left->left) + LISS(root->left->right);
if (root->right)
size_incl += LISS(root->right->left) + LISS(root->right->right);
// Return the maximum of two sizes

return max(size_incl, size_excl);
}

{
temp->data = data;
return temp;
}
415
int main()
{
printf ("Size of the Largest Independent Set is %d ", LISS(root));
return 0;
}
Output:
Size of the Largest Independent Set is 5
Time complexity of the above naive recursive approach is exponential. It should

be noted that the above function computes the same subproblems again and
again. For example, LISS of node with value 50 is evaluated for node with val-
ues 10 and 20 as 50 is grandchild of 10 and child of 20.
Since same suproblems are called again, this problem has Overlapping Sub-
prolems property. So LISS problem has both properties (see thisand this) of a
dynamic programming problem. Like other typical Dynamic Programming(DP)
problems, recomputations of same subproblems can be avoided by storing the
solutions to subproblems and solving problems in bottom up manner.
Following is C implementation of Dynamic Programming based solution. In the
following solution, an additional field ‘liss’ is added to tree nodes. The initial
value of ‘liss’ is set as 0 for all nodes. The recursive function LISS() calculates
‘liss’ for a node only if it is not already set.
/* Dynamic programming based program for Largest Independent Set problem */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
416
// A utility function to find max of two integers
int max(int x, int y) { return (x > y)? x: y; }
right child */
struct node
{
int data;
int liss;
};
// A memoization function returns size of the largest independent set in

// a given binary tree
int LISS(struct node *root)
{
if (root == NULL)
return 0;
if (root->liss)
return root->liss;

return (root->liss = 1);
// Calculate size excluding the current node

int liss_excl = LISS(root->left) + LISS(root->right);
// Calculate size including the current node

int liss_incl = 1;
if (root->left)
liss_incl += LISS(root->left->left) + LISS(root->left->right);
if (root->right)
liss_incl += LISS(root->right->left) + LISS(root->right->right);
// Maximum of two sizes is LISS, store it for future uses.

root->liss = max(liss_incl, liss_excl);
return root->liss;
}

{
417
temp->data = data;
temp->liss = 0;
return temp;
}

int main()
{
printf ("Size of the Largest Independent Set is %d ", LISS(root));
return 0;
}
Output
Size of the Largest Independent Set is 5
Time Complexity: O(n) where n is the number of nodes in given Binary tree.
Following extensions to above solution can be tried as an exercise.
1) Extend the above solution for n-ary tree.
2) The above solution modifies the given tree structure by adding an additional
field ‘liss’ to tree nodes. Extend the solution so that it doesn’t modify the tree
structure.
3) The above solution only returns size of LIS, it doesn’t print elements of LIS.
Extend the solution to print all nodes that are part of LIS.
418
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/largest-independent-set-problem/
419
Chapter 86
Linked complete binary

tree & its creation
A complete binary tree is a binary tree where each level ‘l’ except the last has
2ˆl nodes and the nodes at the last level are all left aligned. Complete binary
trees are mainly used in heap based data structures.
The nodes in the complete binary tree are inserted from left to right in one level
at a time. If a level is full, the node is inserted in a new level.
Below are some of the complete binary trees.
1
/ \
2 3
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
Below binary trees are not complete:
1
/ \
2 3
420
/ /
4 5
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
/
7
Complete binary trees are generally represented using arrays. The array rep-
resentation is better because it doesn’t contain any empty slot. Given parent
index i, its left child is given by 2 * i + 1 and its right child is given by 2 * i + 2.
So no extra space is wasted and space to store left and right pointers is saved.
However, it may be an interesting programming question to created a Complete
Binary Tree using linked representation. Here Linked mean a non-array repre-
sentation where left and right pointers(or references) are used to refer left and
right children respectively. How to write an insert function that always adds a
new node in the last level and at the leftmost available position?
To create a linked complete binary tree, we need to keep track of the nodes in
a level order fashion such that the next node to be inserted lies in the leftmost
position. A queue data structure can be used to keep track of the inserted nodes.
Following are steps to insert a new node in Complete Binary Tree.
1. If the tree is empty, initialize the root with new node.
2. Else, get the front node of the queue.
…….If the left child of this front node doesn’t exist, set the left child as the new
node.
…….else if the right child of this front node doesn’t exist, set the right child as
the new node.
3. If the front node has both the left child and right child, Dequeue() it.
4. Enqueue() the new node.
Below is the implementation:
// Program for linked implementation of complete binary tree

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
// For Queue Size

#define SIZE 50
421
// A tree node
struct node
{
int data;
struct node *right,*left;
};
// A queue node
struct Queue
{
int front, rear;
int size;
struct node* *array;
};

{
struct node* temp = (struct node*) malloc(sizeof( struct node ));
temp->data = data;
return temp;
}
// A utility function to create a new Queue

struct Queue* createQueue(int size)
{
struct Queue* queue = (struct Queue*) malloc(sizeof( struct Queue ));
queue->front = queue->rear = -1;

queue->size = size;
queue->array = (struct node**) malloc(queue->size * sizeof( struct node* ));
int i;
for (i = 0; i < size; ++i)
queue->array[i] = NULL;
return queue;
}
// Standard Queue Functions

int isEmpty(struct Queue* queue)
{
return queue->front == -1;
422
}
int isFull(struct Queue* queue)

{ return queue->rear == queue->size - 1; }
int hasOnlyOneItem(struct Queue* queue)

{ return queue->front == queue->rear; }
void Enqueue(struct node *root, struct Queue* queue)

{
if (isFull(queue))
return;
queue->array[++queue->rear] = root;
if (isEmpty(queue))
++queue->front;
}
struct node* Dequeue(struct Queue* queue)

{
if (isEmpty(queue))
return NULL;
struct node* temp = queue->array[queue->front];
if (hasOnlyOneItem(queue))
queue->front = queue->rear = -1;
else
++queue->front;
return temp;
}
struct node* getFront(struct Queue* queue)

{ return queue->array[queue->front]; }
// A utility function to check if a tree node has both left and right children
int hasBothChild(struct node* temp)
{
return temp && temp->left && temp->right;
}
// Function to insert a new node in complete binary tree

void insert(struct node **root, int data, struct Queue* queue)
{
423
// Create a new node for given data
struct node *temp = newNode(data);
// If the tree is empty, initialize the root with new node.

if (!*root)
*root = temp;
else
{
// get the front node of the queue.
struct node* front = getFront(queue);
// If the left child of this front node doesn’t exist, set the
// left child as the new node
if (!front->left)
front->left = temp;
// If the right child of this front node doesn’t exist, set the
// right child as the new node
else if (!front->right)
front->right = temp;
// If the front node has both the left child and right child,
// Dequeue() it.
if (hasBothChild(front))
Dequeue(queue);
}
// Enqueue() the new node for later insertions

Enqueue(temp, queue);
}
// Standard level order traversal to test above function

void levelOrder(struct node* root)
{
struct Queue* queue = createQueue(SIZE);
Enqueue(root, queue);
while (!isEmpty(queue))
{
struct node* temp = Dequeue(queue);
printf("%d ", temp->data);
if (temp->left)
424
Enqueue(temp->left, queue);
if (temp->right)
Enqueue(temp->right, queue);
}
}

int main()
{
struct node* root = NULL;
struct Queue* queue = createQueue(SIZE);
int i;
for(i = 1; i <= 12; ++i)

insert(&root, i, queue);
levelOrder(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
This article is compiled by Aashish Barnwal and reviewed by GeeksforGeeks

Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/linked-complete-binary-tree-its-creation/
425
Chapter 87
Lowest Common Ancestor

in a Binary Tree | Set 1
Given a binary tree (not a binary search tree) and two values say n1 and n2,
write a program to find the least common ancestor.
Following is definition of LCA from Wikipedia:
Let T be a rooted tree. The lowest common ancestor between two nodes n1 and
n2 is defined as the lowest node in T that has both n1 and n2 as descendants
(where we allow a node to be a descendant of itself).
The LCA of n1 and n2 in T is the shared ancestor of n1 and n2 that is located
farthest from the root. Computation of lowest common ancestors may be useful,
for instance, as part of a procedure for determining the distance between pairs
of nodes in a tree: the distance from n1 to n2 can be computed as the distance
from the root to n1, plus the distance from the root to n2, minus twice the
distance from the root to their lowest common ancestor. (Source Wiki)
We have discussed an efficient solution to find LCA in Binary Search Tree. In
426
Binary Search Tree, using BST properties, we can find LCA in O(h) time where
h is height of tree. Such an implementation is not possible in Binary Tree as keys
Binary Tree nodes don’t follow any order. Following are different approaches to
find LCA in Binary Tree.
Method 1 (By Storing root to n1 and root to n2 paths):
Following is simple O(n) algorithm to find LCA of n1 and n2.
1) Find path from root to n1 and store it in a vector or array.
2) Find path from root to n2 and store it in another vector or array.
3) Traverse both paths till the values in arrays are same. Return the common
element just before the mismatch.
// A O(n) solution to find LCA of two given values n1 and n2

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
// A Bianry Tree node

struct Node
{
int key;
};
// Utility function creates a new binary tree node with given key
Node * newNode(int k)
{
temp->key = k;
return temp;
}
// Finds the path from root node to given root of the tree, Stores the
// path in a vector path[], returns true if path exists otherwise false
bool findPath(Node *root, vector<int> &path, int k)
{
// base case
if (root == NULL) return false;
// Store this node in path vector. The node will be removed if

// not in path from root to k
path.push_back(root->key);
427
// See if the k is same as root's key
if (root->key == k)
return true;
// Check if k is found in left or right sub-tree

if ( (root->left && findPath(root->left, path, k)) ||
(root->right && findPath(root->right, path, k)) )
return true;
// If not present in subtree rooted with root, remove root from

// path[] and return false
path.pop_back();
return false;
}
// Returns LCA if node n1, n2 are present in the given binary tree,
// otherwise return -1
int findLCA(Node *root, int n1, int n2)
{
// to store paths to n1 and n2 from the root
vector<int> path1, path2;
// Find paths from root to n1 and root to n1. If either n1 or n2

// is not present, return -1
if ( !findPath(root, path1, n1) || !findPath(root, path2, n2))
return -1;
/* Compare the paths to get the first different value */

int i;
for (i = 0; i < path1.size() && i < path2.size() ; i++)
if (path1[i] != path2[i])
break;
return path1[i-1];
}

int main()
{
// Let us create the Binary Tree shown in above diagram.
428
cout << "LCA(4, 5) = " << findLCA(root, 4, 5);
cout << "\nLCA(4, 6) = " << findLCA(root, 4, 6);
return 0;
}
Output:
LCA(4, 5) = 2
LCA(4, 6) = 1
LCA(3, 4) = 1
LCA(2, 4) = 2
Time Complexity: Time complexity of the above solution is O(n). The tree
is traversed twice, and then path arrays are compared.
Thanks to Ravi Chandra Enaganti for suggesting the initial solution based on
this method.
Method 2 (Using Single Traversal)
The method 1 finds LCA in O(n) time, but requires three tree traversals plus
extra spaces for path arrays. If we assume that the keys n1 and n2 are present in
Binary Tree, we can find LCA using single traversal of Binary Tree and without
extra storage for path arrays.
The idea is to traverse the tree starting from root. If any of the given keys
(n1 and n2) matches with root, then root is LCA (assuming that both keys are
present). If root doesn’t match with any of the keys, we recur for left and right
subtree. The node which has one key present in its left subtree and the other
key present in right subtree is the LCA. If both keys lie in left subtree, then left
subtree has LCA also, otherwise LCA lies in right subtree.
/* Program to find LCA of n1 and n2 using one traversal of Binary Tree */

#include <iostream>

struct Node
{
int key;
};
429
{
temp->key = key;
return temp;
}
// This function assumes that n1 and n2 are present in Binary Tree
struct Node *findLCA(struct Node* root, int n1, int n2)
{
// Base case
// If either n1 or n2 matches with root's key, report

// the presence by returning root (Note that if a key is
// ancestor of other, then the ancestor key becomes LCA
if (root->key == n1 || root->key == n2)
return root;
// Look for keys in left and right subtrees

Node *left_lca = findLCA(root->left, n1, n2);
Node *right_lca = findLCA(root->right, n1, n2);

if (left_lca && right_lca) return root;

}

int main()
{
430
cout << "LCA(4, 5) = " << findLCA(root, 4, 5)->key;
cout << "\nLCA(4, 6) = " << findLCA(root, 4, 6)->key;
return 0;
}
Output:
LCA(4, 5) = 2
LCA(4, 6) = 1
LCA(3, 4) = 1
LCA(2, 4) = 2
Thanks to Atul Singh for suggesting this solution.

