12 GIT Teachers Guide

nghJ jfty; njhopy;El;gtpay;
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2009
© Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Kjyhk; gjpg;G - 2010
njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gj; jpizf;fsk;

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Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
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2007k; Mz;by; 6Mk;> 7Mk; juq;fspy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l Nju;r;rpfis

mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; l fw; w y; - fw; g pj; j y; mZFKiw gbg; g bahf
mLj;jLj;jhz;Lfspy; 7Mk;> 11Mk; kw;Wk; 8Mk; ju fiyj; jpl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghf
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 2009,y; f.ngh.j cau;ju tFg;Gf;fhfTk; mt;tZFKiwia
tpupTgLj;Jtjw;F Njrpa fy;tp epWtf fiyj; jpll ; k; tFg;Nghu; ntw;wp fz;Ls;sdu;.
vdNt> 12Mk;> 13Mk; juq;fspy; gy;NtW ghlq;fSf;Fk; cupa ghlj;jpl;lq;fspYk;
Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bfspYk; khztuplj;jpy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba
Nju; r ; r pfs; > Nju; r ; r p kl; l q; f s; vd; g d njhlu; g hf tpupthd jfty; f s;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,j;jfty;fs; jq;fs; ghlk; njhlu;ghf fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy;
re;ju;g;gq;fis tFj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F MrpupaUf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk;.
fiyj; jpl;lk; tFg;Nghuhy; fdp\;l ,ilepiy (6-9) rpNu\;l ,ilepiy (10-11)

juq; f Sf; F cupa fiyj; jpl; l q; f is jahupg; g jw; f hf ifahz; l
mZFKiwapYk; ghu;f;f f.ngh.j cau;ju ghlq;fSf;fhf Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G
topfhl;bfisj; jahupg;gjw;fhf NtWgl;l Xu; mZFKiw mDrupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
vd;gijf; Fwpgg; pl tpUk;GfpNwd;. 6> 7> 8> 9> 10> 11Mk; juq;fspy; ghl tplaq;fisf;
fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwfs; njhlu;ghf
Mrpupau;fs; Fwpj;j khjpup xd;wpd;ghy; topg;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;.
f.ngh.j cau;ju tFg;GfSf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lq;fSk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G

topfhl;bfSk; Mrpupau;fSf;F jkJ tpUg;gpd;gb nraw;gLtjw;fhd Rje;jpuj;ij
caupa kl;lj;jpy; mDgtpg;gjw;Fk; ,lkspf;Fk; tifapy; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
me;je;j ghl myFfSf;F my;yJ ghlj;Jf;F (Lesson) cupa Nju;r;rpiaAk;
Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ijAk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf cj;Njr fw;wy; KiwfisAk; jhk;
tpUk;Gk; KiwfisAk; Mrpupau;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj ,k;kl;lj;jpy;
Mrpupau; Clhf vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.
jhk; gad;gLj;Jk; fw;gpj;jy; mZFKiwia ntw;wpfukhd tifapy; gpuNahfpj;J

khztu;fis cj;Njr Nju;r;rp> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; vd;gtw;wpd;ghy; ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;
gzpia Mrpupau;fs; FiwNtJk; ,d;wp epiwNtw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;. f.ngh.j cau;ju
guPli
; rapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;> mg;guPli
; r njhlu;ghf fy;tpj; Jiwia rhu;ej
; rfyUk;
fhl;Lk; fuprid Mfpatw;iwf; fUjpw; nfhz;Nl MrpupaUf;F ,t;thwhd
Rje;jpuj;ij toq;f jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gijAk; ,q;F Fwpg;gpl tpUk;GfpNwd;.
,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b Mrpupau;fSf;F ,d;wpaikahj xU

ife;E}yhf mikal;Lk; vd gpuhu;jj ; pff
; pdN
; wd;. vkJ khztu;fspd; / gpsi
; sfspd;
mwpTf; fz;iz jpwg;gjw;F ,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy; mlq;fpAs;s
jfty;fSk; KiwfSk;> mwpTWj;jy;fSk; vkJ Mrpupau;fSf;F rupahf topfhl;Lk;
vd ngupJk; vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwd;.
Nguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuh

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gof;fg;gl;ljdhy; ,Ug;gtw;iw kPs;epu;khzk; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; $l vk;kplk;
XusTjhd; cs;sJ. ghlrhiy kl;l fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpy; ghupa
mstpyhd khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jp ntspahFk; ,t;tpilepiyf; fw;gpj;jypy; Gjpa
Gj;jhapukhk; Mz;bd; KjyhtJ fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;G Nkw;$wpa ,ayhikia
ntw;wpnfhs;sf; fUkkhw;WtJld; njupe;jtw;iw newpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; Vw;nfdNt
jPuk
; hdpf;fg;gl;lij Muha;tjw;Fk; ehisa tplaj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; Mw;wYs;s
ehl; L f; F g; gaDs; s gpuirfs; FOnthd; i w cUthf; F k; Nehf; f py;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
ePq;fs; 6-11 Mk; juq;fspy; ,g;ghlj;ij my;yJ NtnwhU ghlj;ijf; fw;gpf;Fk;

Mrpupanudpd; cau;ju tFg;Gf;fhf vjpu;ghu;ff; g;gLk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfspd;
ghy; ,irthf;fk; ngWjy; ,yFthf ,Uf;Fk;. xt;nthU Nju;r;rpfspd; fPOs;s
Nju; r ; r p kl; l q; f is ,dq; f z; L mtw; i w miltjw; F g; nghUj; j khd
nraw;ghLfisj; jahu;nra;J nfhs;tJ ,k;kWrPuikg;gpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpy; Mrpupau; ,Jtiu fhyKk; ntspf; nfhz;L
te;j Kiwfs; epfo;fhyj;Jf;Fg; nghUe;Jtjhf ,y;iynad;Wk; khztu;fs;
jdpj;jdpNa fw;gij tpl mDgtq;fisg; gfpu;e;J nfhz;L xj;Jiog;Gld; fw;wy;
mu;j;jKs;sjhf cs;snjd;Wk; Gjpa tfpghfj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;Fk; Mrpupau; Gupe;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mjd;gb Mrpupau; gpd;dzpapy; epd;W khztu;fis Kd;Df;Ff;
nfhz;L tUk; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfis KbAkhd msT njupT nra;J
fw;gpj;jiy xU Gjpa ghijf;Ff; nfhz;L tu eltbf;if vLg;gNj ,q;F vjpu;
ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,ilepiyf; fy;tpf; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo; Njrpa fy;tp epWtdj;jpdhy;

6-11 juq;fSf;fhd fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> RfhjhuKk; clw;fy;tpAk;> njhopy;El;gk;>
tzpftpay; Mfpa ghlq;fs; njhlu;ghd Mrpupau; topfhl;bf; NfhitfisAk;
guprPyid nra;Ak;NghJ khztu; ika> Nju;rr ; p ika nraw;ghLfis Kd;dpiyg;
gLj;jpa fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; njhlu;ghd xU njspthd mwpT cq;fSf;Ff;
fpilf;Fk;. ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bf; Nfhitfs; %yk; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; nraw;ghLfs;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPL vd;gtw;iw xNu Nkilf;Ff; nfhz;L tu Kaw;rpf;
fpwJ. mj;Jld; 5E khjpupia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk; xj;Jiog;Gf; fw;wy;
(Co-operative Learning) El;gKiwiaf; ifahz;Lk; ,Jtiu Njbg; ngw;wtw;iw
kPz;Lk; fl;bnaOg;gp mjw;fg;ghYk; nrd;W Gj;jhf;fq;fis cUthf;fp kyUk;
ehisia vjpun ; fhs;s Kd;$l;bNa Maj;jkhfTk; ,r;nraw;ghLfs; khztu;fSf;F
topaikj;Jf; nfhLf;Fk;.
iii
Mf;fj;jpwd; tha;e;j Mrpupau; guk;giunahd;iw cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpy; fw;gpj;jw;
nranyhOq;Fld; njhlu;ghd nraw;ghl;Lj; njhopypy; ,Ue;J njupT nra;ag;gl;l
rpy nraw;ghLfs; kl;Lk; f.ngh.j. cau;ju Mrpupau; topfhl;bj; njhFjpapy;
Nru; f ; f g; g l; L s; s d. MapDk; toq; f g; g l; L s; s khjpupr; nraw; g hLfisg;
guprPypg;gjhYk; f.ngh.j. rhjhuz ju kWrPuikg;ig mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
Nfhl;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ij Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhz;L ghlj;Jf;Fk; tFg;Gf;Fk;
nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; nraw;ghLfisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Rje;jpuk; cq;fSf;
Fz;L. ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b NfhitfSf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs;
ehd;F tifahd jftw; njhFjpnahd;iw cq;fSf;F toq;Fk; midj;Jr;
nraw;ghLfspYk;> Muk;gj;jpy; ePqf ; s; fhz;gJ mr;nraw;ghl;bd; Clhf khztiuf;
nfhz;L nry;y vjpug ; hu;fF
; k; ,Wjp vy;iyNaahFk;. Nju;rr ; p vdg; ngauplg;gl;Ls;s
,J gue;jjhFk;. ePzl ; fhyj;jpy; epiwNtWtjhFk;. mjw;fLj;jgbahfTs;s Nju;rr ; p
kl;lk; ,j;Nju;r;rpia miltjw;fhf khztu;fs; fle;J nry;y Ntz;ba gy;NtW
Mw;wy;fSs; xd;iw kl;Lk; Fwpj;J epw;Fk;. ,jd;gb ghu;f;Fk;NghJ me;je;j
Nju;rr; p kl;lj;Jf;Fupa Nju;rr ; pAld; ,ize;jjhFk;. mJ FWq;fhyj;jpy; milag;
ngWtjhFk;. mjw;fLj;J ,Ug;gJ nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; Mrpupau; mtjhdpj;j
vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; elj;ijfs; rpythFk;. Mrpupau; khztu; vd;w ,U rhuhUf;Fk;
Rikaw;w tpjj;jpy; ,e;elj;ijfis Ie;jhf kl;Lg;gLj;j Kaw;rpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
fw;ww;NgW vd;W mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s ,e;elj;ijfs; Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ij tplr;
rpwg;ghdjhf ,Ug;gJld; ghlj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l %d;W Mw;wy;fisAk;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpdhy; ntspf;nfhzUk; ,uz;L Mw;wy;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpathW ghl Mw;wy;fs; %d;Wk; ,yFtpypUe;J fbdj;ij Nehf;fpajhf
tupirg;gLj;jg;gl;bUg;gJld; Fiwe;jgl;rk; Kjy; ,uz;ilahtJ mile;J
nfhs;tjw;fhf tFg;gpd; midj;J khztu;fisAk; tFg;gpd; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jypd;
,jaj;ijnahj;j Njlypd; kPJ topgg ; Lj;Jk; tifapy; Mrpupau; fUkkhw;w Ntz;ba
Kiwia nraw;ghl;bd; mLj;j gFjpapy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. njhlu;GgLj;jYld;
(Engagement) vy;yhr; nraw;ghLfSk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lhYk;> nraw;ghL jpl;lkply;
Muk;gkhtJ 5E khjpupapd; ,uz;lhtJ ‘E’ Ald; njhlu;ghd Njly; my;yJ
fz;lwpjYld; vd;gij ePq;fs; kwe;Jtplf;$lhJ.
NjlYf;F (Exploration) topfhl;Lk; mwpTWj;jy;fs; nraw;ghl;bd; mLj;j gFjpahFk;.

gpur;rpidiag; gy;NtW Nfhzq;fspy; jdJ FOTf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; gf;fj;ij
gw;wp kl;Lk; Njlypy; <LgLk; khztd; gy;NtW fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; KiwfspD}lhf
cupa vy;iyia Nehf;fpf; nfhz;L nry;y Mrpupaiu ,t;twp TWj;jy; J}z;LfpwJ.
gpur;rpidf@lhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; tprhuiz uPjpahd fw;wy; (Inquiry Learning)
my;yJ nray;%yf; fw;wYf;F topmikf;Fk; mDgt ikaf; fw;wiyj; (Experiencial
Learning) njupT nra;J nfhs;tjw;F ,q;F MrpupaUf;Fr; Rje;jpuKz;L. Nkw;$wpa
ve;j KiwapyhapDk; khztu; ngWk; mwpit ikakhff; nfhz;L ghlj;Jf;Fupa
my;yJ fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; rpy ghlq;f@lhfr; nry;Yk; gpur;rpidfisj; jPug ; g
; jw;F
mtu;fis topg;gLj;Jjy; f.ngh.j. cau;ju Mrpupau;fspd; nghWg;ghFk;.
iv
NtW gpur;rpid ikaf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; KiwfisAk; tho;f;if ajhu;j;jj;ij
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jpl;lkpLjy; fUj;Js;sjhFk;. fUj;J Ntw;Wikf;Fupa
epiyikfs;> vLNfhs; epiyikfs;> rkhe;jukhd fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; Kjd;ik
%yhjhuq;fis ,jw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Rje;jpuk; cq;fSf;Fz;L. thrpj;jy;>
jfty; jpul;ly;> Kfhikj;Jtk;> kPsr
; pej
; id> mtjhdpgG
; > fye;Jiuahly;> vLNfhs;
mikj; j y; > gupNrhjid (Nrhjpj; j y; ) vjpu; T $Wjy; f isg; guP l ; r pj; j y; >
tpdhtpilfisj; jahupj;jy;> Nghyr; nra;jy;> gpur;rpid jPu;j;jy;> mofpaw;
gzpfs; Nghd;wit NjlYf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba rpy El;gKiwfshFk;. kuG
uPjpahd kdg;ghlkply; KiwAk; ,q;F Gwf;fzpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gJ Kf;fpak;.
khztu;fs; rpW FOf;fshf epd;W Njlypy; <LgLtu;. MrpupauplKs;s mwpit

ntspapypUe;J ngWtjw;Fg; gjpyhf Mrpupau; cjtpAld; mwpitAk; tpsf;fj;ijAk;
cUthf;Ftu;. ngw;w mwpit FO mq;fj;jtu;fSs; fUj;Jg; gupkhwp tpupthf;fpf;
nfhs;tu;. ,g;gzpfs; midj;Jk; cr;r mstpy; eilngWtJ khztu;fSf;Fj;
Njitahd thrpg;G Mtzq;fis toq;f Mrpupau; Kd;te;jhy; kl;LNk
rhj;jpakhFk;. mj;Jld; khztu;fs; fw;wypy; <LgLk; Neuk; g+uhTk; Mrpupau;
mtu;fSf;fpilNa elkhb mwpitj; Njbf;nfhs;s khztu;fSf;F cjtpdhy;
kl;LNkahFk;. ,j;jifanjhU fw;ww; gpuNtrj;jpd;NghJ fz;lwpjy; vd;gJ
Kf;fpakhf ,Ug;gpDk; mJ Rje;jpukhd my;yJ jpwe;j xU fz;lwpjyhf
td;wp topfhl;lg;gl;l (Guided discovery) fz;lwpjy; vd;gijAk; Gupe;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. Mrpupau;fsplkpUe;Jk; rktajpduplkpUe;Jk; Cl;lj;ijg; ngw;W fw;Wf;
nfhs;Sk; khztu;fSf;F tho;f;if njhlu;ghd gy mDgtq;fs; fpilg;gijj;
jdpahfr; Rl;bf;fhl;l Ntz;bajpy;iy.
Njlypd; gpdd ; u; tFj;J tpsf;Fjy; (Explanation) gbKiwahFk;. ,q;F rpW FOf;fs;

jk; Mf;fq;fisf; $l;lhfTk; Mf;fuPjpahfTk; nghJf; FOf;fSf;F Kd;itg;gjw;F
Maj;jkhtu;. Kd;itg;gJ gw;wpa nghWg;G FOtpd; mq;fj;jtu; fspilNa
rkkhfg; gq;fplg;gl;bUg;gJk; Kd;itg;gjw;fhd Kiwiaj; njupT nra;tjpy;
nefpo;rr ; pj;jd;ik filg;gpbf;fg;gLtJk; ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. mjidaLj;J
tUk; (Elaboration) tptupjj ; y; gbKiwapdN ; ghJ njsptw;wijj; njspTgLj;Jtjw;Fk;
gpioahdtw;iwr; rupg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; tpLgl;ltw;iwg; g+uzg; gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
tha;g;Gf; fpilf;Fk;. mj;Jld; ,g;NghJ njupe;jtw;Wf;F mg;ghw; nrd;W Gjpa
fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;Fk; Rje;jpuKk; khztu;fSf;Fz;L. midj;Jr;
nraw;ghLfSk; Mrpupaupd; rpW tpupTiuAlNdNa Kw;Wg;ngWk;. flj;jy;
tfpghfj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s ,J MrpupaUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;Ftjw;F cj;Njr
Nju;r;rp njhlu;ghf ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s midj;J Kf;fpakhd
tplaq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpajhf ,r;rpW tpupTiuia me;j Mrpupau; Kaw;rpf;f
Ntz;Lk;. midj;J Mrpupau;fSk; mtrpak; nra;a Ntz;ba ,t;tpgupj;jYf;F
topfhl;Lk; Nehf;fpy; nraw;ghl;Lj; jpl;lj;jpd; ,Wjpg;gFjp mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
v
nghJf; fy;tpj; njhFjpapy; fl;GydhfTs;s gpur;rpidfis ntw;wp nfhs;tjw;
fhf gupkhw;wj;jpd; %yk; Muk;gpj;J ePz;l Njly;> khztu; tpsf;fk;> tpgupg;G
tupirapD}lhf ,Wjpapy; Mrpupau; tpupTiu (flj;jy;)Ald; epiwT vDk; epiy
khw;W tfpghfj;Jld; $ba GjpanjhU fy;tp Kiwia ,t;thW fy;tpj; njhFjpfF ;
mwpKfk; nra;tjw;F Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; eltbf;if vLj;Js;sJ. Mrpupaiu
Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpa fw;gpj;jYf;Fg; gjpyhf Mrpupau; topfhl;lYld; khztu;fs;
<LgLk; xU fw;wyhf ,jidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. khztu;fs; trjpg;gb Mtzq;fis
crhtpAk; jucs;sPLfisg; gad;gLj;jpAk; Njlypy; <LgLtu;. ehshe;jk;
ghlrhiyf;Fr; r%fkspj;J kfpo;rr ; pAld; fw;Wf; nfhs;tu;. tho;fi
; ff;Fk; njhopy;
cyfpw;Fk; Njitahd gy;NtW Nju;rr ; pfis ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapD}lhf mile;J
nfhs;tu;. rpe;jid Mw;wy;> r%f Mw;wy;> jdpahs; Mw;wy;fis tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhz;L Njrj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;g Maj;jkhtu;. ,itaidj;ijAk; ajhu;jj ; khf;fpf;
nfhs;s khjpup tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOjp> epidtpy; itj;jpUe;j mwpit tprhupjJ ; g;
ghu;f;Fk; guPl;irKiwf;Fg; gjpyhf ajhu;j;j tho;f;ifia vjpu;nfhs;tjw;fhd
Maj;jj;ij cjTk; xU guPl;ir Kiwapd; Njit czug;gLfpwJ.
,f; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Ma;T ahnjdpy; nraw;ghL

g+uhTk; CLUTk; ,ul;il tbtk; nfhz;lJk; fUj;Js;sJkhd kjpg;gPl;Lr;
(Evaluation) nranyhOq;ifAk; njhlu;GgLj;jiyAk; Mrpupaupd; tpUg;Gf;Nfw;g
Kd;dwpitr; Nru;g;gjhf mikj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. mNjNghd;W Njly;> tpsf;fk;>
tptupg;G %yk; kjpg;gPl;il NkYk; cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;.
vOj;Jg; guPl;irfisf; Fiwj;J ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd;
ajhu;j;j ,ay;igg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfTk; jtizg; guPl;irfspd;NghJ fl;lha
tpdhf;fis cl;gLj;jp ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpgg ; l
P i
; l Nehf;fp ghlrhiyr; r%fj;ij
mZf itf;fTk;. fw;wypd; cz;ikahd ngWNgw;iw mile;jij cWjpgg ; Lj;Jk;
mjpfhug+u;t kjpg;gPl;L (Authentic Evaluation) Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw ehl;Lf;F
mwpKfg;gLj;jTkhd gy eltbf;iffs; VyNt Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;
Ls;sd. Kfhikj;Jtg; gpuptpdupd; rPuhd Nghjid> jiyikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; ju
cWjpg;ghl;Lg; nghWg;G vd;gtw;wpd; fPo; ,g;Gjpa Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij ntw;wpailar;
nra;J Gjpa ,yq;iff;fhd fjTfisj; jpwe;J tpLjy; ehl;bd; ed;ikia
tpUk;Gk; rfyuJk; xd;wpize;j nghWg;ghFk;.
Njrkhd;a fyhepjp I. vy;. fpdpNf

cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; (fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jp)
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
vi
topfhl; l y; : Nguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuh
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Njrkhd;a fyhepjp I. vy;. fpdpNf

cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; (fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jp)
gzpg; G : jpU. vr;. [arpq;` - gzpg;ghsu;

jfty; njhopy;El;gj; jpizf;fsk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
,izg; G : jpU. Rrpy; vd; khJtNf

gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup/ nraw;wpl;lj; jiytu;
jfty; njhopy;El;gj; jpizf;fsk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
Mrpupau; mwpTiug; G topfhl; b f; f hd vOj; j hsu; FO
cs; s ff; FOtpdu; : jpU. Rrpy; vd;. khJtNf

gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup
jfty; njhopy;El;gj;Jiw>
jpU. Nf.[p.v];.Nf. ngNuuh

nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup
jpUkjp vk;.vd;.gp. kj;JkNf

cjtpr; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup
ntspaff; FOtpdu; : jpU. lg;spa+.vk;.V.v];. tpN[Nrfu

tya fzpdp %y ts epiyak;
`hypvy kj;jpa kfh tpj;jpahyak;> `hypvy
fyhepjp. nry;tp gP.V.Nf.V.Nf. gz;bjuj;d

Nghjdhrpupau;> fzpdp %y ts epiyak;>
kypaNjth Mz;fs; fy;Y}up> FUehfy;
vii
jpU. b.v];.gP. uhkehaf;f
tpupTiuahsu;> khfhz jfty; njhopy;El;g epiyak;
thupanghy
jpU. v];.Nf.vd;. #upahur;rp

tpupTiuahsu;> khfhz jfty; njhopy;El;g epiyak;
gd;dpgpba
jpU. Nf.gP.vd;. fUzhehaf;f

Nghjdhrpupau;> tya fzpdp %yts epiyak;>
fy`pl;baht kj;jpa kfh tpj;jpayhak;> fy`pbaht
jpU. tP.v];.gP. uh[gf;\

Nghjdhrpupau;> tya fzpdp %yts epiyak;>
k`hehk kj;jpa kfh tpj;jpayhak;> nkhduhfy
jpU. I.B. ikj;jpupghy

epiya Kfhikahsu;> tya fzpdp %yts epiyak;>
fue;njdpa
jpU. vd;. Nehgy; utp

Kfhikahsu;> tya fzpdp %yts epiyak;>
fhkpdp kj;jpa kfh tpj;jpayhak;> Etuvypah
jpU. V.vk;. trPu;

Kfhikahsu;> tya fzpdp %yts epiyak;>
f`nfhy;y kj;jpa kfh tpj;jpayhak;> f`nfhy;y
jpUkjp. vk;.B.Nf.Nf. [ajpyf;f

MNyhrfu;> jfty; njhopyE; l;gk;> tyaf; fy;tp epiyak;
fSj;Jiw
jpUkjp. rP.vk;. [atu;jd

MNyhrfu;> jfty; njhopyE ; l;gk;> tyaf; fy;tp epiyak;
gpypad;jy
jpU. a+.Nf. jahuj;d

MNyhrfu;> jfty; njhopyE
; l;gk;> tyaf; fy;tp epiyak;
nfhOk;G
jpUkjp. B.B.vk;.v];.gP. njy;fJu

Mrpupia> tprhfh tpj;jpahyak;> nfhOk;G
jpU. vr;.[P.rP. [ak;gjp

Mrpupia> k`hehk tpj;jpahyak;> jpug;gNd>
kujd;flty
viii
ghlg; g jpg; G : fyhepjp. gpurhj; tpkyuj;d
rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> fzpdpg; ghlrhiy>
nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk;
jpU. Rrpy; vd;. khJtNf

gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> jfty; njhopy;El;gj;Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
jpU. Nf.[p.v];.Nf. ngNuuh

nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> jfty; njhopy;El;gj;Jiw>
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
nkhopngau;g;G (jkpo;) : ve;jpup. rh. rf;jpjhrd;

nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup
njhopy;El;gf;fy;tpj; jpizf;fsk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
fzpdpg; gjpg;Gk; tbtikg;Gk; : jpUkjp. vg;. ep];kpah mkPu;

njhopDl;g cjtpahsu;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
tiy flg;gplk; : www.nie.lk
ix
cs; s lf; f k;
gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp ii
Kd;Diu iii
tsg;gq;fspgG
; vii
cs;slf;fk; x
fw;ww; NgWfSk; cj;Njr fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;KiwAk;
01 - 185
ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL - mwpKfk; 186 - 194
x
Nju; ; r ; r p 1.0 : fzpdpiaAk; Neufhyj;jpy; gad;fis tpisthfj;
juf;$ba mjd; Mw;wiyAk; Muha;thu;.
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : fzpdpapd; gupzhkj;ij mjd; gpujhd tsu;rr

; pf; fl;lq;fsp
D}lhf Muha;thu;.
fhyk; : xU ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• fzpdpapd; jiyKiwfspd; juj;jpw;F cupajhd ,yj;jpudpay; $Wfisg;
ngaupLthu;.
• nrd;wfhyk;> epfo;fhyk; vd;gtw;iwf; fw;gjd; Njit vjpu;fhyj;jpw;fhd jahu;g;
gLj;jYf;fhdJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• fzpdpapd; gupzhk tsu;r;rpia mjd; gpujhd jiyKiwfspd; Ngupy; Njbf;
fhZthu;.
ghl tplaq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jk; mk;rq;fs;:

• nghwpiaf; fl;likf;fg; gad;gl;l njhopDl;gj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; fzpdpfis
Ie;J jiyKiwfshf tFf;f KbAk;.
• fzpdpapd; gupzhk tsu;r;rpahdJ mbg;gilahfg; gpd;tUk; mjd; ,yj;jpudpay;
$Wfspy; jq;fpAs;sJ.
ο Kjy; jiyKiw - ntw;wplf; Foha;
ο ,uz;lhk; jiyKiw - jpuhd;rp];lu;
ο %d;whk; jiyKiw - $l;bizf;fg;gl;l Rw;W (IC)
ο ehd;fhtJ jiyKiw - kpfTk; ngupastpyhd $l;bizf;fg;gl;l Rw;W (VLSI)>
Ez;nrayp
ο Ie;jhtJ jiyKiw (vjpu;fhy) - kpfTk; ngupastpyhd $l;bizf;fg;gl;l
Rw;W (VLSI)> cau; flj;jpfs;
• gupzhkk;> tYEfu;T> ntg;g cw;gj;jp vd;gd guk;giu tsu;rr
; papNdhL Fiwtile;
Js;s fzpdpapd; rpy mk;rq;fshFk;.
• fle;j gy tUlq;fspd;NghJ fzpdpapd; nraypapd; fjp kw;Wk; nraw;wpwd;
vDk; mk;rq;fs; cau;tile;Js;sd.
thrpg;Gg; nghUl; Nfhit
fzpdpapd; Ie; J jiyKiwfs;
fzpdp mgptpUj;jpapd; r
; upjkhdJ fzpg;gl
P L
; r; rhjdq;fspd; ntt;NtW
jiyKiwfs; Fwpj;j tsu;r;rpahfNt mwpag;gLfpd;wJ. fzpdpapd;
xt;nthU jiyKiwAk; fzpdpfs; nraw;gLk; tpjk;> mit rpwpajhf
kypTs;sjhf> ek;gfj;jd;ik tha;e;j> $ba tYTk; tpidj; ntw;wplf; Foha;
cUtk; 1.1.1
1
jpwDk; kpf;fjhf mbg;gilahf xU khw;wj;ij mila toptFj;j xU gpujhd
njhopEl;g uPjpahd mgptpUj;jpapdhy; tptupf;fg;gLk;.
xt;nthU jiyKiw gw;wpAk; ehk; ,d;W cgNahfpf;Fk; rhjdq;fisg; ngw toptFj;j

mgptpUj;jpfs; gw;wpAk; thrpj;jwpNthk;.
KjyhtJ jiyKiw
1940Mk; Mz;bd; eLg;gFjpapypUe;J 1950Mk; Mz;bd; gpwg ; Fjp tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy;
fzpdpfspd; KjyhtJ jiyKiw cUthdJ. Kjypy; cUthd fzpdpfs; Rw;Wf;fhd
ntw;wplf;Foha;> kw;Wk; epidTg; gFjpf;fhd KuRfisg; gad;gLj;jp kpfg; ngupa
mstpyhd KO miwfspd; ntspiaAk; vLg;gjhf cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mitfs;
nraw;gLtjw;F kpfTk; mjpfkhd nryT Vw;gl;lJ. mj;NjhL ngaustpy; kpd;rhuk;
cgNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ. mjpf ntg;gKk; cUthdjhy; mjd; fhuzkhf mbf;fb
nraypog;Gk; epfo;ej
; J. fzpdpfspd; Kjy; jiyKiwapd; nraw;ghLfspd; epiwNtw;wk;
nghwp nkhopiaNa rhu;e;jpUe;jJ. mj;Jld; xU Neuj;jpy; xU gpur;rpidiaNa
mitfshy; jP u ; f ; f Kbe; j J. cs; s P L fs; Jisaplg; g l; l ml; i lfshYk; > jhs;
ehlhf;fshYk; toq;fg;gl> ntspg;ghL mr;rpl;litahff; fhl;lg;gl;ld. UNIVAC kw;Wk;
ENIAC fzpdpfs; Kjy; jiyKiw fzpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfSf;F cjhuzq;fshFk;.
UNIVAC fzpdp jpuhd; r p]; l u;

glk; 1.1.2 glk; 1.1.3
UNIVAC (glk; 1.1.2) vd;gJ KjyhtJ tu;j;jff; fzpdpahf US vd miof;fg;gLk;.
xU tu;j;jf thbf;ifahsu;f;F 1951 ,y; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
,uz;lhtJ jiyKiw
,uz;lhtJ jiyKiwf; fzpdpfs; 1950 ,d; gpw;gFjpapypUe;J 1960 ,d; eLg;gFjp
tiuahd fhyg; g Fjpapy; cUthfpd. ntw; w plf; F oha; f s; ,Ue; j ,lj; j pw; F
jpuhd;rp];lu;fs; (glk; 1.1.3) ,lg;gl;ldthf ,uz;lhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfs;
gad;ghl;bw;F te;jd. jpuhd;rp];lu;fs; 1947 ,y; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhfj; njupa
tUfpd;wJ. jpuhd;rp];lu;fs; ntw;wpolf;Fohia tpl cau;jukhditahf ,Ue;jd.
fzpdpfspd; msitr; rpwpjhf;fp> nraw;ghl;bid tpiuthf;fp> nryitf; Fiwj;J>
rf;jpiaj; jpwDld; gad;gLj;jp mit KjyhtJ jiyKiwiar; Nru;e;jitfis
tpl kpfTk; ek;gfj;jd;ik tha;ej; it ahff; fhzg;gl;ld. jpuhd;rp]l
; u; $l fzpdpiar;
nraypof; f r; nra; A ksTf; F g; ngUksT ntg; g j; i j cUthf; f pdhYk; mJ
ntw;wplf;Fohia tpl xU ghupa Kd;Ndw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ vdyhk;.
2
,uz;lhtJ jiyKiwf; fzpdpfs; cs;sPl;Lf;fhf Jisaplg;gl;l ml;ilfisAk;
(glk; 1.1.4) ntspg;ghl;LfSf;fhf mr;rplg;gl;litfisAk; (glk; 1.1.5) gad;gLj;jpd.
,uz;lhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfs; kiwthd ,ul;ilg; nghwpnkhopiag; gad;gLj;Jtij
tpLj;J FwpaPl;L my;yJ $l;L nkhopfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F khw;wk; ngw;wd.
mjdhy; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l mikg;ghsu;fSf;F> nrhw;fs; %ykhf mwpTWj;jy;fis
toq;Ftjw;F topNaw;gl;lJ. cau;kl;l epfo;r;rpj;jpl;l nkhopfSk; ,j;jUzj;jpy;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld. COBOL kw;Wk; FORTRAN vd;gtw;wpd; Muk;gf;fl;l mwpTWj;jy;fisj;
jkJ epidTg; gFjpapy; NrfupjJ ; itj;j KjyhtJ tiff; fzpdpfSk; ,itNaahFk;
rhe;j KuR cgNahfg;gjpypUe;J tpyfp> rhe;j cs;sfj; njhopy;El;gj;jpw;F ,t;thW
khw;wk; epfo;e;jJ.
Jisaplg; g l; l
ml; i l (glk; 1.1.5)
,uz; l hk; jiyKiwf;

fzpdp (glk; 1.1.4)
,e;jj;jiyKiwapd; KjyhtJ fzpdpfs; mZrf;jpj; njhopw;Wiwf;fhf mgptpUj;jp

nra;ag;gl;ld.
%d;whtJ jiyKiw
fzpdpfspd; %d;whtJ jiyKiw 1960 ,d; eLg;gFjp
njhlq;fp 1970 ,d; eLg;gFjp tiuahd fhyj;jpy; cUthf
Muk; g pj; j J. %d; w hk; jiyKiwapd; cUthf; f j; j pw; F
$l;bizf;fg;gl;l Rw;wpd(; IC) (glk;1.1.6) mgptpUj;jpNa FwpjJ ; f; KjyhtJ
fhl;lj;jf;f xd;whFk;. jpuhd;rp];lu;fs; rpw;WUthf;fg;gl;L $l; b izf; f g; g l; l
Fiwflj;jp fshfpa rpypf;fd; Jz;Lfspy; gjpf;fg;gl;ld. Rw; W (glk; 1.1.6)
,it fzpdpfspd; Ntfkhd nraw;ghl;ilAk; tpidj;jpwidAk; jPtpukhf mjpfupj;jd.
Jisaplg; g l; l ml; i lfSf; F k; > mr; r bf; f g; g l; l ntspg; g hLfSf; F k; gjpyhf
ghtidahsu;fs;> tpirg;gyiffs;> njuptpgg ; pfs; kw;Wk; xU nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpAldhd
,ilKfk; nfhz;ltw;wpD}lhf %d;whtJ jiyKiwf; fzpdpfSld; Clhbdu;.
,r;nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfs;> Nrkpgg ; fj;ij Ml;rpgg ; Lj;Jk; xU ika epfo;rr; pjj
; pll
; j;Jld;
xNu Neuj;jpy; ntt;NtW gpuNahfq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s rhjdj;ij mDkjpj;jJ. Kd;du;
cgNahfj;jpypUe;jtw;iw tplr; rpwpadthfTk;> kypthdjhfTk; mitfs; ,Ue;jikahy;
Kjd;Kiwahf fzpdpfs; gue;j mstpy; ghtidahsu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;ff; $badthf
,Ue;jd.
3
ehd;fhtJ jiyKiw
jw;NghJ fzpdpfs; jkJ ehd;fhtJ jiyKiwapy; cs;sd.
mJ 1970 ,d; gpw;gFjpapypUe;J njhlq;fpaJ. xU jdpj;j
rpypf;fd; rpy;ypy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd njhFf;fg;gl;l Rw;Wf;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;ljhd Ez;nraypfNs ehd;fhk; jiyKiwf;
fzpdpfisf; nfhz;L te;Js;sd. (VLSI - kpfg;ngUk; msthd
njhFf;fg;gl;l Rw;Wf;fs;.) Kjy; jiyKiw KOikahf
miwnahd;iw milf;FkhW ,Uf;f> ,g;NghJ mJ ifapd; ,d; cs;ngly;
hfj;j4004 Ez;
pd; mstpy;
nrayp
nghUe;jf;$bajha; tpll ; J. INTEL 4004 rpyY; (glk; 1.1.7) MdJ 1971 ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;L>
ikar; nray;Kiw myF (CPU) kw;Wk; epidtfj;jpypUe;J cs;sPl;L/ntspg;ghl;Lf;
fl;Lg;ghLfs; tiu jdpj;j xU rpy;ypNyNa fzpdpapd; midj;Jf; $WfSk;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. 1981 ,y; IBM tPlL ; g;ghitid ahsu;fSf;fhd KjyhtJ fzpdpia
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. 1984 ,y; APPLE Macintash I mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. Ez; nraypfs;
$l Nkirf; fzpdpfs; vd;w tl;lj;jpypUe;Jk; ntspNa nrd;W> tho;f;ifapd; gy
JiwfSf; F s; S k; GFe; J nfhz; l J. Vnddpy; NkYk; NkYk; ehshe; j
Mf;fg;nghUs;fSk; Ez; nraypfisg; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpd. ,t;thwhd rpwpa
fzpdpfs; NkYk; rf;jp tha;e;jitahdjhy;> mitfs; xd;whf ,izf;fg;gl;L
tiyaikg; G fis cUthf; f pd. ,J ,Wjpahf ,izaj; j pd; mgptpUj; j pf; F
topNfhypaJ. ehd;fhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfs;> tiugl ghtidahsu; ,ilKfq;fs;
(GUI)> kT]; kw;Wk; ifapy; gpbf;ff;$ba rhjdq;fspd; tpUj;jpiaAk; Vw;gLj;jpd.
Ie;jhtJ jiyKiw
Ie;jhtJ jiyKiwf; fzpdpfs; ,f;fhyj;jpwF ; k;> vjput
; Uk; fhyj;jpwF; KupaitahFk;.
rkhe;ju nrayhf;fk; kw;Wk; kpiff; flj;jpfs; vd;gtw;wpd; ghtid mwpTj;jpwj;ij
cz;ikahd xd;wha; cUthf;f cjtpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. rkhe;ju nrayhf;fk;
MdJ xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l CPU fis xNu rkaj;jpy;
cgNahfpj;J xU epfo;;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij epiwNtw;WjyhFk;.
vjpu;tUk; fhyj;jpy; Fthz;lk; fzpg;gPL kw;Wk; %yf;$w;W
mj;Jld; eNdh njhopy;El;gk; vd;gd fzpdpfspd; Kfj;ijj;
jPtpukhf khw;wkilar; nra;Ak;. ,t;tifahd
njhopy;El;gq;fisf; nfhz;l fzpdpfspy; rpy fzpg;gPLfs;>
tof;fkhd fzpdpfspy; nra;ag;gLtJ Nghyd;wp mLf;FKiwr;
nra; K iwahy; tpiuthfr; nra; a KbAk; . Ie; j htJ
jiyKiwf; fzpgg ; l
P b
; d; Kf;fpa FwpfN
; fhshtJ> ,aw;if nkhopfIBMspDRg;
}lhd
gu; cs; sl
P L
fzpdp ; ld;
fw;ifapy; <Lglj;jf;fjhfTk; jhNd xOq;FgLj;Jk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lJkhd glk; rhjdq;
1.1.8 fis
mgptpUj;jp nra;jyhFk;.
4
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 1.2 : fzpdpj; njhFjpiag; gw;wp nra;Kiw tpsf;fkspf;f

mbg;gil Fw;wp tiuglq;fis cgNahfpg;ghu;.
fhyk; : ,uz;L ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• fzpdpj; njhFjpf;fhd mbg;gilf; Fw;wp tiuglj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.
• Fw;wp tiuglj;jpd; xt;nthU ghfKk; xU jdpj;j nraiyr; nra;fpwJ vd;gjid
Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
• gha;r;ry; topAldhd Fw;wp tiuglq;fis tiuthu;.