Time Complexity: Time complexity of the above solution is O(n) as the
method does a simple tree traversal in bottom up fashion.
Note that the above method assumes that keys are present in Binary Tree. If
one key is present and other is absent, then it returns the present key as LCA
(Ideally should have returned NULL).
We can extend this method to handle all cases by passing two boolean variables
v1 and v2. v1 is set as true when n1 is present in tree and v2 is set as true if
n2 is present in tree.
/* Program to find LCA of n1 and n2 using one traversal of Binary Tree.

It handles all cases even when n1 or n2 is not there in Binary Tree */
#include <iostream>

struct Node
{
int key;
};

{
431
temp->key = key;
return temp;
}
// v1 is set as true by this function if n1 is found
// v2 is set as true by this function if n2 is found
struct Node *findLCAUtil(struct Node* root, int n1, int n2, bool &v1, bool &v2)
{
// Base case
// If either n1 or n2 matches with root's key, report the presence

// by setting v1 or v2 as true and return root (Note that if a key
// is ancestor of other, then the ancestor key becomes LCA)
{
v1 = true;
return root;
}
{
v2 = true;
return root;
}
// Look for keys in left and right subtrees

Node *left_lca = findLCAUtil(root->left, n1, n2, v1, v2);
Node *right_lca = findLCAUtil(root->right, n1, n2, v1, v2);

if (left_lca && right_lca) return root;

}
// Returns true if key k is present in tree rooted with root

bool find(Node *root, int k)
{
// Base Case
if (root == NULL)
return false;
432
// If key is present at root, or in left subtree or right subtree,
// return true;
if (root->key == k || find(root->left, k) || find(root->right, k))
return true;
// Else return false

return false;
}
// This function returns LCA of n1 and n2 only if both n1 and n2 are present
// in tree, otherwise returns NULL;
Node *findLCA(Node *root, int n1, int n2)
{
// Initialize n1 and n2 as not visited
bool v1 = false, v2 = false;
// Find lca of n1 and n2 using the technique discussed above

Node *lca = findLCAUtil(root, n1, n2, v1, v2);
// Return LCA only if both n1 and n2 are present in tree

if (v1 && v2 || v1 && find(lca, n2) || v2 && find(lca, n1))
return lca;
// Else return NULL

return NULL;
}

int main()
{
Node *lca = findLCA(root, 4, 5);
if (lca != NULL)
cout << "LCA(4, 5) = " << lca->key;
else
cout << "Keys are not present ";
lca = findLCA(root, 4, 10);
433
if (lca != NULL)
cout << "\nLCA(4, 10) = " << lca->key;
else
cout << "\nKeys are not present ";
return 0;
}
Output:
LCA(4, 5) = 2
Keys are not present
Thanks to Dhruv for suggesting this extended solution.

We will soon be discussing more solutions to this problem. Solutions considering
the following.
1) If there are many LCA queries and we can take some extra preprocessing
time to reduce the time taken to find LCA.
2) If parent pointer is given with every node.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/lowest-common-ancestor-binary-tree-set-1/
Category: Trees
Post navigation
← Interesting Facts about Bitwise Operators in C Find distance between two
given keys of a Binary Tree →
434
Chapter 88
Print Ancestors of a given

node in Binary Tree
Given a Binary Tree and a key, write a function that prints all the ancestors of
the key in the given binary tree.
For example, if the given tree is following Binary Tree and key is 7, then your
function should print 4, 2 and 1.
1
/ \
2 3
/ \
4 5
/
7
Thanks to Mike, Sambasiva and wgpshashankfor their contribution.
#include<iostream>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
435
struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* If target is present in tree, then prints the ancestors

and returns true, otherwise returns false. */
bool printAncestors(struct node *root, int target)
{
/* base cases */
if (root == NULL)
return false;
if (root->data == target)
return true;
/* If target is present in either left or right subtree of this node,

then print this node */
if ( printAncestors(root->left, target) ||
printAncestors(root->right, target) )
{
return true;
}
/* Else return false */

return false;
}

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}
436
int main()
{
/* Construct the following binary tree

1
/ \
2 3
/ \
4 5
/
7
*/
root->left->left->left = newnode(7);
printAncestors(root, 7);
getchar();
return 0;
}
Output:
421
Time Complexity: O(n) where n is the number of nodes in the given Binary
Tree.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/print-ancestors-of-a-given-node-in-binary-tree/
Category: Trees
437
Chapter 89
Print ancestors of a given

binary tree node without
recursion
Given a Binary Tree and a key, write a function that prints all the ancestors of
the key in the given binary tree.
For example, consider the following Binary Tree
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ / \
4 5 6 7
/ \ /
8 9 10
Following are different input keys and their ancestors in the above tree
Input Key List of Ancestors

-------------------------
1
2 1
3 1
4 2 1
438
5 2 1
6 3 1
7 3 1
8 4 2 1
9 5 2 1
10 7 3 1
Recursive solution for this problem is discussed here.

It is clear that we need to use a stack based iterative traversal of the Binary
Tree. The idea is to have all ancestors in stack when we reach the node with
given key. Once we reach the key, all we have to do is, print contents of stack.
How to get all ancestors in stack when we reach the given node? We can traverse
all nodes in Postorder way. If we take a closer look at the recursive postorder
traversal, we can easily observe that, when recursive function is called for a node,
the recursion call stack contains ancestors of the node. So idea is do iterative
Postorder traversal and stop the traversal when we reach the desired node.
// C program to print all ancestors of a given key

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

// Structure for a tree node

struct Node
{
int data;
};
// Structure for Stack

struct Stack
{
int size;
int top;
};

439
{
node->data = data;
return node;
}

{
struct Stack* stack = (struct Stack*) malloc(sizeof(struct Stack));
stack->size = size;
stack->top = -1;
stack->array = (struct Node**) malloc(stack->size * sizeof(struct Node*));
return stack;
}

{
return ((stack->top + 1) == stack->size);
}
{
return stack->top == -1;
}
{
if (isFull(stack))
return;
}
{
if (isEmpty(stack))
return NULL;
}
struct Node* peek(struct Stack* stack)
{
if (isEmpty(stack))
return NULL;
return stack->array[stack->top];
}
// Iterative Function to print all ancestors of a given key
440
void printAncestors(struct Node *root, int key)
{
// Create a stack to hold ancestors

struct Stack* stack = createStack(MAX_SIZE);
// Traverse the complete tree in postorder way till we find the key
while (1)
{
// Traverse the left side. While traversing, push the nodes into
// the stack so that their right subtrees can be traversed later
while (root && root->data != key)
{
push(stack, root); // push current node
root = root->left; // move to next node
}
// If the node whose ancestors are to be printed is found,

// then break the while loop.
if (root && root->data == key)
break;
// Check if right sub-tree exists for the node at top

// If not then pop that node because we don't need this
// node any more.
if (peek(stack)->right == NULL)
{
root = pop(stack);
// If the popped node is right child of top, then remove the top
// as well. Left child of the top must have processed before.
// Consider the following tree for example and key = 3. If we
// remove the following loop, the program will go in an
// infinite loop after reaching 5.
// 1
// / \
// 2 3
// \
// 4
// \
// 5
while (!isEmpty(stack) && peek(stack)->right == root)
root = pop(stack);
}
441
// if stack is not empty then simply set the root as right child
// of top and start traversing right sub-tree.
root = isEmpty(stack)? NULL: peek(stack)->right;
}
// If stack is not empty, print contents of stack

// Here assumption is that the key is there in tree
while (!isEmpty(stack))
printf("%d ", pop(stack)->data);
}

int main()
{
// Let us construct a binary tree
struct Node* root = newNode(1);
printf("Following are all keys and their ancestors\n");

for (int key = 1; key <= 10; key++)
{
printf("%d: ", key);
printAncestors(root, key);
printf("\n");
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
Output:
Following are all keys and their ancestors

1:
2: 1
442
3: 1
4: 2 1
5: 2 1
6: 3 1
7: 3 1
8: 4 2 1
9: 5 2 1
10: 7 3 1
Exercise
Note that the above solution assumes that the given key is present in the given
Binary Tree. It may go in infinite loop if key is not present. Extend the above
solution to work even when the key is not present in tree.
This article is contrubuted byChandra Prakash. Please write comments if
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/print-ancestors-of-a-given-binary-tree-node-without-recursion/
Category: Trees Tags: stack, StackAndQueue
443
Chapter 90
Minimum no. of iterations

to pass information to all
nodes in the tree
Given a very large n-ary tree. Where the root node has some information which
it wants to pass to all of its children down to the leaves with the constraint that
it can only pass the information to one of its children at a time (take it as one
iteration).
Now in the next iteration the child node can transfer that information to only
one of its children and at the same time instance the child’s parent i.e. root
can pass the info to one of its remaining children. Continuing in this way we
have to find the minimum no of iterations required to pass the information to
all nodes in the tree.
Minimum no of iterations for tree below is 6. The root A first passes information
to B. In next iteration, A passes information to E and B passes information to
H and so on.
444
first.
This can be done using Post Order Traversal. The idea is to consider height
and children count on each and every node.
If a child node i takes ci iterations to pass info below its subtree, then its parent
will take (ci + 1) iterations to pass info to subtree rooted at that child i.
If parent has more children, it will pass info to them in subsequent iterations.
Let’s say children of a parent takes c1, c2, c3, c4, …, cn iterations to pass info in
their own subtree, Now parent has to pass info to these n children one by one
in n iterations. If parent picks child i in ith iteration, then parent will take (i +
ci) iterations to pass info to child i and all it’s subtree.
In any iteration, when parent passes info a child i+1, children (1 to i) which got
info from parent already in previous iterations, will pass info to further down in
subsequent iterations, if any child (1 to i) has its own child further down.
To pass info to whole tree in minimum iterations, it needs to be made sure that
bandwidth is utilized as efficiently as possible (i.e. maximum passable no of
nodes should pass info further down in any iteration)
The best possible scenario would be that in nth iteration, n different nodes pass
info to their child.
Nodes with height = 0: (Trivial case) Leaf node has no children (no infor-
mation passing needed), so no of iterations would be ZERO.
Nodes with height = 1: Here node has to pass info to all the children one by
one (all children are leaf node, so no more information passing further down).
Since all children are leaf, node can pass info to any child in any order (pick
445
any child who didn’t receive the info yet). One iteration needed for each child
and so no of iterations would be no of children.So node with height 1 with n
children will take n iterations.
Take a counter initialized with ZERO, loop through all children and keep incre-
menting counter.
Nodes with height > 1: Let’s assume that there are n children (1 to n) of a
node and minimum no iterations for all n children are c1, c2, …., cn.
To make sure maximum no of nodes participate in info passing in any iteration,
parent should 1st pass info to that child who will take maximum iteration to pass
info further down in subsequent iterations. i.e. in any iteration, parent should
choose the child who takes maximum iteration later on. It can be thought of as
a greedy approach where parent choose that child 1st, who needs maximum no
of iterations so that all subsequent iterations can be utilized efficiently.
If parent goes in any other fashion, then in the end, there could be some nodes
which are done quite early, sitting idle and so bandwidth is not utilized effi-
ciently in further iterations.
If there are two children i and j with minimum iterations ci and cj where ci >
cj, then If parent picks child j 1st then no of iterations needed by parent to pass
info to both children and their subtree would be:max (1 + cj, 2 + ci) = 2 + ci
If parent picks child i 1st then no of iterations needed by parent to pass info
to both children and their subtree would be: max(1 + ci, 2 + cj) = 1 + ci (So
picking ci gives better result than picking cj)
This tells that parent should always choose child i with max ci value in any
iteration.
SO here greedy approach is:
sort all ci values decreasing order,
let’s say after sorting, values are c1 > c2 > c3 > …. > cn
take a counter c, set c = 1 + c1 (for child with maximum no of iterations)
for all children i from 2 to n, c = c + 1 + ci
then total no of iterations needed by parent is max(n, c)
Let minItr(A) be the minimum iteration needed to pass info from node A to
it’s all the sub-tree. Let child(A) be the count of all children for node A. So
recursive relation would be:
1. Get minItr(B) of all children (B) of a node (A)

2. Sort all minItr(B) in descending order
3. Get minItr of A based on all minItr(B)
minItr(A) = child(A)
For children B from i = 0 to child(A)
minItr(A) = max ( minItr(A), minItr(B) + i + 1)
Base cases would be:

If node is leaf, minItr = 0
If node's height is 1, minItr = children count
446
// C++ program to find minimum number of iterations to pass

// information from root to all nodes in an n-ary tree
#include<iostream>
#include<list>
#include<cmath>
#include <stdlib.h>
// A class to represent n-ary tree (Note that the implementation

// is similar to graph for simplicity of implementation
class NAryTree
{
int N; // No. of nodes in Tree
// Pointer to an array containing list of children

list<int> *adj;
// A function used by getMinIter(), it basically does postorder

void getMinIterUtil(int v, int minItr[]);
public:
NAryTree(int N); // Constructor
// function to add a child w to v

void addChild(int v, int w);
// The main function to find minimum iterations

int getMinIter();
static int compare(const void * a, const void * b);

};
NAryTree::NAryTree(int N)
{
this->N = N;
adj = new list<int>[N];
}
// To add a child w to v
void NAryTree::addChild(int v, int w)
{
447
adj[v].push_back(w); // Add w to v’s list.
}
/* A recursive function to used by getMinIter(). This function

// mainly does postorder traversal and get minimum iteration of all children
// of node u, sort them in decreasing order and then get minimum iteration
// of node u
1. Get minItr(B) of all children (B) of a node (A)

2. Sort all minItr(B) in descending order
3. Get minItr of A based on all minItr(B)
minItr(A) = child(A) -->> child(A) is children count of node A
For children B from i = 0 to child(A)
minItr(A) = max ( minItr(A), minItr(B) + i + 1)
Base cases would be:

If node is leaf, minItr = 0
If node's height is 1, minItr = children count
*/
void NAryTree::getMinIterUtil(int u, int minItr[])

{
minItr[u] = adj[u].size();
int *minItrTemp = new int[minItr[u]];
int k = 0, tmp = 0;
// Recur for all the vertices adjacent to this vertex
list<int>::iterator i;
for (i = adj[u].begin(); i!= adj[u].end(); ++i)
{
getMinIterUtil(*i, minItr);
minItrTemp[k++] = minItr[*i];
}
qsort(minItrTemp, minItr[u], sizeof (int), compare);
for (k = 0; k < adj[u].size(); k++)
{
tmp = minItrTemp[k] + k + 1;
minItr[u] = max(minItr[u], tmp);
}
delete[] minItrTemp;
}
// The function to do PostOrder traversal. It uses

// recursive getMinIterUtil()
int NAryTree::getMinIter()
{
// Set minimum iteration all the vertices as zero
448
int *minItr = new int[N];
int res = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
minItr[i] = 0;
// Start Post Order Traversal from Root

getMinIterUtil(0, minItr);
res = minItr[0];
delete[] minItr;
return res;
}
int NAryTree::compare(const void * a, const void * b)

{
return ( *(int*)b - *(int*)a );
}
// Driver function to test above functions

int main()
{
// TestCase 1
NAryTree tree1(17);
tree1.addChild(0, 1);
cout << "TestCase 1 - Minimum Iteration: "

<< tree1.getMinIter() << endl;
449
// TestCase 2
NAryTree tree2(3);
// TestCase 3
NAryTree tree3(1);
// TestCase 4
NAryTree tree4(6);
// TestCase 5
NAryTree tree5(6);
// TestCase 6
NAryTree tree6(6);
// TestCase 7
NAryTree tree7(14);
450
// TestCase 8
NAryTree tree8(14);
// TestCase 9
NAryTree tree9(25);
451

return 0;
}
Output:
TestCase 1 - Minimum Iteration: 6


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452
Category: Trees
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453
Chapter 91
Mirror of n-ary Tree
Given a Tree where every node contains variable number of children, convert
the tree to its mirror. Below diagram shows an example.

yourself first.
Node of tree is represented as a key and a variable sized array of children pointers.
The idea is similar to mirror of Binary Tree. For every node, we first recur for
all of its children and then reverse array of children pointers. We can also do
these steps in other way, i.e., reverse array of children pointers first and then
recur for children.
Below is C++ implementation of above idea.
// C++ program to mirror an n-ary tree

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
454
// Represents a node of an n-ary tree
struct Node
{
int key;
vector<Node *>child;
};
// Function to convert a tree to its mirror

void mirrorTree(Node * root)
{
// Base case: Nothing to do if root is NULL
if (root==NULL)
return;
// Number of children of root

int n = root->child.size();
// If number of child is less than 2 i.e.

// 0 or 1 we do not need to do anything
if (n < 2)
return;
// Calling mirror function for each child

mirrorTree(root->child[i]);
// Reverse vector (variable sized array) of child

// pointers
reverse(root->child.begin(), root->child.end());
}

{
temp->key = key;
return temp;
}
// Prints the n-ary tree level wise

void printNodeLevelWise(Node * root)
{
if (root==NULL)
return;
455
// Create a queue and enqueue root to it
queue<Node *>q;
q.push(root);
// Do level order traversal. Two loops are used

// to make sure that different levels are printed
// in different lines
while (!q.empty())
{
int n = q.size();
while (n>0)
{
// Dequeue an item from queue and print it
Node * p = q.front();
q.pop();
cout << p->key << " ";
// Enqueue all childrent of the dequeued item

for (int i=0; i<p->child.size(); i++)
q.push(p->child[i]);
n--;
}
cout << endl; // Separator between levels

}
}
// Driver program
int main()
{
/* Let us create below tree
* 10
* / / \ \
* 2 34 56 100
* | / | \
* 1 7 8 9
*/
(root->child).push_back(newNode(2));
(root->child[2]->child).push_back(newNode(1));
456
cout << "Level order traversal Before Mirroring\n";
printNodeLevelWise(root);
mirrorTree(root);
cout << "\nLevel order traversal After Mirroring\n";

printNodeLevelWise(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
Level order traversal Before Mirroring

10
2 34 56 100
1 7 8 9
Level order traversal After Mirroring

10
100 56 34 2
9 8 7 1
Thanks to Nitin Agrawal for providing initial implementation. Please write

comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information
about the topic discussed above
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Category: Trees
457
Chapter 92
Populate Inorder Successor

for all nodes
Given a Binary Tree where each node has following structure, write a function
to populate next pointer for all nodes. The next pointer for every node should
be set to point to inorder successor.
struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
struct node* next;
}
Initially, all next pointers have NULL values. Your function should fill these
next pointers so that they point to inorder successor.
Solution (Use Reverse Inorder Traversal)
Traverse the given tree in reverse inorder traversal and keep track of previously
visited node. When a node is being visited, assign previously visited node as
next.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
458
struct node
{
int data;
struct node *left;
struct node *right;
struct node *next;
};
/* Set next of p and all descendents of p by traversing them in reverse Inorder */

void populateNext(struct node* p)
{
// The first visited node will be the rightmost node
// next of the rightmost node will be NULL
static struct node *next = NULL;
if (p)
{
// First set the next pointer in right subtree
populateNext(p->right);
// Set the next as previously visited node in reverse Inorder

p->next = next;
// Change the prev for subsequent node

next = p;
// Finally, set the next pointer in left subtree

populateNext(p->left);
}
}
{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
node->next = NULL;
return(node);
}
459
int main()
{

10
/ \
8 12
/
3
*/

populateNext(root);
// Let us see the populated values

struct node *ptr = root->left->left;
while(ptr)
{
// -1 is printed if there is no successor
printf("Next of %d is %d \n", ptr->data, ptr->next? ptr->next->data: -1);
ptr = ptr->next;
}
return 0;
}
We can avoid the use of static variable by passing reference to next as paramater.
// An implementation that doesn't use static variable
// A wrapper over populateNextRecur

void populateNext(struct node *root)
{
// The first visited node will be the rightmost node
// next of the rightmost node will be NULL
struct node *next = NULL;
460
populateNextRecur(root, &next);
}
/* Set next of all descendents of p by traversing them in reverse Inorder */

void populateNextRecur(struct node* p, struct node **next_ref)
{
if (p)
{
// First set the next pointer in right subtree
populateNextRecur(p->right, next_ref);
// Set the next as previously visited node in reverse Inorder

p->next = *next_ref;
// Change the prev for subsequent node

*next_ref = p;
// Finally, set the next pointer in right subtree

populateNextRecur(p->left, next_ref);
}
}

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Category: Trees
461
Chapter 93
Print all nodes at distance

k from a given node
Given a binary tree, a target node in the binary tree, and an integer value k,
print all the nodes that are at distance k from the given target node. No parent
pointers are available.
462
Consider the tree shown in diagram
Input: target = pointer to node with data 8.

root = pointer to node with data 20.
k = 2.
Output : 10 14 22
If target is 14 and k is 3, then output

should be "4 20"

first.
There are two types of nodes to be considered.
1) Nodes in the subtree rooted with target node. For example if the target node
463
is 8 and k is 2, then such nodes are 10 and 14.
2) Other nodes, may be an ancestor of target, or a node in some other subtree.
For target node 8 and k is 2, the node 22 comes in this category.
Finding the first type of nodes is easy to implement. Just traverse subtrees
rooted with the target node and decrement k in recursive call. When the k
becomes 0, print the node currently being traversed (See thisfor more details).
Here we call the function as printkdistanceNodeDown().
How to find nodes of second type? For the output nodes not lying in the subtree
with the target node as the root, we must go through all ancestors. For every
ancestor, we find its distance from target node, let the distance be d, now we
go to other subtree (if target was found in left subtree, then we go to right
subtree and vice versa) of the ancestor and find all nodes at k-d distance from
the ancestor.
Following is C++ implementation of the above approach.
#include <iostream>
// A binary Tree node

struct node
{
int data;
};
/* Recursive function to print all the nodes at distance k in the

tree (or subtree) rooted with given root. See */
void printkdistanceNodeDown(node *root, int k)
{
// Base Case
if (root == NULL || k < 0) return;
// If we reach a k distant node, print it

if (k==0)
{
cout << root->data << endl;
return;
}

printkdistanceNodeDown(root->left, k-1);
printkdistanceNodeDown(root->right, k-1);
}
464
// Prints all nodes at distance k from a given target node.
// The k distant nodes may be upward or downward. This function
// Returns distance of root from target node, it returns -1 if target
// node is not present in tree rooted with root.
int printkdistanceNode(node* root, node* target , int k)
{
// Base Case 1: If tree is empty, return -1
if (root == NULL) return -1;
// If target is same as root. Use the downward function

// to print all nodes at distance k in subtree rooted with
// target or root
if (root == target)
{
printkdistanceNodeDown(root, k);
return 0;
}
// Recur for left subtree

int dl = printkdistanceNode(root->left, target, k);
// Check if target node was found in left subtree

if (dl != -1)
{
// If root is at distance k from target, print root
// Note that dl is Distance of root's left child from target
if (dl + 1 == k)
// Else go to right subtree and print all k-dl-2 distant nodes

// Note that the right child is 2 edges away from left child
else
printkdistanceNodeDown(root->right, k-dl-2);
// Add 1 to the distance and return value for parent calls

return 1 + dl;
}
// MIRROR OF ABOVE CODE FOR RIGHT SUBTREE

// Note that we reach here only when node was not found in left subtree
int dr = printkdistanceNode(root->right, target, k);
if (dr != -1)
{
if (dr + 1 == k)
465
else
printkdistanceNodeDown(root->left, k-dr-2);
return 1 + dr;
}
// If target was neither present in left nor in right subtree

return -1;
}
// A utility function to create a new binary tree node

node *newnode(int data)
{
temp->data = data;
return temp;
}

int main()
{
/* Let us construct the tree shown in above diagram */
node * root = newnode(20);
root->left->right->left = newnode(10);
root->left->right->right = newnode(14);
node * target = root->left->right;
printkdistanceNode(root, target, 2);
return 0;
}
Output:
4
20
Time Complexity: At first look the time complexity looks more than O(n), but
if we take a closer look, we can observe that no node is traversed more than
twice. Therefore the time complexity is O(n).
466
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discussed above
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467
Chapter 94
Print all nodes that are at

distance k from a leaf node
Given a Binary Tree and a positive integer k, print all nodes that are distance
k from a leaf node.
Here the meaning of distance is different from previous post. Here k distance
from a leaf means k levels higher than a leaf node. For example if k is more
than height of Binary Tree, then nothing should be printed. Expected time
complexity is O(n) where n is the number nodes in the given Binary Tree.