• fzpdpj; njhFjpf;Fs; juTfisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; cl;GFj;jNy cs;sPL
vd miof;fg;gLk;.
• fpukg;gLj;jpa juTfspd; tpisNt ntspg;ghL MFk;.
• fzpdpf;Fs; juTfis cs;sPL nra;tjw;F cs;sPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; cgNahfpf;fg;
gLfpd;wd.
• jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;j ntspg;ghl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
• kj;jpa nrayhf;f myfpdhy; (CPU) gad;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F> epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fSk;
juTfSk; gpujhd epidTg; gFjpapy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
• epue;jukhf> ngupa mstpy; jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;Jitg;gjw;F ,uz;;lhk; gl;r
my;yJ Jizr; Nrfupg;Gr; rhjdq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
• CPU ,Ughfq;fis cilaJ. mitahtd. vz; fzpj> ju;f;f (ALU) kw;Wk;
fl;Lg;ghl;L myF (CU) vd;gdthFk;.
• CPU MdJ ngUk;ghd;ikahd fzpg;Gfisr; nra;tJld; fzpdpapd; nraw;ghL
fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
• gadhspfsplkpUe;J fzpdp cs;sPLfisg; ngw;W mtw;iwj; jug;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;
fSf;fikaf; fpukg;gLj;jp tpisit ntspg;ghLfshfj; jUfpd;wJ.
• etPd rkhe;ju tiff; fzpdpfshdit nthd; - epa+kd; fl;blf;fiyapypUe;J
(Von Neumann Architecture) NtWgLfpd;wJ.
thrpg; G g; nghUl; N fhit

ntt;NtW $Wfshy; Mw;wg;gLk; nraw;ghLfisf; fUJk;NghJ> xU fzpdpahdJ>
gpd;tUk; glj;jpw; fhl;lg;gl;lthWs;s ju;ff
; f; $Wfspd; xU jpushff; fUjg;gl KbAk;.
xU etPd fzpdpj; njhFjpapd; gpujhd td;nghUs; $Wfshf ika nrayhf;f
myFk; gpujhd epidtfKk; Jizr; Nrkpg;ghDk; cs;sPl;L kw;Wk; ntspaPl;Lr;
rhjdq;fSk; mikfpd;wd.
5
nrayp
fl; L g; g hl; L myF
njhlupahfr; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;
fis tpsf;FfpwJ.
fzpdpapd; vy;yh %yfq;fSf;Fk;

fl;lisfis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
ALU
vz; fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f
nraw;ghLfisr; nra;fpwJ.
ntspaP L
cs; s P L
nra;Kiwapd;
juTk;
gpujhd Nrkpg; g fk; (epidtfk; ) tpisthd
mwpTWj;jy;fSk; jfty;fs;
juTfs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs; kw;Wk; nra;Kiw
fspd; KbTfis itj;jpUf;fpwJ.
Jizr; Nrkpg; g fk;

(gf; f j; J iz Nrkpg; g fk; )
gpujhd Nrkpg;gfj;jpw;F epug;gpahf cs;sJ.
juT/mwpTWj;jy; gha;r;ry;
fl;lis/rkpf;iQg; gha;r;ry;
glk; 1.2.1
fzpdp Fw;wp tiuglk; (glk; 1.2.1) MdJ gpd;tUk; ghfq;fis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.

• fl;Lg;ghl;L myF
• vz;fzpj juf;f myF (ALU)
• gpujhd epidtfk;
• Jiz/,z;lhk; gl;r Nrkpg;gfk;
• cs;sPL kw;Wk; ntspg;ghL
ika nrayhf;f myF (CPU)

ika nrayhf;f myfhdJ mjpfsthd fzpg;gPLfisr; nra;tJld; fzpdpapd;
nraw;ghl;ilAk; fl;Lg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ika nrayhf;f myFfs;> mwpTWj;jy;fis
epiwNtw;Wk; fjpia itj;Nj kjpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. CPU ,d; fjpahdJ nkfh N`l;];
(MHz) ,y; msf;fg;gLk;. ,J fbfhuf;fjp vdTk; mwpag;gLk;. ntt;NtW tpjkhd
6
cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; ika nrayhf;f myFfis ,d;W Mf;Ffpd;wdu;.
rpy gpugy;akhd CPU Mf Intel (glk; 1.2.2)> AMD, Cyrix kw;Wk; Motorala
vd;gd fpilf;fpd;wd. ika nrayhf;f myfhdJ ,U ghfq;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. mit fl;Lg;ghl;L myF (CU) kw;Wk; vz;fzpj
juf;f myF (ALU) vd;gdthFk;.
glk; 1.2.2
fl;Lg;ghl;L myF (CU)
fl;Lg;ghl;L myfhdJ fzpdpj; njhFjpapd; KOikahd nraw;ghl;ilAk; fl;Lg;gLj;J
tJld; topelj;JfpwJ. jutpd; kPJ ahJk; cz;ikahd nrayhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jh
tpl;lhYk; fl;Lg;ghl;L myF fbfhu Jbg;Gfis cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; fzpdpapd;
Vida $WfSf;fhd ika euk;Gj; njhFjp Nghd;W nraw;gLfpd;wJ.
vz;fzpj kw;Wk; ju;f;f myF (ALU)

vz;fzpj > ju;f;f myfhdJ $l;ly;> fopj;jy;> ngUf;fy; kw;Wk; gpupj;jy; Nghd;w
vz;fzpj nra;Kiwfis jutpd; kPJ nra;fpwJ. mj;Jld; ju;f;f nraw;ghLfis
AND, OR Mfpatw;wpdhy; jutpid xg;gPl;L uPjpahfTk; kjpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
gpujhd epidtfk; (vOe;jkhd topKiw epidtfk; - RAM)

CPU NeubahfNt tha;g;gspf;ff;$ba kpfg;ngupa Nrkpg;gfkhf
gpujhd epidtfNk cs;sJ. fzpdpapd; epidT msT ,d;W
nkfh igl; ,y; mstplg;gLfpdw ; J. CPU ,dhy; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f
epfo;rr
; pjj
; pll
; q;fSk;> juTfSk; gpujhd epidtfj;jpNyNa ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. RAM my;yJ gpujhd epidtfkhdJ fzpdpapd;
FWfpafhy epidTg; gFjpahFk;. ,J CPU ,dhy; Ntz;lg;
glTs;s juTfisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; jw;fhypfkhf
epidtpy; itj;jpUf;Fk;. RAM ,y; vg;gFjpapNyDk; juTfisAk;
mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; NrkpjJ ; itj;J mtw;iw kPlL ; f; nfhs;sTk;
KbAk; . mt; t hwhd nraw; g hLfSf; F vLf; F k; NeukhdJ RAM glk;,y;1.2.3
mit
Nrkpg;ghfpapUf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;fhj gbahy; mz;zsthfr; rkkhd ,Uf;Fk;.
RAM MdJ fzpdpapd; kpdt ; Y Jz;bf;fg;gLk;NghJ jd;dplKs;s juTfis ,oe;JtpLk;
vd;gjhy; mJ ~~MtpahFk; jd;ik|| AilaJ vdg;gLk;. RAM MdJ nkhbA+s;fshf
toq;fg;gLk;.(glk; 1.2.3) fzpdpiaj; juKau;j;Jtjw;fhf jha;g; gyifapYs;s tpNrl
Fopfspy; nrUfg;glj;jf;f rpwpa Rw;Wg;gyiffshf mit cs;sd.
Jizr; Nrkpg; g fk;

,uz;lhtJ my;yJ Jizr; Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdq;fs; epue;jukhfNt ngupa mstpy;
jfty;fisr; Nrkpj;J itf;fg; gad;gLfpd;wd. gy;NtW tifahd Jizr; Nrkpg;Gr;
rhjdq;fs; cs;sd. td;jl;L mtw;Ws; xd;whd ,uz;lhtJ Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdkhFk;.
td; j l; L fs;
7
gpd;nghUfhy; kPl;Lf;nfhs;tjw;fhfr; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; juTfis itj;jpUf;Fk; xU td;
jl; l hdJ fzpdpf; F s; mikf; f g; g l; b Uf; F k; . fzpdpfs; Mff; F iwe; j J xU
td;jl;ilahtJ nfhz;bUf;Fk;. Nrkpg;gjw;Fupa ek;gfkhd Kiwahf td;jl;Lf;s
fUjg; g Lfpd; w d. juTfis itj; j pUg; g jw; F td; j l; L f; s fhe; j Clfj; i j
cgNahfpf;fpd;wd. td;jl;bd; Nrkpg;Gf; nfhs;ssTfs; ,d;W Gigabytes ,y; mstplg;
gLfpd;wd. td;jl;L ,af;fpapd; fjp ruhrup tha;g;G Neu msTfspy; kjpg;gplg;gLk;
mjhtJ td;jl;L> jutpidg; gjpfpd;w fjpapdhy; mwpag;gLk;. ruhrup tha;g;G Neuk;>
kpyy; p nrf;fd;fspy; (1/100 nrf;fd;) msf;fg;gLk;. Vida Jiz NrkpgG
; r; rhjdq;fshtd
nefpo;tl;L> gspr;rpL ,af;fpfs;> gjpT ehlhf;fs;> FWe;jl;L/ vz;zf tPbNah jl;L
(CD/DVD) vd;gdthFk;.
cs; s P l ; L r; nray;
,J juTfisAk; > mwpTWj; j y; f isAk; fzpdpj; njhFjpf; F s; nrYj; J fpd; w
nra;KiwahFk;. fzpdpahdJ cs;sPlhfj; juTfis vLj;Jf;nfhz;L fzpdpf;Ff;
nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;w mwpTWj;jy;fspd; mbg;gilapy; rpy nra;Kiwfis epiwNtw;wp
fpukg;gLj;jg;gl;l juTfshf ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. juTfisAk; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk;
cl;nrYj;Jk; rhjdq;fs; cs;slP L
; r; rhjdq;fs; vdg;gLk;. kpfg; nghJthd cl;nrYj;Jk;
rhjdq;fshf tpirg;gyifiaAk; kTirAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
ntspg; g hl; L r; nray;

juTfspypUe;J gaDs;s jfty;fisg; ngWk; nghUl;lhd tpisTfis cUthf;fpj;
jUk; nra;KiwahdJ ntspgg ; hl;Lr; nray; vdg;gLk;. mNj Nghd;W nra;Kiwf;Fl;gLj;jg;
gl;l gpd;G fzpdpapdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; ntspg;ghlhdJ kdpjdhy; thrpf;fg;glj;jf;f
cUtj;jpy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl Kd;G fzpdpapDs;Sk; itj;jpUf;fg;gl Ntz;baJ
mtrpakhFk;. mj;Jld; ntspgg ; hLk; mjd; Nkyjpf nray;Kiwf;Fl;gLj;Jk; nghUl;lhf
fzpdpapDs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. jfty;fis ntspg;ghlhfj; jUk; rhjdq;fs;
ntspg;ghl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. fhl;rpahfj; jUk; nkhdpl;lUk;>
mr;rpae;jpuKk; kpfg; nghJthd ntspg;ghl;Lr; rhjdq;fshFk;.
8
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 1.3 : fzpdpj; njhFjpfspy; juTfisf; FwpjJ

; f;fhl;Ltjw;F vz;
njhFjpfisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
fhyk; : xU ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• vz; njhFjpiag; ngaupl;L mtw;iw tptupg;ghu;.
• xNu jutpidg; gy;NtW topfspy; FwpjJ
; f;fhl;Ltjw;fhd vz;njhFjpfspd; kjpgg
; pid
Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• jug;gl;l vz;njhFjpf;fikthf jrk ,yf;fq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• gy tbtq;fspy; jfty;fisf; FwpjJ; f;fhl;Lk; ,aYikia nray;%yk; tpsf;Fthu;.

• ehd;F tifahd vz;njhFjpfs; cs;sd.
ο jrk vz; njhFjp
ο <u; mb vz; njhFjp
ο ml;lk vz; njhFjp
ο MW jrk vz; njhFjp
• jrk vz; njhFjp

ο mb gj;Jf;FupaJ.
ο gj;Jj; jhdq;fs; nfhz;lJ.
ο jhdg; ngWkjpahdJ gj;jpd; tYf;fshFk;.
• <u; mb vz; njhFjp

ο mb ,uz;bw;fhdJ.
ο ,uz;L jhdq;fs; nfhz;lJ.
ο jhdg; ngWkjpahdJ ,uz;bd; tYf;fshFk;.
• ml;lk vz; njhFjp

ο mb vl;Lf;FupaJ.
ο vl;Lj; jhdq;fs; nfhz;lJ.
ο jhdg; ngWkjpahdJ vl;bd; tYf;fshFk;.
• MW jrk vz; njhFjp

ο mb gjpdhWf;FupaJ.
ο gjpdhW jhdq;fs; nfhz;lJ.
ο jhdg; ngWkjpahdJ gjpdhwpd; tYf;fshFk;.
9
fzpdpahdJ
• Vjhtnjhd;iwf; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;l <u; vz; njhFjpiag; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
• ,yFthf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ePskhd <u; vz;fisf;
Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Ltjw;F NtW vz;njhFjpfs; fzpg;gPl;by; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

vz; rl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp 125 vDk; ,yf;fj;ijf; Fwpf;f.
vz;fs;
103 102 101 10
1000 100 10 1
jhdg; ngWkhdq;fs;
jrk ,yf;fk; 123 vz;fs; jhdg; ngWkhdk;
5 x 1 (100) = 5
1
2 x 10 (10 ) = 20
2
1 x 100 (10 ) = 100
125
vy;yhj; jrk ,yf;fq;fSk; Nkw;fz;lthW Fwpj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;.

jrk ,yf;fj; njhFjpapd; mbapd; ngWkhdk; 10 MFk;.
jrk ,yf;fj;jpd; vz;fs; 0> 1> 2> 3> 4> 5> 6> 7> 8> 9 MFk;.
jhdg; ngWkhdq;fshtd@ 103> 102> 101> 100 my;yJ 1000> 100> 10> 1 MFk;.
10
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 1.4 : jrk vz;fis <ub vz;fshfTk; <ub vz;fis jrk
vz;fshfTk; khw;Wthu;.
fhyk; : xU ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• <ub vz;fisj; jrk vz;fshfTk; mjd; vjpu;khwhfTk; khw;Wtjpy; cs;s
Kiwfis tptupg;ghu;.
• fzpg;gPL nra;tjpy; jrk vz; njhFjp vz;fis <ub vz; njhFjpahf khw;Wtjd;
Njitia Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• jrk vz;fis <ub vz;fshfTk; vjpu;khwhfTk; khw;Wthu;.
• ek;gpf;ifAld; vz;zq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.
• NtWgl;l tbtq;fspy; jfty;fisf; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lk; ,aYikiar; nrad;Kiwapy;
fhl;Lthu;.

• xU njhFjpapypUe;J kw;nwhd;Wf;F xU vz;iz khw;Wk; nghOJ xU rpy
tpjpKiwfisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;.
• khw;wpa vz;zpd; ,yf;fq;fis vOJtjw;F xU epak tbtkhd nra;Kiw
cs;sJ.
thrpg; G f; Nfhit
vz; i z khw; W jy;

jrkj; j pypUe; J <ubf; F
kpFjpAld; ,uz;bdhy; gpupj;jy;

1. jrk vz;zhd 15610 I <ubf;F khw;WNthk;. gpupglNtz;ba jrk vz;iz
neLk;ghl;Lg; gpupj;jy; milahsj;jpDs; ,l;L vOJf. gpupf;Fk; vz;zhf <ub
vz;zpd; mbia vOJf. (vkJ tifapd;gb <ub vz;Zf;F ~2| MFk;.)
2 156
2. tpilahf tUk; vz;iz gpupj;jy; milahsj;jpw;Ff; fPo; ,l;L> kPjpia (0 my;yJ

1) gpupf;fg;gLnkz;zpw;F tyJ Gwj;jpy; ,Lf.
2 156 0
78
11
3. ,t;thNw njhlu;eJ
; tUk; tpilfis ,uz;bdhy; gpupjJ
; tUk; kPjpia tyg;gf;fkhf
vOJf. tpilahf 1 te;jTld; gpupg;gij epWj;Jf.
2 156 0
2 78 0
2 39 1
2 19 1
2 9 1
2 4 0
2 2 0
1
4. mbapy; cs;s 1 ,ypUe;J Muk;gpj;J 1 kw;Wk; 0 Mf te;j kPjpfspd; njhlupia

Kiwg;gb Nky;g;Gwkhf vOJf. ePq;fs; ngWtJ 10011100 Mf ,Uf;Fk;. ,JNt
jrk vz;zhfpa 156 ,w;Fr; rktYthd <ub vz;zhFk;. my;yJ mbiaf;
nfhz;l rktY vz;fshf mtw;iwf; fhl;lyhk;.
15610 = 100111002
<ubapypUe;J jrkj;jpw;F
1. <ub vz; 100110112 I jrk vz;zhf khw;WNthk;. ,uz;bd; tYf;fis tykpUe;J
,lkhfg;gl;baw;gLj;Jf. 20 ,y; Muk;gpf;f. ,d; kjpg;gPL 1 MFk;. xt;nthU
,yf;fj;jpd; tYTk; xd;wpdhy; $bf;nfhz;L NghFk;. gl;baypYs;s cWg;Gfspd;
njhiff;F <ub vz;zpd; ,yf;fq;fspd; vz;zpf;if rkkhFk;NghJ vOJtij
epWj;Jf.
cjhuz vz; 10011011 vd;gJ 8 ,yf;fq;fs; nfhz;lJ. MfNt vl;L %yfq;fshfg;
gl;baw;gLj;jpdhy; ,t;thW miktijf; fhzyhk;.
128> 64> 32> 16> 8> 4> 2> 1
2. <ub vz;iz gl;baypd; fPo; vOJf.

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
3. <ub vz;zpd; xt;nthU ,yf;fj;jpD}lhfTk; nry;f. xU ,yf;fk; 1 Mdhy;

,yf;fj;jpd; fPo; ,uz;bd; Fwpj;j tYitf; Nfhl;bd; fPo; vOJf. ,yf;fk; 0 Mapd;
Nfhl;bd; fPo; 0 I vOJf.
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
128 0 0 16 8 0 2 1
Nfhl;bd; fPo; vOjg;gl;l ,yf;fq;fisf; $l;Lf. nkhj;jkhf 155 ngwg;gLk;.
12
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 1.5 : ju; f ; f f; fjtq; f Sf; f hd cz; i k ml; l tizfis

tiuthu;.
fhyk; : xU ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• mbg;gil ju;f;fr; nra;Kiwfisg; ngaupl;L tptupg;ghu;.
• ghtidahsupd; Njitfis vjpu;Nehf;fp> vspa Rw;Wf;fis tbtikg;gjpy;
nghUj;jkhd tifapy; ntt;NtW nraw;ghLfspd; Njitia Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
• Njitg;gLk; ntspg;ghl;il miltjw;nfd ntt;NtW cs;sPl;Lj; jpus;fis
cgNahfpj;J cz;ik ml;ltizfis tpUj;jp nra;thu;.
• ju;f;f uPjpahfr; rpe;jpf;fTk; mjidr; nra;Kiwapy; tpsf;fTk; nra;thu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiw:

<LgLj; j y;
• fPNo fhl;lg;gLk; ,U Rw;Wf;fisAk; ntspf;fhl;Lf. (glk; 1.5.1 kw;Wk; glk; 1.5.2)
my;yJ V Lab kpd;rhu nkd;nghUSld; tbtikf;fg;gl;l ,U Rw;Wf;fSf;fhd
fzpdp cUg;Nghypfisr; nra;Kiwapy; tpsf;Ff. (glk; 1.5.3)
• Mspfspd; ON/OFF jhdq;fSf;Fr; rhu;ghf vt;thW kpd;Fkpo;fs; vupfpd;wd vd;gij
khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.
• gpd;tUtdtw;iwr; rpwg;ghf tpsf;Ftjw;fhd fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf.
ο ,U tiuglq;fSk;> rkhe;ju kw;Wk; njhluhd ,U tifr; Rw;Wf;fisf;
Fwpj;J epw;fpd;wd.
ο Mspfs; A kw;Wk; B vd;gd ~ON| jhdj;jpy; cs;sNghJ khj;jpuk; njhluhf
cs;s Rw;Wf;fspy; kpd;Fkpo; vupAk;.
ο rkhe;jukhf cs;s Rw;Wf;fspy; Msp A my;yJ B my;yJ A Ak; B Ak; ~ON|
jhdj;jpy; cs;sNghJ kpd;Fkpo; vupAk;.
ο ,t;tpjkhd ,U Rw;Wf;fSk;> fzpdpfspy; ,uz;L ju;f;f nraw;ghLfis
tpsf;Ffpd;wd.
Msp A
kpd;fkpo;; Msp A Msp B kpd;Fkpo;;
R R
Msp B
kpd; f yk; kpd; f yk;
glk; 1.5.1 glk; 1.5.2
13
glk; 1.5.3
fw; w Yf; f hfg; gpNuupf; f g; g l; l mwpTWj; j y; f s; :

mbg;gilj; ju;f;fr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd cz;ik ml;ltizfis tiuNthk;.
• jug;gl;l thrpg;Gf; Nfhitiaj; JUtpahuha;e;J> mbg;gilj; ju;f;ff; fjtq;fs;
gw;wpAk; mtw;wpw;fhd cz;ik ml;ltizfisAk; fw;wwpf.
• juf;fr; nraw;ghLfs; rhu;ghd Kf;fpakhd mk;rq;fis vOJf.
• cq;fs FOtpwF ; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s gpdt; Uk; cz;ik ml;ltizfspy; (glq;fs;
1.5.4> 1.5.5> 1.5.6) xd;iwg; g+u;j;jp nra;aj; Njitahd ju;f;fr; nraw;ghLfis
milahsq; fhz;f.
• MM ju;ff ; nkd;nghUis (www.softronix.com/download/mmlogic 14 exe vd;gtw;wpy; ,ytr
khfg; ngwKAk;.) cgNahfpj;J cq;fs; FOtpw;fhf xg;gilf;fg;gl;l cz;ik
ml;ltizf;Fr; rktYthd ju;f;fr; Rw;wpid tbtikf;f.
• FOkakhd mku;tpy; cq;fshy;fz;lwpag;gl;ltw;iw KO tFg;gpw;Fk; Kd;
rku;g;gpf;fj; jahuhFq;fs;.
cz;ik ml;ltiz 1
A B C A’ A’.B B+C (A’.B).(B+C)

0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
glk; 1.5.4
14
cz;ik ml;ltiz 2
A B C B’ A+B’ B.C (A+B’).(B.C)

0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
glk; 1.5.5
cz;ik ml;ltiz 3
A B C C’ A.C’ B.C (A.C’)+(B.C)

0 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 1
glk; 1.5.6
ghl tplaq; f isj; njspTgLj; j f; $ ba tplaq; f s; :

• FOf;fis mtu;fs; fz;lwpe;jtw;iwr; rku;g;gpf;Fk;gb nra;Aq;fs;.
• rku;g;gpg;gtu;fs; jhq;fshfNt mtu;fshy; tpLgl;bUe;j VjhtJ ,ilntspfis
epug;Gk;gb Ntz;Lq;fs;.
• Vida FOf;fsplkpUe;J Mf;fg+u;tkhd tpku;rdq;fis tuNtw;fTk;.
• gpd;tUtdtw;iwr; rpwg;ghf tpsf;FtJld; mku;it Kbj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.
ο vy;yh cs;sL P fSk; 1 MFk;Nghj khj;jpuNk AND nraw;ghL mjd; ntspgg ; hlhf
1 ,idj; jUk;. ntspg;ghLfspy; Vjhtnjhd;W 0 Mdhy; ntspg;ghL 0 Mf
tUk;.
ο VjhtnjhU cs;sPL 1 Mapd; OR nraw;ghlhdJ ntspg;ghlhf 1 ,idj; jUk;.
ο OR nraw;ghl;by;> vy;yh cs;sPLfSk; 0 MFk;NghJ ntspg;ghL 0 Mf tUk;.
ο NOT nraw;ghL cs;sPl;bd; jiyfPo; ,idj; jUk;. mjhtJ cs;sPL 0 Mdhy;
ntspg;ghL 1 MfTk; ,jd; epfu;khw;Wkhf ,Uf;Fk;.
ο xU cz;ik ml;ltizapy; ,uz;L cs;sL P fs; cs;sNghJ ehd;F Nru;fi
; ffs;
,Uf;Fk;. %d;W cs;sPLfs; cs;sNghJ mq;F vl;Lr; Nru;f;iffs; ,Uf;Fk;.
ο MM ju;f;f nkd;nghUis tpilfisr; nrt;it ghu;f;fg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
15
xU cz;ik ml;ltizahdJ vt;thW xU ju;f;fr; Rw;wpd; ntspg;ghL cs;sPLfspd;
gy;NtW Nru;fi; ffSf;Fg; gjpypWf;Fk; vd;gijf; fhl;LfpwJ. ,q;F cz;ikj; jd;ikf;F
1ck;> jtwhdtw;Wf;F 0ck; cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ. cs;sPLfspd; vy;yh tupir
khw;wq;fSk; ,lg;gf;fkhfTk; Rw;wpd; ntspg;ghL tyg;gf;fkhfTk; gl;baw;gLj;jg;
gl;bUf;Fk;. tpUk;gpa ntspgg
; hL> ju;ff
; f; fjtq;fspd; xU Nru;fi
; fahy; milag;ngWk;.
,U khwp(Input)fSf;fpilapyhd OR nraw;ghl;bw;Fupa cz;ik ml;ltiz(glk; 1.5.7)

A B A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
glk; 1.5.7
,U khwp(Input)fSf;fpilapyhd AND nraw;ghl;bw;Fupa cz;ik ml;ltiz(glk; 1.5.7)
A B A*B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
glk; 1.5.8
fjtk;
ju;ff
; f; fjtq;fs; vd;git kpdd
; Zr; Rw;Wf;fspd; xUtifj; Njhw;wq;fshFk;. mitfs;
xd;W my;yJ gy cs;sPLfisAk; xU jdpj;j ntspg;ghl;ilAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.
,t;tpj vy;yh cs;sPLfSk; fjtkhdJ tbtikf;fg;gl;l juf;fr; nraw;ghl;by;
jq;fpAs;s ,Uikg; ngWkhdq;fshd 0> 1 vd;gtw;Wf;Fk; ntspg;ghl;Lr; rkpf;iQf;Fk;
gjpypWf;Fk;. %d;W mbg;gilf; fjtq;fs; cz;L. mitfs; ju;f;fuPjpahd AND, OR
kw;Wk; NOT nraw;ghLfshFk;.
OR nraw; g hL
cs;sPL A, B MdJ 1 Mapd; ntspg;ghL X MdJ 1 MFk;. rhu;G X = A + B MdJ X
rkd; A OR B vd thrpf;fg;gLk;. (glk; 1.5.9) + milahskhdJ OR nraw;ghl;ilf;
Fwpf;Fk;. rhjhuzkhd $l;lYf;Fupajy;y. OR nraw;ghL VjhtnjhU cs;sPl;L khwp
1 Mf ,Uf;ifapy; Kbthf 1 ,idj; jUfpwJ.
vy;yh cs;sPl;L khwpfSk; 0 Mf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ khj;jpuk; OR nraw;ghL 0 I

kbthfj; jUfpwJ.
A B X=A+B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
glk; 1.5.9
16
AND nraw; g hL
rhu;G X = A * B MdJ X rkd; A AND B vd thrpf;fg;gLk;. (glk; 1.5.10) ngUf;fy; FwpaPL
AND nraw;ghl;ilf; Fwpf;fpwJ. 1 fspdJk; 0 fspdJk; rhjhuz ngUf;fy; Nghd;wNj
,JTk; MFk;.
vy;yh cs;sPl;L khwpfSk; 1 Mf ,Uf;Fk; jdpj;j Nju;Tf;fhf kl;LNk AND

nraw;ghL tpisthf 1 ,idj; jUk;.
A B X=A*B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
glk; 1.5.10
NOT nraw; g hL
OR kw;Wk; AND nraw;ghLfisg; Nghyy;yhJ NOT nraw;ghL jdpj;j cs;sl
P L
; khwpapd;
kP J epiwNtw; w g; g lf; $ baJ. cjhuzkhf xU khwp A, NOT nraw; g hl; L f; F
Mshf;fg;gl;lhy; tpisT X MdJ X = A' vdf; Fwpg;ghy; njuptpf;fg;gl KbAk;. ,q;F
Kjd;ik MdJ NOT nraw;ghl;ilf; Fwpf;Fk;.
,e;jr;rhu;G gpd;tUkhW thrpf;fg;gLk;.
"X rkk; NOT A"~~my;yJ|| X rkk; A ~~my;yJ|| X ,d; jiyfPo; rkk; ,d; epug;gpahFk;.
,it xt;nthd;Wk; nghJthd ghtidapy; cs;sd. mj;Jld; midj;JNk X ,d;

; g; ngWkhdk; = A' vdr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpdw
ju;ff ; d. A' vd;gJ A ,d; ju;ff
; g; ngWkhdj;jpwF
;
vjpuhdjhFk;.
NOT nraw;ghl;bd; cz;ik ml;ltizahdJ glk; 1.5.11 ,y; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
1' = 0Vnddpy; NOT 1 vd;gJ 0

0 = 1 Vnddpy; NOT 0 vd;gJ 1
'
NOT nraw;ghL
epug;Gifapd; jiyfPo; vdr; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gLk;. mj;Jld; ,e;j cWg;Gfs;
cs;sfkhf khw;wg;glf;$badthFk;.
A X=A'
0 1
1 0
glk; 1.5.11
17
mbg; g ilj; ju; f ; f f; fjtq; f Sf; f hd Rw; W f; FwpaP L fs; :
gpd;tUk; FwpaPLfs; (glk; 1.5.12) Nkw; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;l mbg;gilf; fjtq;fis
milahsq; fhzg; gad;gLfpd;wd.
NOT fjtk; AND fjtk; OR fjtk;
glk; 1.5.12
ju;f;fr; Rw;Wf;fs; (glk; 1.5.13) MM ju;f;f nkd;nghUspd; (Mrpupau;fspd; ghu;itf;F

khj;jpuk;) cjtp nfhz;L tbtikf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. (glk; 1.5.13)
SIMULATE If; fpspf; nra;f. RUN Ij; njupT

nra;f. gpd;T tpisitg; ghu;g;gjw;F A, B kw;Wk;
C I xOq;FgLj;Jf.
ml;ltiz 1 ,w;fhd
Rw;Wtiuglk;
ml;ltiz 2
,w;fhd
Rw;Wtiuglk;
ml;ltiz 3 ,w;fhd
Rw;Wtiuglk;
glk; 1.5.13
18
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 1.6 : Fzhk; r q; f spd; epge; j idapd; fP o ; fzpdpfis

tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• fzpdpj; njhFjpfis tifg;gLj;Jtw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ntt;NtW KiwfSf;Fg;
ngaupl;L mtw;iw tptupg;ghu;.
• fzpdpfis tifg;gLj;j cgNahfg;gLj;Jk; gy;NtW Kiwfspd; Njitia Vw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.
• gytif Kiwfspd; mbg;gilapy; fzpdpfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
• xUtuJ nrhe;j vz;zq;fis NtW tpjq;fspy; Fwpg;gha;j; njuptpg;ghu;.

• fzpdpfs;
ο fzpg;gpLk; Kiw (tif)
ο gUkd; kw;Wk; jpwd;
ο nray; Nehf;fk;
vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• ju;f;f uPjpahf> fzpdpfs;

ο vz;zpaf;fzpdpfs;
ο xg;Gikf; fzpdpfs;
ο ,df;fyg;Gf; fzpdpfs;
vd tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• gUkd; kw;Wk; jpwd; ,tw;iw Nehf;fp> fzpdpfs;

ο cau;tif fzpdpfs;
ο gpujhd rl;lf; fzpdpfs;
ο rpW fzpdpfs;
ο kpfEl;gkhd fzpdpfs;
jdpegu; fzpdpfs;
kbNkw; fzpdpfs;
ifNkw; fzpdpfs;
19
• gad;ghl;ilg; nghWj;J fzpdpfs;
ο nghJg;ghtidf; fzpdpfs;
ο tpNrl ghtidf; fzpdpfs;
fzpdpfspd; tifg;gLj;jy;
gpd;tUkhW fzpdpfs; tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
1. fzpg;gPL nra;Ak; Kiw (tif) 2. gUkd; kw;Wk; jpwd;
3. nray;Nehf;fk; 4. guk;giu
5. tiffs; (Digital, Analog, Aybrid)
fzpg;gPl;L Kiwapd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy;

xU njhFjpf; fzpg;gPLfs; nra;Ak; topKiwapd; mbg;gilapy; xU fzpdpahdJ
gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• vz;zpa
• xg;Gik
• ,df;fyg;G
vz;zpaf; fzpdp
xU vz;zpaf; fzpdpahdJ fzf;fplf;$bajha;> ntt;NtW cs;sl P L
; r; rhjdq;fspD}lhf
,yf;fq;fisAk;> vOj;Jf;fisAk; Vw;Fk;. cs;slP L
; r; rhjdq;fs; juTfis ,yj;jpudpay;
Jbg;Gfshf khw;wp jdpahd Njhw;wj;jpy; ,yf;fq;fsd; kPJ vz;fzpj nraw;ghLfisr;
nra;Ak;. vz;fzpj nraw;ghLfis Mw;Wtjd; $lNt mitfs;@
1. nra;Kiwf;fhd jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;
2. ju;f;fr; nraw;ghLfisr; nra;jy;
3. cs;sPl;Lj; jfty;fisg; gjpg;gpj;jy; my;yJ ePf;Fjy;
Mfpa gzpfisr; nra;a KbAkhdjhftpUf;Fk;.
vz;zpaf; fzpdpfis cgNahfpgg ; jpYs;s gpujhd mD$yq;fspnyhd;whf Njitahd

nrk;ik kl;lj;ij milayhk; vd;gJ fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;Fj; Njitg;gLk; jrk
jhdq;fisf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Mifapdhy; ,it tu;j;jf uPjpahd
gpuNahfq;fSf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhditahFk;. tpiyapy; xOq;fhd Fiwg;Gfs;
Vw;gl;l gpd;Gk; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lkhf;fypd; rpf;fyhd epiy cs;sjhYk; mitfs;
tpiyAau;thdjhf ,Ug;gNj gpujhdkhd gpujp$ykhFk;.
cjhuzk;
XU Fwpf;fg;gl;l Neu ,ilntspapy; fhnuhd;wpdhy; mJ gazpj;j J}uj;ijf; fzpf;f>
thfdj;jpd; uaupd; tpl;lj;ij vLj;J mjd; Rw;wsitf; fzpj;J> epkplj;jpw;F
vj;jidKiw rf;fuk; Roy;fpd;wJ vd;gijAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L> vLf;Fk; Neuj;ij
20
epkplq;fspy; fz;L mtw;iwnay;yhk; ngUf;Ftjhy; nrd;w J}uj;ijg; ngwyhk;. ,J
vz;zpaf; fzpg;G vd;wiof;fg;gLk;. ,g;gbahd vz;zpaf; fzpg;Gfspd; jj;Jtj;ijg;
gad;gLj;Jk; fzpdpahdJ vz;zpaf; fzpdp vd miof;fg;gLk;.
xg; G ikf; fzpdp

xg;Gikf; fzpdpfs; (glk; 1.6.1) cs;sl
P hd juTfisj; njhlu;rr
; pahd
cUtj;jpy; fpukg;gLj;Jk;. Nthw;wsT> jil my;yJ ntg;gepiy
Nghd;w juTfs; fzpdpapy; njhlu;r;rpahd jfty; gha;r;ry;
tpLglhjdthff; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;. ,Nj Nghy; nghwpapay;
kw;Wk; tpQQ
; hd Kiwg; gpuNahfq;fspYk; fpukg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;ba
fzpaq;fshd Ntw;wsT> mKf;fk; Mfpad njhlu;rr ; pahf cau;tJk;
jho;tJkhd miytbtj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;. xg;Gikf; fzpdpapy; cs;s glk; 1.6.1
mstPLfs; xU rpy jdpj;j nray; rhjdq;fshy; nra;J Kbf;fg;gLtjhy; xg;Gikf;
fzpdpahdJ Fiwe;j ngWkjpAs;sjha; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij ,yFthfr; nra;tjpy;
cjtpahf cs;sJ. xg;Gikf; fzpdpapd; gpujhd gpujp$ykhtJ mjd; nrk;ik
njhlu;ghd fhuzpahFk;. Mifapdhy; mJ tu;j;jfj; juTfisf; fpukg;gLj;jg;
nghUj;jkhdJ my;y.
cjhuzk;
fhnuhd;wpd; iky;khdpapd; jj;Jtj;ij Nehf;fpdhy;> mJ vz;zpaf; fzpj;jypw;Nghy;
tpsf;fg;gl xNu jj;Jtj;jpy; Ntiy nra;tjpy;iy. fhupd; rf;fuq;fspd; Row;rp rpy
fpau;fis mirj;J> me;j ,af;fkhdJ khdpf;F xU nefpo; jz;bd; Clhff;
flj;jg;gLfpwJ. khdpahdJ ,yf;fq;fshy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l rpy fpau;fs;/rf;fuq;fisf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld; kPw;wu; / fpNyh kPw;wu;fspy;> gazpj;j rupahd J}uj;ijj;
jUtjw;fhd tpjj;jpy; kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. mq;F ,yf;fq;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l fzpg;Gfs;
,y;iy. KbthdJ ngsjpf ,ay; epfo;r;rpahfg; ngwg;gLk;. ,t;tifahd fzpg;G
MdJ xg;Gik Kiw vd miof;fg;gLk;. xg;Gik Kiwikf;fzpg;gpidg; gad;gLj;Jk;
xU fzpdpahdJ xU xg;Gikf; fzpdp vd mwpag;gLk;.
,df; f yg; G f; fzpdp

xU fzpdpahdJ vz;zpaf; fzpg;Gfisr; nra;af;$ba rpy
ghfq;fisAk; xg;Gikj;jj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nraw;glf;$ba
ghfq;fisAk; cgNahfpj;Jr; nra;ag;gl KbAk;. ,t;thwhd
fzpdpfs; ,df;fyg;Gf; fzpdpfs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
glk; 1.6.2
cjhuzk;
nra;Kiwf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; fzpdpj; njhFjpfspy>; cs;sl
P hdJ mKf;fkhdp> ntg;gkhdpfs;
Nghd;w rhjdq;fspypUe;J tUfpwJ. mKf;ff; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; njhFjpahdJ nghUj;jkhd
,lq;fspypUe;J xg;Gik Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. xg;Gikr; rhjdq;fspypUe;J
tUk; cs;sPLfs; Xu; vz;zpaf; fzpg;gPl;L myFf;F mDg;gg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tyF>
nra;Kiwiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fzpj khjpupia ,af;FfpwJ. ,t;thwhd tiff;
21
fzpdpfs; ,df;fyg;Gf; fzpdpfs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. Vnddpy; ,itfs; jkJ rpy
ghfq;fspy; xg;Gik KiwikiaAk;> NtW rpy ghfq;fspy; vz;zpa KiwikiaAk;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
nray; Nehf; f j; i jf; Fwpj; j hd fzpdpfspd; tifg; g Lj; j y;

nghJ nray;Nehf;f fzpdpfs;
VjhtnjhU gpuNahfj;jpw;nfd nfhs;ifuPjpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpdpfs; nghJ
nray; Nehf;ff; fzpdpfs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
tpNrl nray;Nehf;ff; fzpdpfs;

fhw;wpD}lhf Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfs; Nghd;w tpNrlkhd Ntiyfspy;
gad;gLj;jj; jahupf;fg;gLk; fzpdpfNs ,itahFk;. jd;dpaf;f thfdq;fspd;
vupnghUisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jg; gad;gLj;Jgit tpNrl nray; Nehf;ff; fzpdpfs; MFk;.
gUkd; kw;Wk; jpwd; ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy;.

gUkd; kw;Wk; jpwd; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; vz;zpa fzpdp gpd;tUkhW
tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• cau;tiff; fzpdp
• gpujhd rl;lf;fzpdp
• rpwpa fzpdp
• Ez;zpa fzpdp
cau;tiff; fzpdp
kpfg; ngupa. mjpNtf kw;Wk; tpiy mjpfKila fzpdpfs; cs;sd. Mdhy; tu;jj ; fj;
juT nrayhf;fj;jpw;fhd khjpupahf mitfs; cgNahfpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. gjpyhf
mitfs; ghJfhg; G j; J iw> Mfha tpkhd tbtikg; G >
fzpdpahy; cUthf;fk; ngWk; jpiug;glq;fs;> fhyepiy
Muha; r ; r p Nghd; w itahd tpNrl NjitfSf; f hfNt
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. KjyhtJ cau;tif fzpdpahdJ
Burroughs ,dhy; nra;ag;gl;l ILLIAC IV MFk;. cau;tiff;
fzpdpapd; Vida cw;gj;jpahsu;fs; CRAY, CDC, FUGITSU, NEC
vd;gtu;fshtu;. cau;tiff; fzpdp CRAY - 1 vd;gJ kpfTk; rf;jp glk; 1.6.3
tha;e;j fzpdpahff; fUjg;gLfpwJ. CRAY - 2 kw;Wk; CRAY - 3 Mfpa cau;fzpdpfs;
,dhy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;ldthFk;. cau; fzpdpfs; xNu Neuj;jpy; 64 gpl;fs; my;yJ
mjpfkhf nrayhf;fk; nra;Ak;. mtw;wpd; nrayhf;ff;fjp tPr;rk; xU nrf;fDf;F
(MIPS) 10000 kpy;ypad; Mizfs; ,ypUe;J 1.2 kpy;ypad; Mizfs; tiuahFk;.
mitfs; xNu Neuj;jpy; 10000 Kbtplq;fis Mjhug;gLj;jf;$bad. mitfs; ngUk;
vz;zpf;ifahd Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; ,ju rhjdq;fis mitfSld; ,izj;Js;sd.
,itfNs kpfg; ngWkjp tha;e;j fzpdpfshFk;. (glk; 1.6.3)
22
gpujhd rl;lq;fs;
gpujhd rl;lq;fs; (glk; 1.6.4) Fiwe;j rf;jp nfhz;litahfTk;>
cau; tiff; fzpdpfistpl tpiy Fiwe;jjhfTk; ,Ue;jd.
vt;thnwdpDk; mitfs; vy;yh tifahd tpQQ ; hd kw;Wk; tu;jj
; g;
gpuNahfq;fisAk; ifahsj;jf;f ngupa nghJj; Njitf;fhd
fzpdpfsha; cs;sd. gpujhd rl;lq;fs; nrf;fndhd;Wf;Fg; gy
kpy;ypad; Mizfisf; fpukg;gLj;jty;yit. ,itfshy; 1000
,w;F kjpfkhd njhiy Kbtplq;fis Mjhug;gLj;j KbAk;. glk; 1.6.4
gpujhd rl;lq;fs; ngupa on-line Jiz Nrkpg;Gf; nfhs;ssTilad. gy;NtW tifahd
vz;zpf;if nfhz;l Gw vy;iyr; rhjdq;fshd fhe;j ehlh> ,af;fpfs;> td;jl;L
,af;fp> fl;Gyf;fhl;rpaikg;G myFfs;> glk; tiutpfs;> mr;rpL rhjdq;fs;> njhlu;ghly;
Kbtplq;fs; vd;gd gpujhd rl;lf; fzpdpfSld; Nru;f;fg;glyhk;. ,it Nghd;w
ru;tNjr tu;jj; fg; nghwpfs; $l;Lj;j
; hgdj; jpd(; IBM) ES19000 fzpdpfspd; FLk;gj;jpwf
; hd
gpujhd rl;lq;fs; rk;gsg;gl;bay; fzpg;Gfs;> fzf;Fj; Jiwf;fzf;fply;> tu;j;jf
eltbf;ifs;> jfty; kPsg;ngWjy; kw;Wk; tpkhd Mrd xJf;fPLfs; Nghd;w
gpuNahfq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
rpwpa tiff; fzpdpfs;

gpujhd rl;lk; Nghd;w mNj topapy; ,e;j tiff; fzpdpAk; juTf; fpukg;gLj;Jk;
nraw;ghLfisr; nra;Ak; Mdhy; rpwpa mstpy;jhd;. rpwpa tiff; fzpdpfspd;
ngWkjp FiwthdJ. ngau; Fwpg;ghfr; Rl;Lfpwgb xU rpwpa tiff; fzpdpahdJ
gpujhd rl;lf;fzpdpia tpl xg;gPl;lstpy; rpwpaJ. mjdhYk; ,jd; nraypAk; Gw
vy;iyfspd; njhifAk; ngsjpf uPjpay; rpwpaitahapUg;gjhYk; ,jid msT
Fiwf;fg;gl;l gpujhd rl;lk; vd miof;fyhk;. xU rpwpa tiff; fzpdpkhjpupf;F 10
Kjy; 12 Kbtplq;fis Mjhug;glj;jf;$baJ. kpfTk; gpugykhd rpwpa tiff; fzpdpfs;
my;yJ rpwpRfs;> Nova, Dec, PDP-II kw;Wk; IBM tupir vd;gdthFk;.
Ez; fzpdpfs;
,JNt Ez;nraypNahbize;j Nrkpg;gfk; kw;Wk; cs;sPL/ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fisf;
nfhz;l kpfr ; rpwpa fzpdpfspd; tifahFk;. ,itfs; jdpegu; fzpdpj; (PC) njhFjpfs;
vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. 1970 ,y; Ez; fzpdpfs; Kjd; Kjyhfg; gue;jstpy; ghtidf;F
te;jd. mj;jUzk;> fzpdpfspd; midj;Jr; Rw;Wf;fisAk; (CPU) xU rpwpa rpypf;fd;
rpyy
; py; ,lf;$bajhapUe;jJ. jw;Nghija re;ijapy; gy;NtW tifahd Ez; fzpdpfs;
fpilf;fj;jf;fjhAs;sd.
cjhuzk;: jdpegu; fzpdp> kbNky; fzpdp> ifalf;f fzpdp
edpgu; fzpdpfs; (PC)

jdpegupd; cgNahfj;jpw;nfd tbtikf;fg;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf mJ jdpegu; fzpdp
vdg; ngauplg;gl;Ls;sJ. fzpdp cw;gj;jp epWtdkhf cyfpNyNa Kd;dzpapy; epfOk;
IBM epWtdkhdJ IBM-PC vdg; ngau;nfhz;l KjyhtJ jdpegu; fzpdpia mwpKfg;
gLj;jpaJ. jdpegu; fzpdpfs;> mtw;wpd; gupkhzk; kw;Wk; nfhz;L nry;yf;$ba
23
jd;ik vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;. xU Nkirapy; itj;jpUf;ff ; g;glf;
$baJk; nfhz;L nry;y mjpfkha; KbahjJkhd jdpegu; fzpdpfs; NkirNky;
fzpdpfs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. nfhz;L nry;yf;$ba fzpdpfshdit ghuq;Fiwe;jit
ahfTk; vspjpy; ,lk;tplL
; gadhspapd; kbapy; itj;jpUf;ff;$baJk; rpwpa mstpdJkhd
nfhz;L nry;yj;jf;f fzpdpfs; kbNky; fzpdpfs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. Fwpg;Gg;
Gj;jf fzpdpfs; mz;zsthf xU Gj;jfj;jpd; msthf ,Uf;Fk;. nfhz;L nry;yj;jf;f
fzpdpfs; xU rl;ilg; igapy; ,lf;$bajha; ,Ug;gpd; mJ rl;ilg;ig my;yJ
ifasTf; fzpdpfs; vdf; $wg;gLk;.
kbNky; fzpdp
xU kbNky; fzpdp (glk; 1.6.5) RUf;fkhd Laptop (Fwpg;Gg;
Gj;jff; fzpdp my;yJ Note book) vd;gJ xU rpwpa fhtpr;
nry;yf; $ba fzpdpahFk;. kbNky; fzpdpfs; tof;fkhf xu
jdp gpujhd kpd; fyj; j pdhy; my; y J kpd; fyj; i jAk;
kpdN; dw;WtJld; fzpdpfF
; k; Njitahd kpdt; Yit toq;ff;$ba
AC/DC nghUj;jj; Jizg; nghwpia ntspg;Gwkhff; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. gy fzpdpfs;
fzpdpapd; kzpf; $l;ilAk;> kpd;jil Vw;gLk;NghJ Vida nra;Kiwfisr; nra;aTk;
gad;gLj;jf;$ba 3V kpd;fyj;ij ciladtha; ,Uf;fpd;wd'
ifalf;ff; fzpdp
,J cq;fs; iff;Fs; mlf;ff;$bajhd xU rpwpa fzpdpahFk;. KO msthd
fzpdpfNshL xg;gpl ifalf;ff; fzpdpfs; kpfTk; vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;litahFk;.
Mdhy; rpy nraw;ghLfshd njhiyNgrpg;Gj;jfq;fs;> ehl;fhl;bfs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhd
gad;ghLfis cilad. ifalf;ff; fzpdpfs; (glk; 1.6.6) xU rhtpg;gyifia tpl
xU Ngid gpbj;jpUf;Fk; fzpdpfs; my;yJ jdpegu; vz;zpa cjtpahsu;fs; (PDAs)
vd miof;fg;gLk;.
mtw;wpd; rpwpa msT fhuzkhf gy ifalf;ff; fzpdpfs; jl;L ,af;fpfis cs;slf;f

,ayhjitahf cs;sd. mit rpypf;fd; epidT ml;ilfis cgNahfpf;fpd;wd.
glk; 1.6.5
glk; 1.6.6
24
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 1.7 : gadhspapd; Njitfspd; nghUl;L nkd; nghUspidj;

njupT nra;thu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• nkd;nghUs; tiffisg; ngaupLthu;.
• fzpdpia ,af;Ftjw;Fk;> gadhspapd; Njitfspd; nghUl;Lk; nraw;ghl;L kw;Wk;
gpuNahf nkd;nghUspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• nkd;nghUs; tiffisr; Rl;bf;fhl;Ltjw;F xU xOq;fhd Kiwapy; xU
tifg;gLj;jy; jpl;lj;ij tpUj;jpahf;Fthu;.
• rpf;fyhd vz;zg;ghLfis vspikahf;fg; gltiugpaiyg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• gpd;tUtd gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf.
• nkd;nghUshdJ ,U gpujhd tifg;gLj;jypy; ,lg;glyhk;.
ο njhFjp nkd;nghUs;
ο gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;
• njhFjp nkd;nghUs; gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
ο nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp
ο gad;gL epfo;r;rp epuy;
• fzpdp xd;Wf;Fupa kpf Kf;fpakhd nkd;nghUs; nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp nkd;
nghUshFk;.
• nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp ,y;yhky; xU fzpdp ,aq;fhJ.
• ,uz;L tifahd nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfs; cs;sd.
ο fl;lisf; Nfhl;L nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp
ο gltiuG gadhsp ,ilKf(GUI) nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp.
• gad;gL epfo;r;rp epuy;fs; fzpdp %ytsq;fis Kfhikg;gLj;jTk; guhkupf;fTk;
cjTfpd;wd.
• gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; ,U gpujhd tiffSf;Fs; ,lg;glyhk;.
ο nuapyu; cUthf;fpa nkd;nghUs; - xU jdpkdpjd; my;yJ tu;jj ; fk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
xU jdpj;j Njitf;nfd cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
ο mLf;Fj; jl;bypUe;j Rw;wg;gl;l (nghjp nra;j) nkd;nghUs;
nkd;nghUs; cw;gj;jpfs;- Vw;fdNt jahupf;fg;gl;litAk;> tpw;gidf;fplg;gl;l
itAk;;.
25
thrpg; G f; Nfhit
fzpdp nkd;nghUs;
fzpdp nkd;nghUs; vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l gzpia epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd
epfo;r;rp epuy;fspd; jpus; MFk;. gzp vd;gJ kPl;Lf; nfhs;Sjy;> Nrkpj;jy; my;yJ
jfty; xd;wpid ntspf;fhl;Ljy; my;yJ xU cUtj;jpypUe;J gpwpnjhU cUtj;jpw;F
juTfisj; Njhw;wkhw;wk; nra;tjhFk;.
nkd;nghUs; ,Utifg;gLk; - njhFjpnkd;nghUs; kw;Wk; gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;
njhFjp nkd;nghUs;
gpuNahf nkd;nghUshdJ xU gzpiar; nra;af;$bajhf td;nghUis Kfhikj;Jtk;
nra;tNjhL fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; nra;Ak; VjhtJ fzpdp nkd;nghUSf;Fg; nghJthf
njhFjp nkd;nghUs; vdf;$Wtu;. ,J fzpdpj; njhFjpapd; xU mtrpakhd gFjpahFk;.
nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpnahd;whdJ ntspg;gilahd xU cjhuzkhFk;.
xU njhFjp nkd;nghUs; ,oe;J Nghfhj Nrkpg;gfj;jpy; (kpd;tY jilg;gLj;jg;gl;l

nghOJk; mtw;wpd; epidT jq;fpapUg;gJ.) mjhtJ njhifaPl;Lr; Rw;Wf;fspy;
Nrfupf;fg;gl;bUg;gpd; mJ tof;fkhf epiyg;nghUs; vdf;$wg;gLk;.
njhFjp nkd;nghUspd; ,uz;L gpujhd tiffs; nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpAk; gad;gL

epfo;r;rp epuy;fSkhFk;.
nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp nkd;nghUs;

nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp nkd;nghUs; ,U gpujhd gpupTfshf tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
fl;lis - Nfhl;Lr; nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp

,e;jr; nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpahdJ gadhspia fl;lisfisj; jl;lr;rpl;L fzpdpiag;
gzp nra;a itf;fpwJ. cjhuzk;: DOS,Unix
gltiuT ghtidahsu; ,ilKf nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp (GUI)

thrfq;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf tiuglq;fspd; mbg;gilapyhd xu nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp
(WIMP, Windows, Icons, Manus kw;Wk; Pointing devices) xU kTi] mNjhL $l xU
rhtpgg
; yifia cs;sl P L
; r; rhjdq;fshf cgNahfpff ; pdw
; J. ,J ghtidahsu; el;GwT
,ilKfkhFk;. cjhuzk;: Windows XP, Vista, Mac OS, Fedora, Ubuntu
fzpdpapy; nraw;gLk; kpf Kf;fpa epfo;r;rp epuy; nraw;ghl;Lj;njhFjpahFk;. xt;nthU

fzpdpAk;> Vida epfo;rr; p epuy;fisr; nraw;glitf;Fk; xU nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpiaf;
nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. fzpdpiaj; njhlf;fp> mjd; td;nghUSf;F capu; nfhLf;Fk;
NghJ epidtfj;jpy; Vw;wg;gLk; KjyhtJ epfo;r;rp epuy; ,JNtahFk;. ,J ,y;yhky;
ckJ nrhy; fpukg;gLj;Jk; nkd;nghUNsh> tpupgug;gPl;Lj;jhs; nkd;nghUNsh my;yJ
26
NtW VjhtJ gpuNahf nkd;nghUNsh gad;gLj;j ,ayhJ. gadhspfs; nraw;ghl;Lj;
njhFjpAld; xU fl;lisnkhop my;yJ xU gltiuG gadhsp ,ilKfk; (GUI)
Nghd;w gadhsp ,ilKfj;jpD}lhf Neubahf xd;wpd; Nknyhd;wha;r; nrayhw;w
KbAk;.
nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfspd; cjhuzk;;

Unix, Linux, Fedora, Windows Vista, Windows XP, Mac OS, Windows 2000, Windows 95/98 & DOS
nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfs; gpd;tUtd Nghd;w mbg;gilg; gzpfis epiwNtw;Wfpd;wd.

• rhtpg;gyifapypUe;JtUk; cs;sPl;bid milahsq;fhzy;.
• ntspg;ghl;ilf; fhl;Lk; jpiuf;F mDg;Gjy;.
• Nfhg;GfspdJk;> toptptuf; NfhitfspdJk; jlj;ij tl;bd;kPJ itj;jpUj;jy;.
• Gwnty;iyr;rhjdq;fshd tl;L ,af;fpfs; kw;Wk; mr;rfq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
• nraw;ghl;bd; epiy gw;wp xt;nthU gpuNahfk; my;yJ xd;wpd; Nknyhd;whfr;
nrayhw;Wk; gadhspf;F mJ nra;jpfis mDg;GfpwJ. mj;Jld; epfo;e;jpUf;fpd;w
VJk; jtWfisAk; gw;wpa nra;jpfis mDg;Gfpd;wJ.
gpuNahfk;
jl;L ,af;fp
nraw;ghl;Lj;
njhFjp
kT];
nkhdpll
; u;
rhtpg; g yif
mr; r pae; j puk;
glk; 1.7.1
gadhd epfo;r;rp epuy;fs; vd;gJ vd;d?

gadhd epfo;r;rp epuy;fs;> fzpdp %ytsq;fis Kfhikg;gLj;jTk;> guhkupf;fTk;>
fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; cjTfpdw ; d. jdpegu; fzpgg
; plNyhL ,ize;Js;sJk; cq;fs; njhFjpia
cr;r nraw;wpwDld; nraw;glitf;fTk; ehSf;F ehs; mt;tg;NghJ cjtf;$bajhfTk;
,t;tpj epfo;r;rp epuy;fs; fpilf;ff;$bajhAs;sJ.
27
gadhd epfo;r;rpepuy;fspy; rpytw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;s cjhuzq;fs;
• gpd;Dau;j;Jk; nkd;nghUs; • tl;L xUq;fpizg;gp
• njhFg;gpfs; • myfpLtl;L
• $l;bizg;gpfs; • itu]; myfpL fUtpfs;
gpd;Dau;j;Jk; nkd;nghUs;
,e;j nkd;nghUshdJ cq;fsJ NfhitfSf;Fg; gpujpfis vLf;f cjTtJld;
KO fzpdpapd; td; ,af;fpf;Fk; $l cjtpahfTs;sJ. ehs;NjhWk; cq;fs;
Nfhitfisg; gpd;Dau;j;Jjy; kpf mtrpakhFk;. cq;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd xU
fzpdpapy; td; ,af;fpapYs;s ngWkjp tha;e;j juTfis xOq;fhfg; gpd;Dau;j;Jjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
myfpLtl; L
myfpLtl;L vd;gJ tpd;Nlh]; fzpdpfSld; toq;fg;gLfpd;w xU gadhd epfo;r;rp
epuy; MFk;. ,e;j epfo;r;rp epuyhdJ> tl;bd; kPJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l tl;Lg;gug;Gfs; Nghd;w
Mw;wy; tsg;gpur;rpidfs; cs;dth vd tl;Lfisg; guprPypf;fpwJ. tl;Lf;fs; fhe;j
Clfq;fshdgbahy; cq;fs; td; ,af;fpAk; $l khRglf;$Lk;.
tl;L xUq;fpizg;gp
,t;tpjkhd nkd;nghUshdJ cq;fs; tl;L ,af;fpfis kPs xOq;FgLj;jp itg;gjpy;
cjtpGupfpd;wJ. Nfhitfs; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; mit ePf;fg;gl;L kw;Wk; kPsTk;
Nrkpf;fg;gl;lhy; tl;L rPuw;wjhfp my;yJ $whf;fg;gLk;. ,Uf;fpd;w ntspahdJ tl;bd
KOg;ghfq;fspYk; rpwpa Jz;Lfshf mikT nfhz;bUf;Fk;. tl;Lf; $whf;fpfs;
mt;tpjkhd RahjPd ,lq;fis xd;WgLj;jp mitfisr; Nru;j;J kpfj; jpwDs;s
topapy; cq;fs; juTfisj; njhlu;e;J Nrkpf;f trjp nra;Ak;.
xU fUtp ,af;fp
xU ,af;fp vd tof;fkhf miof;fg;gLk; fUtp ,af;fpahdJ xU fzpdp epfo;r;rp
epuyhFk;. ,J xU td;nghUs; fUtpAld; ,ilj;jhf;fk; Vw;gLj;j xU nraw;ghl;Lj;
njhFjp (cjhuzk;: Windows/Linux& ahf ,Uf;fj;jf;fjhd kw;WnkhU epfo;r;rpepuyhf
mikfpwJ. ,af;fpahdJ Kf;fpakhf. td;nghUspd; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ghfj;Jld; vt;thW
njhlu;G nfhs;tJ kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ vd;gJ gw;wpa jftYld; nraw;ghl;Lj;
njhFjpf;F toq;Fk; xU mwpTWj;jy; Fwpg;NglhFk;.
etPd td;nghUs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfspd; khWghLfs; fhuzkhf ,af;fpfs;

gad;gLj;jj;jf;f gy;NtW toptiffs; cs;d. ,af;fpfs; gpd;tUtdtw;NwhL
,ilKfg;gLj;jg;glg; gad;gLk;.
• mr;rpL rhjdq;fs; • tPbNah nghUj;Jfs;
• tiyNtiy ml;ilfs; • xyp ml;ilfs;
• nkhlk;fs; • myfpL fUtpfs;
28
itu]; myfpL epfo;r;rp epuy;fs; (ituRf;F vjpuhd nkd;nghUs;)
,J xU td;jl;by; (Nrkpgg ; fk;) ,Uf;ff;$ba jPaNehf;f ,ufrpa nkhopfis (itu];fs;)
mit fhzg;gLkplj;J mfw;wf;$ba tpjj;jpy; NjbawpAk; gad;gL nkd;nghUshFk;.
mNefkhd itu]; vjpu;g;G epfo;r;rp epuy;fs; jhNk fhyj;Jf;F Vw;w GJ epiyf;F
tUk; jd;ikAilad. ,J epfo;r;rp epuy;> Gjpa itu];fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lTld;
gupNrhjpgg
; jw;Fk; Gjpa itu]; gw;wpa tpguq;fis ntspgg; Lj;Jtjw;Fk; ,ayr; nra;fpwJ.
epfo;r;rp epuw;gLj;Jk; fUtpfs; my;yJ epfo;r;rp epuw;gLj;Jk; nkhopfs;

epfo;r;rp epuw;gLj;Jk; xU nkhopahtJ nkd;nghUs; tpUj;jpahsu;fs;> cUthf;Fk;
debug my;yJ Vida epfo;r;rp epuy;fs; kw;Wk; gpuNahfq;fisj; njhlug;gad;gLj;Jk;
epfo;r;rp epuy; my;yJ gpuNahfkhFk;. cjhuzk;: Pascal, Visual Basic, Java, C+ +
njhFg; g p
cau; kl;l epfo;r;rp epuy; nkhopapy; ^C, Java my;yJ VB) vOjg;gl;l xU %ytbt
epfo;r;rp epuiy cldbahf nghwpf;fhd ,ufrpa nkhopf;F kw;Wk; xU epfo;r;rp epuNy
njhFg;gpahFk;.
$l; b izg; g p
$l;bizg;gp vdg;gLk; xU gad;gL epfo;rr
; p epuyhdJ $l;bizg;G nkhopf; $w;Wf;fis
,yf;fhd fzpdpg; nghwp ,ufrpaf; $w;whf nkhop khw;wk; nra;a cgNahfpf;fg;gLk;.
gpuNahf nkd;nghUs;
gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; ,uz;L gpujhd tifg;gLj;jypy; ,lg;glyhk;.
1. Tailor nra;jJ (cs;tPl;L nkd;nghUs;)
xU egupd; my;yJ xU tu;j;jfj;jpd; jdpg;gl;l Njitf;nfd;W tpUj;jp nra;ag;
gl;litNa ,itahFk;.
cjhuzk;: fzpg;gpLk; njhFjp> thrpfrhiy Kfhikj;Jtk;.
2. mLf;Fj;jl;bypUe;j Rw;wg;gl;l (nghjp nra;j) nkd;nghUs;

Vw;fdNt nra;ag;gl;lJk;> tpw;gidf;F> Fj;jiff;F my;yJ cupkk; ngw;wjhf
nghJkf;fSf;Ff; fpilf;fj;jf;fJkhd nkd;nghUs; cw;gj;jpfNs ,itahFk;.
gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; xU gadhspia xd;W my;yJ mjdpYk; $ba jdpjj ; gzpfisr;

nra;JKbf;f ,lkspf;fpd;wJ. khjpupf;fhd gpuNahfq;fs;> mYtyf jd;dpaf;f
gupthuq;fs;> tu;j;jf nkd;nghUs;> fy;tpf;fhd nkd;nghUs;> juTj;jsq;fs; kw;Wk;
fzpdp tpisahl;Lf;fs; vd;gtw;iw mlf;fpAs;sd. ngUk;ghyhd gpuNahfnkd
nghUshdJ xU tiugl gadhsp ,ilKfk; xd;iwf; nfhz;lJ. ,d;W gy;NtW
gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; tiffs; re;ijapy; fpilf;fpd;wd. xU rpy cjhuzq;fs;
,q;Nf jug;gLfpd;wd.
29
nrhy; fpukkhf;Fk; nkd;nghUs;
fzpdpnahd;iw cgNahfpj;J Mtzq;fis cUthf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ nrhy;
fpukkhf;Fk; nkd;nghUs; my;yJ xU nrhy; nraypahFk;. xU nrhy; nrayp> xU
Mtzj;ij cUthf;f> xU tl;bd; kPJ kpdd ; Z uPjpahfr; Nrkpff
; > jpiuapy; Njhw;Wtpff
; .
rhtpg;gyifapypUe;J fl;lisfisAk; vOj;Jf;fisAk; cl;nrYj;Jtjhy; mtw;iw
khw;wpaikf;fTk;> mr;Rg; nghwpapdhy; mr;rplTk; ,ayr; nra;fpwJ.
cjhuzk;: Open Office, org writer, MS Word
juTj; j s Kfhikj; n jhFjp

Nrkpg;gjw;Fk;> cUkhw;Wjw;Fk; kw;Wk; xU juTj; jsj;jpypUe;Jk; jfty;fisg;
gpupj;njLg;gjw;Fk; cq;fis ,ayr; nra;Ak; epfo;r;rp epuy;fspd; xU $l;lkhdJ
,t;thW miof;fg;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: MS Access, Open Office.org Base, Oracle, My Sql
rkug;gpg;G nkd;nghUs;
rku;gg
; pgG
; nkd;nghUnshd;whdJ xU fzpdpnkd;nghUs; nghjpahFk;. ,J jfty;fis
tof;fkhf ntspg;gLj;jpf;fhl;l ,ioTj;jl;Lf;fhl;rpfis cUthf;Fk;. nkd;
nghUshFk; . ,J %d; W gpujhd nraw; g hLfis cs; s lf; f paJ. thrfk;
cl;nrYj;jg;gl;L tbtg;gLj;jg;gl trjpahspf;Fk; gjpg;gp> tiugl cUtq;fis
cl;GFj;jTk;> ifahsTk; xU top> kw;Wk; cs;slf;fj;ij ntspf;fhl;Lk;
,ioTj;jl;Lj; njhFjp vd;gtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfNs mitahFk;.
cjhuzk;: MS Power Point, Open Office.org tmpress
guTj;jhs; nkd;nghUs;
xU guTj;jhs; vd;gJ gzpj;jhs; vdTk; mwpag;gLk;. ,J tupirfisAk; epiufisAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. vz;fzpa my;yJ epjp gw;wpa juTfis xg;gplTk; gjpT nra;aTk;
ga;dgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
guTj;jhs; gpuNahfq;fs; (rpyNtis vspikahfg; guTj;jhs; vdf; $wg;gLk;.) fzpdp

epfo; r ; r p epuy; f shFk; . cq; f is guTj; j hspid ,yj; j pudpayhy; ifahsTk;
mDkjpf;fpd;wd. xU guTj;jhs; gpuNahfj;jpy; xt;nthU ngWkhdKk; xU fyj;jpy;
,Uf;Fk;.
cjhuzk;: Open Office.org Calc, MS Excel
tiugl tbtikg;G nkd;nghUs;

tiugl tbtikg;G nkd;nghUshdJ gpuNahf nkd;nghUspd; xU cg tifahFk;.
,J tiugl tbtikg;G> gy;Y}lf mgptpUj;jp> tpNrbj;j rhia mgptpUj;jp> nghJthd
rhiag; gjpg; G my; y J vspikahf tiuglf; Nfhitfs; vd; g tw; W f; f hfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;: Adobe Photoshop, 3D Studio Max, Poser, GIMP, Inkspace
30
NkirNky; ntspapLk; nkd;nghUs; nkd;nghUs;)
(DTP
tbtikg;gpy; tbtikg;ghsUf;fhd fUtpahf DTP nkd;nghUs; te;jpUf;fpwJ.
mj;Jld; njhopyr
; hu ghu;itf;fhd nra;jpkly;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; kw;Wk; Jz;Lg;gpuRuq;fs;>
glq;fshy;> tiuGfshy;> epwq;fshy; KOik ngw;w Mf;fq;fisAk; tbtikf;f
ty;yJ.
cjhuzk;: PageMaker, Corel Draw, Scribus
itj;jpa nkd;nghUs;
Nehahspfisf; fz;fhzpf;f my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;j cgNahfpf;Fk; gy;NtW itj;jpa
cgfuzq;fs; nkd;nghUshNyNa rpwg;ghff; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
fy;tprhu; nkd;nghUs;
fy;tprhu; nkd;nghUshdJ fw;gpjj ; y; my;yJ Rafw;wYf;fhd Kjd;ik Nehf;fq;nfhz;L
Mf;fg;gl;l xU fzpdp nkd;nghUshFk;. ,J Kd;gs;spf; Foe;ijfSf;fhd xU
kpfg; ngupa nghOJNghf;F mq;fk; Kjyhf Neub jl;lr;R mwpTWj;jy;fSk; epfo;r;rp
epuy;fSk; cgNahfpj;J ntspehl;L nkhopfisf; fw;gpj;jy; tiu gue;j tPr;RilaJ.
cjhuzk;: vt;thW cly; nraw;gLfpwJ. Mq;fpy fijf;fw;wy;> GCSE (njhlu;fs;)
CD, Encarta, Britaninia, VLab Electricity, MMLogic vd;gdthFk;.
fzpdp cjtpAldhd tbtikg;G (CAD) nkd;nghUs;

,e;jtif nkd;nghUs; nghwpapayhsu;fSf;Fk; fl;blf;fiyQu;fSf;Fk; NtW
tbtikg;Gj; njhopyr
; hu; epGzu;fSf;Fk; mtu;fsJ tbtikg;G Ntiyapy; cjTfpdw
; J.
cjhuzk;: Autocad. Cadstd
31
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 1.8 : gadhspapd; Njitfis vjpun

; fhs;s jfty; njhFjpfisj;
njupT nra;thu;.
fhyk; : xU ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• jfty; njhFjpfis tifg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfisg; ngaupl;L tpgupg;ghu;.
• NtWgl;l jfty; nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfspd; ,iagpid Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
• nghUj;jkhd Kiwfspd; mbg;gilapy; jfty; njhFjpfis tifg;gLj;Jthu;.
• %ytsq;fspypUe;J nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisg; nghWf;fpnaLg;ghu;.