first.
The idea is to traverse the tree. Keep storing all ancestors till we hit a leaf node.
When we reach a leaf node, we print the ancestor at distance k. We also need
468
to keep track of nodes that are already printed as output. For that we use a
boolean array visited[].
/* Program to print all nodes which are at distance k from a leaf */

#include <iostream>
#define MAX_HEIGHT 10000
struct Node
{
int key;
Node *left, *right;
};
/* utility that allocates a new Node with the given key */

{
Node* node = new Node;
node->key = key;
return (node);
}
/* This function prints all nodes that are distance k from a leaf node
path[] --> Store ancestors of a node
visited[] --> Stores true if a node is printed as output. A node may be k
distance away from many leaves, we want to print it once */
void kDistantFromLeafUtil(Node* node, int path[], bool visited[],
int pathLen, int k)
{
// Base case
/* append this Node to the path array */

path[pathLen] = node->key;
visited[pathLen] = false;
pathLen++;
/* it's a leaf, so print the ancestor at distance k only

if the ancestor is not already printed */
if (node->left == NULL && node->right == NULL &&
pathLen-k-1 >= 0 && visited[pathLen-k-1] == false)
{
cout << path[pathLen-k-1] << " ";
visited[pathLen-k-1] = true;
469
return;
}
/* If not leaf node, recur for left and right subtrees */

kDistantFromLeafUtil(node->left, path, visited, pathLen, k);
kDistantFromLeafUtil(node->right, path, visited, pathLen, k);
}
/* Given a binary tree and a nuber k, print all nodes that are k
distant from a leaf*/
void printKDistantfromLeaf(Node* node, int k)
{
int path[MAX_HEIGHT];
bool visited[MAX_HEIGHT] = {false};
kDistantFromLeafUtil(node, path, visited, 0, k);
}

int main()
{
cout << "Nodes at distance 2 are: ";

printKDistantfromLeaf(root, 2);
return 0;
}
Output:
Nodes at distance 2 are: 3 1
Time Complexity: Time Complexity of above code is O(n) as the code does a
simple tree traversal.
470
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Category: Trees
471
Chapter 95
Print all nodes that don’t

have sibling
Given a Binary Tree, print all nodes that don’t have a sibling (a sibling is a
node that has same parent. In a Binary Tree, there can be at most one sibling).
Root should not be printed as root cannot have a sibling.
For example, the output should be “4 5 6� for the following tree.

first.
This is a typical tree traversal question. We start from root and check if the
node has one child, if yes then print the only child of that node. If node has
472
both children, then recur for both the children.
/* Program to find singles in a given binary tree */

#include <iostream>

struct node
{
int key;
};

node* newNode(int key)
{
temp->key = key;
return temp;
}
// Function to print all non-root nodes that don't have a sibling

void printSingles(struct node *root)
{
// Base case
if (root == NULL)
return;
// If this is an internal node, recur for left

// and right subtrees
if (root->left != NULL && root->right != NULL)
{
printSingles(root->left);
printSingles(root->right);
}
// If left child is NULL and right is not, print right child

// and recur for right child
else if (root->right != NULL)
{
cout << root->right->key << " ";
printSingles(root->right);
}
473
// If right child is NULL and left is not, print left child
// and recur for left child
else if (root->left != NULL)
{
cout << root->left->key << " ";
printSingles(root->left);
}
}

int main()
{
printSingles(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
4 5 6
Time Complexity of above code is O(n) as the code does a simple tree traversal.
This article is compiled by Aman Gupta. Please write comments if you find
discussed above
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Category: Trees
474
Chapter 96
Print nodes at k distance

from root
Given a root of a tree, and an integer k. Print all the nodes which are at k
distance from root.
For example, in the below tree, 4, 5 & 8 are at distance 2 from root.
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 8
The problem can be solved using recursion. Thanks to eldho for suggesting the
solution.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
475
struct node* right;
};
void printKDistant(node *root , int k)

{
if(root == NULL)
return;
if( k == 0 )
{
printf( "%d ", root->data );
return ;
}
else
{
printKDistant( root->left, k-1 ) ;
printKDistant( root->right, k-1 ) ;
}
}

{
node->data = data;
node->left = NULL;
node->right = NULL;
return(node);
}

int main()
{

1
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 8
*/
476
printKDistant(root, 2);
getchar();
return 0;
}
The above program prints 4, 5 and 8.

Time Complexity: O(n) where n is number of nodes in the given binary tree.
better ways to solve the same problem.
Source
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Category: Trees
477
Chapter 97
Print nodes between two

given level numbers of a
binary tree
Given a binary tree and two level numbers ‘low’ and ‘high’, print nodes from
level low to level high.
For example consider the binary tree given in below diagram.
Input: Root of below tree, low = 2, high = 4
Output:
8 22
4 12
10 14
478
A Simple Method is to first write a recursive function that prints nodes of
a given level number. Then call recursive function in a loop from low to high.
Time complexity of this method is O(n2 )
We can print nodes in O(n) time using queue based iterative level order traver-
sal. The idea is to do simple queue based level order traversal. While doing
inorder traversal, add a marker node at the end. Whenever we see a marker
node, we increase level number. If level number is between low and high, then
print nodes.
The following is C++ implementation of above idea.
// A C++ program to print Nodes level by level berween given two levels.
#include <iostream>
#include <queue>
/* A binary tree Node has key, pointer to left and right children */
struct Node
{
int key;
};
/* Given a binary tree, print nodes from level number 'low' to level
number 'high'*/
void printLevels(Node* root, int low, int high)
479
{
queue <Node *> Q;
Node *marker = new Node; // Marker node to indicate end of level
int level = 1; // Initialize level number
// Enqueue the only first level node and marker node for end of level
Q.push(root);
Q.push(marker);
// Simple level order traversal loop

while (Q.empty() == false)
{
// Remove the front item from queue
Node *n = Q.front();
Q.pop();
// Check if end of level is reached

if (n == marker)
{
// print a new line and increment level number
cout << endl;
level++;
// Check if marker node was last node in queue or

// level number is beyond the given upper limit
if (Q.empty() == true || level > high) break;
// Enqueue the marker for end of next level

Q.push(marker);
// If this is marker, then we don't need print it

// and enqueue its children
continue;
}
// If level is equal to or greater than given lower level,

// print it
if (level >= low)
cout << n->key << " ";
// Enqueue children of non-marker node

if (n->left != NULL) Q.push(n->left);
if (n->right != NULL) Q.push(n->right);
}
480
}

given key and NULL left and right pointers. */
{
temp->key = key;
return (temp);
}

int main()
{
// Let us construct the BST shown in the above figure
cout << "Level Order traversal between given two levels is";
printLevels(root, 2, 3);
return 0;
}
Level Order traversal between given two levels is

8 22
4 12
Time complexity of above method is O(n) as it does a simple level order traver-
sal.
This article is contributed by Frank. Please write comments if you find anything
incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above
481
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Category: Trees
482
Chapter 98
Remove all nodes which

don’t lie in any path with
sum>= k
Given a binary tree, a complete path is defined as a path from root to a leaf.
The sum of all nodes on that path is defined as the sum of that path. Given a
number K, you have to remove (prune the tree) all nodes which don’t lie in any
path with sum>=k.
Note: A node can be part of multiple paths. So we have to delete it only in case
when all paths from it have sum less than K.
Consider the following Binary Tree

1
/ \
2 3
/ \ / \
4 5 6 7
/ \ / /
8 9 12 10
/ \ \
13 14 11
/
15
For input k = 20, the tree should be changed to following

(Nodes with values 6 and 8 are deleted)
1
483
/ \
2 3
/ \ \
4 5 7
\ / /
9 12 10
/ \ \
13 14 11
/
15
For input k = 45, the tree should be changed to following.

1
/
2
/
4
\
9
\
14
/
15
The idea is to traverse the tree and delete nodes in bottom up manner. While
traversing the tree, recursively calculate the sum of nodes from root to leaf node
of each path. For each visited node, checks the total calculated sum against
given sum “k”. If sum is less than k, then free(delete) that node (leaf node) and
return the sum back to the previous node. Since the path is from root to leaf
and nodes are deleted in bottom up manner, a node is deleted only when all of
its descendants are deleted. Therefore, when a node is deleted, it must be a leaf
in the current Binary Tree.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
// A utility function to get maximum of two integers
484
int max(int l, int r) { return (l > r ? l : r); }

struct Node
{
int data;
};
// A utility function to create a new Binary Tree node with given data
{
node->data = data;
return node;
}
// print the tree in LVR (Inorder traversal) way.

{
if (root != NULL)
{
print(root->left);
print(root->right);
}
}
/* Main function which truncates the binary tree. */

struct Node *pruneUtil(struct Node *root, int k, int *sum)
{
// Base Case
// Initialize left and right sums as sum from root to

// this node (including this node)
int lsum = *sum + (root->data);
int rsum = lsum;
// Recursively prune left and right subtrees

root->left = pruneUtil(root->left, k, &lsum);
root->right = pruneUtil(root->right, k, &rsum);
// Get the maximum of left and right sums

*sum = max(lsum, rsum);
485
// If maximum is smaller than k, then this node
// must be deleted
if (*sum < k)
{
free(root);
root = NULL;
}
return root;
}
// A wrapper over pruneUtil()

struct Node *prune(struct Node *root, int k)
{
int sum = 0;
return pruneUtil(root, k, &sum);
}

int main()
{
int k = 45;
root->left->left->right->right->left = newNode(15);
printf("Tree before truncation\n");

print(root);
root = prune(root, k); // k is 45
printf("\n\nTree after truncation\n");

print(root);
486
return 0;
}
Output:
Tree before truncation

8 4 13 9 15 14 2 12 5 1 6 3 10 11 7
Tree after truncation

4 9 15 14 2 1
Time Complexity: O(n), the solution does a single traversal of given Binary
Tree.
A Simpler Solution:
The above code can be simplified using the fact that nodes are deleted in bottom
up manner. The idea is to keep reducing the sum when traversing down. When
we reach a leaf and sum is greater than the leaf’s data, then we delete the leaf.
Note that deleting nodes may convert a non-leaf node to a leaf node and if the
data for the converted leaf node is less than the current sum, then the converted
leaf should also be deleted.
Thanks to vicky for suggesting this solution in below comments.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct Node
{
int data;
};
// A utility function to create a new Binary

// Tree node with given data
{
struct Node* node =
(struct Node*) malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
node->data = data;
487
return node;
}
// print the tree in LVR (Inorder traversal) way.

{
if (root != NULL)
{
print(root->left);
print(root->right);
}
}
/* Main function which truncates the binary tree. */

struct Node *prune(struct Node *root, int sum)
{
// Base Case

root->left = prune(root->left, sum - root->data);
root->right = prune(root->right, sum - root->data);
// If we reach leaf whose data is smaller than sum,

// we delete the leaf. An important thing to note
// is a non-leaf node can become leaf when its
// chilren are deleted.
{
if (root->data < sum)
{
free(root);
return NULL;
}
}
return root;
}

int main()
{
int k = 45;
488
root->left->left->right->right->left = newNode(15);
printf("Tree before truncation\n");

print(root);
root = prune(root, k); // k is 45
printf("\n\nTree after truncation\n");

print(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
Tree before truncation

8 4 13 9 15 14 2 12 5 1 6 3 10 11 7
Tree after truncation

4 9 15 14 2 1

Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/remove-all-nodes-which-lie-on-a-path-having-sum-less-than-k/
489
Category: Trees
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490
Chapter 99
Remove nodes on root to

leaf paths of length
Given a Binary Tree and a number k, remove all nodes that lie only on root to
leaf path(s) of length smaller than k. If a node X lies on multiple root-to-leaf
paths and if any of the paths has path length >= k, then X is not deleted from
Binary Tree. In other words a node is deleted if all paths going through it have
lengths smaller than k.
Consider the following example Binary Tree
1
/ \
2 3
/ \\
4 6 5
/ /
7 8
Input: Root of above Binary Tree
k = 4
Output: The tree should be changed to following

1
/ \
2 3
/ \
4 6
/ /
7 8
491
There are 3 paths
i) 1->2->4->7 path length = 4
ii) 1->2->5 path length = 3
iii) 1->3->6->8 path length = 4
There is only one path " 1->2->5 " of length smaller than 4.
The node 5 is the only node that lies only on this path, so
node 5 is removed.
Nodes 2 and 1 are not removed as they are parts of other paths
of length 4 as well.
If k is 5 or greater than 5, then whole tree is deleted.
If k is 3 or less than 3, then nothing is deleted.