• jfty; njhFjpfs; gpd;tUkhW %d;W topfspy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
ο iffshypaf;fg;gLtNjh my;yJ jhdhf ,aq;FtNjh vd;gJ gw;wp
ο nraw;ghL rk;ge;jkhf
ο Kfhikj;Jt kl;lq;fSf;fhd
• iffshypaf;Fk; jfty; njhFjpfspy; vy;yhj; juTf; fpukg;gLj;jYk; iffshNy
nra;ag;gLk;. gpd;tUtd kpf MjhukhditahFk;.
ο Nfhitg;gLj;Jk; jdpaiwfs;
ο nrad;Kiwfs;
ο jhs;fs;
• jhdpaq; F k; jfty; njhFjpahdJ xU jdpj; j td; n ghUs; > nkd; n ghUs; >
juTj;jsq;fs;> njhiyj; njhlu;Gfs;> Nrfupgg
; jw;Fk;> ifahStjw;Fk;> Nrkpgg
; jw;Fk;>
juTfisf; fpukg;gLj;jpj; jftyhf;Ftjw;Fk; cUthf;fg;glj;jf;f kf;fSk;
eilKiwfSkhFk;.
• ,ay; g hd nray; K iwapd; g b jfty; njhFjpfs; gy; N tW tifahf
tifg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. gpd;tUtd cjhuzq;fspy; rpythFk;.
ο njhopy; eilKiwf;fpukg;gLj;Jk; njhFjpfs; (TPS)
ο Kfhikj;Jt jfty; njhFjpfs; (MIS)
ο jPu;khd MjuTj; njhFjpfs; (DSS)
ο epiwNtw;W MjuTj; njhFjpfs; (ESS)
ο ty;Yeu; (epGzu;) njhFjpfs; (ES)
• tzpfj; njhopy; eilKiwapay; (TPS) juTfisg; ngw;Wf; fpukg;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
• ehshe;j nraw;ghLfspy; gpdD
; }l;ly; toq;fy; %yk; MIS MdJ Kfhikahsu;fSf;F
mDruiz nra;tJld; tpidj;jpwDila jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sTk; Mjutha;
cs;sJ.
• DSS MdJ gpur;rpidf;F Mjhukhf - Fwpj;j jPu;khdnkLf;fj; n;jhlu;GgLfpwJ.
• ESS MdJ Fwpg;gplf;$bajhf cau;kl;l Kfhikahsu;fs; kw;Wk; epiwNtw;Wdu;
fSf;Fk; mtu;fspd; Aj;jp (Strategic) rhu;e;j KbntLf;Fk; nra;Kiwf;Fg; gzp
nra;fpwJ.
32
• ES MdJ kdpjtpay; epGzu;fspd; mwpitAk; tpNtfj;ijAk; trg;gLj;jp jPu;khdk;
Nkw;nfhs;Stjw;F mjidg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
• Kfhikj;Jt kl;lq;fs;
ο je;jpNuhghak; rhu;e;j
ο rhku;j;jpakhd
ο nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd
• je;jpNuhgha kl;lkhdJ epWtdnkhd;wpd; cau;kl;;l KfhikahFk;. mjhtJ
jiytu;> ,af;Fdu;fspd; rig Nghd;wd. ,q;F ,ize;j FwpfN ; fhs;fs;> je;jpNuhgha
uPjpahd jPu;khdq;fs; vLf;fg;gLk;.
• eLj;ju my;yJ rhku;jj ; pa Kfhik kl;lkhdJ Fwpf;Nfhs;fis va;Jk; nghUl;lhf
tsq;fisf; ifahSfpwJ. mj;Jld; nraw;ghl;L kl;lj;jpy; epiwNtw;wj;jf;f
tptuklq;fpa gzpfis tiuaWf;fpwJ.
• nraw; g hl; L uP j pahd kl; l khdJ eLj; j u Kfhikapdhy; tiuaWf; f g; g l; l
tptuklq;fpa gzpfisf; nfhz;L elj;JfpwJ.
thrpg; G f; Nfhit
ifahypaf;fg;gLtJk; fzpdp mbg;gilAilaJkhd jfty; njhFjpfs;
ifahypaf;fg;gLk; jfty; njhFjp

ifahypaf;fg;gLk; jfty; njhFjpapy; vy;yhj; juTf; fpukg;gLj;jYk; ifapdhNy
nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. Nfhitg;gLj;Jk; jdpaiwfs; (glk; 1.8.1) ifahy; elj;jg;gLk;
nra;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; jhs;fs; vd;git xU ifahypaf;Fk; jfty; njhFjpapd;
cau;%r;rhfpa $WfshFk;.
,J ifahypaf;Fk; jfty; njhFjpfF ; xU cjhuzkhFk;. xU Fzeyr; rhd;wpjOf;fhf

tpz;zg;gpf;Fk; xU khztd; nghUj;jkhd jftYld; xU gbtj;ij epug;Gfpwhu;.
,g;gbtk; khztupd; gjpTg; Gj;jfj;Jld; mYtyfj;jpw;Fr; rku;gg
; pf;fg;gLfpwJ. mjpgupd;
mYtyfk; gbtj;jpYs;s jftiy. Nfhitg;gLj;Jk; jdpaiwapYs;s khztupd;
NfhitAld; gupNrhjpj;J cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. gpd;G Fzeyr;rhd;wpjo; jahupf;fg;gl;L
mjpgUf;F mtupd; ifnahg;gj;jpw;fhf mDg;gp itf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,Wjpahf Fzeyr;
rhd;wpjo; khztUf;F toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
glk; 1.8.1
33
fzpdp mbg;gilapyhd jfty;njhFjp
xU fzpdp mbg;gilapyhd jfty; njhFjpahdJ xU jdpjj ; td;nghUs;> nkd;nghUs;>
juTj;jsq;fs;> njhiyj; njhlu;Gfs;> kf;fs; kw;Wk; nrad;Kiwfs; vd;gtw;wpd;
njhilahFk;. ,itfs; Nrfupg;gpw;Fk;> ifahStjw;Fk;> Nrkpg;gjw;Fk;> juTfis
jftyhf;Fk; nra;KiwfSf;Fkhf xOq;FgLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. xt;nthU $wpidAk;
tpgukhf Nehf;FNthk;.
td;nghUs; fzpdpapd; epfo;r;rp epuy;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
nkd; n ghUs; fzpdp epfo; r ; r p epuy; f shFk; .
njhFjp nkd; n ghUs;

• njhlf;Fjy; Nghd;w mbg;gilf; fzpdpr; nraw;ghLfis MSfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;: nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp.
gpuNahf nkd; n ghUs;
• nra;J Kbf;fg;glTs;s Fwpg;gpl;l gzpfSf;F toptpLfpd;wJ. cjhuzkhf nrhy;
fpukg;gLj;Jk; nkd;nghUs;> fbjq;fs;> E}y;fs; Nghd;w Mtzq;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;f
vkf;F trjpaspf;fpwJ.
xU juTj;jsk; vd;gJ fzpdp mbg;gilapyhd jfty; njhFjpapd; xU Kf;fpa

gq;fpid tfpf;Fk; juTfspdJk; jfty;fspdJk; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l Nrfupg;ghFk;.
njhiyj; n jhlu; G fs;

vd;gJ rkpfi
; Qfspd; nrYj;jL
P k; kpdd
; Zj; njhiyj; njhlu;Gf;F ,l;Lr; nry;tJkhFk;.
cjhuzkhf ,izak; vd;gJ cyfk; g+uhfTKs;s fzpdpfis ,izf;Fk; kpfg;
ngupa fzpdp tiyaikg;G MFk;.
kf; f s;
,J gadhspfs;> Kfhikg;gLj;jp> ,af;fp> epfo;r;rpg;gLj;jp> njhFjpiag; guhkupf;Fk;
kf;fSkhFk;. KbTfisg; ngWtjw;fhf jfty; njhFjpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; egu;fNs
gadhspfshtu;.
nrad; K iwfs;
~~xU Fwpg;gpl;l epfo;r;rp epuiy epiwNtw;Wjyhy; gzpnahd;iw vt;thW nra;tJ||
my;yJ ~~vd;d juTfs; kw;Wk; juTj;jsq;fis miljw;fhd toptiffs; vtuplk;
cz;L|| vd;w nfhs;iffSf;fhd Kiwapay;fis nrad;Kiwfs; cs;slf;fpapUf;fyhk;.
xU tq;fp (glk; 1.8.2) MdJ xU jiyik mYtyfj;ijAk; ehLG+uhTk; gy;NtW

fpisfs; nfhz;ljhfTk; fzpdp tiyaikg;gpD}lhf (njhiyj;njhlu;Gfs;) ,izf;fg;
gl;bUf;Fk;. jiyik mYtyfkhdJ fzf;F tof;Ffs;> thbf;ifahsu;fs; kw;Wk;
nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fs; mlq;fpa xU juTj;jsj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. thbf;ifahsu;fs;
34
jkJ fpisapypUe;J fzf;Fj; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s KbAk;. thbf;ifahsu;fs;>
tq;fp $Weu;fs;> tq;fp Kfhikahsu;fs;> tq;fpapd; epiwNtw;Wdu;fs; KjyhNdhu;
tq;fpapd; CBIS,id cgNahfpf;Fk; rpyuhtu;. tq;fpapd; IT jpizf;fsj;jpid (juTj;
js epu;thfp> tiyaikg;G epu;thfpfs; Nghd;wtu;fs;) nfhz;Ls;s tq;fpapd; CBIS
,id ,af;f epfo;r;rp epuw;gLj;j> Kfhik nra;a kw;Wk; guhkupf;f Mszpapdu;
cs;sdu;. tq;fpapy; Vuhskhd eilKiwfs; cz;L. (cjhuzkhf xU thbf;ifahsu;
mtdJ / mtsJ fzf;Fj; jftiy khj;jpuk; ngwKbAk;. xU tq;fp KfhikahsNu
tPnlhd;Wf;fhd flid mq;fPfupf;f KbAk;.)
ATM
juTfspd; $l;lk;
gpujhd tq;fp
mYtyfk; (nfhOk;G)
fzpdp tiyaikg;G
ATM ATM
tq;fpf; fpis tq;fpf; fpis

(fhyp) (fz;b)
ATM
tq;fpf; fpis
(mEuhjGuk;) glk; 1.8.2
jfty; njhFjpfspd; tiffs;

epWtdnkhd;wpy; ntt;NtW kl;lq;fspy; kf;fSf;Fj; jfty;fis toq;Fk; jfty;
njhFjpfs; cs;sd. Kjypy; ehk; epWtdj;jpd; fl;likg;Gg; gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahb
gpd;G ntt;NtW tifahd jfty; njhFjpfs; gw;wp tptupg;Nghk;.
je;jpNuh
Fwpf;Nfhs;fis tFj;jy;
ghak; rhu;e;j
%ysq;fis xOq;FgLj;jy;
rhku;j;jpa
nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;
glk; 1.8.3
35
je;jpNuhghak; rhu;e;j kl;lk; vd;gJ xU epWtdj;jpd; jiytu;> ,af;Fdu;fs;
rig Nghd;w cau;kl;l Kfhikia cs;slf;fpaJ. mtu;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;l
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; kw;Wk; je;jpuNuhghak;; rhu;e;j jPu;khdq;fis xU epWtdj;jpw;fhf
cUthf;Fthu;fs;. cau;kl;l Kfhik> khjpupf;fhd je;jpNuhghakpf;f jPu;khdq;fis
Mf;Fk;. ,af;Feu;fs; rig. jiytu; kw;Wk; Vdia cau;kl;l Kfhik vd;gd
mtu;fspd; eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; Mjhaq;fis tpupthf;fj; jPuk; hdpff
; yhk;. fl;likg;Gf;F
cl;glhj ,t;tif je;jpNuhghakpf;f jPu;khdq;fs;> eilKiwr; nrad;Kiwfspd;
mbg;gilia mupjhfNt nfhz;Ls;sjhy; ,aw;ifapNy rpf;fyhdjha; jPu;khdk;
vLg;gtu;fspd; cs;Szu;tpd; jPu;g;igNa mlf;fpAs;sd.
,ilj;ju my;yJ rhku;j;jpa Kfhikj;Jt kl;lk; MdJ nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd

kl;lj;jpy; epiwNtw;wg;gl cs;s tpguklq;fpa gzpfis tiuaWf;fTk;> ,yf;Ffis
miltjw;fhd %ytsq;fisj; Njbg; ngw;W xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;Fk; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,e;j %ytsq;fshdit kf;fis> nghwpfis> fl;blq;fisg; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;Fk;.
,itfNs ,yf;Ffisr; nra;J Kbf;fj; Njitahdit. ,ilj;juKfhikahsu;fSf;Fj;
Njitahd jfty; f s; > kP s ha; T > njhFj; j spj; j y; > cau; k l; l Kfhikapdhy;
Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l nfhs;ifia epiwNtw;wy; kw;Wk; jpll ; kply; mj;Jld; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;
vd;gtw;Wf;F cjTk; juTfspd; gFg;gha;T vd;gdthFk;.
nraw;ghl;L kl;lj;jpYs;s MszpahdJ ,ilj;ju Kfhikapdhy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

tpguklq;fpa gzpfis epiwNtw;Wk;. ,e;j kl;lj;jpy; mNef jPu;khdq;fs;> mbg;gil
tzpfr; nraw;ghLfSf;Fs;shd eltbf;iffisAk; md;iwa epiyiaAk; rhu;e;J
,yFthf tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf mika Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jj; jfty;fs; tpguklq;fpa
mwpfi ; ffshf fPok
; l;l Kfhikf;Fg; nghJthf toq;fg;gLk;. ,e;j kl;lj;jpy; vLf;fg;gLk;
jPu;khdq;fs; fl;likf;fg;gl;l jPu;khdq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
jfty; njhFjp tiffs;

gy;NtW Kfhikj;Jt kl;lq;fs; jkJ jPu;khdnkLf;Fk; nra;Kiwf;fhfg; gy;NtW
tpjkhd jfty;fis Ntz;b epw;fpd;wd. gadhspfspd; gy;NtW Njitfis Nehf;fp
ntt;NtW tif jfty; njhFjpfs; cs;sd. rpy mbg;gilahd jfty; njhFjpfisg;
gpd;tUkhW gue;j mbg;gilapy; ehk; tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
• njhopy; eilKiwf;fpukg;gLj;Jk; njhFjpfs; (TPS)

• Kfhikj;Jt jfty; njhFjpfs; (MIS)
• jPu;khd MjuTj; njhFjpfs; (DSS)
• epiwNtw;W MjuTj; njhFjpfs; (ESS)
• ty;Yeu; (epGzu;) njhFjpfs; (ES)
36
gpd;tUk; glk; (glk; 1.8.4) NtWgl;l jfty; njhFjpfspd; Ftpikag; gug;Gf;fis
tpsf;FfpwJ.
epiwNtw;Wj;
jfty;
njhFjpfs;
jPu;khd
Mjhuj;
njhFjpfs;
Kfhikj;Jt
Kfhikj;Jt Mjhuk; jfty;
njhFjpfs;
njhopy;
eilf;
nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd Mjhuk; fpukg;gLj;Jk;
njhFjpfs;
glk; 1.8.4
xU jdpj; j epWtdk; gy; N tW tifahd jfty; njhFjpfis cilajhf

,Uf;fyhnkd;gijf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;Sjy; mtrpak;. xt;nthU jfty; njhFjpapd;
tifiaAk; ehk; fUj;jpy; vLg;Nghk;.
njhopy;eilKiwf; fpukg;gLj;Jk; njhFjpfs; (TPS)

njhopye ; ilKiwf; fpukg;gLj;Jk; njhFjpfs; gpugy;akhd tifj; jfty; njhFjpahFk;.
njhopy;eilKiwf; fpukg;gLj;Jk; njhFjpfs; tzpf njhopy; eilKiwfs; gw;wpa
juTfis mfg;gLj;jpf; fpukg;gLj;JgitahFk;. TPS xd;whdJ tzpfnkhd;wpd; nraw;ghl;L
kl;lj;jpy; Ftpikak; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. tq;fp gw;wpa cjhuzj;jpy; thbf;ifahsu;
gw;wpa jfty;fis itj;jpUj;jy;> fzf;F tof;Ffs; epjp rk;ge;jkhd nfhLf;fy;
thq;fy;fs; (kPsg;ngWjy;> itg;gpypLjy;) Nghd;wtw;iwr; nra;fpdw
; tq;fpj; njhFjpahdJ
xU TPS MFk;. tq;fpapd; nraw;ghl;L uPjpahd kl;lj;jpYs;s gy kf;fs; TPS ,id
cgNahfpf;fpd;wdu;. fPok
; l;l KfhikahdJ TPS ,dhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l mwpf;iffisg;
gpujhdkhf cgNahfpf;fpd;wJ.
Kfhikj; jfty;fs; njhFjpfs; (MIS)

Kfhikahsu;fSf;Fj; jfty;fis toq;FfpwJ. jpwd;kpf;f jPu;khdj;ij vLg;gjw;F
Mjuthf ,Uf;fpdw ; J. ehshe;jr; nraw;ghLfspd; gpdD
; }l;liy toq;Ffpdw
; J. Kfhikj;
jfty; njhFjpfshdit Fwpg;ghf njhopy;eilKiwf;fpukg;gLj;jy; njhFjpfspd;
jfty;fspypUe;J epak mwpf;iffis toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j mwpf;iffs; eLj;ju
kl;lj;jpYs;s Kfhikahsu;fSf;F mtu;fspd; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; nray;Kiwapy;
xj;jhir Gupfpd;wd.
37
jPu;khd MjuTj; njhFjpfs; (DSS)
xUjPu;khd MjuTj; njhFjpahdJ jpl;ltl;lkhd jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; gpur;rpidapd;
vy;yh mk;rq;fSf;Fk; Mjutspf;fpwJ. ,J ghuk;gupa MIS ,ypUe;J NtWgl;Ls;sJ.
,J rpf;fyhd> fl;likf;fg;glhj kw;Wk; miuf; fl;likg;ghd jPu;khdnkLj;jiy
Mjupff ; pdw
; J. cjhuzkhf Kfhikj;JtkhdJ tzpfj;ij tpupthf;fj; jPuk ; hdpff
; pdw
; J.
ADSS MdJ Gjpa fpisfisj; jpwg;gjw;F kpfr; rpwe;j khefuj;ijNah> efuj;ijNah
fz;Lgpbf;f cjtyhk;. mj;Jld; xU DSS MdJ ,Wjpjj ; uP k
; hdk; vLj;jypy; cjTtJld;
khw;wPlhd tiffisr; rpghupR nra;tjdhy; cjt KbAk;. ADSS MdJ Vw;fdNt
TPSfs; kw;Wk; MIS fshy; mfg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;fpwJ. ntt;NtW
kl; l q; f spy; fl; l ikg; g w; w kw; W k; miuf; f l; l ikg; G ila jP u ; k hdk; vLg; g jpy;
Mjutspff ; Nt ,t;tpjk; eilngWfpwJ. xU DSS MdJ ntspaf %ytsq;fspypUe;Jk;
$lg; ngw;w juTfisAk; cs;slf;fpapUf;fyhk;.
epiwNtw;Wj; jfty; njhFjpfs; (EIS)

,J cau;kl;l Kfhikahsu;fs; kw;Wk; epiwNtw;Wdu;fSf;fhf mtu;fspd; je;jpNuhgha
jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; nra;Kiwf;F MjhukhapUf;fj; jpl;lkpl;Lj; jahupf;fg;gl;l xU DSS
MFk; . epiwNtw; W j; jfty; njhFjpfs; cs; s fj; jfty; f Sld; ntspaf
%ytsq; f spypUe; j hd jfty; f isAk; epiwNtw; W du; f Sf; F toq; F fpd; w J.
(%yhuha;r;rpj; juTj; jsq;fs;> nra;jpr; Nritfs; Nghd;w) epiwNtw;Wj; jfty;
njhFjpfshdit gadhspf;F el;Gwthd> kuGuPjpahd> jkf;Fj; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk;
nra;Kiwapy; cjtpaspf;Fk; tifapy; jfty;fisf; fhZk;gbf;F epiwNtw;Wdu;f;F
toq;Ffpd;wd.
epGzu; njhFjpfs;
,J fzpdp tpQ; Q hdj; Jiwapy; nraw; i f Kiw tpNtfk; vd; w gug; g pw; F
cilikahdJ. xU Fwpgg ; pll
; Jiwapy; xU kdpj epGzupd; mwpitAk; gFj;jwpitAk;
milag; ngWtJ xU epGzu; njhFjpapd; Fwpf;NfhshFk;. itj;jpaj; Jiwapy;
Neha;f; Fwpgg
; wpjypYk; my;yJ fld; kjpgg; L
P fspYk; cjtp nra;jy; Nghd;w tpjj
; pahrkhd
gug;Gfspy; epGzu; njhFjpfs; ntw;wpfukhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
38
Nju; ; r ; r p 2.0 : ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; jfty; njhlu;ghliy jpwd;
kpf;fjhfTk; gaDWjpahfTk; cgNahfpg;ghu;.
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : juTj; njhlu;ghlYf;fhd nghUj;jkhd Clfj;ijj; njupT

nra;thu;.
fhyk; : xU ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• juTj; njhlu;ghlYf;fhd Njitia tptupg;ghu;.
• juT vt;thW nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.
• njhlu;ghly; Clf tiffisg; gl;baw;gLj;jp xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; cjhuzk; jUthu;.
• jfty;fis tpiuthf mDg;Gtjw;fhd tiyaikg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.

• juT nrYj;Jk; Clfq;fs; ,U tiffshFk;.
ο topg;gLj;jg;gl;l Clfq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l ngsjpf uPjpahd topfspD}lhfj;
juTfisr; nrYj;Jk;.
1. nrg;Gf;fk;gpahdJ kpd;dZr; rkpf;iQ;fshf juTfisr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk;: xur;Rtlq;fspd; jpUfg;gl;l Nrhb
2' ehu; xspapioahdJ xsp miyfisr; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ.
ο topg;gLj;jg;glhj Clfq;fs;> juTfisr;nrYj;j rpy kpd;fhe;j miyfisg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. kpd;fhe;j miyfSf;F Fwpg;gpl;l Clfk; Njitapy;iy.
cjhuzk;: thndhyp miyfs;
nrq;fPo;f;fjpu; miyfs;
Ez;ziyfs;
ο njhlu;ghly; Clfj;jpd; xg;gPL
ο njhlu;ghly; Clfj;jpd; mD$yq;fSk; gpujp$yq;fSk;
thrpg; G f; Nfhit
juTj; njhlu;ghly;
njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ Xuplj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpwF
; j; jftiyf; nfhz;L nry;tjhFk;.
njhlu;ghly; ,lk;ngWk; CL nry; topahdJ miy tupir my;yJ Clfk; vd
miof;fg;gLk;. juTfSldhd njhlu;ghlyhdJ juTj; njhlu;ghly; vdf; $wg;gLk;.
NtW thu;j;ijfspy; $wpdhy; Jtpj ,ufrpa nkhopahf;fg;gl;l juTfs; Xuplj;jpypUe;J
kw;Nwhuplj;jpw;F mDg;gg;gLtJ juTj; njhlu;ghly; vd mwpag;gLk;.
cjhuzk;: fzpdpapd; rhtpg; gyifnahd;wpYs;s rhtpahdJ mOj;jg;gLifapy;

mr;rhjdkhdJ xU kpd;rhu rkpf;iQ;ia cUthf;FfpwJ. mJ fzpdpf;F rhtpapYs;s
vOj;ijg; gjpyhf mspff
; pwJ. fzpdpfF
; me;jr; rhjdj;jpypUe;J nry;Yk; tlj;jpD}lhf
39
mr; nrYj;Jif ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ. mj;Jld; xt;nthU jdpj;j vOj;Jf;Fkhd
rkpf;iQahdJ xU njhluhd kpd;rhuj; Jbg;Gfshf cs;sd. ,it ~~Jbg;Gj; njhlu;
tupir|| vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,it 1 kw;Wk; 0 ,dhy; KiwNa Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.
kpd;dZ rkpf;iQfspd; nrYj;Jif (xg;Gik> vz;zf)

fzpg;gPl;Lr; nra;KiwfSf;F ,ilNa nrYj;jg;gl;l xU epfo;r;rp> nra;jp my;yJ
juTf; fl;likg;G vd;gNj rkpf;iQahFk;.
xg;Gik rkpf;iQ
vq;fs; tho;tpy; xt;nthU ehSk; ehk; vjpu;nfhs;tdthFk;. (glk; 2.1.1) NgRjy;
vd;gJ njhiyNgrpf;fk;gpapid cgNahfpf;Fk; xU xg;Gik rkpf;iQahFk;. xg;Gik
rkpf;iQfspy; rkpf;iQ cug;G Neuj;Jld; nkJthf khWgLk;. nghJkf;fspd;
njhiyNgrpr; Nrit xg;Gikr; rkpf;iQfSf;F Mjhukhf cs;sJ.
vz;zf rkpf;iQ
vz;zf rkpf;iQfs; etPd fhy fzpdpfspd; nkhopahFk;. vz;zf rkpf;iQfs; ,U
epiyfis khj;jpuk; mlf;fpAs;sd. ,itfs; ON (jpwe;jJ) my;yJ OFF (%baJ)
Mf KiwNa 1 my;yJ 0 vd;gjhfr; nrhy;yg;gLk;.
ο xsp Mspfs;: ON (jpwe;jJ) my;yJ OFF (%baJ)
ο fjTfs; : OPEN my;yJ CLOSED
vz;zf rkpf;iQfspy; rkpf;iQr; nrwpT rpyNtisfspy; khwpypahfTk; gpw;ghL

NtW xU khwpypg; ngWkhdkhdkhfTk; khWfpd;wJ. ,t;tpjkhd khw;wkhdJ kpff;
FWfpa Neuj;jpy; eilngWfpwJ.
cjhuzk;: Jtpj ,ufrpa nkhopahyhd Ngr;R (fzpdpapD}lhd Ngr;R)
Neuk;
ld,h
vz;z f; ix{djla
oaúuh rkpf;iQ
gpl; 0
ìgqj
tPrr
úia;drh; k; cau;
by<
jho;
my<
Rw;W
pl%h
glk; 2.1.1 glk; 2.1.2
juT nrYj;Jif
juT nrYj;Jif vd;gJ njhlu;ghly; Clfj;jpd; topahy; ,uz;L jhdq;fSf;fpilNa
jutpidf; nfhz;L nry;tjhFk;. juT nrYj;Jiff;F xU Clfk; NjitahdjhFk;.
nrYj;Jif Clfq;fs;
nrYj;Jif Clfq;fshdit> rkpf;iQfis xU jhdj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhd;Wf;Ff;
flj;JgitahFk;. ,J jpUfg;gl;l tlr;Nrhb my;yJ xUika mr;R tlk; MfTs;s
40
nrg;Gf;fk;gpia my;yJ nra;kjp %ykhd nrYj;Jif my;yJ kpd;dZ miyfis
mlf;fpAs;sJ.
gy;NtW tifahd nrYj;Jif Clfq;fs; cs;sd.

ο topg;gLj;jg;gl;l Clfq;fs; / vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;l Clfq;fs;
(fk;gpfs; / tlq;fs; - nrg;G> xspapio ehu;)
ο topg;gLj;jg;glhj Clfq;fs; / vy;iyg;gLj;jg;glhj Clfq;fs;
(fk;gpapy;yh - Ez;ziy> thndhyp> nra;kjp> nry;yplj; njhiyNgrp)
vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;l ClfkhdJ Fwpf;fg;gl;l ngsjpf toptiffSf;Fj; juTfisf;

fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ. nrg;Gf; fk;gp Nghd;w Clfk; vy;iyg;gLj;j
; g;gl;l Clfkhff; fUjg;gLk;.
Vnddpy; mJ kpd;dZ rkpf;iQfisg; gpbj;J itj;jpUf;Fk;. xsp ,ioehu; tlkhdJ
xU vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;l Clfkhff; fUjg;gLk;. Vnddpy; mJ xspaiyfisg; gpbj;J
itj;jpUf;Fk;. vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;l Clfq;fSf;fhd nghJthd cjhuzq;fs; fk;gpkw;Wk;
xspapiioehu; tlq;fshFk;. njhiyf;fhl;rpapd; fk;gp tlkhdJ vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;l
Clfj;ijg; gad;gLj;JfpwJ.
vy;iyg;gLj;jg;glhj ClfkhdJ juitf;fhTk; rkpf;iQia ntWk; ntspf;$lhfr;

nrYj;JfpwJ. ngsjpfuPjpahf milj;J itf;fg;glhj Vida Clfq;fs; vy;iyg;gLj;jg;
glhj Clfq;fs; vdf; fUjg;gLk;. thndhyp xypgug;G kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp vd;gd
vy;iyg;gLj;jg;glhj Clfq;fSf;F cjhuzq;fshFk;.
topg;gLj;Jk; Clfq;fs; / vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;l Clfq;fs;
jpUfg;gl;l Nrhb
jpUfg;gl;l Nrhb (TP) vd;gJ xd;Wlndhd;W Nkyhfj; jpUfg;gl;lbUf;Fk; ,U
fk;gpfshFk;. xU xOq;fhd jpUF RUs;> Kd;tiutpYs;s ,uz;L fhtyplg;gl;l
nrg;Gf; fk;gpfshFk; xU jdpj;j njhlu;ghly; ,izg;ghff; fUjg;gLk;. Gjpa LAN
(cs;sfg; gug;G tiyNtiy) ,d; gaDW epiy ,izg;GfSf;fhf tpUk;gg;gLk;
gpugy;akhd xd;whf> jpUfg;gl;l Nrhbf;fk;gp tlkhf;fy; cs;sJ.
nrYj;jy; Fzhk;rq;fspd;gb ,uz;L tifahd jpUfg;gl;l Nrhbfs; cs;sd/

• ftrkhf;fg;gl;l jpUfg;gl;l Nrhb (STP) • ftrkhf;fg;glhj jpUfg;gl;l Nrhb (UTP)
- UTP MdJ Njhw;wj;jpy; fk;gpf; Fuy;
njhiyNgrpfSf;F cgNahfpfF ; k;fk;gp
fr;R Nghd; w jhf ,Uf; F k; .
,uz; L
ftrk;
FWf;fg;gl;l
Nrhb RJ 45 nkhbANyw;wu; ,izg;gp
24 AWG jpz;k glk; 2.1.4

glk; 2.1.3
nrg;Gf;flj;jpfs;
41
xU ika mr;rpLk; tlk;
tiuglj;ij ePqf ; s; ghu;fF
; k;NghJ (glk; 2.1.5) ,e;j tlkhdJ xU ika mr;Rf;fhdJ
vdf; $wg;gLk;. Vnddpy; Xu; nghJthd mr;rpidNa ,uz;L flj;jpfSk; gfpu;e;j
nfhs;Sk;. xU ika mr;Rtlk; xU> ,U fk;gpf; flj;jpahFk;. ,J xU xw;iw
cs;sfj;ijak; mjd; Nkw;Nghu;itahfr; nraw;gLk; xUntspaf flj;jpahfTk;
,Uf;fpwJ. rkpfi
; QahdJ cs;sfj;jpd; kPJ gug;gg;gLk;. cs;sfk; kw;Wk; ntspafq;fs;
xU fhtypapdhy; jdpj;jdpahf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
fhtyp
fr;R
ika flj;jp
ntspg;gf;ff;
flj; j p
glk; 2.1.5
xspapio ehu;
,it xU nky;ypa fz;zhb my;yJ gpsh];bf; ,ioehu;fs; Clhfj; juitr;
nrYj;Jtjw;F xspaiyfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,J xspf;fPw;Wfspd; nrYj;Jifj;
Jbg;GfSs;s E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd fz;zhb my;yJ gpsh];bf; fk;gpfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;.
fr;R
(ftrk;)
ehu;$k;G
fhtyp
glk; 2.1.6
fk;gp tlkhf;fy; njhFg;G

gpd;tUk; ml;ltizfspy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ (glk; 2.1.7> glk; 2.1.8)
jpUfg;gl;l Nrhb tlk; (TP)

mD$yq; f s; gpujp$yq; f s;
1. tpiy mjpfkw;wJ 1. RF1, EM1 vd;gtw;Wf;F czu;jpwDilaJ.
RF1 - thndhyp mjpu;ntz; FWf;fPL
EM1 - kpd;fhe;jtpay; FWf;fPL
2. ,g;nghOJs;s njhiyNgrpj; 2. xU ika tlj;ijg; Nghd;W ePbj;J
njhFjpapy; ngUk;ghYk; ciof;ff;$bajy;y.
,Uf;fpwJ.
3. ed;F gupNrhjpf;fg;gl;Lk; ,yF 3. Vida Clfq;fs; Nghd;W cau;fjpfis
thfg; ngwf;$bajhfTk; cs;sJ. Mjhug;gLj;jhJ.
glk; 2.1.7
42
xU ika mr;R tlk;
mD$yq; f s; gpujp$yq;fs;
1. RF1, EM1 vd;gtw;Wf;Ff; 1. fLikahd FWf;fPLfspdhy; ghjpf;fg;glf;
nfhQ;rk; vjpu;ghu;g;ghdJ. $baJ.
2. TP I tpl tpiuthd juT 2. TP I tpl tpiy $baJ.

tPjq;fis Mjhug;gLj;Jk;.
3. TP I tpl ePbj;J ciof;ff; 3. TP I tpl kpfTk; tpiwg;ghfTk;> NgusthfTk;

$baJ. cs;sJ.
mD$yq; f s; gpujp$yq; f s;
1. cau;thd ghJfhg;Gr; jd;ik 1. cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; Nritiag; nghWj;jkl;by;
$baJ. kpf kpfr; nryT $baJ.
2. RF1, EM1 ,dy; ghjpffg;glhjJ. 2. mikg;gjw;F rpf;fyhd fUtpfSk;

KiwfSk; Njit.
3. kpfTk; ePz;l fhyk; ciof;ff; 3. mikg;G Vw;ghL kw;Wk; tbtikg;G vd;git

$baJ. kpfr; rpf;fyhdit.
glk; 2.1.8
topg;gLj;jg;glhj Clfq;fs; /fk;gpapy;yh Clfq;fs; /fjpu;tPrp Clfq;fs;

ngsjpf uPjpahd tlkhf;fy; Nghd;w fl;Lg;ghLfSldy;yhJ tiyaikg;Gfspy;
juTfisj; njhlu;ghl KbAnkd;w fdT ,g;NghJ kpfTk; cz;ikahfptpl;lijf;
fhzyhk;. mfyg;gug;G tiyaikg;Gfs; cz;ikapNyNa vq;fs; g+Tyfpidr; Rw;wp
juTfisr; nrYj;j fk;gpapyy
; hj; njhopy; El;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jfpdw
; d. ,U gpujhdkhd
cs;sf fk;gpapy;yhj; njhopy;El;gq;fshf thndhyp nrYj;JifAk; nrq;fPo;f;fjpu;fs;
nrYj;JifAk; cs;sd.
thndhyp nrYj;Jif
thndhyp gug;Gk; fUtpfs; (glk; 2.1.9) midj;Jj; jpirfSf;Fk; nrYj;Jk; miyfs;
,yFthf Rtu;fisAk;> jsq;fisAk; rPypq;FfisAk; ,J Nghd;wtw;iwAk;
CLUTfpd;wd. thndhyp mbg;gilapyhd LAN fs; Ntiyj;jyj;jpy; eilngwf;$ba
FWf; f P L fSld; Nghuhl Ntz; b ajpy; i y. thndhypahdJ mjd; fjpapdhy;
tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUe;Jk; gy Nky; fzpdpf;fhd njupTKiwahf cs;s fk;gpapy;yhr;
nrYj;JifahFk;. Vnddpy; mjd; Fiwe;j nryTk;> nfhs;Sk; jd;ikAk; ,j;njupTf;Ff;
fhuzkhdit.
43
glk; 2.1.9
nrq;fPo;f;fjpu;r; nrYj;Jif
nrq;foP f
; f
; jpu; njhopy;El;gk; rptg;Gf;fjpu;fspid tplr; rw;Wf; Fiwe;j miyePsq;fisf;
nfhz;l xsptpow; gl;ilapd; fl;Gydhfhg; gFjpia cgNahfpf;fpd;wJ. ,e;j
mjpu;ntz;fs; rpwg;ghfj; juT nrYj;Jk; tPjq;fis kpf cau;thff; nfhz;Ls;sd.
etPd nrq;fPo;f;fjpu; LAN fs; 16Mbps fspy; cs;sPl;bidg; ngwj;jf;f rpwe;j Mw;wy;;
nfhz;litahFk;. nrq;fPo;f;fjpu; njhopy;El;gkhdJ njhiyf;fhl;rp my;yJ tPbNah
fnrw; gjpthf; f p ( VCR) vd; g tw; w pd; njhiyJ}uf; fl; l g; g hl; L r; rhjdj; j py;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtijf; fz;Ls;Nshk;. nrq;fPo;f;fjpu; nrYj;Jif cau;Ntf juT
,lkhw;wj;jpw;fhd rf;jpia cilajhdhYk; Rtu;fs; kw;Wk; jsq;fis CLUtpr;
nry;y ,ayhjitahf cs;sJ. nrq;fo P f
; f
; jpu; miyfs; FWfpa tPrR
; njhlu;ghlypNy
gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
nrq;fPo;f;fjpu;
fhYk; rhjdk;
nrq;fPo;f;fjpu; glk; 2.1.10

Vw;Fk; rhjdk;
Ez;ziy nrYj;Jif
Ez;ziyahdJ xU FWfpa miyePsq; nfhz;l cau; mjpu;ntz; fjpuhFk;. VjhtJ
,U jhdq;fSf;fpilapy; cs;s Neuhd ghu;itf;Nfhl;bd; topNa Ez;ziy
nrYj;jg;glf;$bajhFk;. ,e;jr; nrYj;Jif (glk; 2.1.11) ClfkhdJ ePz;l J}u
juT/Fuy; nrYj;Jiff;Ff; Fwpg;ghfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Ez;ziyr; nrYj;Jif
epyTyfk; rhu;e;jjhf my;yJ nra;kjp %yk; eilngwyhk;. epyTyfk; rhu;e;j
Ez;ziyfs; kdpj ,dj;jpwF; k; tpyq;FfSf;Fk; capu; Mgj;ij tpistpfF
; k; xd;whfj;
Njhd;Wfpd;wJ.
44
glk; 2.1.11
nra;kjp %ykhd nrYj;Jif

nra;kjp %ykhd nrYj;Jifapy; (glk; 2.1.12) rkpf;iQfs; Mfha ntspapy; 500
Kjy; 22000 iky;fs; tiu cauj;jpy; cs;s nra;kjpf;F mDg;gg;gLk; nra;kjp
%ykhd nrYj;JifapYs;s xU gpujp$ykhdtJ nrYj;JifapYs;s jhkjkhFk;.
,J ~~gug;Gifj; jhkjk;|| vd mwpag;gLfpd;wJ.
nraw;iff;Nfhs;
md;ldh
Nky; ,izg;G fPo; ,izg;G
Gtp
miy gug;Gk;
epiyak;
glk; 2.1.12
md; g hd MrpupaNu!
Fwpg; g pl; L s; s gukhdq; f Sf; F s;
cq;fspd; nrhe;j nraw;ghLfis tbtikg;gjpy;
RahjP d khd czu; T ld; <LgLq; f s; !
cq;fsJ Gjpa GidTfSld; vq;fSld;
njhlu; g LtP u ; f shapd; ehk; kfpo; r ; r pailNthk; !
45
Nju; ; r ; r p 2.0 : ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; jfty; njhlu;ghliy jpwd;
kpf;fjhfTk; gaDWjpahfTk; cgNahfpg;ghu;.
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2 : Njitf;Nfw;wthW nghUj;jkhd tiyNtiy tifiaj;

njupe;njLg;ghu;.
fhyk; : xU ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• fzpdp tiyNtiy tiffisAk; tiyNtiyr; rhjdq;fisAk; ngaupLthu;.
• jfty;fis tpiuthf mDg;Gtjw;fhd tiyNtiyaikg;Gfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
• jug;gl;l Fwpg;gPl;bd;gb xU tiyNtiy tiuglj;ij tiuthu;.