self first
The idea here is to use post order traversal of the tree. Before removing a
node we need to check that all the children of that node in the shorter path are
already removed. There are 2 cases for a node whose child or cho
i) This node becomes a leaf node in which case it needs to be deleted.
ii) This node has other child on a path with path length >= k. In that case it
needs not to be deleted.
A C++ based code on this approach is below
// C++ program to remove nodes on root to leaf paths of length < K

#include<iostream>
struct Node
{
int data;
Node *left, *right;
};
//New node of a tree

{
node->data = data;
return node;
492
}
// Utility method that actually removes the nodes which are not
// on the pathLen >= k. This method can change the root as well.
Node *removeShortPathNodesUtil(Node *root, int level, int k)
{
//Base condition
if (root == NULL)
return NULL;
// Traverse the tree in postorder fashion so that if a leaf

// node path length is shorter than k, then that node and
// all of its descendants till the node which are not
// on some other path are removed.
root->left = removeShortPathNodesUtil(root->left, level + 1, k);
root->right = removeShortPathNodesUtil(root->right, level + 1, k);
// If root is a leaf node and it's level is less than k then

// remove this node.
// This goes up and check for the ancestor nodes also for the
// same condition till it finds a node which is a part of other
// path(s) too.
if (root->left == NULL && root->right == NULL && level < k)
{
delete root;
return NULL;
}
// Return root;
return root;
}
// Method which calls the utitlity method to remove the short path
// nodes.
Node *removeShortPathNodes(Node *root, int k)
{
int pathLen = 0;
return removeShortPathNodesUtil(root, 1, k);
}
//Method to print the tree in inorder fashion.

void printInorder(Node *root)
{
if (root)
{
printInorder(root->left);
493
printInorder(root->right);
}
}
// Driver method.
int main()
{
int k = 4;
cout << "Inorder Traversal of Original tree" << endl;
printInorder(root);
cout << endl;
cout << "Inorder Traversal of Modified tree" << endl;
Node *res = removeShortPathNodes(root, k);
printInorder(res);
return 0;
}
Output:
Inorder Traversal of Original tree

7 4 2 5 1 3 8 6
Inorder Traversal of Modified tree
7 4 2 1 3 8 6
Time complexity of the above solution is O(n) where n is number of nodes in

given Binary Tree.
discussed above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/remove-nodes-root-leaf-paths-length-k/
494
Category: Trees Tags: tree-traversal
495
Chapter 100
Reverse alternate levels of a

perfect binary tree
Given a Perfect Binary Tree, reverse the alternate level nodes of the binary tree.
Given tree:
a
/ \
b c
/ \ / \
d e f g
/ \ / \ / \ / \
h i j k l m n o
Modified tree:
a
/ \
c b
/ \ / \
d e f g
/ \ / \ / \ / \
o n m l k j i h

first.
A simple solution is to do following steps.
1) Access nodes level by level.
496
2) If current level is odd, then store nodes of this level in an array.
3) Reverse the array and store elements back in tree.
A tricky solution is to do two inorder traversals. Following are steps to be
followed.
1) Traverse the given tree in inorder fashion and store all odd level nodes in an
auxiliary array. For the above example given tree, contents of array become {h,
i, b, j, k, l, m, c, n, o}
2) Reverse the array. The array now becomes {o, n, c, m, l, k, j, b, i, h}
3) Traverse the tree again inorder fashion. While traversing the tree, one by
one take elements from array and store elements from array to every odd level
traversed node.
For the above example, we traverse ‘h’ first in above array and replace ‘h’ with
‘o’. Then we traverse ‘i’ and replace it with n.
Following is C++ implementation of the above algorithm.
// C++ program to reverse alternate levels of a binary tree

#include<iostream>
#define MAX 100

struct Node
{
char data;
};

struct Node *newNode(char item)
{
struct Node *temp = new Node;
temp->data = item;
return temp;
}
// Function to store nodes of alternate levels in an array

void storeAlternate(Node *root, char arr[], int *index, int l)
{
// Base case
// Store elements of left subtree
497
storeAlternate(root->left, arr, index, l+1);
// Store this node only if this is a odd level node

if (l%2 != 0)
{
arr[*index] = root->data;
(*index)++;
}
// Store elements of right subtree

storeAlternate(root->right, arr, index, l+1);
}
// Function to modify Binary Tree (All odd level nodes are

// updated by taking elements from array in inorder fashion)
void modifyTree(Node *root, char arr[], int *index, int l)
{
// Base case
// Update nodes in left subtree

modifyTree(root->left, arr, index, l+1);
// Update this node only if this is an odd level node

if (l%2 != 0)
{
root->data = arr[*index];
(*index)++;
}
// Update nodes in right subtree

modifyTree(root->right, arr, index, l+1);
}
// A utility function to reverse an array from index

// 0 to n-1
void reverse(char arr[], int n)
{
int l = 0, r = n-1;
while (l < r)
{
int temp = arr[l];
arr[l] = arr[r];
arr[r] = temp;
l++; r--;
}
498
}
// The main function to reverse alternate nodes of a binary tree

void reverseAlternate(struct Node *root)
{
// Create an auxiliary array to store nodes of alternate levels
char *arr = new char[MAX];
int index = 0;
// First store nodes of alternate levels

storeAlternate(root, arr, &index, 0);
// Reverse the array

reverse(arr, index);
// Update tree by taking elements from array

index = 0;
modifyTree(root, arr, &index, 0);
}
// A utility function to print indorder traversal of a

// binary tree
void printInorder(struct Node *root)
{
printInorder(root->left);
printInorder(root->right);
}

int main()
{
struct Node *root = newNode('a');
root->left = newNode('b');
root->right = newNode('c');
root->left->left = newNode('d');
root->left->right = newNode('e');
root->right->left = newNode('f');
root->right->right = newNode('g');
root->left->left->left = newNode('h');
root->left->left->right = newNode('i');
root->left->right->left = newNode('j');
root->left->right->right = newNode('k');
root->right->left->left = newNode('l');
root->right->left->right = newNode('m');
499
root->right->right->left = newNode('n');
root->right->right->right = newNode('o');
cout << "Inorder Traversal of given tree\n";

printInorder(root);
reverseAlternate(root);
cout << "\n\nInorder Traversal of modified tree\n";

printInorder(root);
return 0;
}
Output:
Inorder Traversal of given tree

h d i b j e k a l f m c n g o
Inorder Traversal of modified tree

o d n c m e l a k f j b i g h
Time complexity of the above solution is O(n) as it does two inorder traversals
of binary tree.
This article is contributed by Kripal Gaurav. Please write comments if you
discussed above.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/reverse-alternate-levels-binary-tree/
Category: Trees
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500
Chapter 101
Segment Tree | Set 1 (Sum

of given range)
Let us consider the following problem to understand Segment Trees.

We have an array arr[0 . . . n-1]. We should be able to
1 Find the sum of elements from index l to r where 0 2 Change value of a
specified element of the array arr[i] = x where 0
A simple solution is to run a loop from l to r and calculate sum of elements in
given range. To update a value, simply do arr[i] = x. The first operation takes
O(n) time and second operation takes O(1) time.
Another solution is to create another array and store sum from start to i at
the ith index in this array. Sum of a given range can now be calculated in O(1)
time, but update operation takes O(n) time now. This works well if the number
of query operations are large and very few updates.
What if the number of query and updates are equal? Can we perform both
the operations in O(log n) time once given the array? We can use a
Segment Tree to do both operations in O(Logn) time.
Representation of Segment trees
1. Leaf Nodes are the elements of the input array.
2. Each internal node represents some merging of the leaf nodes. The merging
may be different for different problems. For this problem, merging is sum of
leaves under a node.
An array representation of tree is used to represent Segment Trees. For each
node at index i, the left child is at index 2*i+1, right child at 2*i+2 and the
parent is at .
501
Construction of Segment Tree from given array
We start with a segment arr[0 . . . n-1]. and every time we divide the current
segment into two halves(if it has not yet become a segment of length 1), and
then call the same procedure on both halves, and for each such segment we store
the sum in corresponding node.
All levels of the constructed segment tree will be completely filled except the
last level. Also, the tree will be a Full Binary Tree because we always divide
segments in two halves at every level. Since the constructed tree is always full
binary tree with n leaves, there will be n-1 internal nodes. So total number of
nodes will be 2*n – 1.
Height of the segment tree will be . Since the tree is represented

using array and relation between parent and child indexes must be maintained,
size of memory allocated for segment tree will be .

Query for Sum of given range
Once the tree is constructed, how to get the sum using the constructed segment
tree. Following is algorithm to get the sum of elements.
int getSum(node, l, r)
{
if range of node is within l and r
return value in node
else if range of node is completely outside l and r
502
return 0
else
return getSum(node's left child, l, r) +
getSum(node's right child, l, r)
}
Update a value
Like tree construction and query operations, update can also be done recursively.
We are given an index which needs to updated. Let diff be the value to be added.
We start from root of the segment tree, and add diff to all nodes which have
given index in their range. If a node doesn’t have given index in its range, we
don’t make any changes to that node.
Implementation:
Following is implementation of segment tree. The program implements con-
struction of segment tree for any given array. It also implements query and
update operations.
C
// C program to show segment tree operations like construction, query

// and update
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
// A utility function to get the middle index from corner indexes.

int getMid(int s, int e) { return s + (e -s)/2; }
/* A recursive function to get the sum of values in given range

of the array. The following are parameters for this function.
st --> Pointer to segment tree

si --> Index of current node in the segment tree. Initially
0 is passed as root is always at index 0
ss & se --> Starting and ending indexes of the segment represented
by current node, i.e., st[si]
qs & qe --> Starting and ending indexes of query range */
int getSumUtil(int *st, int ss, int se, int qs, int qe, int si)
{
// If segment of this node is a part of given range, then return
// the sum of the segment
if (qs <= ss && qe >= se)
return st[si];
503
// If segment of this node is outside the given range
if (se < qs || ss > qe)
return 0;
// If a part of this segment overlaps with the given range

int mid = getMid(ss, se);
return getSumUtil(st, ss, mid, qs, qe, 2*si+1) +
getSumUtil(st, mid+1, se, qs, qe, 2*si+2);
}
/* A recursive function to update the nodes which have the given

index in their range. The following are parameters
st, si, ss and se are same as getSumUtil()
i --> index of the element to be updated. This index is
in input array.
diff --> Value to be added to all nodes which have i in range */
void updateValueUtil(int *st, int ss, int se, int i, int diff, int si)
{
// Base Case: If the input index lies outside the range of
// this segment
if (i < ss || i > se)
return;
// If the input index is in range of this node, then update

// the value of the node and its children
st[si] = st[si] + diff;
if (se != ss)
{
updateValueUtil(st, ss, mid, i, diff, 2*si + 1);
updateValueUtil(st, mid+1, se, i, diff, 2*si + 2);
}
}
// The function to update a value in input array and segment tree.

// It uses updateValueUtil() to update the value in segment tree
void updateValue(int arr[], int *st, int n, int i, int new_val)
{
// Check for erroneous input index
if (i < 0 || i > n-1)
{
printf("Invalid Input");
return;
}
// Get the difference between new value and old value
504
int diff = new_val - arr[i];
// Update the value in array

arr[i] = new_val;
// Update the values of nodes in segment tree

updateValueUtil(st, 0, n-1, i, diff, 0);
}
// Return sum of elements in range from index qs (quey start)

// to qe (query end). It mainly uses getSumUtil()
int getSum(int *st, int n, int qs, int qe)
{
// Check for erroneous input values
if (qs < 0 || qe > n-1 || qs > qe)
{
printf("Invalid Input");
return -1;
}
return getSumUtil(st, 0, n-1, qs, qe, 0);

}
// A recursive function that constructs Segment Tree for array[ss..se].