<LgLj; J jy; :
• KO tFg;gpw;Fk; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fisg; Gjpuhfr; nrhy;yp %isf;F Ntiy
nfhLf;Fk; fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf.
1. juTfisr; nrYj;Jk; Clfq;fspd; ,uz;L tiffs; ahit?
(xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; cjhuzq;fs; jUf.)
2. kpd;dZ rkpf;iQfisr; nrYj;j ve;j Clfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ?
3. xsp miyfisr; nrYj;j ve;j Clfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ?
4. kpd;fhe;jtpay; miyfisr; nrYj;j ve;j Clfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ?
5. ,uz;L fzpdpfSf;fpilNa vt;thW juTfs; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
• gpd;tUtd ed;F Gyg;gLk; tz;zk; xU fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf.
ο juTfisr; nrYj;JtJ njhlu;ghlYf;fhd xU gpujhd NjitahFk;.
ο juT njhlu;ghlYf;fhf ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;fjpfkhd fzpdpfis ,izg;gJ
NjitahdjhFk;.
ο fzpdpfspd; xU cs;sf ,izg;Gj; njhFjpahdJ xU tiyNtiyg;ghL vd
miof;fg;gLk;.
fw;wYf;fhfr; rpghupR nra;ag;gl;ls;s mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fzpdp tiyNtiyaikg;Gfis myrpahuha;Nthk;.
• fzpdp tiy Ntiyaikg;GfSf;Fj; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; jiyaq;fq;fisf;
fUJf.
ο fzpdp tiyaikg;Gfspd; tiffs;
ο fzpdp tiyaikg;gpy; cgNahfpf;fg;gLk; rhjdq;fs;
ο tiy Ntiyaikg;Gf;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
• thrpg;Gj; jftw; Nfhitiaf; fw;W jiyaq;fk; njhlu;ghd Kf;fpa mk;rq;fisf;
Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;f.
• ckf;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s gFjpiaf; fye;Jiuahb mijg; gupG+uzkhf tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;f.
• KO epiwthd mku;tpy; cq;fs; fz;lwpjy;fisr; rku;g;gpf;fj; jahuhFq;fs;.
46
• xt;nthU FOitAk; mjd; fz;lwpjy;fisr; rku;g;gpf;FkhW $Wq;fs;.
• Vida FOf;fisAk; Mf;fG+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpf;FkhW Cf;fg;gLj;Jf.
• Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;l VjhtJ ,ilntspfis epug;Gf.
• gpd;tUtd ed;F Gyg;gLkhW xU fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf.
ο gadhspfSf;fpilNa Fuy;> tPbNah kw;Wk; my;yJ juTfs; vd;gtw;wpd; VjhtJ
Nru;f;ifia thq;fp mDg;Gk; Xu; njhFjp> xU tiyaikg;G MFk;.
ο ntt;NtW ,lq;fspy; jhdg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW fzpdpj; njhFjpapd; xU
cs;sf ,izg;ghdJ xU fzpdp tiyNtiyaikg;G vdf; $wg;gLk;.
ο Gtpapay; mikg;G mbg;gilapy; fzpdp tiyNtiyfs; gpd;tUkhW tifg;
gLj;jg;glyhk;.
cs;gFjp tiyNtiy (LAN)
mfd;w gFjp tiyNtiy (WAN)
jiyefUf;fhd gFjp tiyNtiy (MAN)
• tiyNtiynahd;wpy; gpd;tUk; tiyNtiyr; rhjdq;fs; cs;sd.
ο nkhlk;fs;
ο Flk;fs;
ο Mspfs;
ο tiyNtiy ,ilKf ml;ilfs;
ο nry;top fhl;bfs;
ο fk;gpapy;yhr; rhjdq;fs; (cjhuzk;: js epiyak;)
• fzpdp tiyNtiyfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
ο juTfs; kw;Wk; jfty; gq;fPL
ο %ytsg;gq;fL P
ο nkd;nghUs; gq;fPL
ο ek;gfkhd jfty; Nrkpg;Gfs;
thrpg; G f; Nfhit
fzpdp tiyNtiy
gq;fplg;gl;l xU tiyNtiy Clfj;jpD}lhf xd;Wlndhd;W njhlu;gLk; RahjPdkhd
fzpdpfspd; xU NrfupgN
; g xU fzpdp tiyNtiyahFk;. xU fzpdp tiyNtiyahdJ
Fuy;> tPbNah> kw;Wk; juTfis gadhspfSf;fpiNa thq;fp mDg;gf;$baJ.
tiyNtiyahdJ thbf;ifahsupd; tiyNtiyr; nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp> gupkhWk;
nghwpfs;> mitfis ,izf;Fk; tlq;fs; kw;Wk; mjw;fpilapy; cs;s nry;topf;
fhl;bfs;> Mspfs; Nghd;w vy;yhtpjkhd Mjhu td;nghUs;fis mlf;fpAs;sJ.
fk;gpapyy
; h tiyNtiyj; njhFjpfspy; thdpiyf; fk;gpfs; kw;Wk; NfhGuq;fs; vd;gdTk;
tiyaikg;gpd; gFjpfshf cs;sd.
47
tiyaikg; G fspd; tiffs;
LAN, WAN kw;Wk; Vida gFjp tiyNtiyfs;

ntt;NtW tifahd fzpdp tiyNtiy tbtikg;Gfis tifg;gLj;Jk; xUtop>
mtw;wpd; Nehf;fk; my;yJ msTNfhy; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapyhFk;. rupj;jpu uPjpahd
fhuzq;fSf;fhf tiyNtiyj; njhopw;Wiw fpl;lj;jl;l xt;nthU tifahd
tbtikg;igAk; xU tifahd gug;G tiyNtiyahfNt fUJfpd;wJ. gug;G tiy
Ntiy tiffspd; nghJthd cjhuzq;fshtd:
1. cs;sfg; gug;G tiyNtiy - LAN
2. fk;gpapy;yh cs;sfg; gug;G tiyNtiy - WLAN
3. mfyg;gug;G tiyNtiy - WAN
4. jiyefUf;fhd gug;G tiyNtiy - MAN
LAN, WAN vd;gd gug;G tiyNtiyfspd; Kd;ida tiffshFk;. Vidait gy

tUlq; f shf njhopy; E l; g k; gupzhk tsu; r ; r pAw; w jd; tpisthfg; g bg; g bahf
ntspg;gl;litahFk;.
cs;sfg;gug;G tiyNtiy (LAN)

LAN MdJ (glk; 2.2.1) tiyNtiyr; rhjdq;fis xd;Wf;nfhd;W rhu;ghf FWfpa
J}uj;jpw;Fs; ,izg;gjhFk;. tiyNtiyf;Fs;shd mYtyff; fl;blk;> ghlrhiy
my;yJ tPL vd;gd Xu; jdpj;j LAN I cs;slf;FfpwJ. ,Ue;jhYk; rpyNtisfspy;
xU fl;blk; rpy rpwpa LAN fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. (cz;ikapNyNa miwf;nfhd;whf)
kw;Wk; mt;tg;NghJ xU LAN MdJ mz;ikapYs;s fl;blq;fspd; xU $l;lj;ij
mshtpapUf;Fk;.
cs;sfg;gug;G tiyNtiy (LAN)
fzpdp fzpdp
fzpdp Hub
fzpdp glk; 2.2.1
fzpdp fzpdp
xU vy;iyg;gLj;jg;gl;l ntspapy; nraw;gLtJld; LAN fs; xU jdp eguhNyh

epWtdj;jhNyh cilikahf;fg;gl;L> fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L> Kfhikg;gLj;jg;gl KbAk;.
mitfs; rpy ,izf;Fk; ghq;Fs;s njhopy; El;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;j Kidfpd;wd.
(Kf;fpakhf <ju; tiy kw;Wk; milahs tisak; vd;gtw;iw) Ethernet, Token Ring,
Windows Mac, UNIX vd;gd Nghd;w tiyNtiyf;F ,aYkhd nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfisf;
nfhz; l thbf; i fahsu; f isAk; Nrtu; f isAk; xU tiyNtiyaikg; G
gad;gLj;JfpwJ. xU tiy NtiyahdJ ngUk; vz;zpfi ; fahd gadhspfs;> NrkpgG
; r;
rhjdq;fs;> mr;rpL fUtpfs;> nkd;nghUs;> juTf; Nfhitfs; vd;gd Nghd;w $l;bid
/%ytsq;fisg; gfpu;tjw;F ,lkspf;fpwJ.
48
mfyg;gug;G tiyNtiy (WAN)
Ntiyj;jsk;
,izak;
Ntiyj;jsk;
Msp
Ntiyj;jsk;
DSL/ tl nkhlk;
gau; Nthy;/topfhl;b Ntiyj;jsk;
mr;rpLk; Nru;tu;
mr;rpae;jpuk;
mr;rpae;jpuk;
glk; 2.2.2
,e;jg; ngau; Fwpg;gijg; Nghy xU WAN MdJ xU ngupa ngsjpf J}uj;ij

mshtpapUf;fpwJ. ,izak; jhd; kpfg;ngupa WAN Mf g+kpia mshtpAs;sJ. xU
WAN vd;gJ Gtpapay; uPjpahg; gutpAs;s LAN fspd; Nru;g;G MFk;. xU nry;topfhl;b
vdf; $wg;gLk; tiyaikg;Gr;rhjdk; LAN fis xU WAN ,w;F ,izf;fpwJ. IP
tiyaikg;gpy; nry;top fhl;bahdJ LAN ,d; tpyhrj;ijAk; xU WAN ,d; tpyhrj;ijAk;
njhlu;e;J itj;jpUf;fpwJ.
xU WAN MdJ xU LAN ,y; ,Ue;J gy;NtW Kf;fpakhd topfspy; NtWgLfpd;wJ.

mjpfkhd WAN fs; (,izak; Nghd; w J) VjhtnjhU epWtdj; j pdhy;
cupkkhf;fg;gl;bUf;ftpyi
; y. Mdhy; $l;bize;j my;yJ gutyhf;fg;gl;l cupkj;ijAk;
KfhikiaAk; nfhz;L mtw;wpd; fPo; nraw;gLfpd;wJ.
jiyefUf;fhd gug;G tiyNtiy (MAN)

,J xU efuk; Nghd;w ngsjpfg; gug;ig mJ LAN I tplg; ngupjhfTk;> WANI tplr;
rpwpajhfTk; mshtpapUf;fpwJ. xU MAN MdJ murhq;f epWtdk; my;yJ ngupa
$l;Lj;jhgdk; Nghd;w xU jdpjj
; eput
; hfj;jpdhy; cupkkhf;fg;gl;Lr; nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
LAN, WAN kw;Wk; tjptpl tiyNtiyaikg;G

tpjptplq;fs; Fwpg;ghf xU LAN IAk; ,iza Nrit toq;Fdu; (ISP)Clhd ,izaj;
ijAk; ,izf;f xU mfyg;gl;ilnkhlj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,iza Nrit
toq;Fdu; nkhlj;jpwF ; xU WAN IP tpyhrj;ij toq;Ffpwhu;. tpjptpl tiyaikg;gpYs;s
vy;yhf; fzpdpfSk; LAN (gpuj;jpNafkhd vd miof;fg;gLk;) IP tpyhrq;fis
cgNahfpff ; pdw
; d. tjptpl LAN ,y; cs;s vy;yhf; fzpdpfSk; xd;Wlndhd;W Neubahfj;
njhlu;ghl ,aYk; Mdhy; xU kj;jpa fjtk; topahf Fwpg;ghf xU mfyg;gl;il
nry;topfhl;ba+lhfr; nrd;Nw ISP I miljy; Ntz;Lk;.
49
xU tiyaikg; g pd; $Wfs;
nkhlk; Modem (Modulator & DeModulator)

xU nkhlk; vd;gJ xg;GikapypUe;J vz;zpaj;Jf;Fk; vz;zpaj;jpypUe;J xg;Gikf;Fk;
khw;Wk; fUtpahFk;. ,J fzpdpia my;yJ Kbtplj;ij xU epak njhiyNgrpf;
fk;gp %ykhf juTfisr; nrYj;j tif nra;fpd;wJ. ,J fzpdpapypUe;J vz;zpa
Jbg;Gf;fis nrtpg;Gy njhdpahf khw;Wfpd;wJ. ,ijf; ifahSk; tifapy; xU
xg;Gik njhiyNgrpf;fk;gp xOq;FgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J fk;gpa+lhfg; Ngr;Rj; njhlu;G
nfhs;sTk;> miog;Gf;Fg; gjpy; $wTk; nrYj;Jiff; fjpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; nra;fpwJ.
ghuk;gupakhd Ngr;Rj; njhlu;Gnfhs;Sk; tiyaikg;G nkhlk;fs;> njhiyNgrpf;
fk;gpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xg;Gik tbtj;jpwF
; k; fzpdpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vz;zpa
tbtj;jpw;FkpilNa juTfis khw;Wfpd;wd. epak Ngr;Rj; njhlu;G tiyaikg;G
nkhlk;fs; nrf;fDf;F 56000 gpl;fs; (56 Kbps) vd;Dk; cau; tPjj;jpy; juTfisr;
nrYj;j ty;ydthf cs;sd.
glk; 2.2.3
mfyg;gl;il nkhlk;fs;> tlk; kw;Wk; DSL ,iza Nritapd; gFjpahf mike;J

ghuk;gupa nkhlk;fis tpl tpag;Gj;jUk; tifapy; cau;thd tiyaikg;Gf; fjpfis
milAk; gbf; F kpfTk; cau; j ukhd rkpf; i Q nra; A k; njhopy; E l; g q; f isg;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mfyg;gl;il nkhlk;fs; rpyNtisfspy; ~~vz;zpa nkhlk;fs;||
vd miof;fg;gLk;. kw;Wk; ghuk;gupa Ngr;Rj; njhlu;G tiy Ntiyaikg;GfSf;fhfg;
gad; g Lj; J git ~~xg; G ik nkhlk; f s; | | MFk; . xU vz; z pa nry; y plj;
njhiyNgrpapD}lhf ,izaj; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;Jk; nrY}yu; nkhlk;fSk; cs;sd.
nkhlk; f s; ntspaf rhjdq; f shf my; y J cs; s f nkhlk; ml; i lfshff;
fpilf;fj;jf;fjhf cs;sd. (glk; 2.2.3)
Flk; (Hub)
glk; 2.2.4
50
Flk; vd;gJ xU rpwpa nrt;tftbthd ngl;bahFk;. ,J gpsh];bf;fpdhy; Mf;fg;gl;lJ.
rhjhuz Rtupy; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;s kpd;FijapypUe;J kpd;tYitg; ngWfpwJ. xU
Flk; gy;tifik fzpdpfis (my;yJ Vida tiyNtiyr;rhjdq;fis) xd;wpizj;J
xU jdpjj; tiyNtiiyj;Jz;lkhf cUthf;Ffpdw ; J. ,e;j tiyNtiyj; Jz;lj;jpd;
kPJ vy;yhf; fzpdpfSk; xd;Wlndhd;W Neubahfj; njhlu;ghlypy; <Lgl ,ayk;.
<ju; tiyf;Flq;fs; kpfTk; nghJthd tifahFk;. Mdhy; ru;tNjr njhlu; tupir
tpirf;fyk; [Universal Serial Bus(USB)] Nghd;w Vida tiyNtiyaikg;G tiffSf;fhd
Flq;fSk; cs;sd.
xU Flk; MdJ xt;nthd;Wk; xU tiyNtiy tlj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$bajhd

xU njhlu; Jiwfs; nfhz;Ls;sJ. rpwpa Flq;fs; tiyNtiyaikg;G ehd;F
fzpdpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mitfs; ehd;F my;yJ rpyNtisfspy; Ie;J Jiwfis
cilad. Ie;jhtJ JiwahdJ kw;WnkhU Flj;jpw;F my;yJ mNjNghd;w
rhjdj;jpw;FupaJ. ngupa Flq;fs;> vl;L> gd;dpuz;L> 16 my;yJ 24 Jiwfisf;
$lf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
51
Nju; ; r ; r p 3.0 : jfty; njhlu; g hl toprikf; f > ,izaj; i jj;
jpwikahfTk; gaDWjpAs;sthWk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : ,izaj;ij> nghUj;jkhd jfty;fisg; ngWk; topff

; hfg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• ,izaj;ij mila toptFf;fj; Njitahd $Wfisg; ngaupLthu;.
• jfty;fSf;fhfj; NjLtjw;F ,izak; gad;gLj;jg;gl KbAk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.
• jfty;fSf;fhfj; NjLtjw;F tiy cyhtpfs; kw;Wk; NjLk; nghwpfis
cgNahfpg;ghu;.
• ,izaj;ij cgNahfpj;J jfty;fisj; NjLthu;.
• ,izj;ij cgNahfpj;J jfty;fisg; gjptpwf;fk; nra;thu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw:

<LgLj; J jy;
,uz;L njhz;lu;fis mioj;J gpd;tUk; ciuahliy elj;jTk;.
mky; : `Nyh! epky;> vq;Nf NghfpwPu;?
epkyy; : ahd; vdJ guPl;ir KbTfisg; ghu;f;f ghlrhiyf;Fr; nrd;W nfhz;bUf;fp
Nwd;. ePu; Nghftpy;iyah?
mky; : ePu; ,d;Dk; ckJ KbTfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;stpy;iyah? ehd; New;iwf;F
Kjy; gpw;gfy; vdJ KbTfis mwpe;Njd;.
epky; : vg;gb te;jJ? ghlrhiyf;F ,d;W fhiyapy;jhNd KbTfs; te;J Nru;ej ; d?
,y;iyah?
mky; : epky;! New;iwf;F Kjy; jpdk; gpw;gfy; nra;jpia ePu; Nfl;ftpy;iyah?
mNj jpdj;jpy; eLuhj;jpupapy; ,izaj;jsj;jpy; KbTfs; ntsptplg;gLnkd;W
thndhypapy; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.
epky; : mg;gbahdhy; ckJ KbTfs; vd;d?
mky; : ehd; 10 A fs; vLj;jpUf;fpNwd;.
epky; : tho;j;Jf;fs;! ckJ rhjid Fwpj;J ckJ je;ijf;Fj; njhiyNgrpapy;
njuptpj;jPuh?
mky; : igj;jpak;! Vd; ehd; xU njhiyNgrp miog;ngLf;fg; gzk; nrytopf;f
Ntz;Lk;? ehd; vdJ guPl;ir KbTfisj; njupe;Jnfhz;l mLj;j epkplNk
vdJ je;ijahUf;F xU E jghy; mDg;gpNdd;. Mdhy; vdJ E jghiy
mtu; ghu;g;gjw;F Kd;dNk mtu; vdJ KbTfis mwpe;Jtpl;lhu;.
epky; : vg;gb ,J ele;jJ?
52
mky; : tof;fk;Nghy mg;gh nlapypepa+]; gj;jpupifia ,izaj;jpy; ngw;W thrpjj
; hu;.
guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; tiyg;gf;fj;jpy; KbTfs; ntspaplg;gl;bUg;gij
mtu; fz;lhu;. mk;khtplkpUe;J vdJ Rl;byf;fj;ij> njhiyNgrpapy;
mk;khTld; md;W fijf;Fk; NghJ ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.
epky; : mky; cd;idr; re;jpf;ff; fpilj;jJ mjp\;lk; jhd;. ,t;tpjkhd tplaq;fs;
vdf;Fj; njupahJ. ghlrhiyf;F KbTfs; jghypy; tUk;tiuAk; ehd;
fhj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;Njd;.
mky; : vq;fs; ,lj;jpw;Fr; nry;Nthk;. ehd; tiyg; gf;fj;ijg; ghu;j;J ckJ KbT
fisAk; ghu;g;Nghk;. mJ kl;Lky;y mjidg; gbapwf;fk; nra;J mr;Rg;gjpT
vLf;f ,aYk;. gpd;G ehd; kpFjpia tPl;by; te;J fhl;l KbAk;.
• gpd;tUtdtw;iw ntspg;gLj;j xU fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jq;fs;.

ο cyfj;jpNyNa ,izak; xU kpfg;ngupa tiyNtiyahFk;.
ο ,izak; jfty;fisj; jhdg;gLj;j vkf;F cjTfpwJ.
ο gy;NtW gzpfSf;F ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
ο cq;fs; tPl;by; ,izaj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s gpd;tUtd mtrpak;.
fzpdpnahd;W
njhiyNgrp tlKk; nkhlKk;$CDMA njhiyNgrp$mjidnahj;j fk;gpapy;yh
rhjdq;fs;.
,iza Nrit toq;Fdu; (ISP)
tiyg;gf;f cyhtp
ο my;yJ ,iza trjpAldhd nry;yplj; njhiyNgrp
fw;wYf;fhfg; gpNuupf;fg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

,izaj;jpw;$lhfr; nry;Nthk;.
• gpd;tUk; ehd;F jiyaq;fq;fSf;Fr; rhu;ghd jfty;fis ,izaj;jpy; NjLf.
ο vjpu;fhy fzpdpfs;
ο ,ytr kw;Wk; jpwe;jts nkd;nghUs;
ο njhiy - kUj;Jtk;
ο njhopy;tha;g;Gfs;
• ,izak; njhlu;ghd jiyaq;fq;fSld; gofpf;nfhs;s thrpg;Gf; Nfhitiag;
gbj;Jf; nfhs;f.
• ,izaj;jpd; Nritfis ,dq;fhz;f.
• ,izaj;Jld; ,ize;jjhd Nritfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
• gl;baw;gLj;jg;gl;l Nritfis tpgupf;f.
• gpugy;akhd tiyg;gf;f cyhtpapid cgNahfpj;J ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk;
mDgtj;ijf; ifg; gapw;rpahy; ngWf.
• tiyg;gf;f tpyhrq;fs; kw;Wk; NjLk; nghwpfs; vd;gtw;Wf;Fr; rhu;ghd Nritfis
vt;thW milahsq; fhz;gJ vd;gJ gw;wpf; fye;Jiuahly; elj;Jf.
• mku;tpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpapy; KO tFg;gpw;Fkhd rku;g;gpg;gpid xU GJKiwahfr;
nra;tjw;fhfj; jahu;g;gLj;Jf.
53
• xt;nthU FOitAk; mtu;fsJ fz;lha;itr; rku;g;gpf;fr; nra;aTk;.
• VjhtJ mtu; f shy; tpLgl; b Ug; g pd; mtw; i w mtu; f shfNt epug; G khW
rku;g;gpg;gtu;fisf; Nfl;fTk;.
• Vida FOf;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhd mgpgg ; puhaq;fisr; rku;gg
; pfF
; khW Cf;fkspff
; Tk;.
• VjhtJ tpLghLfs; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;lhy; mtw;iw epug;gTk;.
• gpd;tUtd ntspg;gLkhW xU fye;Jiuahliy elj;jTk;.
ο ve;j egNuh> murhq;fNkh my;yJ epWtdNkh ,izaj;ijr; nrhe;jk;
nfhz;lhlNth> fl;Lg;gLj;jNth KbahJ.
ο ,izakhdJ>
kpd; mQ;ry; (E jghy;)
cyfshtpa tiyaikg;G (www)
Nfhit ,lkhw;Wk; trjp
vd;gtw;iwg; Nghd;w gy;NtW Nritfis toq;FfpwJ.
ο xU tiy cyhtp vd;gJ tiyaikg;igr; nraw;gLj;j cjTk; xU nkd;nghUs;
gpuNahfkhFk;.
ο gpugy;akhd tiy cyhtpfshf ,iza Muha;tp (Internet Explorer) kw;Wk;
nkhrpyh gau;nghf;]; (Mozilla Firefox) vd;git cs;sd.
ο xt;nthU ,izaj;jsKk; xU jdpj;j ,iza tpyhrk; nfhz;ljhfTs;sJ.
ο Njlw;nghwpfs;> xU jug;gl;l tplaj;jpw;fhd ,izag;gf;fq;fisf; fz;Lgpbf;fg;
gadhspfSf;F cjTfpd;wd.
ο Njlw;nghwpfisg; gad;gLj;jp jfty;fisj; Njbg; ngwyhk;.
thrpg; G f; Nfhit
,izak; vd;gJ vd;d?

,izak; vd;gJ fzpdp tiyaikg;Gfspd; xU ghupa tiyaikg;ghf xU
tiyaikg;G cl;fl;likg;ghf cs;sJ. ,J cyfshtpa uPjpapy; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd
fzpdpfis xd;wpizf;fpwJ. ,izaj;NjhL ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; tiuf;Fk; xU
fzpdpNahL kw;nwhd;W njhlu;ghliy Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; xU tiyaikg;ig
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,izaj;jpD}lhfg; gazpf;Fk; jfty;fs; xOq;F kuGfs; vd
mwpag;gLk; xU tifahd nkhopfspD}lhfg; gug;gg;gLfpd;wd. ,izakhdJ
,yl;rf;fzf;fhd rpwpa tjptpl> fy;tp> tu;jj
; f kw;Wk; murhq;f tiyaikg;Gf;fisf;
nfhz;L gy;NtW jfty;fisAk; NritfisAk; mjhtJ ,yj;jpudpay; jghy;> Neub
ciuahly;> Nfhit ,lkhw;wk;> kw;Wk; cs;spizf;fg;gl;l tiyg;gf;fq;fs; mj;Jld;
cyfshtpa tiyaikg;G (www) Mtzq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
54
cyfshtpa tiyaikg;G
cyfshtpa tiyaikg;G my;yJ RUf;fkhf tiyaikg;G vd;gJ ,izak; vd;w
Clfj;jpD}lhd jfty; gfpu;T khjpupnahd;whFk;. tiyaikg;ghdJ cau; thrf
xOq;F kuG (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) vd;gij cgNahfpf;fpd;wJ. juTfis
mDg;Gtjw;F ,izaj;jpD}lhfg; Ngrg;glf;$ba nkhopfspy; ,JNt xd;whFk;. www
MdJ ,iza Muha;tpd; (Internet Explorer) my;yJ nkhrpyh gau;nghf;]; (Mozilla
Firefox) Nghd;w cyhtpfisAk; gad;gLj;jp cau; ,izg;Gfs; topahf> xd;Wlndhd;W
,izf;fg;gLk;. tiyg; gf;fq;fs; vdf; $wg;gLk; tiyaikg;G Mtzq;fisg;
ngWtjw;F cjTfpd;wd. tiyaikg;G Mtzq;fs;> tiuGfisAk;> njhdpfisAk;>
thrfq;fisAk; tPbNahitAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. '
,izaj;jsq;fSk; ,izag;gf;fq;fSk;
• cyfshtpa tiyaikg;gpd; xU jsk;
• xt;nthU ,izaj;jsKk; xu tjptplg;gf;fk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,U gadhspfs;
jsj;jpDs; GFk;NghJ ghu;f;Fk; KjyhtJ MtzkhFk;.
• xU ,izaj;jskhdJ ,izag;gf;fq;fspd; xU Nrfupg;ghFk;. ,it HTML vd
,ufrpa nkhopf;FwpaPlhf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mtzq;fshFk;. ,it xt;nthd;iwAk;
,izg; g dthFk; . mNefkhf gf; f q; f is kw; i wa ,izaj; j sq; f Sld;
,izg;gdthFk;.
tiy cyhtpfs;
xU tiy cyhtpahdJ cyfpy; my;yJ xU cs;sfg; gug;G tiyNtiyapy;
,izaj;jsj;jpYs;s xU tiyag;gf;fj;jpy; Fwpg;ghfj; jhdg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s NtW
jfty; f SlDk; tpk; g q; f SlDk; thrfj; J lDk; ,ilj; j hf; f k; nra; t Jld;
fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk; xU gadhspf;F trjp Vw;gLj;Jk; xU nkd;nghUs; gpuNahfkhFk;.
tiya cyhtpfspy; rpy ikf;Nuhnrhg;w; ,iza Muha;tp (Microsoft Internet Explorer),
new;]f ; hg; etpNfw;wu; (Netscape Navigator), Nkhrpyh gau;nghf;]; (Mozilla Firefox& vd;gdthFk;.
tiy tpyhrk; (rPuhd %yts ,ilepWTdu; - URL))

,iza Nritahsu; xUtu; kPJ xU Nfhitf;Fupa nry;topfhl;bia tiuaWf;Fk;
tpyhrNk ,JthFk;. tpyhrr; rl;lj;jpy; mjd; URL I mr;nrOj;jpLtjd; %yk; xU
gf;fj;ij ePq;fs; kPl;Lf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
cjhuzk;: http://www.nie.lk/page/syllabus.html
xOq;F nraw;fsg; gf;fk;

kuG ngau;
NjLk; nghwpfs;
NjLk; nghwpfs;> jfty;fisj; NjLtjw;Fg; gad;gLfpdw
; d. Yahoo, Google, MSN Mfpad.
jfty;fisf; fhz;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rpy NjLk; nghwpfshFk;.
55
E jghy;
,yj;jpudpay; jghy; vd;gJ ,izaj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s NritfSs; xd;whFk;.
,yj;jpudpay; jghy; MdJ> kpdd ; Zj; njhlu;ghly; njhFjpfSf;$lhf fbjk; vOJjy;>
mDg;Gjy;> Nrkpj;jy; kw;Wk; nra;jpfisg; ngWjy; Nghd;w Nrfupg;G kw;Wk; mDg;gp
itf;Fk; KiwahFk;.
,yj;jpudpay; jghy; trjpiag; gpd;tUk; topfs; %yk; ngw;wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
• Eudora, Pine Nghd;w E jghy; nkd;nghUs;fis cq;fs; fzpdpapy; gjptjd; %yk;.
• E jghy; trjpfisAk; cs;sikthff; nfhz;L ntspte;Js;s Google, yahoo my;yJ
MSN Nghd;w xU gpugy;akhd Njlw; nghwpia cgNahfpg;gjd; %yk;.
Nfhit ,lkhw;wk;
,izj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk; kw;nwhU Kf;fpakhd Nrit Nfhit ,lkhw;wk; MFk;.
,izak; kPJ my;yJ mNj tpjkhd tiy Ntiyapd; kPJ ,U fzpdpfSf;fpilapy;
Nfhitfis ,lkhw;Wtjw;F ,e;jr; Nrit cq;fSf;F ,lkspff
; pwJ. Nfhit ,lkhw;wk;
%ykhf toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ,uz;L kpf Kf;fpakhd trjpfshtd:
1. NtnwhU fzpdpapypUe;J cq;fs; fzpdpf;F xU Nfhitiag; gpujp gz;Zjy;.

2. xU Nfhitia cq;fs; fzpdpapypUe;J kw;WnkhU fzpdpf;F mDg;Gjy;.
md; g hd MrpupaNu!
56
Nju; ; r ; r p 3.0 : jfty; njhlu; g hl toprikf; f > ,izaj; i jj;
jpwikahfTk; gaDWjpAs;sthWk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 3.2 : jpwd;tha;e;j njhlu;ghlYf;fhf ,yj;jpudpay; Clfj;ij

cgNahfpg;ghu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• e - jghiy mDg;gTk; ngwTk; Njitahd $Wfisg; ngaupLthu;.
• xU e - jghypid cgNahfpj;J ,izaj;jpd; topahf ehk; njhlu;ghl KbAk;
vd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
• e - jghiy cgNahfpj;J nra;jpfis mDg;Gthu;.
• ehshe;j tho;tpy; ,iza mstshTjiy cgNahfpg;ghu;.
ghl tplaq;fisj; njspTg;gLj;Jk; mk;rq;fs;

• e - jghiy mDg;Gtjw;Fk; ngWtjw;Fk; gpd;tUk; Njitfisj; jpUg;jp nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;.
ο fzpdpAld; ,izaj;njhlu;
ο e - jghy; tpguk; xd;W
ο e - jghy; nkd;nghUs; xd;W
• rpy e - jghy; nkd;nghUs;fs;
ο <Nlhuh (Eudora)
ο Microsoft Outlook Express
ο Pegasus
• xU e - jghy; tpyhrkhdJ ,U gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
ο cq;fs; milahsk;
ο cq;fs; ISP ,d; milahsk;
ο ,itfs; @ vd;Dk; FwpaPl;bdhy; gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
• e - jghy; Nrit toq;Feu;fs; xNu Neuj;jpy; gy;NtW gadhspfSf;F xNu
nra;jpia tpiue;J mDg;Gk; trjp nra;fpd;wdu;.
• njhlf;fj; jghypd; Nkyjpf gpujpfs;> fhgd; gpujpfshf (CC) mDg;gg;gl KbAk;.
thrpg; G f; N fhit
,yj;jpudpay; jghy; vd;gJ vd;d?

• ,yj;jpudpay; jghy; my;yJ e - jghy; vd;Dk; gjkhdJ vz;zpa cUtj;jpy;
fzpdp tiyNtiya+lhf xd;W my;yJ mjpfkhd fzpdpg; gadhspfSf;F xU
nra; j pia mDg; G tjw; F xU fzpdpg; gadhsp gad; g Lj; J k; fUtpia
tpgupg;gjw;fhdjhFk;.
57
• e-jghy; MdJ cs;thupahf xU epWtdj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fSf;F mtu;fspd; cs;sf
fzpdp tiyNtiyapd; Clhf mDg;gg;gl KbAk;. my;yJ ,izaj;ij
cUthf;fpa fzpdp tiyaikg;Gfspd; tiy Ntiyia cgNahfpj;J cyfpYs;s
ahJnkhUtUf;F ntspthupahf mDg;gg;gl KbAk;.
e-jghypd;
-jghypd; tiutpyf; f zk;
,yj;jpudpay; jghy; vd;gjd; RUf;fkhd e-jghy; vd;gJ ,yj;jpudpay; njhlu;ghly;
njhFjpfspD}lhf nra;jpfis mr;Rf;Nfhj;J mDg;gp kw;Wk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cjTk;
xU KiwahFk;. gy;tifikahd e-jghy; njhFjpfs; ,d;W ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;J
fpd;wd. mj;Jld; e-jghy; MdJ ,izaj;jpd; kpfTk; gpugykhd gad;ghLfspy;
xd;whFk;.
mJ vt;thW Ntiy nra;fpd;wJ?

• xU fzpdpapypUe;J kw;nwhd;Wf;Fr; nra;jpfs; mDg;gg;gLtjw;F ckJ nra;jpahdJ
vz;zpa tbtkhf khw;wg;gLjy; mtrpakhFk;. mj;Jld; xU jghy; Nrit epiya
khf my;yJ jghy; mYtyfk; Nghd;W nraw;gLk; xU fzpdpf;F mJ mDg;gp
itf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• ,e;jj; jghy; Nrit epiyak; juk;gpupj;J cq;fs; jghy;fis cq;fSf;Fj; jpUg;gp
tpLk;.
• vy;yhg; gadhspfSk; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; xU tiy Ntiyapd; ,izg;gpw;
$lhfNt midj;Jg; gadhspfSf;Fk; ,e;j jghy; Nrit epiyak; jghy;fis
topg;gLj;jp mDg;GfpwJ.
• VjhtJ ,yj;jpudpay; jghiy thrpf;fNth my;yJ mDg;gNth cq;fSf;F
tpNrlkhd nkd;nghUs; NjitahFk;.
cjhuzk;: Euroda, Microsoft Outlook Express, Pegasus
xU e-jghy;
-jghy; tpguj;ij cUthf;fy;
xU e-jghy; tpguj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F ,uz;L topfs; cz;L.
1. ,iza jghy; tpguk; (toikahf ,ytrkhf)
cjhuzk;: Gmail, Yahoo, Hotmail
2. ,iza Nrit toq;FeupD}lhf (Internet Service Provider - ISP)
(gzk; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.)
xU e-jghy;
-jghy; nra;jpapd; gpujhd ghfq;fs;
ahUf;F ("To")
ePq;fs; nra;jp mDg;gp itf;fNtz;ba egupd; ("To") e-jghy; tpyhrj;ij vOJf.
gyUf;F mDg;gNtz;bapUe;jhy; mtu;fsJ tpyhrq;fs; fkh(>) milahsj;jhy; my;yJ
miukhj;jpiu(@) milahsj;jhy; gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
58
fhgd; gpujp CC)
CC vd;gJ fhgd; gpujp vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. CC fsj;jpy; gl;baw;gLj;jg;gl;l xUtu;
ePq;fs; nra;jpia mDg;Gk; nghOJ mjd; gpujpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
me;jr; nra;jpiag; ngWk; Vidatu;fs;> ePq;fs; CC ,y; gl;baw;gLj;jpa egu;>
mr;nra;jpapd; gpujpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tijf; fhz KbAk;.
njupahj fhgd; gpujp (BCC)

BCC vd;gJ njupahj fhgd; gpujp vd;gjhFk;. ,J CC ,idg; Nghd;wJ. Mdhy; BCC
apd; ngWeu;fis mr;nra;jpapd; Vida ngWeu;fs; njupe;J nfhs;s KbahJ.
tplak;
,f;fskhdJ nra;jp vijg; gw;wpaJ vd;gjhFk;. ,e;jr; nra;jptupfs;> nra;jpapd;
cs;slf;fj;jpd; njhFg;ghf mikAk;.
Nru; g ; G fs;
Nru;gG
; fs; vd;git e - jghy; nra;jpAld; mDg;gp itf;fg;gLk; jdpj;j NfhitfshFk;.
gpd;tUtdthfpa midj;Jtiff; NfhitfisAk; ePq;fs; e-jghYld; Nru;j;J
mDg;gyhk;.
• guT jhs;fs;
• nrhy; fpukg;gLj;Jk; Mtzq;fs;
• juT mbg;gilf; Nfhitfs;
• nrtpg;Gyf; Nfhitfs;
• fl;Gy (tPbNah) Nfhitfs;
• tiugl tpk;gq;fs;
ah`{ (yahoo) jghy; tpd;Nlh]; ,y; milTg; gFjpapYs;s Kf;fpa

rhjdq; f s;
milTfs;
vy;yh Kf;fpakhd milTfSk; ,e;j milTfs; gFjpapy; jhdg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
• fpilj;j mQ;ry; (Inbox)( ePq;fs; ngw;wpUf;Fk; nra;jpfisf; fhl;LtJ ,JthFk;.
thrpf;fg;gl;l> thrpf;fg;glhj nra;jpfis ,e;j miltpy; fhl;lg;gLk;.
• khjpup (Drafts)( ePq;fs; njhFj;jpUf;Fk; nra;jpfis my;yJ cUthf;fpatw;iw

Nrkpj;jpUg;gpd;> ,e;j miltpd; fPo; mit juk;gpupf;fg;gLk;.
• mDg;gpa mQ;ry; (Sent)( ePq;fs; mDg;gpitj;j vy;yhr; nra;jpfisAk; Nrfupf;Fk;.
• mopf;fg;gl;l mQ;ry; (Trash)( mopf;fg;gl;l vy;yh nra;jpfisAk; ,J Nrfupf;Fk;.

Fwpg;G: Trash ,y; cs;s "Empty" ,izg;ig fpspf; nra;tjdhy; Trash I cq;fshy;
ntWikahf;f ,aYk;.
59
• cldb nra; j pkly;
,izaj;jpd; CHATTTING vd;gJ kpfg; gpugy;akhd nraw;ghLfspy; xd;whFk;.
tho;fi ; fapd; vy;yhj; jug;gpdUk; <LgLk; xd;whFk;. ntt;NtW tifahd> jhq;fs;
tpUk;gpa jiyaq;fq;fspy; ,ize;J vy;yh tajpdUk; xd;whfr; Nru;eJ ; cyfshtpa
uPjpapy; njhlu;Gnfhs;Sk; xU tha;g;ghd gFjpahFk;. ghuk;gupakhf Chat vd;gJ
vOj;JtbtkhdnjdpDk; mJ nrtpg;Gy kw;Wk; fl;Gy trjpfisAk; cs;slf;fpaJ.
nghJkf;fs; Chat trjpapy; kf;fs; ~~ghtidahsu; ngau;|| my;yJ ~~FwpaPl;Lg;
ngau;fis|| my;yJ rpy Ntisfspy; jk;ik tiugl cUf;fs; my;yJ
~~mtjhuq;fs;|| Mf Chat cyfpy; njupag;gLj;Jthu;fs;.
• ,iza mQ;ry; nra;jpkly; (IRC)

IRC vd;gJ xU gy;tif cgNahf fijj;jYf;fhd epfo;r;rp epuyhFk;. IRC MdJ
mNef kf;fis xU fye;Jiuahlypy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l miytupirapy; my;yJ
gy;tif miytupirfspYk; $l xNu rkaj;jpy; gq;Fgw;w trjp nra;fpwJ.
• ,izaj; j pD}lhfj; njhlu; G nfhs; t jw; F gpd; t Utd Njitg; g Lfpd; w J.

ο ,iza trjpAldhd xU fzpdp
ο Ez; xypthq;fpAldhd jiykPjzpAk; xypgug;gpAk;
ο cupa nkd;nghUs; (cjhuzk;: Skype, Yahoo Messenger&
md; g hd MrpupaNu!
60
Nju; ; r ; r p 4.0 : nraw; g hl; L j; njhFjp gw; w pa tpopg; G zu; T ld;
fzpdpfis tpidj; j pwDlDk; gaDWjpahfTk;
gad; g Lj; J thu; .
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : fzpdpapd; nraw;ghl;bw;F nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfspd;

gq;fspg;gpidj; Njbaha;thu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp nkd;nghUspd; mbg;gilr; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;.
• nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp nkd;nghUshdJ fzpdpapd; ,af;fpahfj; njhopw;gLtjd;
kjpg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• OS nkd;nghUs; tiffspd; Ngupy; xU nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpapd; mbg;gilr;
nraw;ghLfisg; gFg;gha;thu;.
• gz;gpayhd fUj;Jg; gbkq;fSld; gof;fg;gLtjw;F xg;Gikfis
cgNahfg;gLj;Jthu;.

<LgLj; j y;
• jug;gl;l tupirf; fpukg;gb xt;nthd;whff; fPo;f;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s %d;W glq;fisAk;
tFg;gpw;Ff; fhl;Lf.
Kr;rf;futz;bfspd; glq;fs;
glk; 4.1.1 glk; 4.1.2
glk; 4.1.3
61
• mtjhdpf;fg;gl;l nra;Kiwia tpsf;FkhW khztu;fis tpdTf.
• gpd;tUtdtw;iw ntspf;fhl;LkhW xU fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf.
ο xU ,aq;FgtUk; gazpfSk; cs;sNghJ khj;jpuNk> glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s
xU thfdk; xU thliff;fhuhfr; nraw;gl ,aYk;
ο ,NjNghd;W xU nghUj;jkhd rhjdk; ,af;fpahfj; njupTnra;ag;gLk;NghJ
kl;LNk xU ,yj;jpudpay; njhFjpia xU fzpdp vdf; $wyhk;.
ο fzpdpapd; cfe;j ghtidf;fhf mt;thwhd rhjdq;fs; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;L
ed;F gof;fg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
fw; w Yf; f hfr; rpghupR nra; a g; g l; l mwpTWj; j y; f s; :

nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfisg; gw;wp Muha;Nthk;.
• nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfs; rhu;ghd gpd;tUk; ehd;F nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpf; fUJf.
ο fzpdpapd; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd ,ilKfk; toq;Fjy;.
ο nra;Kiw Kfhikj;Jtk;.
ο Kfhikj;Jt topfhl;b E}y;fSk; Nfhg;GfSk;.
ο cs;tpL> ntspg;ghl;Lr; rhjdq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;.
• jug;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lld; goFk; Kfkhf thrpg;Gf; Nfhitiag; gbAq;fs;.
• nraw;ghl;bd; gq;fspg;gpw;Fupa fzpdpapd; cWg;ig milahsq;fz;L mf;Fwpg;gpl;l
ghfj;jpd; nray;Nehf;fj;ijAk; mwpf.
• mr;nraw;ghl;Lld; ,ize;jjhd gzpiag; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
• gl;baw;gLj;jpa gzpia tpgupf;Ff.
• Windows, Linux kw; W k; Dos Mfpa %d; W nraw; g hl; L j; njhFjp nkd; n ghUs;
tiffSlDk; rhu;ghd nraw;ghLfis vt;thW tpsf;FtPu; vd;gij milahsk;
fhz xU fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf.
• Windows, Linux kw;Wk; Dos vd;gtw;wpd; Ngupy; jug;gl;l nraw;ghl;bd; gupzhkj;ij
tpgupf;Ff.
• KOepiwthd mku;tpy; xU Gj;J}f;f> KO tFg;gpw;Fkhd rku;g;gpg;igj; jahupf;f
Maj;jkhFq;fs;.
ghl tplaq; f isj; njspTgLj; J k; mk; r q; f s; :

• xt;nthU FOitAk; jkJ fz;lha;Tfis tFg;gpw;Fr; rku;g;gpf;FkhW Nfl;fTk;.
• rku;g;gpg;gpd; tpupj;Jiug;gpw;Ff; Fwpj;j FOtpw;Nf Kjy; tha;g;ig toq;fTk;.
• Vida FOf;fis Mf;fG+u;tkhd rpghupRfs; Kd;itf;FkhW jahu;g;gLj;jTk;.
• gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fis ntspg;gLj;JkhW tpsf;fkspf;fTk;.
ο fzpdpAld; Ntiy nra;tjw;F xU nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp NjitahdjhFk;.
ο Windows, Linux kw;Wk; Dos vd;gd nghJthf cgNahfpf;fg;gLk; nraw;ghl;Lj;
njhFjpfshFk;.
ο xU nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpapd; mbg;gilr; nraw;ghLfs; gpd;tUkhW:
fzpdpapd; nraw;ghLfSf;fhd ,ilKfj;ij toq;Fjy;.
nra;Kiw Kfhikj;Jtk;
Kfhikj;Jt topfhl;b E}y;fSk;> Nfhg;GfSk;
cs;tpL/ntspg;ghl;Lr; rhjdq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;.
Nrkpg;G Kfhikj;Jtk;
62
thrpg; G f; Nfhit
xU nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpapd; mbg;gilr; nraw;ghLfs;
fzpdpr; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhd ,ilKfj;ij toq;Fjy;

,d;W mNefkhd etPd nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfs; tiugl gadhsp ,ilKifq;fis
(GUI) cilj; j hapUf; f pd; w d. xU gadhsp ,ilKfkhdJ xU gadhspf; F k;
fzpdpf;FkpilNa ,ilj;jhf;fj;jpw;F fl;likg;igf; nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ. xU GUI
MdJ ehd;F Kf;fpa %yfq;fisAilaJ. ,it WIMP vd;Dk; vOj;Jf;fshy;
Fwpf;fg;gLk;. WIMP MdJ Windows (nrt;tf tbtg;gug;Gfs;)> Icons" Menu, kw;Wk;;
Pointing rhjdq;fs; vd KiwNa Fwpg;gplg;gLk;. ,t;tifahd GUI MdJ jpiuapy;
Njhd;Wfpd;w nghUs;fisr; Rl;bf;fhl;b CLICK nra;tjhy; fl;lisfis cl;nrYj;j
cq;fSf;F tif nra;fpd;wJ. NtW nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfspdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
fl;lisf; Nfhl;L ,ilKfk; (Command line interface) vd miiof;fg;gLk;. NtW gadhsp
,ilKfq;fs; cs;sd. gy nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfs;> gadhspapd; tpUg;gj;jpw;Fupa
VjhtJ gadhsp ,ilKfj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpff ; Nth> epWtNth ,lkspff ; pdw
; d. Windows,
Linux kw;Wk; DOS vd;gd ehk; ,q;Nf fUjf;$ba rpy nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfshFk;.
,yq;ifapy; Windows kpfTk; gpugy;akhd xU nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpahFk;. ,J GUI I

mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; l nraw; g hl; L j; njhFjpf; F cjhuzkhFk; . Windows
,ilKfj;Jld; WIMP #oiy Muha KbAk;.
tpd; N lh]; jpiu

glk; 4.1.4
Linux vd;gJ
xU jpwe;j %yts nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpahFk;. jpwe;j %ytsj; njhFjpfspy;
xt;nthUtUf;Fk; %yts ,ufrpankhop ,ytrkhff; fpilf;Fk;. ypdf;]; vd;gJ
gpujhdkhf ngauhy; mr;nrOj;jplg;gLk; epfo;r;rp epuy;fSs;s xU fl;lisf; Nfhl;L
,ilKfk; MFk;.ypdf;]; nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpapd; gpe;jpa cUthf;fq;fs; WIMP
#oy; fpilf; f f; $ ba tiugl gadhsp ,ilKfj; j pw; F Mjuthf cs; s d.
63
gy ypdf;]; mbg;gilapyhd nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfs; cs;sd. mtw;Ws; rpy Ubuntu,
Fedora kw;Wk; Open Suse MfpadthFk;.
ypdf;]; jpiu
glk; 4.1.5
DOS vd;gJ xU fl;lisf; Nfhl;L ,ilKfj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; xU OS ,w;F

cjhuzkhFk;. (glk; 4.1.6) DOS ,y; gadhsp xU njhFjpf; fl;lisfspD}lhf
nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpAld; ,ilj;jhf;fk; nfhs;thu;. MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating
System) vd;gJ kpfg; gutyhf cgNahfpff ; g;gLk;. DOS nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpf; FLk;gj;jpd;
xU cWg;gpduhFk;. 1980fspy; ,JNt Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpa nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpahFk;.
,J gbg;gbahf nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpapdhy; gpujpaPL nra;ag;gl;lJ. MS-DOS, QDOS
(Quick and Dirty Operating System) Mf te;jJ. IBM kw;Wk; Microsoft ,uz;Lk; DOS ,d;
gjpg;GUf;fspd; ntspaPlhFk;. IBM gjpg;GUthdJ IBM PC Ald; toq;fg;gl;l xd;whFk;.
,J PC-DOS vd mwpag;gLfpwJ. fzpdpAld; ,ilj;jhf;fk; Guptjw;Fg; gadhsp xt;nthU
NtisAk; DOS fl;lisfis mr;rbf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. gadhspfs; fzpdpia
,af;Ftjw;F DOS fl;lisfisf; fw;f Ntz;ba Njit cs;sJ.
DOS jpiu
glk; 4.1.6
64
• nra; K iw Kfhikj; J tk;
fzpdpapy; eilngWk; xt;nthU epfo;r;rp epuYk; my;yJ Xu; epfo;r;rp epuypd;
epiwNtw; w Kk; xU nra; K iwahFk; . rpy nra; K iwfs; gadhspfSld;
,ilj;jhf;fKw;W gadhspfSf;fhf Ntiy nra;fpd;wd. Mdhy; rpy nra;Kiwfs;>
Fwpg;gpl;l gadhspfSld; ,ize;jjhf ,y;yhky;> cs;tUk; jghy;fisg;
gupNrhjpg; g J Nghd; w Fwpg; g pl; l nraw; g hLfif; nfhz; L s; s d. nra; K iw
Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ gy;t ; ifr; nra;Kiwfs; nra;tJld; nray; njhlu;G nfhz;l
xU nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpapd; topahFk;.
glk; 4.1.7
Windows#oypy; CTRL, ALT, DEL rhtpfis xUq;Nf mOj;Jtjhy; eilngw;Wf;

nfhz;bUf;Fk; nra;Kiwfisf; fhzyhk; (glk; 4.1.7). Windows nraw;ghl;Lj;
njhFjpapy; vy; y hr; nra; K iwfSk; rkkhdit. Linux ,y; Vida NtW
nra;Kiwf;Fk; RahjPdkhd nra;Kiw ,y;iy. DOS MdJ %yts ghJfhg;Gg;
nghwpKiwiaf; nfhz;lJ my;y. mj;Jld; xNu Neuj;jpy; gy;NtW gzpfisAk;
nra;a ,ayhJ.
• milTfisAk; Nfhg;GfisAk; Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;

xU Nfhg;G vd;gJ rhu;ghd jfty;fspd; xU NrfupgG ; MFk;. milTs;s Nfhg;Gfisr;
Nrkpff
; g; gad;gLj;j
; g;gLfpdw
; d. milTfs;> Nfhg;GfisAk; Vida milTfisAk;
nfhz; b Uf; f yhk; . miltpYk; Nfhg; G Kfhikj; J tj; j pYk; nraw; g hl; L j;
njhFjpapdhy; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfs; elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
ο Nfhg;Gfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;> mopf;Fk;.
ο milTfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;> mopf;Fk;.
ο Nfhg;GfisAk; milTfisAk; Mjhug;gLj;jTk; cjTfpd;wJ.
ο Nrfupg;G Clfj;jpy; gpd;Dau;j;Jk; Nfhg;Gfis (backup files) Mf;FfpwJ.
65
ο Jizr; Nrkpg;gfj;jpy; Nfhg;Gfisg; gltiughf;fy; (Mapping) nra;fpwJ.
NrkpgG
; fisf; nfhz;l Windows NrkpgG
; r; rhjdq;fs; xU ,af;fp vOj;J Kd;Dil
nkhopia cilad. cjhuzkhf> nefpo;tl;L ,af;fpfs; A: ,af;fpfs; vdTk;
tl;Lj;jl;Lf;fs; C: vdTk; khjpupfshff; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; (glk; 4.1.8).
glk; 4.1.8
Interlmy;yJ IBM PC fspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; td;nghUspy; Windows ck; Linux ck;

Master Block Record Ig; gad;Lj;Jfpdw
; d. nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpiag; gadhf;fg;gad;gLj;Jk;
tl;Ltpd; ghfkha; ,J cs;sJ. mj;Jld; tl;LthdJ gpupf;fg;gl;l $Wfsha; cs;sNjh
my;yNth vdTk; njuptpf;fpd;wJ. Windows ,Yk; Linux ,Yk;> gpupf;fg;gl;l xU Nfhg;Gj;
njhFjpiaahtJ ,J nghJthff; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Linux ,y; xt;nthU Nfhg;Gj;
njhFjpAk; xU fUtpiag; ngw;wpUf;Fk;. like/dev/li ^mjhtJ ~td;jl;L A gFjp 1|& ,J
xU Nfhg;ghff; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;lg;gLk;.
Nfhg;Gg; gq;fPl;L ml;ltiz (FAT - File Allocation Table) vd;gJ MS- DOS ,dhy;
cgNahfpf;fg;gLk; xU Nfhg;Gj; njhFjpahFk;. mj;Jld; ,J Vida mbg;gilapyhd
nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfisAk; Nfhg;Gfis xOq;Fg;gLj;jTk; Kfhikg;gLj;jTk;
nra;aitf;Fk; xU Nfhg;Gj; njhFjpahFk;.
xt;nthU tpd;Nlh]; Nfhg;Gj; njhFjpAk; xU (FAT) I cilaJ. mJ ve;jj; jl;L

jilg;gLfpwJ vdf; $WtJld; topfhl;bapd; mjp cau; ,lj;ijAk; gpbf;fpwJ. Linux
,y; mNef Nfhg;Gj; njhFjpfSf;Fr; rkkhdJ Super block MFk;. xU Linux Nfhg;Gj;
njhFjpahdJ jl;by; ngsjpf uPjpahfr; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Super block fspd; gy;tifg;
gpujpfis cilaJ. ,J gFjpahfj; jl;L khRgl;l ,lj;J epiwtpid toq;FfpwJ.
Super block MdJ Linux ,d; Nrkpg;gfj;jpy; vg;nghOJk; cs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;. gioa
DOS Nghd;w Nfhg;Gj; njhFjpfspy; ,t;thwpy;iy. Linux ,d; mjpAau; topfhl;bapy;
66
,lg;gl;Ls;s Nfhg;Gf;fspy; tpNrbj;j vy;iyf;fl;Lg;ghLfs; ,y;iy.
tpd;Nlhtpy; ,lg;gl;Ls;s Nfhg;Gj; njhFjpnahd;Wf;F xU ,af;fp vOj;J MdJ
cz;L. cjhuzkhf C: vd;gJ C ,w;Fk;> D: vd;gJ D ,w;FkhFk;. ypdf;]; ,y;
,af;fp vOj;Jf;fs; ,y;iy. mjdhy; xU Nfhg;G "/" ,y; xU Nfh;gGj; njhFjp
Nru;ff
; g;glTk;> " /",d; cg topfhl;bfspy; Vida Nfhg;Gj; njhFjpfSk; Vw;wg;glTkhf
cs;sJ. ,e;j xOq;FghlhdJ rpwpjhfNt cgNahfpf;fg;gl;l MS-DOS fl;lis SUBST
Nghd;wJ.
fl; L g; g Lj; J k; cs; s P L /ntspg;

ntspg; g hl; L r; rhjdq; f s;
xU nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpahdJ tl;L ,af;fpfs;> rhtpg; gyiffs;> ntspf;fhl;bfs;
kw;Wk; mr;rpLk; fUtpfs; Nghd;w cs;tpL/ntspg;ghl;Lr; rhjdq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;J
fpd;wJ. gy;NtW fUtpfSf;fhd ntspg;ghLfs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; cs;sPLfisf;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F xU epfo;r;rp epuy;fs; nfhz;l njhFjp cs;sJ. nraw;ghl;Lj;
njhFjpfF; k; cz;ikapNy vy;yh td;nghUSf;Fk; ,ilNaahd topahdJ fzpdpapd;
jha;g;gyifapy; ,y;iy. Mdhy; mJ driver vdg;gLk; xU tpNrl epfo;r;rp epuy;
ClhdjhFk;. xU rhjd ,af;fpahdJ td;nghUs; rhjdq;fSld; ,ilj;jhf;fk;
Vw;gl ,lkspf;f cUthf;fg;gl;l xU jpl;ltl;lkhd tif fzpdp nkd;nghUs; MFk;.
Dos ,w;F cs;sL P > ntspg;ghl;Lr; rhjdq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; trjp rpwpjsNt cz;L.
windows ,Yk; Linuxthan Dos ,Yk; cs;sPL/ntspg;ghl;Lf; fUtpfis ,yFthff;
fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
md; g hd MrpupaNu!
67
Nju; ; r ; r p 4.0 : nraw; g hl; L j; njhFjp gw; w pa tpopg; G zu; T ld;
fzpdpfis tpidj; j pwDlDk; gaDWjpahfTk;
gad; g Lj; J thu; .
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 4.2 : nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfspd; nraw;ghLfisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• xU nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpapdhy; epiwNtw;wg;glf;$ba gy;NtW gzpfisAk;
tpgupg;ghu;.
• Njitapd; mbg;gilapy; xU gzpiaj; njupT nra;tjpYs;s kjpg;ig Vw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.
• xU nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpapdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; gzpfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
• nghUj;jkhd jftypd; tpiuthd Vw;Gf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd je;jpNuhghaq;fisg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpapdhy; nra;ag;gLk; gy;NtW gzpfshtd:
ο ghtidahsu; tptuq;fis (accounts) Mf;Fjy;.
ο mbg;gilj; njhFjp xOq;fikg;Gfs; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;ghl;Lfisg; ghu;j;jYk;
ifahsYk;.
ο juTf; Nfhg;Gfspd; efy; gpujpfis cUthf;Fjy;> Njitaw;w Nfhg;Gfis
,y;yhky; nra;jy; kw;Wk; Nru;e;Js;s Nfhg;Gf;fis cUthf;Fjy;.
ο Nfh;gGfisAk; topfhl;bfisAk; xOq;FgLj;Jjy;.
thrpg; G f; Nfhit
ghtidahsu; tptuq;fs;
ghtidahsu; vd;gtu; xU fzpdpj; njhFjpia cgNahfpg;gtuhtu;. ghtidahsu;fs;>
tpgu;ggjpT (logging) ,Ltjw;Fk;> %yts Kfhikj;Jtk; Nghd;wtw;Wf;Fk; jk;ik
milahsq;fz;Lnfhs;s Nz;bapUf;fyhk;. xUtu; jk;ik milahsq;fz;Lnfhs;s>
gadhspf;F xU tpguk; cs;sJ. xU fzpdpiag; gfpu;e;J cgNahfpf;Fk;NghJ Vdia
ghtidahsu;fs; cq;fsJ jdpg;gl;l Nfhg;Gfisg; ghu;f;f KbAk;. nkd;nghUis
my;yJ ckJ fzpdpapd; gpd;dzpaikg;Gfis khw;w KbAk;.
njhFjpf; fUtpfs ;
njhFjpf; fUtpfspy; rpythtd:
• tl;Lf; $whf;Fjy; (Disk defragmentaton)
Nfhg;gpd; ntt;NtW ghfq;fs; tl;jl;bd; FWf;fhf mLj;jLj;jjhd gFjpapy;
my;yhjthW gutpf; fplf;Fk;. tl;Lf; $whf;Fjypd; ghtid ,t;thW mLj;jLj;jjha;
,y;yhj Nfhg;Gfis milahsk; fz;L mtw;iw mLj;jLj;jhd Nfhg;Gfshf;FtJk;
68
mtw;wpd; cz;ikj; jd;ik kw;Wk; nraw;wpwid mjpfupf;Fk; tifapy; td;
,af;fpapy; mtw;wpd; ,Ug;ig cfe;jjhf;FtJkhFk;.
• Backup
td;jl;L nraypoe;j tplj;J my;yJ ePqf
; s; jtWjyhff; Nfhg;Gfis mopfF
; k;NghJ
Backup ,d; cgNahfk; cq;fs; juTfisg; ghJfhf;fpwJ. Backup MdJ td;jl;by;
,y;yhj juTfspdJk; kw;WnkhU efy; gpujpia cUthf;FfpwJ. mjd; gpd;G
NtnwhU Nrkpg;Gr; rhjdj;jpypUe;J mijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwJ.
• tl;Lj; J}a;jhf;fy;
tl;Lj; J}a;jhf;Fk; Vw;ghlhdJ td;jl;L ,af;fpapd; kPjhd Nfhg;Gfs; ,dpAk;
Ntz;lg;glhjdthfj; njupe;jtplj;J mt;thwhd Nfh;gGfis mopg;gjhFk;.
• vOj; J Ug; g lk;

vOj;JUg;glkhdJ tpNrbj;j vOj;JUf;fisj; njupTnra;J mtw;iw Mtzj;jpy;
gpujp nra;fpwJ.
• fl; L g; g hl; L Kfg; G f; $ W

fl;Lg;ghl;L Kfg;Gf;$W vd;gJ MS Windows tiugltpay; ghtidahsu; ,ilKfj;jpd;
ghfkhFk;. ,J ghtidahsu;fSf;F mbg;gilj;njhFjp xOq;fikg;Gfisf;
ifahStjw;Fk; $l;Lk; td;nghUs;> mfw;Wk; nkd;nghUs;> ghtidahsu;
tpguf;$w;Wf;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> vspjpy; mZfj;jf;f jd;ikf;fhd tpUg;Gj;
Nju;Tfis khw;Wjy; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; tif nra;fpwJ.
topfhl;bf; fl;likg;G
topfhl;bfs;> Nfhg;Gfisr; Nrkpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. topfhl;bnahd;whdJ
gy vz;zpf;ifahd Nfhg;Gfisf; nfhz;bUf;ff;$Lk;. mJ cgtopfhl;bfs; vd
miof; f g; g Lk; . Vida topfhl; b fisAk; nfhz; b Uf; f yhk; . kpf cau; t if
topfhl;bahdJ %yNtu; topfhl;b vd mwpag;gLk;. cg topfhl;bahdJ mijg;gw;wpg;
gpbj;jpUf;Fk; topfhl;bapd; ~~Foe;ij|| vdf; $wg;gLk;.
md; g hd MrpupaNu!
69
Nju; ; r ; r p 5.0 : ntt;NtW tifahd Mtzq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F
nrhy; fpukkhf;Fk; nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : nrhy; fpukkhf;Fk; nkd;nghUspd; njhifaPlhf;fg;gl;l

mgptpUj;jpr; #oiyg; gFg;gha;T nra;tjd; %yk; mjd;
$Wfis milahsq;fhz;ghu;.
fhyk; : xU ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• jpiuapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLk; $Wfisg; ngaupl;L tpgupg;ghu;.
• ifapdhy; my;yJ ,yj;jpudpay; %ykhf Mtzq;fis cUthf;Ftjd; mtrpaj;ij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• rhtpg;gyifia> nrhy; fpukg;gLj;jYf;fhf cgNahfpg;ghu;.

<LgLj; j y;
• Mq;fpy jpdj;jpw;fhf Vidatu;fspd; cjtpAld; fUk;gyifapy; xU tuNtw;G
klnyhd;iw tiuAk;gb ,U njhz;lu;fsplk; Ntz;bf; nfhs;sTk;.
• gpd;tUtdtw;;iw ntspg;gLj;Jk; tz;zk; xU fye;JiuahlYf;F top NfhYf.
ο ifnaOj;J eilfs;> vOj;J msTfs;> epwq;fs; kw;Wk; xUtupd; ,aYikf;fhd
mikg;G Vw;ghLfs;.
ο jpwd; ,y;yhj egu;fshy; tuNtw;G klYf;F tiuag;gLk; glq;fs; ftu;rr; pahdit
my;y.
ο ,itfs; gpw;fhy cgNahfj;jpw;fhfr; Nrkpf;fg;glf;$bait my;y.
ο fUk;gyifapYs;s vijAk; gpujpnaLj;jiyj; jtpu mr;rbf;f KbahJ.
ο tuNtw;G kly;fspd; vz;zpfi; ff;F Vw;g xt;nthU gpujpAk; ifapdhy; efyhf;fg;
gLjy; Ntz;Lnkd;gJld; ,J Neuj;ijAk; tsq;fisAk; tPzbg;gJk; MFk;.
ο Nkw;fz;l f\;lq;fis mfw;w fzpdp nrhy; fpukg;gLj;Jk; nraypfs; trjp
nra;fpd;wd.
fw; w Yf; F rpghupR nra; a g; g l; l mwpTWj; j y; f s; :
nrhy; nraypapd; njhifaPl;L mgptpUj;jpr; #oypidg; gFg;gha;T nra;Nthk;.

nrhy; fpukkhf;Fk; nkd;nghUSld; njhlu;Gila gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfisf; fUJf.
ο jiyikr; rl;lk;
ο gl;bay; rl;lk;
ο epak fUtpr; rl;lk;
ο cUthf;f cjTk; fUtpr; rl;lk;
ο epiyf;Fj;J msTNfhy;
ο fpil msTNfhy;
70
ο Ntiyj;jsk;
ο Xuq;fs;
ο rpwpjhf;Fk; nghj;jhd;
ο ngupjhf;Fk;/jpUg;gpf; nfhLf;Fk; nghj;jhd;
ο nrhy; %Lk nghj;jhd;
ο Mtzk; %Lk; nghj;jhd;
ο epiyf;Fj;J cUl;Lk; rl;lk;
ο fpil cUl;Lk; rl;lk;
ο tiuAk; fUtpr; rl;lk;
ο epiyr;rl;lk;
• fzpdpiaj; njhlf;fp itj;J nrhy; fpukg;gLj;Jk; nkd;nghUisr; nraw;gl itf;f.
• xg;gilf;fg;gl;l gzpapy; rpwe;j vz;zf;fUit milAk; tz;zk; thrpg;Gf;
Nfhitiaf; fw;wwpf.
• rhtpg; gyifia cgNahfpj;J nrhy; fpukg;gLj;Jk; gpuNahfj;jpy; cs;s cq;fs;
nrhw;fs; kw;Wk; FwpaPLfs; vd;gtw;iw mr;rbf;fg; gapd;W nfhs;f.
• gpd;tUk;thrfj;ij mr;rbf;Ff.
"Quick Brown Fox Jumped Over The Lazy Dogs"
• ,ijr; Nrkpj;J nrhy; nraypia %Lf.
• ePq;fs; Nrkpj;j Nfhitiaj; jpwe;J vOj;JUtpd; msit khw;Wtjd; %yk;
njhFj;jikf;f.
• mr;rplg;gl;l gpujpiag; ngWf.
• tFg;gpd; ,Wjpapy; cq;fs; mDgtj;ijAk; fz;lha;tpidAk; tFg;gpYs;s
VidNahUld; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sj; jahuhFq;fs;.
• FOf;fSf;Ff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tiugpd; gpujpfisg; gfpu;e;jspf;f.
• nrhy; fpukkhf;Fk; nghjpiaj; njhlf;fp itg;gjw;Ff; FOf;fSf;F cjtp> jpiuapy;
Njhd;Wk; mk;rq;fisAk; ghu;f;f cjTf.
• mk;rq;fisf; fw;Wf;nfhs;s FOf;fSf;F trjp ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f.
• KO tFg;gw;Fkhd rku;g;gpg;Gr; nra;tjw;Ff; FOf;fisj; jahu;g;gLj;Jf.
ghl tplaq; f isj; njspTgLj; j f; $ ba tplaq; f s; :

• xt;nthU FOitAk; jkJ fz;lha;Tfisr; rku;g;gpf;Fk; tz;zk; nra;f.
• gpd;tUtd ntspg;gLk;gb xU fye;Jiuahliy topg;gLj;Jf.
ο nrhy; fpukkhf;Fk; gpuNahfkhdJ Nkk;gLj;Jk; mk;rq;fSld; Mtzq;fis
,yj;jpudpay; uPjpahf cUthf;Ftjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
ο kpfTk; Fiwe;j jukhd Nkk;gLj;Jk; mk;rq;fSldhd thrfj; njhFg;gpfs;
cs;sd.
ο Notepad vd;gJ mt;thwhd xU njhFg;gpahFk;.
ο jiyg;Gr; rl;lkhdJ Mtzj;jpd; jiyg;gpidf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jk;.
ο gl;bay; rl;lj;jpy; gy;NtW tpUg;Gj; Nju;Tfs; cs;sd.
ο xU nrhy; nraypapy; mNef fUtpfs; cs;sd.
ο Mtzq;fis cUthf;Ftjpy; epakf; fUtpr;rl;lk; kw;Wk; cUthf;f cjTk;
fUtpr; rl;lk; vd;gd kpfTk; cjtpahdit.
71
ο gl;baypd; tpUg;Gj; Nju;Tfis fUtpr; rl;lj;jpYs;s fUtpfs; Fwpf;fpd;wd.
ο msTr;rl;lq;fspd; eiuepwkhd ghfq;fs; Xuq;fisf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
ο gpuNahf Window ,y; gy vz;zpf;ifahd nghj;jhd;fs; cs;sd.
gpuNahfj;ijr; rpwpjhf;f> rpwpjhf;Fk; nghj;jhd; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
gpuNahfj;ijg; ngupjhf;fTk;> jpUk;gf; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; ngupjhf;Fk;/
jpUk;gf; nfhz;LtUk; nghj;jhd; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
gpuNahfj;ij %Ltjw;F %Lk; nghj;jhd; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
jiyg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; fPOs;s %Lk; nghj;jhd; Mtzj;ij %Ltjw;Fg; gad;gL
fpd;wJ.
• cUl;Lk; rl;lq;fs;> Mtzj;ij cUl;lg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
• tiujy; fUtpr; rl;lj;jpYs;s fUtpfs;> NfhLfs; tiutjw;Fk; mk;Gf;Fwpfs;
kw;Wk; jhdpaq;fp tbtq;fis Mf;Ftjw;Fk; mD$ykspf;Fk;.
• epiyr;rl;lkhdJ rWf;FWg;gpd; jhdj;jpd; epiyapid ntspf;fhl;Lk;.
• njhFf;Fk; (Ntiy nra;Ak;) gug;ghdJ mr;rbg;gjw;Fk; Mtzq;fisj; njhFg;gjw;Fk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• njhFf;Fk; gug;gpy; Njhd;Wk; rpwpa kpDq;Fk; epiyf;Fj;Jr;rl;lk; rWf;FWg;G
(Cursor) vd miof;fg;gLk;.
• vjpu;fhy Njitfspd; nghUl;L nrhy;yp; cUthf;fg;gLk; Mtzq;fs; Nrkpf;fg;gl
KbAk;.
thrpg; G f; N fhit
MS Word If; fUJf. (ePq;fs; Open office.org writer vd;gjid ,e;jr; nraw;ghl;Lf;F
vLj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.)
gzpr;rl;lfj;jpypUe;J START nghj;jhid Click nra;f.
epfo;r;rp epuy;fSf;Fr; nry;f

Programs è Microsoft Office è Microsoft Word (Click)vdr; nry;f. my;yJ Mrpupaupd;
cjtpia ehLf.
fPo;f;fhl;lg;gl;lthW Microsoft Word ,d; jpiu mikg;gpy; (njhlf;fptpLk; Window)

fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. (glk; 5.1.1)
72
1 3
7 9
2 4 6
10
11 12
8
5
13
14
glk; 5.1.1
15
16
1. jiyikr;rl;lk;
2. gl;bay; rl;lk;
3. epak fUtpr;rl;lk;
4. tbtkhf;fy; fUtpr;rl;lk;
5. epiyf;Fj;J msTNfhy;
6. fpil msTNfhy;
7. Ntiyg;gug;G
8. Xuq;fs;
9. Fiwf;Fk; nghj;jhd;
10. ngupjhf;Fk;/jpUk;gf; nfhz;LtUk; nghj;jhd;.
11. nrhy; %Lk; nghj;jhd;.
12. Mtzk; %Lk; nghj;jhd;.
13. epiyf;Fj;J cUl;Lk; rl;lk;
14. fpil cUl;Lk; rl;lk;
15. tiujy; fUtpr; rl;lk;
16. epiy B
73
Gjpa Mtzr; rl;lk;
Nky; tyJ %iyap
Ys; s I fpspf;
nra;J ,g;Gjpa
Mtzr;rl;lfj;ij
%Lf. cq;fsJ jpiu
ahdJ Nkw; f hl; b a
thW Njhd;Wk;.
glk; 5.1.2
Gjpa Mtzr;rl;lj;jpd; Nky; tyJ %iyia fpspf; nra;J mij %Lf. cq;fs;
jpiuahdJ Nkw;fhl;bAs;sthW fhzg;gLk;. (glk; 5.1.2)
Nfhg;G xd;iwr; Nrkpj;jy;

ePq;fs; cq;fs; Nfhg;G xd;wpidg; gpd; nghUfhy; ngw tpUk;gpdhy; mtw;iwr; Nrkpj;J
itj;jy; mtrpakhFk;. ePq;fs; Nrkpg;gjw;F Kd;ghf ePq;fs; cq;fs; Nfhg;Gf;F xU
ngaiuf; nfhLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. cq;fs; Nfhg;gpidr; Nrkpj;J Word I %Ltjw;Ff;
fPo;f; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
1. File è gl;baypUe;J Save As Ij; njupT nra;f.
2. Look Inbox ,y; rupahd Folder If; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Lf.
3. Nfhg;Gg; ngau;g;ngl;b (File Name Box) ,y; cq;fs; Nfhg;Gf;F xU ngaiu mr;rpLf.
Save As If; fpspf; nra;f.
epak fUtpr;rl;lj;jpy; Save cUitf; fpspf; nra;f. (glk; 5.1.3)
glk; 5.1.3
my;yJ@
rhtpfs; Ctrl + S vd;gtw;iw xd;whf mOj;Jf.
74
Nfhg; i gj; jpwj; j y;
ePq;fs; Kd;dNu Nrkpj;J itj;j Nfhg;gpNy njhlu;e;J Ntiy nra;tjw;F ePq;fs;

Nfh;ggpidj; jpwf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vw;fdNt Nrkpj;j Nfhg;igj; jpwg;gjw;F>
1. gl;baypUe;J File è Open Ij; njupT nra;f.
2. Look In fsj;jpypUe;J Nfhg;G Nrkpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; Folder Ij; njupT nra;f.
3. File Name fsj;jpy; Nfh;ggpidj; njupT nra;f. my;yJ Nfhg;gpd; ngaiu mr;rbf;Ff.
4. Open If; fpspf; nra;f. ePq;fs; Kd;gjhfNt Nrkpj;j Nfhg;G Njhd;Wk;.
my;yJ khw;WKiw - fPot

; Poj ; k; gl;bay; ((Drop -down Menu)) I cgNahfpj;J
; J
xU Nfhg;gpidj; jpwj;jy;.
1. File If; fpspf; nra;f.
2. Drop -down Menu ,d; mbg;gFjpapd; mz;ikapy; Nfhg;gpd; ngaiug; ghu;f;f.
3. Kd;ida glk; jpwf;fpd;w Neuj;jpy; ePu; cUthf;fpa Nfhg;gpidf; fpspf; nra;f.
mr;rpl Kd; ghu;it kw;Wk; mr;rply;

epak fUtpr; rl;lj;jpYs;s Print Preview nghj;jhidf; fpspf; nra;tjhy; cq;fs;
Mtzj;ij Kd;ghu;it nra;f. my;yJ Nfhg;gpidj; njupT nra;J gpd;du; Print
Preview Ij; njupT nra;f. Mtzk; mr;rplj;jahuhFk;NghJ Print Preview jpiuapypUe;J
Print nghj;jhid fpspf; nra;f. my;yJ Nfhg;gpidj; njupTnra;J gpd;G mr;rpLf.
75
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : nrhy; fpukkhf;Fk; nkd;nghUis cgNahfpjJ; Mtzj;ij

cUthf;fp mr;Rg;gbtj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
fhyk; : %d;W ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• nrhy; fpukg;gLj;jypy; cgNahfg;gLk; tpj;jpahrkhd tbtq;fis (Formats)
ngaupLthu;. kw;Wk; mtw;iw tpgupg;ghu;.
• Mtzq;fis cUthf;f epak tbtq;fisg; gpdg ; w;Wk; Njitia Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
• njhopy; uPjpahd kl;lj;jpy; Mtzq;fis cUthf;Fthu;.