// si is index of current node in segment tree st
int constructSTUtil(int arr[], int ss, int se, int *st, int si)
{
// If there is one element in array, store it in current node of
// segment tree and return
if (ss == se)
{
st[si] = arr[ss];
return arr[ss];
}
// If there are more than one elements, then recur for left and
// right subtrees and store the sum of values in this node
st[si] = constructSTUtil(arr, ss, mid, st, si*2+1) +
constructSTUtil(arr, mid+1, se, st, si*2+2);
return st[si];
}
/* Function to construct segment tree from given array. This function

allocates memory for segment tree and calls constructSTUtil() to
fill the allocated memory */
505
int *constructST(int arr[], int n)
{
// Allocate memory for segment tree
//Height of segment tree

int x = (int)(ceil(log2(n)));
//Maximum size of segment tree

int max_size = 2*(int)pow(2, x) - 1;
// Allocate memory
int *st = new int[max_size];
// Fill the allocated memory st

constructSTUtil(arr, 0, n-1, st, 0);
// Return the constructed segment tree

return st;
}

int main()
{
int arr[] = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11};
int n = sizeof(arr)/sizeof(arr[0]);
// Build segment tree from given array

int *st = constructST(arr, n);
// Print sum of values in array from index 1 to 3

printf("Sum of values in given range = %d\n",
getSum(st, n, 1, 3));
// Update: set arr[1] = 10 and update corresponding

// segment tree nodes
updateValue(arr, st, n, 1, 10);
// Find sum after the value is updated

printf("Updated sum of values in given range = %d\n",
getSum(st, n, 1, 3));
return 0;
}
Java
506
// Java Program to show segment tree operations like construction,
// query and update
class SegmentTree
{
int st[]; // The array that stores segment tree nodes
/* Constructor to construct segment tree from given array. This

constructor allocates memory for segment tree and calls
constructSTUtil() to fill the allocated memory */
SegmentTree(int arr[], int n)
{
// Allocate memory for segment tree
//Height of segment tree
int x = (int) (Math.ceil(Math.log(n) / Math.log(2)));
//Maximum size of segment tree

int max_size = 2 * (int) Math.pow(2, x) - 1;
st = new int[max_size]; // Memory allocation
constructSTUtil(arr, 0, n - 1, 0);
}
// A utility function to get the middle index from corner indexes.

int getMid(int s, int e) {
return s + (e - s) / 2;
}
/* A recursive function to get the sum of values in given range

of the array. The following are parameters for this function.
st --> Pointer to segment tree

si --> Index of current node in the segment tree. Initially
0 is passed as root is always at index 0
ss & se --> Starting and ending indexes of the segment represented
by current node, i.e., st[si]
qs & qe --> Starting and ending indexes of query range */
int getSumUtil(int ss, int se, int qs, int qe, int si)
{
// If segment of this node is a part of given range, then return
// the sum of the segment
if (qs <= ss && qe >= se)
return st[si];
// If segment of this node is outside the given range
507
if (se < qs || ss > qe)
return 0;
// If a part of this segment overlaps with the given range

return getSumUtil(ss, mid, qs, qe, 2 * si + 1) +
getSumUtil(mid + 1, se, qs, qe, 2 * si + 2);
}
/* A recursive function to update the nodes which have the given

index in their range. The following are parameters
st, si, ss and se are same as getSumUtil()
i --> index of the element to be updated. This index is in
input array.
diff --> Value to be added to all nodes which have i in range */
void updateValueUtil(int ss, int se, int i, int diff, int si)
{
// Base Case: If the input index lies outside the range of
// this segment
if (i < ss || i > se)
return;
// If the input index is in range of this node, then update the

// value of the node and its children
st[si] = st[si] + diff;
if (se != ss) {
updateValueUtil(ss, mid, i, diff, 2 * si + 1);
updateValueUtil(mid + 1, se, i, diff, 2 * si + 2);
}
}
// The function to update a value in input array and segment tree.

// It uses updateValueUtil() to update the value in segment tree
void updateValue(int arr[], int n, int i, int new_val)
{
// Check for erroneous input index
if (i < 0 || i > n - 1) {
System.out.println("Invalid Input");
return;
}
// Get the difference between new value and old value

int diff = new_val - arr[i];
// Update the value in array
508
arr[i] = new_val;
// Update the values of nodes in segment tree

updateValueUtil(0, n - 1, i, diff, 0);
}
// Return sum of elements in range from index qs (quey start) to

// qe (query end). It mainly uses getSumUtil()
int getSum(int n, int qs, int qe)
{
// Check for erroneous input values
if (qs < 0 || qe > n - 1 || qs > qe) {
System.out.println("Invalid Input");
return -1;
}
return getSumUtil(0, n - 1, qs, qe, 0);
}
// A recursive function that constructs Segment Tree for array[ss..se].

// si is index of current node in segment tree st
int constructSTUtil(int arr[], int ss, int se, int si)
{
// If there is one element in array, store it in current node of
// segment tree and return
if (ss == se) {
st[si] = arr[ss];
return arr[ss];
}
// If there are more than one elements, then recur for left and
// right subtrees and store the sum of values in this node
st[si] = constructSTUtil(arr, ss, mid, si * 2 + 1) +
constructSTUtil(arr, mid + 1, se, si * 2 + 2);
return st[si];
}

public static void main(String args[])
{
int arr[] = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11};
int n = arr.length;
SegmentTree tree = new SegmentTree(arr, n);
// Build segment tree from given array
509
// Print sum of values in array from index 1 to 3
System.out.println("Sum of values in given range = " +
tree.getSum(n, 1, 3));
// Update: set arr[1] = 10 and update corresponding segment

// tree nodes
tree.updateValue(arr, n, 1, 10);
// Find sum after the value is updated

System.out.println("Updated sum of values in given range = " +
tree.getSum(n, 1, 3));
}
}
//This code is contributed by Ankur Narain Verma
Output:
Sum of values in given range = 15

Updated sum of values in given range = 22
Time Complexity:
Time Complexity for tree construction is O(n). There are total 2n-1 nodes, and
value of every node is calculated only once in tree construction.
Time complexity to query is O(Logn). To query a sum, we process at most four
nodes at every level and number of levels is O(Logn).
The time complexity of update is also O(Logn). To update a leaf value, we
process one node at every level and number of levels is O(Logn).
Segment Tree | Set 2 (Range Minimum Query)

References:
http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/aca/lop12/slides/06.pdf
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/segment-tree-set-1-sum-of-given-range/
510
Chapter 102
Serialize and Deserialize a

Binary Tree
Serialization is to store tree in a file so that it can be later restored. The

structure of tree must be maintained. Deserialization is reading tree back from
file.
Following are some simpler versions of the problem:
If given Tree is Binary Search Tree?
If the given Binary Tree is Binary Search Tree, we can store it by either storing
preorder or postorder traversal. In case of Binary Search Trees, only preorder
or postorder traversal is sufficient to store structure information.
If given Binary Tree is Complete Tree?
A Binary Tree is complete if all levels are completely filled except possibly the
last level and all nodes of last level are as left as possible (Binary Heaps are
complete Binary Tree). For a complete Binary Tree, level order traversal is
sufficient to store the tree. We know that the first node is root, next two nodes
are nodes of next level, next four nodes are nodes of 2nd level and so on.
If given Binary Tree is Full Tree?
A full Binary is a Binary Tree where every node has either 0 or 2 children. It is
easy to serialize such trees as every internal node has 2 children. We can simply
store preorder traversal and store a bit with every node to indicate whether the
node is an internal node or a leaf node.
How to store a general Binary Tree?
A simple solution is to store both Inorder and Preorder traversals. This solution
requires requires space twice the size of Binary Tree.
We can save space by storing Preorder traversal and a marker for NULL pointers.
511
Let the marker for NULL pointers be '-1'
Input:
12
/
13
Output: 12 13 -1 -1
Input:
20
/ \
8 22
Output: 20 8 -1 -1 22 -1 -1
Input:
20
/
8
/ \
4 12
/ \
10 14
Output: 20 8 4 -1 -1 12 10 -1 -1 14 -1 -1 -1
Input:
20
/
8
/
10
/
5
Output: 20 8 10 5 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Input:
20
\
8
\
10
\
5
Output: 20 -1 8 -1 10 -1 5 -1 -1
Deserialization can be done by simply reading data from file one by one.
512
Following is C++ implementation of the above idea.
// A C++ program to demonstrate serialization and deserialiation of

// Binary Tree
#include <stdio.h>
#define MARKER -1
/* A binary tree Node has key, pointer to left and right children */
struct Node
{
int key;
};

given key and NULL left and right pointers. */
{
temp->key = key;
return (temp);
}
// This function stores a tree in a file pointed by fp

void serialize(Node *root, FILE *fp)
{
// If current node is NULL, store marker
if (root == NULL)
{
fprintf(fp, "%d ", MARKER);
return;
}
// Else, store current node and recur for its children

fprintf(fp, "%d ", root->key);
serialize(root->left, fp);
serialize(root->right, fp);
}
// This function constructs a tree from a file pointed by 'fp'

void deSerialize(Node *&root, FILE *fp)
{
// Read next item from file. If theere are no more items or next
// item is marker, then return
513
int val;
if ( !fscanf(fp, "%d ", &val) || val == MARKER)
return;
// Else create node with this item and recur for children
root = newNode(val);
deSerialize(root->left, fp);
deSerialize(root->right, fp);
}
// A simple inorder traversal used for testing the constructed tree

void inorder(Node *root)
{
if (root)
{
printf("%d ", root->key);
}
}

int main()
{
// Let us construct a tree shown in the above figure
// Let us open a file and serialize the tree into the file
FILE *fp = fopen("tree.txt", "w");
if (fp == NULL)
{
puts("Could not open file");
return 0;
}
serialize(root, fp);
fclose(fp);
// Let us deserialize the storeed tree into root1

Node *root1 = NULL;
fp = fopen("tree.txt", "r");
514
deSerialize(root1, fp);
printf("Inorder Traversal of the tree constructed from file:\n");

inorder(root1);
return 0;
}
Output:
Inorder Traversal of the tree constructed from file:

4 8 10 12 14 20 22
How much extra space is required in above solution?

If there are n keys, then the above solution requires n+1 markers which may be
better than simple solution (storing keys twice) in situations where keys are big
or keys have big data items associated with them.
Can we optimize it further?
The above solution can be optimized in many ways. If we take a closer look at
above serialized trees, we can observer that all leaf nodes require two markers.
One simple optimization is to store a separate bit with every node to indicate
that the node is internal or external. This way we don’t have to store two
markers with every leaf node as leaves can be identified by extra bit. We still
need marker for internal nodes with one child. For example in the following
diagram ‘ is used to indicate an internal node set bit, and ‘/’ is used as NULL
marker. The diagram is taken from here.
515
Please note that there are always more leaf nodes than internal nodes in a
Binary Tree (Number of leaf nodes is number of internal nodes plus 1, so this
optimization makes sense.
How to serialize n-ary tree?
In an n-ary tree, there is no designated left or right child. We can store
an ‘end of children’ marker with every node. The following diagram shows
serialization where ‘)’ is used as end of children marker. We will soon be
covering implementation for n-ary tree. The diagram is taken from here.
516
References:
http://www.cs.usfca.edu/~brooks/S04classes/cs245/lectures/lecture11.pdf
This article is contributed by Shivam Gupta, Please write comments if you
discussed above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/serialize-deserialize-binary-tree/
517
Chapter 103
Serialize and Deserialize an

N-ary Tree
Given an N-ary tree where every node has at-most N children. How to serialize
and deserialze it? Serialization is to store tree in a file so that it can be later
restored. The structure of tree must be maintained. Deserialization is reading
tree back from file.
This post is mainly an extension of below post.
Serialize and Deserialize a Binary Tree
In an N-ary tree, there are no designated left and right children. An N-ary tree
is represented by storing an array or list of child pointers with every node.
The idea is to store an ‘end of children’ marker with every node. The following
diagram shows serialization where ‘)’ is used as end of children marker. The
diagram is taken from here.
518
// A C++ Program serialize and deserialize an N-ary tree

#include<cstdio>
#define MARKER ')'
#define N 5
// A node of N-ary tree

struct Node {
char key;
Node *child[N]; // An array of pointers for N children
};
// A utility function to create a new N-ary tree node

Node *newNode(char key)
{
temp->key = key;
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
temp->child[i] = NULL;
return temp;
}
// This function stores the given N-ary tree in a file pointed by fp

void serialize(Node *root, FILE *fp)
{
// Base case
519
// Else, store current node and recur for its children

fprintf(fp, "%c ", root->key);
for (int i = 0; i < N && root->child[i]; i++)
serialize(root->child[i], fp);
// Store marker at the end of children

fprintf(fp, "%c ", MARKER);
}
// This function constructs N-ary tree from a file pointed by 'fp'.

// This functionr returns 0 to indicate that the next item is a valid
// tree key. Else returns 0
int deSerialize(Node *&root, FILE *fp)
{
// Read next item from file. If theere are no more items or next
// item is marker, then return 1 to indicate same
char val;
if ( !fscanf(fp, "%c ", &val) || val == MARKER )
return 1;
// Else create node with this item and recur for children
root = newNode(val);
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
if (deSerialize(root->child[i], fp))
break;
// Finally return 0 for successful finish

return 0;
}
// A utility function to create a dummy tree shown in above diagram

Node *createDummyTree()
{
Node *root = newNode('A');
root->child[0] = newNode('B');
root->child[1] = newNode('C');
root->child[2] = newNode('D');
root->child[0]->child[0] = newNode('E');
root->child[0]->child[1] = newNode('F');
root->child[2]->child[0] = newNode('G');
root->child[2]->child[1] = newNode('H');
root->child[2]->child[2] = newNode('I');
root->child[2]->child[3] = newNode('J');
root->child[0]->child[1]->child[0] = newNode('K');
520
return root;
}
// A utlity function to traverse the constructed N-ary tree

void traverse(Node *root)
{
if (root)
{
printf("%c ", root->key);
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
traverse(root->child[i]);
}
}

int main()
{
// Let us create an N-ary tree shown in above diagram
Node *root = createDummyTree();
// Let us open a file and serialize the tree into the file
FILE *fp = fopen("tree.txt", "w");
if (fp == NULL)
{
puts("Could not open file");
return 0;
}
serialize(root, fp);
fclose(fp);
// Let us deserialize the storeed tree into root1

Node *root1 = NULL;
fp = fopen("tree.txt", "r");
deSerialize(root1, fp);
printf("Constructed N-Ary Tree from file is \n");

traverse(root1);
return 0;
}
Output:
Constructed N-Ary Tree from file is
521
A B E F K C D G H I J
The above implementation can be optimized in many ways for example by using
a vector in place of array of pointers. We have kept it this way to keep it simple
to read and understand.
This article is contributed by varun. Please write comments if you find anything
above.
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/serialize-deserialize-n-ary-tree/
Category: Trees
522
Chapter 104
Succinct Encoding of
Binary Tree
A succinct encoding of Binary Tree takes close to minimum possible space. The
number of structurally different binary trees on n nodes is n’th Catalan number.
For large n, this is about 4n ; thus we need at least about log2 4 n = 2n bits to
encode it. A succinct binary tree therefore would occupy 2n+o(n) bits.
One simple representation which meets this bound is to visit the nodes of the
tree in preorder, outputting “1” for an internal node and “0” for a leaf. If the
tree contains data, we can simply simultaneously store it in a consecutive array
in preorder.
Below is algorithm for encoding:
function EncodeSuccinct(node n, bitstring structure, array data) {

if n = nil then
append 0 to structure;
else
append 1 to structure;
append n.data to data;
EncodeSuccinct(n.left, structure, data);
EncodeSuccinct(n.right, structure, data);
}
And below is algorithm for decoding
523
function DecodeSuccinct(bitstring structure, array data) {
remove first bit of structure and put it in b
if b = 1 then
create a new node n
remove first element of data and put it in n.data
n.left = DecodeSuccinct(structure, data)
n.right = DecodeSuccinct(structure, data)
return n
else
return nil
}
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_tree#Succinct_encodings
Example:
Input:
10
/ \
20 30
/ \ \
40 50 70
Data Array (Contains preorder traversal)

10 20 40 50 30 70
Structure Array
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 indicates data and 0 indicates NULL
Below is C++ implementation of above algorithms.
// C++ program to demonstrate Succinct Tree Encoding and decoding


struct Node
{
524
int key;
};

{
temp->key = key;
return (temp);
}
// This function fills lists 'struc' and 'data'. 'struc' list

// stores structure information. 'data' list stores tree data
void EncodeSuccinct(Node *root, list<bool> &struc, list<int> &data)
{
// If root is NULL, put 0 in structure array and return
if (root == NULL)
{
struc.push_back(0);
return;
}
// Else place 1 in structure array, key in 'data' array

// and recur for left and right children
struc.push_back(1);
data.push_back(root->key);
EncodeSuccinct(root->left, struc, data);
EncodeSuccinct(root->right, struc, data);
}
// Constructs tree from 'struc' and 'data'

Node *DecodeSuccinct(list<bool> &struc, list<int> &data)
{
if (struc.size() <= 0)
return NULL;
// Remove one item from from structure list

bool b = struc.front();
struc.pop_front();
// If removed bit is 1,
if (b == 1)
{
// remove an item from data list
525
int key = data.front();
data.pop_front();
// Create a tree node with the removed data

Node *root = newNode(key);
// And recur to create left and right subtrees

root->left = DecodeSuccinct(struc, data);
root->right = DecodeSuccinct(struc, data);
return root;
}
return NULL;
}
// A utility function to print tree

void preorder(Node* root)
{
if (root)
{
cout << "key: "<< root->key;
if (root->left)
cout << " | left child: " << root->left->key;
if (root->right)
cout << " | right child: " << root->right->key;
cout << endl;
preorder(root->left);
preorder(root->right);
}
}
// Driver program
int main()
{
cout << "Given Tree\n";

preorder(root);
list<bool> struc;
list<int> data;
526
EncodeSuccinct(root, struc, data);
cout << "\nEncoded Tree\n";

cout << "Structure List\n";
list<bool>::iterator si; // Structure iterator
for (si = struc.begin(); si != struc.end(); ++si)
cout << *si << " ";
cout << "\nData List\n";

list<int>::iterator di; // Data iIterator
for (di = data.begin(); di != data.end(); ++di)
cout << *di << " ";
Node *newroot = DecodeSuccinct(struc, data);
cout << "\n\nPreorder traversal of decoded tree\n";

preorder(newroot);
return 0;
}
Output:
Given Tree
key: 10 | left child: 20 | right child: 30
key: 40
key: 50
key: 30 | right child: 70
key: 70
Encoded Tree
Structure List
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
Data List
10 20 40 50 30 70
Preorder traversal of decoded tree

key: 40
527
key: 50
key: 30 | right child: 70
key: 70
This article is contribute by Shivam. Please write comments if you find any-
above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/succinct-encoding-of-binary-tree/
Category: Trees
Post navigation
← Find the element before which all the elements are smaller than it, and after
which all are greater Amazon Interview Experience | Set 233 (1 Year Experienced
for SDE-1) →
528
Chapter 105
Symmetric Tree (Mirror

Image of itself)
Given a binary tree, check whether it is a mirror of itself.

For example, this binary tree is symmetric:
1
/ \
2 2
/ \ / \
3 4 4 3
But the following is not:
1
/ \
2 2
\ \
3 3

yourself first.
The idea is to write a recursive function isMirror() that takes two trees as
argument and returns true if trees are mirror and false if trees are not mirror.
529
The isMirror() function recursively checks two roots and subtrees under the
root.
Below is C++ implementation of above algorithm.
// C++ program to check if a given Binary Tree is symmetric or not


struct Node
{
int key;
};

{
temp->key = key;
return (temp);
}
// Returns true if trees with roots as root1 and root2 are mirror
bool isMirror(struct Node *root1, struct Node *root2)
{
// If both trees are emptu, then they are mirror images
if (root1 == NULL && root2 == NULL)
return true;
// For two trees to be mirror images, the following three

// conditions must be true
// 1 - Their root node's key must be same
// 2 - left subtree of left tree and right subtree
// of right tree have to be mirror images
// 3 - right subtree of left tree and left subtree
// of right tree have to be mirror images
if (root1 && root2 && root1->key == root2->key)
return isMirror(root1->left, root2->right) &&
isMirror(root1->right, root2->left);
// if neither of above conditions is true then root1

// and root2 are not mirror images
530
return false;
}
// Returns true if a tree is symmetric i.e. mirror image of itself

bool isSymmetric(struct Node* root)
{
// Check if tre is mirror of itself
return isMirror(root, root);
}
// Driver program
int main()
{
cout << isSymmetric(root);

return 0;
}
Output:
This article is contributed by Muneer Ahmed. Please write comments if you

discussed above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/symmetric-tree-tree-which-is-mirror-image-of-itself/
Category: Trees
531
Chapter 106
Ternary Search Tree
A ternary search tree is a special trie data structure where the child nodes of a
standard trie are ordered as a binary search tree.
Representation of ternary search trees:
Unlike trie(standard) data structure where each node contains 26 pointers for
its children, each node in a ternary search tree contains only 3 pointers:
1. The left pointer points to the node whose value is less than the value in the
current node.
2. The equal pointer points to the node whose value is equal to the value in the
current node.
3. The right pointer points to the node whose value is greater than the value in
the current node.
Apart from above three pointers, each node has a field to indicate data(character
in case of dictionary) and another field to mark end of a string.
So, more or less it is similar to BST which stores data based on some order.
However, data in a ternary search tree is distributed over the nodes. e.g. It
needs 4 nodes to store the word “Geek”.
Below figure shows how exactly the words in a ternary search tree are stored?
532
One of the advantage of using ternary search trees over tries is that ternary
search trees are a more space efficient (involve only three pointers per node as
compared to 26 in standard tries). Further, ternary search trees can be used
any time a hashtable would be used to store strings.
Tries are suitable when there is a proper distribution of words over the alphabets
so that spaces are utilized most efficiently. Otherwise ternary search trees are
better. Ternary search trees are efficient to use(in terms of space) when the
strings to be stored share a common prefix.
Applications of ternary search trees:
1. Ternary search trees are efficient for queries like “Given a word, find the
next word in dictionary(near-neighbor lookups)” or “Find all telephone numbers
starting with 9342 or “typing few starting characters in a web browser displays
all website names with this prefix”(Auto complete feature)”.
2. Used in spell checks: Ternary search trees can be used as a dictionary to store
all the words. Once the word is typed in an editor, the word can be parallely
searched in the ternary search tree to check for correct spelling.
Implementation:
Following is C implementation of ternary search tree. The operations imple-
mented are, search, insert and traversal.
// C program to demonstrate Ternary Search Tree (TST) insert, travese

// and search operations
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#define MAX 50
// A node of ternary search tree
533
struct Node
{
char data;
// True if this character is last character of one of the words

unsigned isEndOfString: 1;
struct Node *left, *eq, *right;

};
// A utility function to create a new ternary search tree node

struct Node* newNode(char data)
{
struct Node* temp = (struct Node*) malloc(sizeof( struct Node ));
temp->data = data;
temp->isEndOfString = 0;
temp->left = temp->eq = temp->right = NULL;
return temp;
}
// Function to insert a new word in a Ternary Search Tree

void insert(struct Node** root, char *word)
{
// Base Case: Tree is empty
if (!(*root))
*root = newNode(*word);
// If current character of word is smaller than root's character,

// then insert this word in left subtree of root
if ((*word) < (*root)->data)
insert(&( (*root)->left ), word);
// If current character of word is greate than root's character,

// then insert this word in right subtree of root
else if ((*word) > (*root)->data)
insert(&( (*root)->right ), word);
// If current character of word is same as root's character,

else
{
if (*(word+1))
insert(&( (*root)->eq ), word+1);
// the last character of the word

else
(*root)->isEndOfString = 1;
534
}
}
// A recursive function to traverse Ternary Search Tree

void traverseTSTUtil(struct Node* root, char* buffer, int depth)
{
if (root)
{
// First traverse the left subtree
traverseTSTUtil(root->left, buffer, depth);
// Store the character of this node

buffer[depth] = root->data;
if (root->isEndOfString)
{
buffer[depth+1] = '\0';
printf( "%s\n", buffer);
}
// Traverse the subtree using equal pointer (middle subtree)

traverseTSTUtil(root->eq, buffer, depth + 1);
// Finally Traverse the right subtree

traverseTSTUtil(root->right, buffer, depth);
}
}
// The main function to traverse a Ternary Search Tree.

// It mainly uses traverseTSTUtil()
void traverseTST(struct Node* root)
{
char buffer[MAX];
traverseTSTUtil(root, buffer, 0);
}
// Function to search a given word in TST

int searchTST(struct Node *root, char *word)
{
if (!root)
return 0;
if (*word < (root)->data)

return searchTST(root->left, word);
else if (*word > (root)->data)

return searchTST(root->right, word);
535
else
{
if (*(word+1) == '\0')
return root->isEndOfString;
return searchTST(root->eq, word+1);

}
}

int main()
{
struct Node *root = NULL;
insert(&root, "cat");
insert(&root, "cats");
insert(&root, "up");
insert(&root, "bug");
printf("Following is traversal of ternary search tree\n");

traverseTST(root);
printf("\nFollowing are search results for cats, bu and cat respectively\n");

searchTST(root, "cats")? printf("Found\n"): printf("Not Found\n");
searchTST(root, "bu")? printf("Found\n"): printf("Not Found\n");
searchTST(root, "cat")? printf("Found\n"): printf("Not Found\n");
return 0;
}
Output:
Following is traversal of ternary search tree

bug
cat
cats
up
Following are search results for cats, bu and cat respectively

Found
Not Found
Found
536
Time Complexity: The time complexity of the ternary search tree operations
is similar to that of binary search tree. i.e. the insertion, deletion and search
operations take time proportional to the height of the ternary search tree. The
space is proportional to the length of the string to be stored.
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternary_search_tree
This article is compiled by Aashish Barnwaland reviewed by GeeksforGeeks
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ternary-search-tree/
Category: Trees Tags: Advance Data Structures, Advanced Data Structures
Post navigation
← [TopTalent.in] Exclusive Interview with Ravi Kiran from BITS, Pilani who
got placed in Google, Microsoft and Facebook Amazon Interview | Set 17 →
537
Chapter 107
The Great Tree-List

Recursion Problem.
Asked by Varun Bhatia.