• jl;lr;R nra;ag;gl;l thrfj;jpd; tbtj;ij khw;w Text Ij; njupTnra;J tbtkhf;Fk;
tool bar ,ypUe;J nghUj;jkhd tbtkhf;Fk; nghj;jhidf; fpspf; nra;f.
• vOj;JUitAk; xU njupTnra;ag;gl;l thrfj;jpd; msitAk; khw;w font my;yJ
font size dropdown nghj;jhd; fpspf; nra;ag;gl;L Njitahd vOj;JU my;yJ vOj;JU
msT njupT nra;ag;gLk;.
• thrfkhdJ ,lJ gf;fkhf> ikakhf> tyJ gf;fkhf my;yJ tupiar; rupf;fl;Lk;
(Justify) tifapy; tupirg;gLj;jg;gl KbAk;.
• cUg;gbfisg; gl;baw;gLj;j ,yf;fkply; kw;Wk; rd;d tifg; nghj;jhd;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• jhdpaq;fp tbtq;fs; (Auto shapes) NfhLfs;> tl;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw tiutjw;F
Drawing tool bar - tiujy; fUtpr; rl;lk; gad;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
• Mtzj;jpwF ; s; cUthf;fg;gl;l nghUs;fs; (Objects) mirf;fg;gl KbAk;. ,yFthf
kPs msthf;fk; nra;ag;gl KbAk;.
• nrhy; fpukkhf;fypy; nrhy; tiuG (Word Art) ,d; ntt;NtW ghzpfs; mike;Js;sd.
• Clip Art kw;Wk; glq;fis cl;GFj;Jtjd; %yk; Mtzj;ij kdjpy; Mo;e;J
gjpaj;jf;ftpjkhf Mf;f KbAk;.
• gf;f xOq;fhf;fy; trjpahdJ
ο gf;f Xuq;fs;
ο gf;f msT
ο gf;fj;jpd; jpirKfk;
- cUtg;glk; (Portrait) my;yJ ePyj;Njhw;wk; (Landscaps) Mf
• mr;rplypd; tpUg;gj;Nju;Tfs; (PrInting Option) NjitfSf;Nfw;wgb td; gpujpfisg;
ngw cjTfpd;wd.
ο gpujpfspd; vz;zpf;if
ο gf;f tPr;rk;
76
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 5.3 : nrhy; fpukkhf; F k; nkd; n ghUis cgNahfpj; J

ml;ltizfis cUthf;Fthu;.
fhyk; : xU ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• ml;ltizfis cUthf;Ftjpy; epuy;fisAk; epiufisAk; tpgupg;ghu;.
• jfty;fisf; ifahs;tjpy; ml;ltizfsd; ngWkjpia Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
• mu;j;jKs;s topapy; juTfis xOq;FgLj;j ml;ltizfis cUthf;Fthu;.

• ml;ltizfis cUthf;Ftjpy; epiufspdJk; epuy;fspdJk; vz;zpf;if
Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• epuy; mfyk; kw;Wk; tupir cauk; vd;gd rupg;gLj;jg;glyhk;.
• Gjpa epuy;fSk; epiufSk; cl;GFj;jg;glKbAk;. mj;Jld; Ntz;lhj epuy;fSk;
epiufSk; mopf;fg;glTk; KbAk;.
• mLj;jLj;j fz;ziwfs; (Cells) xd;W Nru;f;fg;glyhk;. mj;Jld; fz;ziwfs;
gpupf;fg;glTk; $Lk;.
md; g hd MrpupaNu!
77
Nju; ; r ; r p 6.0 : ftu;r;rpj;jd;ikia Nkk;gLj;Jk; tz;zk;
,yj;jpudpay; rku;g;gpg;ig Mf;Fthu;.
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : rku;g;gpg;G nkd;nghUspd; mbg;gilj; jdpr;rpwg;Gf;fis

cgNahfpj;J ,ioT (slides) fis cUthf;Fthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• xU ,yj;jpudpay; rku;g;gpg;gpd; gpujhd jdpr;rpwg;Gfis tpgupg;ghu;.
• xU rku;g;gpg;ig cUthf;Ftjpy; rku;g;gpg;G nkd;nghUspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.
• nkd;nghUis cgNahfpj;J xU rku;g;gpg;ig cUthf;Fthu;.
• rpwe;j njhlu;ghlYf;fhf ,yj;jpudpay; rku;g;gpg;Gfis cgNahfpg;ghu;.
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiw:

<LgLj; j y;
• #oy; khriljy; gw;wpa Rtnuhl;bfis xU njhz;lu; cjtpAld; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
• #oy; khriljy; rk;ge;jkhf Kd;dNu jahupj;J itj;Js;s rku;g;gpg;;igr; nra;f.
• gpd;tUtdtw;iw ntspf;fhl;LkhW xU fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf.
ο ifahy; nra;Ak; rku;g;gpg;Gf;Fk;> ,yj;jpudpay; rku;g;gpg;Gf;FkpilNa cs;s
NtWghLfs;.
ο ifahy; nra;Ak; rku;g;gpg;ig tpl> ,yj;jpudpay; rku;g;gpg;G ghu;itahsUf;F
kpfTk; ftu;r;rpahdJ.
ο rku;g;gpg;Gf;fisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fg; gad;gLk; rpy nkd;nghUs; epfo;r;rp epuy;fs;
cs;sd. mitahtd:
Apple Keynote
IBM Lotus Freelance Graphics
MS PowerPoint
Open Office.org Impress
ο xU rku;g;gpg;ghdJ nkd;nghUis cgNahfpj;J cUthf;fg;glyhk;. mJ xU
$l;lk; ,ioTfis mlf;fpAs;sJ.
xU vspa rku;g;gpg;gpidj; jahu; nra;Nthk;.

• nfhLf; f g; g l; L s; s gpd; t Uk; jiyg; G fs; Fwpj; j vspa ,ioTf; f hl; r pfis
tbtikj;jiyf; fUJf.
ο vq;fs; ghlrhiy
ο tpisahl;Lf;fs;
ο kpUfq;fs;
ο jhtuq;fs;
78
• rku;g;gpg;Gf;fisf; fUjp toq;fg;gl;l thrpg;Gf; Nfhitiaf; fw;W Kf;fpa
mk;rq;fisf; Fwpf;f.
• toq;fg;gl;l jpirKfq;fisf; fw;gjdhy; rku;g;gpg;gpd; mbg;gilf; Fzhk;rq;fs;
gw;wp ifte;j mDgtj;ijg; ngWf.
• jug;gl;l jiyaq;fj;ijg; gw;wp ehd;F ,ioTfSldhd xU rku;g;gpg;gpidj; jahu;
nra;f.
• rku;gg; pg;ghdJ ftu;rr
; pahdjhfTk; jpUj;jkhdjhfTk; RUf;fkhdjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;gb
cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
• mku;tpd; Kbtpy; cq;fs; ,ioTf;fhl;rpiar; rku;g;gpf;fj; jahuhapUq;fs;.

• xt;nthU FOTk; mjdjd; ,ioTf;fhl;rpiar; rku;g;gpf;f Vw;ghL nra;aTk;.
• tpLgl; L g; N ghd VjhtJ ,ilntspia epug; G tjw; F rku; g ; g pg; g hsu; f isNa
Ntz;Lq;fs;.
• Vida FOf;fisAk; mtu;fsJ fl;likg;ghd mgpg;gpuhaq;fisr; rku;g;gpf;Fk;gb
Cf;fg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
• VjhtJ tpLghLfs; ,Ug;gpd; mij epug;Gq;fs;.
• gpd;tUtd ntspg;gLkW xU fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jq;fs;.
ο Scratch ,ypUe; J xU rku; g ; g pg; i g cUthf; f xd; W kw; w rku; g ; g pg; G
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
ο xU ,iotpd; mikg;G jiyg;GlDk; rd;d milahskpl;l gl;bay;fisAk;
nfhz;bUf;fyhk;.
ο ,ioTf; F cjhuzkhf ml; l tizfs; > khjpupg; g lq; f s; > tiuglq; f s; >
cUtq;fs;> epu;thf khjpupg; glq;fs;> thrfk; kw;Wk; tiuGfs; Nghd;w gy;NtW
tifg;gl;litfisAk; cl;GFj;j KbAk;.
ο xU ,ioTf;fhl;rpf;F Gjpa ,ioTfisAk; cl;GFj;j KbAk;.
ο ,ioTfisg; ghu;g;gjw;F ehd;F tifahd fhl;rpfs; cs;sd.
ο nghJthd tbtkhf;FjYk; ,iotpdy; nra;a KbAkhdjhFk;.
thrpg; G f; N fhit
rku;g;gpg;Gk; rku;g;gpg;G nkd;nghUSk;

rku;g;gpg;G vd;gJ ghu;itahsu; $l;lk; xd;wpw;F jiyaq;fnkhd;wpd; cs;slf;fj;ijr;
rku;g;gpf;Fk; xU nrad;KiwahFk;. rku;g;gpg;igj; jpwDld; nra;tjw;F>
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79
fzpdpfis cgNahfpj;J ,yFthf rku;g;gpg;Gfis cUthf;f KbAk;. ,e;j
Nehf;fj;jw;fhf rku;g;gpg;Gf;fisj; jahupg;gjw;nfd;Nw tbtikf;f;ggl;Ls;s Microsoft
PowerPoint, Apple Keynote, OpenOffice.org Impress my;yJ Freelance Graphices.
juk; g pupf; f g; g l; l jpirfs;

ehq;fs; MS PowerPoint Ig; ghu;g;Nghk;.
(ePq;fs; ,e;jr; nraw;ghl;bw;fhf OpenOffice.org Impress IAk; fUjyhk;.)
MS PowerPoint MdJ njhopyr; hu;ej

; ghu;itf;fhf rku;gg
; pgG
; fisAk; ,ioTf;fhl;rpfisAk;
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,ypUe;J rku;g;gpg;Gfisf; fl;likf;f trjp jUfpwJ. my;yJ Wizard I cgNahfpj;Jr;
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1' Start è All Programes è Microsoft Office è Microsoft PowerPoint my;yJ
2. ,e;j Icon kPJ Double Click nra;f.
Muk; g j; j pypUe; J xU rku; g ; g pg; i g cUthf; f y;

1' File è New / Ctrl + N
xd;Wkw;w rku;g;gpg;ig (Blank Presentation) jahu; nra;f. my;yJ

2. Standard Toolbar kPJ New If; fpspf; nra;f.
,ioT xd;wpd; mikg;gpy; jiyaq;fk;> rd;d milahskplg;gl; gl;bay;fs;>

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Format è Slide Layout
mjd;gpd;G nghUj;jkhd Slide (glk; 6.1.1) Ij; njupT nra;f.
glk; 6.1.1
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1. Insert a New Slide my;yJ Ctrl + M
2. Standard tool bar ,y; cs;s New slide tool vd;gjpy; fpspf; nra;f.
80
xU tplaj;ijg; GFj;Jjy;
Insert Menu it cgNahfpj;J gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis cl;gFj;j KbAk;. (glk; 6.1.2)
1. Clip Art
2. Auto shpes
3. Charts
4. Organization Charts
5. Word Art
glk; 6.1.2
Formatting
Formatting toolbar ,id cgNahfpj;J tOf;fpnahd;wpd; cl;fpilia Format nra;ayhk;.
cjhuzk; ; ; : 1. vOj;JU tif 2. vOj;JU msT
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2. ,ioTf;fhl;rp
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81
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; pgG
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; nkd;nghUis cgNahfpgg
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• NeukpLjiy (Timing) gpuNahfpg;gJ vg;gb?
md; g hd MrpupaNu!
82
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fhz;f.
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83
• xt;nthU FOitAk; jkJ fz;lha;Tfisr; rku;g;gpf;FkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhs;f.
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• gpd;tUtd ntspg;gLkhW fye;Jiuahlnyhd;iw elj;Jf.
ο mYtyfq;fspy; jhspy; vOjg;gLk; Ntiyg;gbtj;jpwF ; g; gpujpal
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; j;jhs;
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ο gug;gPl;Lj;jhs; MdJ juTfis epiufshfTk; epuy;fshfTk; fhl;LfpwJ.
ο gy;NtW Ntiyg;gbtq;fis cs;slf;fpa xU NfhitNa xU Ntiyg;Gj;jfkhFk;.
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nfhz;ljhFk;.
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; d. VisiCalc vd;gNj Kjd; Kjypy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
gug;gPl;Lj;jhs; MFk;. Vida gug;gPl;Lj;jhs; nghjpfshtd: MS Excel, Lotus123, Supercalc
kw;Wk; Open Office.orgcalc vd;gdthFk;.
MS Excel If; fUJf. (ePq;fs; Open Office.orgcalc If; fUjyhk;.)
MS Excel, vd;gJ Windows mbg;gilapy; mike;j gug;gPl;Lj;jhs; MFk;. Workbook

vd;gJ ehk; Ntiynra;J Nrkpf;Fk; juTfSf;fhd xU Nfhg;G MFk;. xU Workbook
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; d. xU Ntiyg;gbtkhdJ 65536 epiufisAk;
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84
MS Excel Ij; njhlq;Fjy;
Start è All Programs è MS Office è MS Excel
xU Gjpa Ntiyg;Gj;jfj;ij ( Workbook) cUthf;Fjy;.

File è New è Workbook èOk
juTfis xU fyj; j pDs; cl; n rYj; J tjw; F

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nraw; ghl;Lf; fyj;jpYk; tha;g;ghl;Lr;
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rhtpia mOj;Jk; NghJ nraw;ghl;Lf; fyj;jpYs;s glk; thrfq; 7.1.1
fshd nlhgpfs;>
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,f;Fwpg;Gf;fs; fzpg;gPL nra;tjw;Fg; gad;gLj;j KbahjitahFk;.
xU fyj;jpy; jpfjpnahd;iwg; gjpT nra;jy;

jpfjpfisg; gjpT nra;tjw;Fg; gpd;tUk; cUtikg;Gfisf; fUJNthk;.
05$27$2007 (Month/day/year) my;yJ 27-Nk-07
ePq;fs; jpfjpiag; gjpT nra;Ak;NghJ tUlj;jpd; ,U vz;fisg; gjpT nra;jhy; Excel

MdJ tUlj;ij 2000 - 2029 vDk; tPr;rpy; cs;s xU tUlkhf tpsf;fk; jUk;.
ePq;fs; 5/27/19 mr;rbj;jhy; Excel MdJ jpfjp Nk 27> 2019 vd Cfpf;Fk;.
1930 - 1999 vDk; tUlq;fSf;F

ePq;fs; 5/27/97 vd mr;rbj;jhy; Excel MdJ jpfjp Nk 27> 1997 vd Cfpf;Fk;.
jpfjp 27 Nk> 2007 ,id fyk; A1 ,y; cs;sPL nra;tjhf itj;Jf; nfhs;Nthk;.
85
Enter rhtpia mOj;Jf.
glk; 7.1.2
tha;gg
; hl;Lr;rl;lj;jpy; ( Formula bar) ,y; 5/27/2007 vDk; jpfjpia ePqf
; s; ghu;ff
; yhk;.
(glk; 7.1.2) cq;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;l gzpapd;gb ntt;NtW jpfjpfis ,g;NghJ
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fhl;lg;gl;L C7 vDk; fyj;jpy; tpilahf 70
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tha;g;ghl;bd; Kd;Nd ,lg;gLk;. rkk; milahsk;
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glk; 7.1.3
xU juTj; njhliu cl;GFj;jy;
ngWkjpfspd; xU njhliu mLj;jLj;j fyq;fspy; vOJtjw;F cjhuzkhf:
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njhliu cUthf;Fjtw;fhd gbKiw:
• mLj;jLj;j fyq;fspy; Kjy; ,U
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cq; f sJ Ntiyia vt; t hW Nrkpf; f yhk; ?
86
My Documents miltpy;
ckJ Ntiyg;gbtj;ijr; Nrkpf;f. (glk; 7.1.5) cq;fsJ
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glk; 7.1.5
87
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 7.2 : gadhspapd; Njitfis vjpu;Nehf;fp Ntiyg;gbtq;fis

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88
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Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
• vspa gpurpdq;fisf; fzpg;gPL nra;thu;.

• fzpjtpay; fzpg;Gfisr; nra;tjw;F ,af;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
• gug;Gifg;gbtg; gpuNahfq;fspy; fzpj> ju;f;f> thrf kw;Wk; rhd;whjhu ,af;fpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
• vz; fzpjtpay; ,af;fpfs;> mbg;gilf; fzpj nraw;ghLfisr; nra;ag; gad;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wd.
• rhd;whjhu (Reference) ,af;fpfs;> fyq;fspd; tPr;rpid xd;W Nru;e;Js;sd.
• ,af;fpAk; ngWkhdq;fSk; xUtha;g;ghlhf vOjg;gLk;.
• fyg;ngau;fSk; ,af;fpfSk; $l xUtha;g;ghl;bid vOjg;gad;gLfpd;wd.
• gug;Gifg; gbtg; gpuNahfq;fspy; xU tha;g;ghL = FwpAld; Muk;gpf;fpwJ.
• mj;NjhL gug;Gifg; gbtg; gpuNahfq;fspy; rhu;Gfs; cz;L.
• rhu;Gfs;; vd;git Kd;Ng tiuaWf;fg;gl;l tha;g;ghLfshFk;. mitfs; Fwpg;gpl;l
ngWkhdq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk;. rhu;gsTfis xU xOq;fpy; cgNahfpj;Jf;
fzpg;gPLfisr; nra;a cjTfpd;wd.
thrpg; G f; N fhit
,af;fpfs; fzpjtpay; nraw;ghLfisr; nra;ag; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. gug;Gifg;
gbtg; gpuNahfq;fspy; fzpj> ju;f;f> thrf kw;Wk; rhd;whjhu ,af;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wd. fzpj kw;Wk; rhd;whjhu ,af;fpfisf; fUJNthk;.
• vz; fzpj ,af; f pfs; mbg; g ilf; fzpjtpay; nraw; g hLfisr; nra; a g;
,af; f p fzpj nraw; g hL
+ $l;ly;
- fopj;jy;
* ngUf;fy;
$ gpupj;jy;
89
• rhd;whjhu ,af;fpfs; fyq;fspd; xU tPr;rpid xd;W Nru;j;Js;sd. fyj;jpd;
Ms;$Wfs; fyrhd;whjhuq;fs; vd mwpag;gLk;.
,af;fpAk; ngWkhdq;fSk; xU tha;g;ghlhf vOjg;gLk;. tha;g;ghLfs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l

fyq;fs;> fzpg;gpd; KbTfisf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. fyg; ngau;fSk;> ,af;fpfSk;
$l xU tha;g;ghl;bid vOjg;gad;gLfpd;wd. = milahsj;Jld; njhlq;Fk; xU
tha;g;ghL gug;Gifg; gbtg; gpuNahfq;fspy; cs;sJ. xU fyj;ij my;yJ fyq;fspd;
tPri; rf; Fwpff; g; ngau; gpuNahfpff
; g;glyhk;. ngau;fs; vd;git vOj;Jf;fs;> ,yf;fq;fs;>
fPof
; N; fhLfs; (Underscore) kw;Wk; fhyk; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ntspfs;> fkhf;fs;>
tpag;Gf;Fwpfs; my;yJ NtW tpNrlkhd jdpf;FwpaPLfs; (Characters) fyq;fSf;Fk;
ngaupLk;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gl KbahJ.
mj;NjhL $l gug;Gifg; gbtg; gpuNahfq;fspy; rhu;GfSk; cz;L. rhu;Gfs; vd;git

xU xOq;Ffisr; nra;AKiwapy; rhu;gsTfs; (Arguments) vd miof;fg;gLk;. Fwpj;j
ngWkhdq;fis cgNahfpj;Jf; fzpg;Gfisr; nra;Ak; Kd;dNu tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
tha;g;ghLfNsahFk;. nghJthf cgNahfg;gLj;Jk; rhu;Gfshdit. Sum, Max, Min,
Avarage, Count kw;Wk; Rank vd;gdthFk;.
Sum ^ & fyq;fspd; xU tPr;rpy; vy;yh ,yf;fq;fisAk; $l;LfpwJ.

Max ^ & Fwpf;fg;gl;l tPr;rpw;Fs; ,J cau; ngWkhdj;ijj; jUfpwJ.
Min ^ & Fwpf;fg;gl;l tPr;rpw;Fs; ,J ,opthd ngWkhdj;ijj; jUfpwJ.
Avarage ^ & Fwpf;fg;gl;l tPr;rpw;Fs; ,J ngWkhdj;jpd; ruhrupiaj; jUfpwJ.
Count ^ & ,yf;fq;fisf; nfhz;lJk;> rhu;gsTfspd; gl;baYf;Fs; ,yf;fq;fisf;
nfhz;lJkhd fyq;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf; fzf;fpLfpwJ.
Rank xU gl;baypy; cs;s ,yf;fq;fis tupirg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
vd;gJ gug;Gifg;gbt nkd;nghUspd; xU fUtpahFk;. ,J gpiofs;

Function wizard
,y;yhky; rupahd cUtikg;gpy; tha;g;ghl;bid cl;GFj;jg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
90
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 7.4 : rku;g;gpg;Gfs; fUj;J epiwe;jjha; ,Uf;Fk; tz;zk;

nra;tjw;F tpsf;f ml;ltizfis (Charts) cUthf;Fthu;.
fhyk; : xU ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• ntt;NtW tifahd tpsf;f ml;ltizfis tpgupg;ghu;.
• Njitf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; tifapy; xU tpsf;f ml;ltiziaj; njupTnra;tjpd;
• ehshe;j tho;tpy; juTfisf; fUj;J epiwe;jjha;f; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtw;F tpsf;f
ml;ltizfisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• xU tpsf;f ml;ltiziaf; ftu;rr
; pahf tiutjw;F gug;Gifg;gbt nkd;nghUisg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• xNu tpsf;f ml;ltiz vd;gJ juTfis tiugl Kiwapy; Fwpf;Fk; xd;whFk;.
• juTfis mu; j ; j Ks; s jhfTk; njspthfTk; fhl; r pg; g Lj; J jtw; f hf tpsf; f
ml;ltizfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
• gy;NtW NjitfSf;Fkhf gy;NtW tif tpsf;f ml;ltizfs; gad;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wd.
• Njitf;F Vw;wgbahf rupahd tifahd tpsf;f ml;ltiziaj; njupT nra;jy;
mtrpakhFk;.
thrpg; G f; N fhit
gy;NtW fhuzq;fSf;fhf tpsf;f ml;ltizfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjdhy; mtw;iw

vq;Fk; fhzf;$bajhAs;sJ. ehq;fs; tpsf;f ml;ltizfis nra;jpg; gj;jpupiffs;>
rQ;rpiffs; kw;Wk; njhiyf;fhl;rp vd;gtw;wpy; fhz;fpNwhk;. Vnddpy; mit juTfis
mu;j;jKs;sjhfTk; njspthfTk; fhl;rpg;gLj;j cjTfpd;wd. gy;NtW tpjkhd tpsf;f
ml;ltizfs; cs;sd. xt;nthUtif tiuGk;> rpy epiyikfspdN ; ghJ gaDs;sjhf
miktjhy; mjw;fhd Fzhk;rq;fisf; nfhz;ljhAs;sJ. gug;Gifg;gbt nkd;nghUspd;
cjtpahy; tpsf;f ml;ltizfis cUthf;fyhk;.
91
• Nfhl; L tiuGfs;
Nfhl;L tiuGfs; ,uz;L khwpfis xg;gpLfpd;wd. xt;nthU khwpAk; xU mr;rpd;
topNa Fwpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. xU Nfhl;L tiughdJ xU epiyf;Fj;J mr;irAk; xU
fpil mr;irAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. juTfspd; Fwpj;j ngWkhdq;fisf; fhl;Ltjw;Ff;
Nfhl;L tiuGfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. xU khwpapd; ngWkhdk; jug;gl;lhy;
kw;iwajd; ngWkhdj;ij ,yFthfj; jPu;khdpf;f KbAk;. Nfhl;L tiughdJ>
kw;iwaNjhL xg;gpl xU khwpahdJ mjpfupf;fpwNjh my;yJ FiwfpwNjh vd;gijj;
njspthff; fhl;LfpwJ.
• rl;l /epuy;
epuy; tpsf;f ml;ltizfs;
rl;l/epuy; tpsf;f ml;ltizfs; NtWNtwhd khwpfSf;fpiilapy; kpf ,yFthfg;
ghu;ff; j;jf;f tpjj;jpy; xg;gL
P fisr; nra;fpdw
; d. ,t; ml;ltizf;F xU epiyf;Fj;J
mr;Rk; fpilar;Rk; cs;sJ. mitfs; xU khwpapd; ngWkjp cau;e;Njh my;yJ
jho;e;Njh ,Uf;Fk;NghJ kw;iwaJ vt;thW ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;gijf; fhl;Lk;
tifapy; juTfspd; Nghf;ifj; njspthff; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
• rpjwy; tpsf;f tiuglq;fs;

rpjwy; tpsf;f tiuglq;fSk; Nfhl;L tiuglq;fis xj;jitahFk;. juTg;
Gs;spfisf; Fwpg;gjw;F ,q;Fk; fpil kw;Wk; epiyf;Fj;J mr;Rfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
,JTk; xU khwpapdhy; kw;iwa khwp vt;tsT ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shfpwJ vd;gijf;
fhl;LfpwJ. ,U khwpfspdJk; njhlu;ghdJ mitfspd; ,ilj;njhlu;G vd
miof;fg;gLk;. x kw;Wk; y ngWkhdq;fspd; cau; ngWkhdq;fSf;fg;ghy; juTg;
Gs;spfshy; Md cw;gj;jpapy; ,Ue;J tUk; Neu;NfhL nry;Ykhapd; me;j khwpfs;
Neu; ,ilj;njhlu;Gilad (Positive correlation) vdf; $wg;gLk;. mf;NfhL y mr;rpd;
cau; ngWkhdj;jpypUe;J x mr;rpd; cau; ngWkhdj;jpwF ; r; nry;Ykhapd; me;jkhwpfs;
vjpu; ,ilj; njhlu;Gilad vdf; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
• ~ig| (Pie) tpsf;f tiuglq;fs;

ig tpsf;fg;glq;fs;> Gs;spfisf; Fwpgg
; pl mr;Rj; njhFjpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjpyi
; y.
NkYk; Nfhl;L tiuglk;> rl;l tiuglk; my;yJ rpjwy; tiuglk; vd;gitfis
tiua ty;yjhd juT tiffSld; ig tpsf;f tiuglq;fs; tiua KbahJ.
ig tpsf;f tiuglq;fs; xNu KOikahdjd; ntt;NtW ghfq;fis xg;gplNt
gad;gLfpd;wJ. Pie tps;ff tiuglj;jpd; tl;lkhdJ 100% If; Fwpf;Fk;. me;j
tl;lj;jpYs;s xt;nthU ghfKk; 100% ,d; gFjpfshf ,Uf;Fk;. ,t;tifapy;
ntt;NtW FOf;fSf;fpilNa rpy gfpug;gLfpd;wJ vd;gijg; ghu;f;f ,e;j
ml;ltizfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
92
Nju; ; r ; r p 8.0 : jfty; f is Kfhik nra; t jw; F j; juTj; j sf;
Kfhikj;Jt njhFjpfspd; nkd;nghUis
cgNahfpg; g hu; .
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 8.1 : juTj;js Kfhikj;Jt njhFjpfspd; (DBMS) nkd;nghUis

mjd; $Wfis milahsq;fhZk; nghUl;Lg; gFg;gha;T
nra;thu;.
fhyk; : xU ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• juTj;jsnkhd;wpd; mbg;gilf; $Wfisg; ngaupLthu;.
• juTfis Kiwahdgb Fwpf;Fk; xU gaDs;s Kiwahf juTj;jsj;ij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.
• xU juTj;jsj;jd; mbg;gilf;$wpd; jdpjj
; pw myfpy; xU ml;ltizapid tpsf;fpf;
$Wthu;.
• xU rpr;fyhd vz;zf;fUit mjd; mbg;gilf;$Wfspd; jdpj;jdp myfpy;
tpUj;jpahf;Fthu;.
• jPu;khdk; vLg;gjd; nghUl;L jftiy Kiwahdgb xOq;FgLj;Jthu;.

• njhlu;Ggl;l juTfspd; xU $l;lkhdJ xU juTj;jsnkd tiuaWf;fg;glyhk;.
,q;Nf juthdJ gjpag;gl;l nra;jpfshFk;.
• xU ml;ltizahdJ> xU juTj;jsj;jpd; Kjy;epiyg; nghUshFk;.
• xU juTj;jsk; xd;W my;yJ mjw;Ff;$ba ml;ltizfisAilajhftpUf;Fk;.
• juTfs;> xU ml;ltizf;$lhff; Fwpf;fg;glyhk;.
• xU ml;ltiz epiufisAk; epuy;fisAk; nfhz;lJ.
• epiufs; gjpTfshfTk;> epuy;fs; fsq;fshfTk; (Fields) milahsq; fhzg;gLk;.
• xU ml;ltizapYs;s xU jdpegu; my;yJ jdp cWg;G gw;wpa jftiy xU
gjpT fhl;Lk;.
• gjpnthd;wpYs;s jfty;fis gythwhd fsq;fshff; $WgLj;jKbAk;.
• fsq;fspd; $l;lnkd xU gjpit tiuaWf;fyhk;.
• juTj;jsnkhd;wpd; ehd;F gpujhd $Wfshtd:
ο ml;ltizfs;
ο tpdhf;fs;
ο gbtq;fs;
ο mwpf;iffs;
93
thrpg; G f; N fhit
juTj; j sk;
xU Fwpg;gpl;l nghUs;> cl;nghUs; my;yJ xU epfo;r;rp vd;gtw;Wf;Fr; rhu;ghd xU
$l;lNk xU juTj;jsk; MFk;. xU juTj;jsj;jpw;Fs; xU Fwpg;gpl;l fl;likg;gpy;
juthdJ xOq; F gLj; j g; g l Ntz; b As; s J. xU juTj; j skhdJ ifahy;
cUthf;fg;glyhk; my;yJ fzpdpkag;gLj;jg;glyhk;. fzpdp kag;gLj;jg;gl;l juTj;jsk;>
gzpnahd;Wf;fhff; Fwpg;ghf vOjg;gl;l gpuNahf epfo;rr
; p epuy;fspd; $l;lnkhd;wpdhy;
my;yJ juTj;js Kfhikj;Jt njhFjpnahd;wpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lijj; njhlu;e;J
itj;jpUf;fg;glyhk;.
juTj;js Kfhikj;Jt njhFjpfs;

xU juTj;js Kfhikj;Jtj; njhFjpahdJ juTj;jsq;fis Kfhikg;gLj;Jk;
Nehf;fj;Jld; tbtikf;fg;gl;l xU fzpdp nkd;nghUshFk;. mJ gy;NtW gadhspfs;
kw;Wk; gpuNahfq;fs; kj;jpapNy tiuaWj;jy;> fl;likj;jy;> ifahSjy; kw;Wk;
juTj;jsq;fisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sy; Nghd;w nra;Kiwf;F mDruiz toq;FfpwJ.
xU juTj;jsj;ij tiuaWg;gjhdJ juT tiffisf; Fwpj;Jfhl;ly;> juTj;jsj;jpy;
Nrkpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba fl;likg;Gfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. juTj;jsj;ijf;
fl;likg;gJ DBMS (Database Management Systems) ,dhy; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk; juTfisr;
Nrkpf;Fk; nra;KiwahFk;. xU juTj;jsj;ijf; ifahSjyhdJ Fwpg;gpl;l jutpid
kPsg;ngw juTj;jsj;ij tpdhTjy;> juTj;jsj;ij jw;fhyj;jpw;Fupajhf;fy; kw;Wk;
mwpf;iffis cUthf;fy; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. xU juTj;jsj;ijg;
gfpu;jyhdJ gy;NtW gadhspfs; kw;Wk; juTj;jsj;ijr; Nru tha;g;gspf;Fk; epfo;r;rp
epuy;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw xNu Kiwapy; ngw mDkjpf;fpwJ. juTj; jsj;njhFjpfspd;
cUthf;fj;jpy; juTj;js eput
; hfpfshy; DBMS fs; Fwpgg
; hfg; gad;gLfpdw; d. cjhuzk;:
Oracle, DB2, Microsoft Access, MySQL, Open Office.org Base.
ePq;fs; Open Office.org Base my;yJ Microsoft Access vd;gtw;iwr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhff;

fUjyhk;.
94
Nju; ; r ; r p 8.0 : jfty; f is Kfhik nra; t jw; F j; juTj; j s
cgNahfpg; g hu; .

cgNahfpj;J ml;ltizfis cUthf;Fthu;.
fhyk; : ,U ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• ml;ltiznahd;wpd; mbg;gilf; $Wfisg; ngaupl;L mtw;iw tiuaWg;ghu;.
• juTfspd; Kiwahd xOq;fikg;Gf;F Xu; ml;ltiz xU gaDs;s fUtp vd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• ml;ltizfis cUthf;fp juTifsr; rupahfg; gjpthu;.
• jfty;fis Kiwg;gb xOq;fhf;Fthu;.