Question:
Write a recursive function treeToList(Node root) that takes an ordered binary
tree and rearranges the internal pointers to make a circular doubly linked list
out of the tree nodes. The”previous” pointers should be stored in the “small”
field and the “next” pointers should be stored in the “large” field. The list
should be arranged so that the nodes are in increasing order. Return the head
pointer to the new list.
This is very well explained and implemented at http://cslibrary.stanford.edu/
109/TreeListRecursion.html
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/the-great-tree-list-recursion-problem/
Category: Linked Lists Trees
538
Chapter 108
Tree Isomorphism Problem
Write a function to detect if two trees are isomorphic. Two trees are called
isomorphic if one of them can be obtained from other by a series of flips, i.e. by
swapping left and right children of a number of nodes. Any number of nodes at
any level can have their children swapped. Two empty trees are isomorphic.
For example, following two trees are isomorphic with following sub-trees flipped:
2 and 3, NULL and 6, 7 and 8.
We simultaneously traverse both trees. Let the current internal nodes of two
trees being traversed be n1 and n2 respectively. There are following two con-
ditions for subtrees rooted with n1 and n2 to be isomorphic.
1) Data of n1 and n2 is same.
2) One of the following two is true for children of n1 and n2
……a) Left child of n1 is isomorphic to left child of n2 and right child of n1 is
isomorphic to right child of n2.
……b) Left child of n1 is isomorphic to right child of n2 and right child of n1 is
isomorphic to left child of n2.
539
// A C++ program to check if two given trees are isomorphic
#include <iostream>
/* A binary tree node has data, pointer to left and right children */
struct node
{
int data;
struct node* left;
struct node* right;
};
/* Given a binary tree, print its nodes in reverse level order */

bool isIsomorphic(node* n1, node *n2)
{
// Both roots are NULL, trees isomorphic by definition
if (n1 == NULL && n2 == NULL)
return true;
// Exactly one of the n1 and n2 is NULL, trees not isomorphic

if (n1 == NULL || n2 == NULL)
return false;
if (n1->data != n2->data)
return false;
// There are two possible cases for n1 and n2 to be isomorphic

// Case 1: The subtrees rooted at these nodes have NOT been "Flipped".
// Both of these subtrees have to be isomorphic, hence the &&
// Case 2: The subtrees rooted at these nodes have been "Flipped"
return
(isIsomorphic(n1->left,n2->left) && isIsomorphic(n1->right,n2->right))||
(isIsomorphic(n1->left,n2->right) && isIsomorphic(n1->right,n2->left));
}

{
node* temp = new node;
temp->data = data;
temp->left = NULL;
temp->right = NULL;
return (temp);
540
}

int main()
{
// Let us create trees shown in above diagram
struct node *n1 = newNode(1);
n1->left = newNode(2);
n1->right = newNode(3);
n1->left->left = newNode(4);
n1->left->right = newNode(5);
n1->right->left = newNode(6);
n1->left->right->left = newNode(7);
n1->left->right->right = newNode(8);
struct node *n2 = newNode(1);

n2->left = newNode(3);
n2->right = newNode(2);
n2->right->left = newNode(4);
n2->right->right = newNode(5);
n2->left->right = newNode(6);
n2->right->right->left = newNode(8);
n2->right->right->right = newNode(7);
if (isIsomorphic(n1, n2) == true)

cout << "Yes";
else
cout << "No";
return 0;
}
Output:
Yes
Time Complexity: The above solution does a traversal of both trees. So time
complexity is O(m + n) where m and n are number of nodes in given trees.
This article is contributed by Ciphe. Please write comments if you find anything
above.
If you like GeeksforGeeks and would like to contribute, you can also write an
541
article and mail your article to [email protected]. See your article
appearing on the GeeksforGeeks main page and help other Geeks.
Source
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Category: Trees
542
Chapter 109
Vertex Cover Problem | Set

2 (Dynamic Programming
Solution for Tree)
A vertex cover of an undirected graph is a subset of its vertices such that for
every edge (u, v) of the graph, either ‘u’ or ‘v’ is in vertex cover. Although the
name is Vertex Cover, the set covers all edges of the given graph.
The problem to find minimum size vertex cover of a graph is NP complete. But
it can be solved in polynomial time for trees. In this post a solution for Binary
Tree is discussed. The same solution can be extended for n-ary trees.
For example, consider the following binary tree. The smallest vertex cover is
{20, 50, 30} and size of the vertex cover is 3.
543
The idea is to consider following two possibilities for root and recursively for all
nodes down the root.
1) Root is part of vertex cover: In this case root covers all children edges.
We recursively calculate size of vertex covers for left and right subtrees and add
1 to the result (for root).
2) Root is not part of vertex cover: In this case, both children of root must
be included in vertex cover to cover all root to children edges. We recursively
calculate size of vertex covers of all grandchildren and number of children to the
result (for two children of root).
Below is C implementation of above idea.
// A naive recursive C implementation for vertex cover problem for a tree

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
// A utility function to find min of two integers

int min(int x, int y) { return (x < y)? x: y; }
right child */
struct node
{
544
int data;
};
// The function returns size of the minimum vertex cover

int vCover(struct node *root)
{
// The size of minimum vertex cover is zero if tree is empty or there
// is only one node
if (root == NULL)
return 0;
return 0;
// Calculate size of vertex cover when root is part of it

int size_incl = 1 + vCover(root->left) + vCover(root->right);
// Calculate size of vertex cover when root is not part of it

int size_excl = 0;
if (root->left)
size_excl += 1 + vCover(root->left->left) + vCover(root->left->right);
if (root->right)
size_excl += 1 + vCover(root->right->left) + vCover(root->right->right);
// Return the minimum of two sizes

return min(size_incl, size_excl);
}

{
temp->data = data;
return temp;
}

int main()
{
545
printf ("Size of the smallest vertex cover is %d ", vCover(root));
return 0;
}
Output:
Size of the smallest vertex cover is 3
Time complexity of the above naive recursive approach is exponential. It should

be noted that the above function computes the same subproblems again and
again. For example, vCover of node with value 50 is evaluated twice as 50 is
grandchild of 10 and child of 20.
Since same suproblems are called again, this problem has Overlapping Sub-
prolems property. So Vertex Cover problem has both properties (see thisand
this) of a dynamic programming problem. Like other typical Dynamic Program-
ming(DP) problems, re-computations of same subproblems can be avoided by
storing the solutions to subproblems and solving problems in bottom up manner.
Following is C implementation of Dynamic Programming based solution. In the
following solution, an additional field ‘vc’ is added to tree nodes. The initial
value of ‘vc’ is set as 0 for all nodes. The recursive function vCover() calculates
‘vc’ for a node only if it is not already set.
/* Dynamic programming based program for Vertex Cover problem for

a Binary Tree */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
// A utility function to find min of two integers

int min(int x, int y) { return (x < y)? x: y; }
right child */
struct node
{
int data;
546
int vc;
};
// A memoization based function that returns size of the minimum vertex cover.
int vCover(struct node *root)
{
// The size of minimum vertex cover is zero if tree is empty or there
// is only one node
if (root == NULL)
return 0;
return 0;
// If vertex cover for this node is already evaluated, then return it

// to save recomputation of same subproblem again.
if (root->vc != 0)
return root->vc;
// Calculate size of vertex cover when root is part of it

int size_incl = 1 + vCover(root->left) + vCover(root->right);
// Calculate size of vertex cover when root is not part of it

int size_excl = 0;
if (root->left)
size_excl += 1 + vCover(root->left->left) + vCover(root->left->right);
if (root->right)
size_excl += 1 + vCover(root->right->left) + vCover(root->right->right);
// Minimum of two values is vertex cover, store it before returning

root->vc = min(size_incl, size_excl);
return root->vc;
}

{
temp->data = data;
temp->vc = 0; // Set the vertex cover as 0
return temp;
}
547
int main()
{
printf ("Size of the smallest vertex cover is %d ", vCover(root));
return 0;
}
Output:
Size of the smallest vertex cover is 3
References:
http://courses.csail.mit.edu/6.006/spring11/lectures/lec21.pdf
Exercise:
Extend the above solution for n-ary trees.
This article is contributed by Udit Gupta. Please write comments if you
discussed above
Source
http://www.geeksforgeeks.org/vertex-cover-problem-set-2-dynamic-programming-solution-tree/
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Contents

1 Handshaking Lemma and Interesting Tree Properties 11

2 Applications of tree data structure 15

3 Write a C program to Calculate Size of a tree 17

4 Diameter of a Binary Tree 20

5 Maximum width of a binary tree 25

6 Find Height of Binary Tree represented by Parent array 33

7 Write a C Program to Find the Maximum Depth or Height of

8 Find Minimum Depth of a Binary Tree 41

9 Find depth of the deepest odd level leaf node 47

11 How to determine if a binary tree is height-balanced? 54

12 Write C Code to Determine if Two Trees are Identical 61

14 Program to count leaf nodes in a binary tree 70

15 Write a C program to Delete a Tree. 73

16 Inorder Tree Traversal without Recursion 78

17 Inorder Tree Traversal without recursion and without stack! 85

18 Iterative Preorder Traversal 89

19 Morris traversal for Preorder 92

20 Iterative Postorder Traversal | Set 1 (Using Two Stacks) 96

21 Iterative Postorder Traversal | Set 2 (Using One Stack) 102

23 Level order traversal in spiral form 115

24 Perfect Binary Tree Speciﬁc Level Order Traversal 122

25 Reverse Level Order Traversal 127

26 Print a Binary Tree in Vertical Order | Set 1 133

27 Print a Binary Tree in Vertical Order | Set 2 (Hashmap based

28 Boundary Traversal of binary tree 142

30 Print Postorder traversal from given Inorder and Preorder

31 Construct Special Binary Tree from given Inorder traversal 152

32 Construct a special tree from given preorder traversal 157

34 Construct Tree from given Inorder and Preorder traversals 166

35 Construct a tree from Inorder and Level order traversals 171

37 Given a binary tree, print all root-to-leaf paths 181

38 Root to leaf path sum equal to a given number 185

39 Maximum Path Sum in a Binary Tree 189

42 Diagonal Sum of a Binary Tree 200

43 Vertical Sum in a given Binary Tree 205

45 Print Nodes in Top View of Binary Tree 212

46 Bottom View of a Binary Tree 217

47 Print Left View of a Binary Tree 222

48 Print Right View of a Binary Tree 225

49 Check for Children Sum Property in a Binary Tree. 228

50 Check if a binary tree is subtree of another binary tree | Set 1232

51 Check if a binary tree is subtree of another binary tree | Set 2237

52 Check if a given Binary Tree is SumTree 243

53 Check if a given Binary Tree is height balanced like a Red-Black

54 Check if all leaves are at same level 253

55 Check if two nodes are cousins in a Binary Tree 257

57 Check whether a given Binary Tree is Complete or not | Set 1

58 Check whether a binary tree is a complete tree or not | Set 2

59 Clone a Binary Tree with Random Pointers 279

60 Find the closest leaf in a Binary Tree 289

61 Connect nodes at same level 294

62 Connect nodes at same level using constant extra space 299

63 Construct Binary Tree from given Parent Array representation307

64 Construct Complete Binary Tree from its Linked List Repre-

65 Write an Eﬃcient C Function to Convert a Binary Tree into its

66 Convert a Binary Tree to Threaded binary tree 321

68 Convert a given Binary Tree to Doubly Linked List | Set 2 331

69 Convert a given Binary Tree to Doubly Linked List | Set 3 335

70 Convert a given tree to its Sum Tree 339

71 Convert an arbitrary Binary Tree to a tree that holds Children

72 Custom Tree Problem 349