<LgLj; j y;
• xU ml;ltizia tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhfj; jahup;f;fg;gl;l fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s
juTg;gbtj;ij tFg;Gf;Ff; fhl;Lf.
• ml;ltizapd; epuy; jiyg;Gfis vOJk;gb mtu;fisf; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;f.
ο epuy; jiyg;Gfs; fsg;ngau;fshf mwpag;gLk;.
ο fsq;fspd; $l;lk; Xu; gjptpid Mf;Fk;.
ο ml;ltizapd; xt;nthU epuypypUe;Jk; xU cWg;ig xU epiu nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
ο xt;nthU gjpTk; Xu; jdpj;j fsj;jpD}lhf milahsq; fhzg;gLk;.
ο fsnkhd;wpd; juTfs;> tif kw;Wk; msT vd;gtw;Wld; ,ize;jjhf cs;sJ.
• gy;NtW tifahd juT tiffs; cs;sd.
ο thrfk;
ο ,yf;fk;
ο jpfjp/Neuk;
ο elg;G
ο Mk;/,y;iy
• fsg;ngau;fisAk; juT tiffisAk; cgNahfpg;gjhy; ehk; xU ml;ltizia
cUthf;f KbAk;.
95
juTg; g btk;
Mr.Ajith Rajapaksha Mr. Amali Silva Miss. Dinithi Thilanga
Nagoda, 1 Cross Street, 487, Govt Housing Scheme,
Kalutara Minuwangoda. Aluthgama
1991.05.27 1990.06.01 1991.06.06
0777851517 0112245452 0342222755
Rs 1200.00 Rs.1200.00 Rs 1200.00
A1000 A1001 A1002
Miss.Arunakanthi Miss. Rohini Perera Miss. Sandini Amasha,

Palatota, 12,Jayagath Mawatha, 100, School Lane,
Kalutara Panadura Piliyandala
1990.04.09 1991.03.21 1990.05.24
0779023771 0785187701 0712221212
Rs 1200.00. Rs 1200.00. Rs 1200.00.
A1005 A1003 A1004
fw; w Yf; F g; gpuNuupf; f g; g l; l mwpTWj; j y; f s; :

xU ml;ltizia cUthf;FNthk;.
• toq;fg;gl;l juTf;Nfhitapd; mbg;gilapy; fsg; ngau;fisAk; mtw;wpd; juT
tiffisAk; milahsq; fhz;f.
• gpd;tUk; juTj; jsq;fspnyhd;iw tpUj;jp nra;a Kay;f.
ο ghlrhiy cztfj;jpd; ehshe;j tpw;gid
ο ghlrhiy Mrpupau;fspd; rk;gs tpguq;fs;
ο khztu; gjpT tpguq;fs;
ο xU fk;gdpapd; cw;gj;jp tpguq;fs;
• jug;gl;l juTj;jsj;jpw;fhd Mff;Fiwe;jJ Ie;J fsq;fis milahsq; fhz;f.
• Mff;Fiwe;jJ Ie;J gjpTfSf;fhfj; juTfis cs;nsLf;f.
• ,e;jj; juTj;jsj;jpd; xU jdpj;jd;ikf;Fupa fsj;ij milahsq; fhz;f.
• filrp mku;tpd;NghJ xU Gj;jhf;f rku;g;gpg;ig Mf;Ftjw;Fj; jahu;gLj;Jf.

• xt;nthU FOitAk; mtu;fspd; fz;lha;tpidr; rku;g;gpf;FkhW nra;f.
• VjhtJ tpLghLfis mtu;fs; Vw;gLj;jpapUg;gpd; mtw;iw epug;GkhW rku;gg
; pg;ghsu;
fisf; Nfl;f.
• Vida FOf;fis mtu;fspd; Mf;fG+u;tkhd mgpg;gpuhaq;fisr; rku;g;gpf;FkhW
Cf;fg;gLj;Jf.
• Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;l VjhtJ ,ilntspfis epug;Gf.
• gpd;tUtd ntspg;gLkhW xU fye;JiuahlYf;F topg;gLj;Jf.
96
thrpg; G f; N fhit
juT tiffs;
juTj;jsq;fspy; ntt;NtW tiffs; cs;sd. rpwe;j nry;epiwTf;fhd cq;fs;
fsq;fSf;fhfg; nghUj;jkhd juT tifia ePq;fs; njupT nra;a Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.
xt;nthU fsKk; xU juT tifia cilaJ.
cjhuzk;:
fsg; ngau; juT tif
ngau; thrfk;
tpyhrk; thrfk;
njhiyNgrp ,y ,yf;fk;
gpwe;j jpfjp jpfjp/Neuk;
rk;gsk; ehzak;
Gs;spfs; > 50 Mk;/,y;iy
• xU thrfkhdJ VJnkhU tifahd vOj;Jf;fspd; xU $l;lj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.

• vz; rk;ge;jkhd juTf;F xU ,yf;fk; cs;sJ.
• jpfjp my;yJ Neuj;ijf;fhl;l (Date/Time) cs;sJ.
• xU ehzag; ngWkjpiaf; Fwpg;gjw;F Curruncy cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
• Auto number vd;gJ jhdhfNt vz; ngWkhdq;fis xOq;FgLj;JfpwJ.
• xU G+ypad; ngWkhdj;ijf; Fwpf;f Yes/No cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Muk; g rhtp
xt;nthU gjptpidAk; jdpj;Jtkhf milahsq;fhZk; xU ml;ltizapy; cs;s
xU fsk; my;yJ fsq;fspd; Nru;f;ifNa Muk;grhtp (Primary key) vdg;gLk;.
jug;gLj;jg;gl;l jpirfs;
MS-Access If; fUJf. (ePq;fs; Open Office.org Base Ir; nraw;ghl;bw;fhff; fUjyhk;.)
Microsoft Access Ij; jpwg;gJ vt;thW?

• Start è Programs è Microsoft Access (glk; 8.2.1)
glk; 8.2.1
97
• Blank Access database Ij; njupT nra;J OK If; fpspf; nra;f.
• xU ,af;fpiaj; njupT nra;f. è juTj;jsj;jpw;F xU ngau; jUf. è Create If;
fpspf; nra;f. (glk; 8.2.2)
glk; 8.2.2
• njupT nra;f. (glk; 8.2.3)

Tables object
• New fpspf; nra;f.
glk; 8.2.3
• New Table ,ypUe;J Design View Ij; njupT nra;f. (glk; 8.2.4)
• OK If; fpspf; nra;f.
• gpd;tUk; jpiu Njhd;Wk;.
glk; 8.2.4
98
nghUj;jkhd fs msTf;F khw;Wf. (glk; 8.2.5)
nghUj;jkhd
fsg; gUkid
khw;Wf.
glk; 8.2.5
• ml;ltizf; fhl;rpapy; Field Names vdf; nfhLf;f. Data Types Ij; njupT nra;f.
,ay;jFk; fsf; Fzhk;rq;fis khw;Wf. (glk; 8.2.6)
glk; 8.2.6
99
• Primary Key ,w;fhd ,ay;jF fsj;ijj; njupT nra;f. (glk; 8.2.7)
• Toolbar ,ypUe;J Primary Key tool I my;yJ kTrpd; tyJ nghj;jhid fpspf; nra;f.
Primary Key Ij; njupT nra;f.
• xU ngaiuf; nfhLg;gjhy; ml;ltiziar; Nrkpf;f (cjhuzk;: Personal&
glk; 8.2.7
• 'Personal' vd;w
ml;ltiziaj; jpwf;f.
• ml;ltizf;Fj; juTfis cl;GFj;Jf. (glk; 8.2.8)
glk; 8.2.8
• Save nghj;jhidf; fpspf; nra;f.
md; g hd MrpupaNu!
100
cgNahfpg; g hu; .

cgNahfpj;J tpdhf;fis cUthf;Fthu;.
fhyk; : ,U ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• tpdhf;fspd; cgNahfk; gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;.
• tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; juitg;gbnaLj;jy; jtpu;f;fg;gl KbAk; vd;gij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• xU ml;ltizapypUe;J jutpidg; gpupj;njLf;f tpdhf;fis cUthf;Fthu;.
• nghUj;jkhd tpilfisg; ngWtjw;F Kd;ida mDgtq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.

• Fwpg;gpl;l gjpTfis ml;ltizfSs; ,lq;Fwpf;f tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
• xd;W my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l ml;ltizfspypUe;J juTfis kPl;Lf;nfhs;s
KbAk;. (mitfs; njhlu;Gs;sdthFk; NghJ)
• juTfisg; gpupj;njLf;Fk;NghJ tbfl;Ljy; kw;Wk; tifg;gLj;Jjy; Nghd;w rpy
trjpfisg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.
• gpupj;njLf;fg;gl;l juTfs; Nrkpf;fg;gl;L my;yJ mr;rplg;glyhk;.
101
cgNahfpg; g hu; .

cgNahfpjJ
; gbtq;fisAk; mwpfi
; ffisAk; cUthf;Ftu;.
fhyk; : ,U ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• gbtq;fs; kw;Wk; mwpf;iffspd; cgNahfk; gw;wp tpgupg;ghu;.
• gbtq;fis cgNahfpjJ ; juTfis cs;sL P nra;a KbAk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• juTfisf; ftu;rr; pahd Kiwapy; fhl;rpgg
; Lj;Jtjw;F mwpfi
; ffis cUthf;Fthu;.
• ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; nraw;ghLfSf;Fupa mwpf;iffisj; njhlu;e;J NgZthu;.

• juTfisr; Nru;f;f my;yJ njhFf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU nghUNs gbtkhFk;.
• xU gbtj;ij cgNahfpj;J xU ml;ltizapy; gjpTfisj; njhFf;f (edit)
KbAk;.
• ml;ltiznahd;wpy; mNefkhd fsq;fs; cs;sNghJ xU gbtk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• cq;fs; juTj;jsj;jpypUe;jhd mr;rbf;fg;gl;l xU jhspy; ePq;fs; ghu;f;f tpUk;Gk;
vy;yhg; Gyf;fhl;rp tpisTfSk;> mk;rq;fSk; mwpf;ifnahd;wpy; tbtikf;fg;gLk;.
• xd;W my;yJ Nkw;gl;l ml;ltizfis cgNahfpj;J my;yJ xd;W my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l tpdhf;fis cgNahfpj;J ehk; xU mwpf;ifia cUthf;fyhk;.
102
Nju; ; r ; r p 9.0 : vspa gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;f njupTnra;ag;gl;l cau;
kl;l nkhopia tpidj;jpwDld; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 9.1 : gpurpdk; jPuj

; j
; Yf;fhfj; jPuk
; hdpff
; g;gl;l njhlu; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;
fl;likg;igg; gpujpgypf;Fk; gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfisg;
gd;gLj;Jthu;.
fhyk; : ,U ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• xU gpur;rpidia vspa gzpfshff; $wpLthu;.
• xU gpur;rpidia vspa gzpfshff; $wpLtjd; mD$yq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• nghUj;jkhd FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp xU jug;gl;l gpur;rpidf;Fj; njhlu;ghd
gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfis tiuthu;.
• gpur;rpidfisg; gFj;jha;e;J kw;Wk; rpwpa $Wfshfg; gpupj;j gpd;G mtw;iwj;
jPu;g;ghu;.

• rpf;fyhd xU gpur;rpid rkhspf;ff;$ba $Wfshfg; gpupf;fg;gl KbAk;.
• xt;nthU gbKiwAk; mbg;gilg; gha;rr; y; ml;ltizf; FwpaPLfis cgNahfpg;gj
D}lhf tiuglkhfj; jug;glf;$Lk;.
• mjpf rpf;fyhd gpur;rpidfs; mjpf FwpaPLfis Ntz;b epw;fpd;wd.
thrpg; G f; Nfhit
gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfspd; mbg;gil tbtq;fs; fPNo fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd. (glk; 9.1.1)
gha;r;rypd; jpir
njhlf;F kw;Wk; epWj;J
jPu;khdg;Gs;sp
nra;Kiwapy;
cs;sPL my;yJ ntspg;ghL
,izg;gp
glk; 9.1.1
103
mbg;gilj; njhFjp njhlup (cjhuzk;)
njhlf;F njhlf;F
juT cs;sL
P ,yf;fk; 1 thrpf;f.
nra;Kiw 1 ,yf;fk; 2 thrpf;f.
nkhj;jj;ijf;
fzpff
; .
ruhrupiaf;
nra;Kiw n
fzpff
; .
ntspgg
; hl;L KbT KbTfis mr;rpLf.
KbT epWj;J.
104
MrpupaUf;F mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
Kf;fpak;: ,e;jf; fl;lj;jpy; khztu;fs; ve;j KbTk; vLf;fhky; my;yJ VjhtJ kW
gfu;g;Gk; nra;ahky; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;lgbahd mbg;gilj; gbKiwfis khj;jpuNk
gad;gLj;j topelj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
NjeP u ; jahupj; j y; gof; f pr; r b ( salad) jahupj; j y;
njhlf;F njhlf;F
ePiu vL. goq;fis vL
goq;fisj; Jz;L
nfhjpf;f it.
fshf ntl;L
Njapiyiar; rPdpiar; Nru;

Nru;
rPdpiar; Nru; cg;G Nru;
fyf;F ed;F fyf;F
NjePiug;
gfpu;e;jsp gfpu;e;jsp
epWj;J epWj;J
105
gl;;lk; nra;jy; ghy; nuhgp jahupj;jy;
njhlf;F njhlf;F
Fr;rpfs;
rpytw;iw vL rPdpia vL
FWf;fhff; ghiy vL
fl;L
ghYf;Fr; rPdp
bR fhfpjj;ij Nru;
vL
fyitiar;
ntl;b #lhf;F
fhfpjj;ij xl;L
Fsputpl;Lg;
xU E}iyf; fl;L nghUj;J
Jz;Lfshf
gl;lj;ijf; nfhL ntl;L
gfpu;e;jsp
epWj;J.
epWj;J.
md; g hd MrpupaNu!
106
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 9.2 : xU tbtikg;gpd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;Gfis vLj;Jf;

fhl;lg; gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
fhyk; : ,U ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• fzpdpapdhy; jPu;f;fg;gl Ntz;ba mjpf rpf;fy; epiwe;j gpur;rpidfisg;
gFj;jhuha;thu;.
• rpf; f yhd gpur; r pidfis Kfhik nra; a f; $ ba $Wfshfg; gFg; g jpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• jPu;khdj;NjhLk; kWgfu;g;Gf; fl;likg;GfNshLk; cs;s gpur;rpidfisg; gFg;gha;T
nra;ag; gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfis tiuthu;.
• rpff; yhd gpur;rpidfis Kfhik nra;af;$ba $Wfshfg; gFg;gjd; %yk; jPug ; g
; hu;.

<LgLj; j y;
• gpd;tUtd ntspg;gLkhW xU fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf.
ο gpur;rpidfs; rpytw;iwg; gFg;gha;T nra;ifapy; ehk; jPu;khdq;fis vLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
ο ,Wjpj;jPu;T vl;lg;gLk; tiu rpy gzpfs; kPsTk; nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ο ,t;tifahd fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;Gfisr; nra;J Kbf;ff; fzpdp epfo;r;rp
epuy;fs; tbtikf;fg;glf;$Lk;.
ο ,t;tiff; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;Gfis vLj;Jf;fhl;l ntt;NtW tpjkhd
FwpaPLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
fw; w Yf; f hfr; rpghupR nra; a g; g l; l mwpTWj; j y; f s; :

njupT kw;Wk; kPsTk; nra;ag;gLk; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;GfSlDk; cs;s mjpf
rpf;fyhd gpur;rpidfisg; gFj;jhuha;T nra;ag; gha;rr; y; ml;ltizfis tiuNthk;.
• jug;gl;l gzpf;fhd jPu;tpidr; rku;g;gpf;f xU gha;r;ry; ml;ltizia tiutjw;F
thrpg;Gf; Nfhitiaf; fw;W Mrpupaupd; mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; gpd;gw;Wf.
• gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfis tiutjw;Fg; gpd;tUk; gzpfisf; fUJf.
1. ,uz;L xUtopg;ghijfSld; eLtpy; xU eilghijAkhfg; gpupf;fg;gl;l ghij
nahd;iwf; FWf;fWj;Jr; nry;yy;.
107
2. jug;gl;l jug;gLj;Jk; ml;ltizia cgNahfpj;J ngwg;gl;l Gs;spfspd;gb
jug;gLj;jy;.
jug;gLj;Jk; ml;ltiz
Gs;spfs; juk;
>=75 D
>50 C
>40 S
NtWtpjkhapd; F
3. xU jug;gl;l nkhj;jj;jpw;F (cjhuzk;: 81) kl;Lkhf xd;iw ,yf;fq;fisf;

$l;Ljy;.
4. xU juhrpid cgNahfpj;J 500g rPdpia msj;jy;.
• KO tFg;gpw;Fkhd xU Gj;jhf;f rku;g;gpg;igj; jahupf;f Maj;jkhFf.

• xt;nthU FOitAk; mjd; fz;lha;Tfisr; rku;g;gpf;FkhW Ntz;Lf.
• rku;g;gpg;gtu;fs;> jhq;fshfNt KjyhtJ tpupthf;fj;ijr; nra;Ak;gb Nfl;f.
• Vida FOf;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhd mgpg;gpuhaq;fis toq;FkhW $Wf.
• khztu;fspd; Ntiyia cgNahfpj;J ghlj;ijj; njhFj;J toq;Ff.
ο ju;f;f uPjpahd jPu;khdq;fisf; Fwpf;f jPu;khdg;ngl;b cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ο kPsr;nra;Ak; gzpfs;> gha;r;rw; NfhLfisg; gad;gLj;jp tisaq;fshf (Loops)
fhl;lg;gLk;.
ο kpfTk; rpf;fyhd gpur;rpidfs; ,it ,uz;bdJk; Nru;khdj;ijj; Njitahff;
nfhz;bUf;fyhk;.
108
thrpg; G f; N fhit
xU gha;r;ry; ml;ltiz (gha;r;ry; ml;litz - flow chart vd cr;rupf;fg;gLtJ)

vdJ xU newpKiw (algorithm) apd; xU GidTUtpd; njuptpg;G my;yJ xU
nra;KiwahFk;. (glk; 9.2.1). glk; 9.2.2 ,y; fhl;bathW gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfis
tiutjw;F mbg;gilf; FwpaPLfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
mbg;gilj; jPu;T mbg;gil kPs;njuptpg;G
njhlf;F njhlf;F
Gs;spfis
nkhj;jk; = n
cl;GFj;Jf.
Gs;spfis
,y;iy
Gs;spfs; >40 juk; = rpj;jpapy;iy cl;GFj;Jf.
?
Mk; Gs;spfisf;$l;b
nkhj;jk; fhz;f.
juk; = rpj;jp
,y;iy
ntspg;gL juk; nkhj;jk; >100
?
Mk;
epWj;Jf.
nkhj;jj;ij
mr;rpLf.
epWj;Jf.
glk; 9.2.1
109
mbg;gilg; gha;r;r; ml;ltizf; FwpaPLfs;
FwpaP L FwpaPl;bd; ngau; FwpaPl;bd; tpguk;

(kWngau;: cUtg;ngau;)
epWj; J gtu; (KbTg; G s; s p> epWj;Jgtu; FwpaPL. xU nra;Kiw
Kl;il tbtk;) apd; njhlf; f k; kw; W k; epWj; j k;
vd; g tw; i wf; fhl; L fpd; w J. Start
FwpaPL gad;gLj;Jk;nghOJ
epWj;Jgtu; FwpaPLfs; nra;Kiwg;
gha;r;riy ,af;fkhf xOq;fhf;Fk;
xu Jg;ghf;fp tpirr; nraw;ghl;il
(Triggeraction) rpj;jpupf;fpd;wJ.
nra;Kiw xU nra;Kiwia my;yJ nray;

gbKiwiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,J
nra;Kiwg; gha;r;ry; ml;ltiz
fs; kw;Wk; tu;j;jf nra;Kiwg;
glq; f s; ,uz; b Df; F k; kpfTk;
nghJthd FwpaPlhFk;.
Kd;gjhfNt tiuaWf;fg; xU Kd;gjhfNt tiuaWf;fg;gl;l

gl;l nra;Kiw (cgghij nra;Kiwf; FwpaPlhdJ> NtnwhU
Kiw xOq;F) nra; K iwg; gbKiwf; f hd xU
rpdd; khFk;. my;yJ Ntnwq;fhtJ
tof;fkhf tiuaWf;fg;gl;l nra;
Kiwg; gha;r;ry; gbKiwfspd;
njhluhFk;. ,e;j cUthdJ nghJ
thf cg nra;Kiwfisr; rpj;jpupf;
fpd;wJ. (my;yJ epfo;r;rp epuw;
gLj;Jk; gha;rr
; y; ml;ltizfis)
cg nra; K iwahdJ ~~mwpag;
gl; l J|| vdf; fUjg; g Lkhdhy;
Mdhy; xU nra;Kiw eilKiw
apy; cz;ikapNyNa tiuaWf;fg;
glhJ.
110
khw;Wr; nra;Kiw cUtj;jpd; ngau; gpNuupg;gJ Nghy;
,e; j g; gha; r ; r y; ml; l tizf;
FwpaPL> ,e;jr; nra;Kiwg;gha;rr ; y;
gbKiwahdJ rhjhuz nra;
Kiwg; gbKiwf;F xU khw;wPlhf
mikAk;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
khw; w P l ; L r; nra; K iwnahd; w pd;
gha; r ; r y; gbKiwf; F s; cs; s
gha; r ; r w; NfhLfs; Fwpg; g hff;
Nfhblg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
jPu;khdk; nra;Kiwg; gha;r;rypy; xU

tpdhit my;yJ fpisiar; Rl;bf;
fhl;LfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf xU jPu;khdg;
gha;r;ry; ml;ltiz cUtkhdJ
,uz;L tpUg;gj; Nju;Tfs;
cs;sNghJ cgNahfpff ; g;gLfpdw
; J.
(Mk;/,y;iy> go / No - go Nghd;wd.)
juT(I/O) juTg; gha;r;ry; ml;ltiz cUt

khdJ xU nra;KiwapypUe;jhd
cs;sPl;bypUe;J ntspg;ghl;bid
Rl; b f; f hl; L fpd; w J. ,jdhw; w hd;
,e;j cUtkhdJ xU juT cU
tj;ij tpl xU (I/O) cUtkhfg;
ngUk;ghYk; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
glk; 9.2.2
111
MrpupaUf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;
• fPNo jug;gl;l (glk; 9.2.3> glk; 9.2.4) gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfSld; Kd;te;J
gpd;tUk; mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;Wtjw;F khztu;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
• jPu;khdg;gbKiwfis milahsq; fhz;f.
• kPsf;$Wk; gbKiwfis milahsq; fhz;f.
• nghUj;jkhd FwpaPLfis cgNahfpj;J xU gha;r;ry; ml;ltizia tiuf.
tPjpiaf; FWf;fWj;jy; ngwg;gl;l Gs;spfspd;gb jug;gLj;jy;
njhlq;F njhlq;F
tPjpapd; vy;iyf;Fg; Gs;spfis thrpf;f

Ngh
tyg;gf;fk; ghu; Gs;sp >=75 Mk;

juk; = D
Mk; ?
,y;iy
thfdk;
xd;W neUq;fp Mk;
Gs;sp >=50 juk; = C
tUfpwjh?
?
,y;iy ,y;iy
tPjpapd; kj;jpapy; Mk;
cs;s eilghijf;F Gs;sp >=40 juk; = S
ele;J Ngh ?
,y;iy
,lJ gf;fk; ghu; juk; = F
Mk;
juk; vd
thfdnkhd;W
mr;rpLf.
neUq;fp
tUfpwjh?
,y;iy epWj;J
tPjpiaf; fle;J nry;
epWj;J
glk; 9.2.3
112
xd;iw ,yf;fq;fisf; $l;Lf. 500g rPdpia epWj;jy;.
njhlq;F njhlq;F
nkhj;jk; = 0 jurpd; msTj;

jpl;lj;ij 0
,w;F itf;f.
mLj;j xw;iw
vz;iz nkhj;jj; nfhQ;rk; rPdpia
jpw;Ff; $l;Lf. juhrpy; itf;f.
xw;iw ,yf;fj; ,y;iy

thrpg;G =
ijf; fhl;Lf.
500g ?
Mk;
nkhj;jk; = 81 epWj;J.
,y;iy ?
Mk;
epWj;J.
glk; 9.2.4
113
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 9.3 : njhFf;fg;gl;l fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gjw;Fg;

gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfisg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
fhyk; : xU ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• xd;whfNt epfOk; jPu;khdq;fs; kw;Wk; kPs;gfu;jy; cldhd kpfTk; rpf;fyhd
gpur;rpidfisg; gFg;gha;thu;.
• rupahd Neuj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjdhy; gpur;rpidfs; rupahfj;
jPu;f;fg;gl KbAk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• rpf;fyhd gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;Fg; gha;r;ry; ml;ltizia tiuthu;.
• rupahd Neuj;jpy; rupahd KbTfis vLg;gjdhy; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;ghu;.
• jhd; xU FOtpw;Fupa cWg;gpduhf KbTfis vLg;ghu;.

• kpfTk; rpf;fyhd gpur;rpidfs;> njupT kw;Wk; kPsg
; fu;jy; fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;Gfs;
,uz;ilAk; nfhz;ljhFk;.
• jPu;khdg; ngl;bfs; kw;Wk; gha;r;rw; NfhLfis> tisaq;fspy; Nghy cgNahfpj;J
mt;thwhd rpf;fyhd gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;fg; gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfs; tiuag;gl
KbAk;.
• gha;rr; y; ml;ltizfs; Pseudo code (ngha;ahd FwpaL P ) kw;Wk; cau;kl;l nkhopahf
khw;wg;gl KbAk;.
114
thrpg; G f; Nfhit
epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lq;fis tbtikf;f gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfis cgNahfpj;jy;.

2 ,ypUe;J 20 tiuahd ,ul;il vz;fspd; $l;Lj;njhifiaf; fzpf;fg; gha;r;ry;
ml;ltiz (glk; 9.3.1)
njhlq;Ff.
nkhj;jk; = 0
fzf;F = 2
gpio fzpg;G cz;ik

xU ,ul;il
vz;zh?
nkhj;jk; = nkhj;jk; + fzf;F
nkhj;jk; = nkhj;jk; + 1
gpio
fzf;F = 10 ?
cz;ik
nkhj;jj;ij
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
glk; 9.3.1
epWj;Jf.
gha;r;ry; ml;ltizia cgNahfpg;gjd; gpujhdkhd fhuzq;fs;

• thrpg;gjw;F ,yFthdJ.
• xU epakj;ij kpf mZf;fkhfj; njhlu;tJ ,J Pseudo -code tplaj;jpy; fpilahJ.
• fzpdp cjtpAldhd epfo;rr
; pepuy; tbtikg;G El;gq;fSf;F mNefkhf ,irthdJ.
115
MrpupaUf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;:
fPNo jug;gl;lJ Nghy; (glk; 9.3.2 kw;Wk; glk; 9.3.3) gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfSld;
tUkhW gpd;tUk; mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;WkhW khztu;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
• jPu;khdg;gb Kiwfis milahsq;fhz;f.
• kPs;gfu;jy; gbKiwfis milahsq;fhz;f.
• vt;thW mitfs; ,ize;jpUf;fpd;wd vd;gij milahsq; fhz;f.
• nghUj;jkhd FwpaPLfis cgNahfpj;J xU gha;r;ry; ml;ltizia tiuf.
VjhtJ KO vz;iz xU vOj;JUit thrpff ; Tk; mJ

thrpf;fTk;. xw;iw vz;fspd; xU nkhop vOj;jhapd;
tiuf;fTk; fzpf;fTkhd mbf;fTk;. kw;Wk; '=' milahsk;
gha;r;ry; ml;ltiz nkhj;jk; cl;GFj;jg;gLifapy; epWj;jT
100I kpQ;Rk; kl;Lk;. khd gha;r;ry; ml;ltiz
njhlq;F njhlq;F
nkhj;jk; = 0 vOj;JUit
,y;iy thrpf;f.
KO vz;iz
,yf;fj;ij thrpf;f. mJ
xJf;F ,J= ,y;iy
milahskh@
xU nkhop
vOj;JUth?
,y;iy mJ xw;iw
,yf;fkh? Mk;
Mk;
Mk; vOj;JUit
mr;rbf;f.
nkhj;jk; = nkhj;jk; + ,yf;fk; epWj;Jf.
nkhj;jk; > ,y;iy

100
Mk;
nkhj;jj;ij
mr;rpLf.
epWj;Jf.
glk; 9.3.2
116
ehw;gJ khztu;fspd; Gs;spfis 10 cUg;gbfspd; tpiyfis thrpf;fTk;
thrpf; f Tk; mr; r pLtjw; F khd kw;Wk; tpiy &.100/- ,w;Ff; Fiwthapd;
gha;r;ry; ml;ltiz Gs;sp > 39 mt;TUg;gb rpl;il apy; cs;slf;fg;gLk;.
vdpd; "PASS" vdTk;> Gs;sp < 39 kw;Wk; rpli
; lapy; xt;nthU cUg;gb apdJk;
vdpd; "FAIL" vdTk; ,Lf. ngau;> tpiy kw;Wk; nkhj;j tpiy vd;gij
mr;rplTkhd gha;r;ry; ml;ltiz.
njhlq;F njhlq;F
khztu;fspd; cUg;gbfspd;
vz;zpf;if = 0 vz;zpf;if = 0
Gs;spfis tpiyia
thrpf;f. thrpf;f. gl;baYf;F
cl;GFj;j
Ntz;lhk;
,y;iy
Gs;sp => 39 tpiy < 100
,y;iy
"FAIL" Mk;
Mk;
vd cUg;gbiaAk;
"PASS" vd
mr;rpLf. tpiyiaAk;
mr;rpLf. mr;rpLf.
khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;if =
cUg;gbfspd; vz;zpf;if =
khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;if + 1
cUg;gbfspd; vz;zpf;if + 1
,y;iy khztu;fspd;
vz;zpfi
; f = 40 ,y;iy cUg;gbfspd;
vz;zpfi
; f = 10
Mk;
Mk;
epWj;J. nkhj;j tpiyia
mr;rpLf.
epWj;J.
glk; 9.3.3
117
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 9.4 : cau;kl;l fzpdp epfo;rr

; pepuy; nkhopfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
juT tiffisf; Fwpf; F k; ,ufrpaf; FwpaP L fis
milahsq; fhz;ghu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• xU epfo;r;rpepuypy; gad;gLk; juTfis milahsk; fhz;ghu;.
• juitf; Fwpf;Fk; nghUj;jkhd juT tiffisj; njupT nra;tjpy; cs;s
mD$yj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• rupahd nrhw;nwhlu; mikg;igg; gad;gLj;jp cau;kl;l nkhop ,ufrpaf; FwpaPLfis
vOJthu;.
• gpd;njhlu;fpd;w vz;zj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; gzpGupthu;.
• xU FOtpd; cWg;gpduhf KbTfis vLg;ghu;.
ghl tplaq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jk; mk;rq;ffs;:

• tpj;jpahrkhd juT tiffspd; Fwpj;j mbg;gilr; nrhw;fspd; (cjhuzk;: KO
vz;> cz;ik> ehs;Ntiy(Char)> fapW (String)> g+ypad;) khwpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLtJ
gw;wp ntspg;gLj;Jjy;.
• khwpfis tiuaWf;f mbg;gilr; nrhw;fshd var (pascal) my;yJ vb (dim) vd;gd
• khwpypfis (constants) tiuaWf;f const mbg;gilr;nrhy; gad;gLfpd;wJ.
• nghUj;jkhd khwpg; ngau;fisj; njupTnra;a ngaupLk; tpjpfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
• nkhopr; nrhw;nwhlu;> xU khwpfF
; tpjpfisj; njhlUk; tifapy; xU ngWkhdj;ijf;
nfhLf;Fk;NghJ njhlug;gLk;. (cjhuzk;: ''='' vd;gJ const vd;gjw;Fk;> '=' vd;gJ
var vd;gjw;Fk;.)
thrpg; G f; N fhit
Visual Basic juT tiffs;

vkJ ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; gy;NtW tifahd juTfis ehk; fle;J te;Js;Nshk;.
cjhuzj;jpw;F> ngau;fs;> tpyhrq;fs;> gzk;> ruf;F tiff; Nfs;tpfs;> Gs;sptpgutpay;
Nghd;wd. ,Nj khjpupj;jhd; Visual Basic ,y; ,t;tifahd juTfisAk; ehk;
ifahSfpNwhk;. vt;nthnwdpDk; kpfTk; xOq;fhf ,Uf;fNtz;ba VB MdJ gy;NtW
tiffshf juTfisg; gpupf;fpwJ.
118
Visual Basic juTfspd; tiffs;
vz; rk;ge;jkhd juthdJ gy;NtW epak ,af;fp (Operator) fshd $l;ly;> fopj;jy;>
ngUf;fy;> gpupj;jy; Nghd;wtifshy; fzpj uPjpahf fzpf;fg;glj;jf;f ,yf;fq;fisf;
nfhz; L s; s J. Visual Basic ,y; vz; rk; g e; j khd juTfs; VO tiffshfg;
gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
ml;ltiz 1: vz; rk;ge;jkhd juT tiffs;

tif Nrkpg;G ngWkhdq;fspd; tPr;R
igl; 1 igl; 0 ,ypUe;J 255
KO vz; 2 igl;fs; -32> 768 ,ypUe;J 32> 767 tiu
ePz;l 4 igl;fs; -2> 147> 483> 648 ,ypUe;J 2> 147> 483> 648 tiu
xw;iw 4 igl;fs; 3'402823E+38 Kjy; -1'401298 E-45 tiu Neu;gn
; gWkhdq;fSf;Fk;
1'401298E-45 Kjy; 3'402823E+38 tiu kiwg;ngWkhdq;fSf;Fk;
,ul;il 8 igl;fs; 1'79769313486232E+ 308 Kjy; - 4'94065645841247E-324 tiu
Neu;g;ngWkhdq;fSf;Fk;
4'94065645841247E-324 Kjy; - 1'79769313486232E+ 308 tiu
tiu kiwg;ngWkhdq;fSf;Fk;
4'94065645841247E-324 Kjy; 1'79769313486232E+308
ehzak; 8 igl;fs; -922"337"203"685"477'5808 Kjy; 922"337"203"685"477'5807 tiu
jrkk; 12 igl;fs; +$-79"228"162"514"264"337"593"543"950"335 (jrkk; gad;ghl;by;
,y;yhtpl;lhy;) +$-7'9228162514264337593543950335 (28 jrk
jhdq;fs;)
ml;ltiz 2: vz; rk;ge;jky;yhj juT tiffs;

tif Nrkpg;G ngWkhdq;fspd; tPr;R
fapW (Fwpj;j ePsk;) fapw;wpd; ePsk; 1 Kjy; 65>400 vOj;JUf;fs;
fapW (khWk; ePsk;) ePsk; + 10 igl;fs; 0 - 2 kpy;ypad; vOj;JUf;fs;
jpfjp 8 igl;fs; [dtup 1>100 ,y; ,ypUe;J
brk;gu; 31> 9999 tiu cz;ik
my;yJ jtW
g+ypad; 2 igl;fs; cz;ik my;yJ jtW
nghUs; 4 igl;fs; VjhtJ gjpj;Jitj;j nghUs;
jpupGU (vz; 16 igl;fs; ,ul;il Nghd;W ngupjhd VjhtJ
rk;ge;jkhd) ngWkhdk;
jpupGU (thrfk;) ePsk; + 22 igl;fs; khwp Nghd;wJ - ePsf;fapW
119
cjhuz epfo;r;rp epuy; 1:
Dim number1, number2, number3 as Integer
Dim total, average as double
Private sub Form_Clicknumber1=val(Text1.Text)
number2=val(Text2.Text)
number3= val(Text3.Text)
Total=number1+number2+number3
Average=Total/5
Label1.Caption=Total
Label2.Caption=Average
End Sub
khwpfSf; F g; ngWkhdq; f isf; nfhLj; j y;

Dim mwptpgG
; fisg; gad;gLj;jpg; gy;NtW khwpfis mwptpjj
; gpd; ehk; ,e;j khwpfSf;Fg;
ngWkhdq;fisf; nfhLf;f KbAk;.
xU xg;gilapd; nghJthd tbtkhdJ
khwp (Variable) = vz;ZUf;Nfhit (Expression)
xU khwpahdJ mwptpf;fg;glf;$ba khwpahf my;yJ Xu; fl;Lg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg;
ngWkhdkhf ,Uf;f KbAk;. vz;ZUf;Nfhit> xU fzpj vz;ZUf;Nfhitahf.
xU ,yf;fkhf> xU fapwhf (String)> xU g+ypad; ngWkhdkhf (cz;ik my;yJ
jtW) kw;Wk; ,J Nghd;wdthf ,Uf;f KbAk;. gpd;tUtd rpy cjhuzq;fshFk;.
firstNumber=100
secondNumber=firstNumber-99
rojani=”Sunimal”
userpass.Text = password
Label1.Visible = True
Command1.Visible = false
Label4.Caption = textbox1.Text
ThirdNumber = Val(usernum1.Text)
total = firstNumber+secondNumber+ThirdNumber
g]; f hy; khwpfSk; juT tiffSk;

tiutpyf; f zq; f s;
• khwp: jutpd; jw;fhypf Nrkpg;ig toq;FfpwJ.
• juT tif: xU khwpapy; Nrkpf;fg;glTs;s jutpd; tifia tiuaWf;fpwJ.
• VAR Heading : xt;nthU khwpAk; xU juT tifia toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; xU
jdpjj
; ngaiuAk; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. VAR Heading gFjpapy; khwpfs; ntspgg
; Lj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
120
g]; f hy; juT tiffspd; NkNyhl; l khd ghu; i t
ngau; jutpd; tif cjhuzq;fs;

nghUs; tupir thrfj;ij itj;jpUf;Fk; 'New ork", 'Evan"
KO vz; KO vz;fis itj;jpUf;Fk; 3> 6> 1024
cz;ik jrk vz;fis itj;jpUf;Fk; 3> 14> 503.2
g+ypad; cz;ik my;yJ jtW vd;gtw;iw TRUE, FALSE
itj;jpUf;Fk;.
vOj;JU xU xw;iw vOj;JUit itj;jpUf;Fk; 'A', 'e'
xU nghUs; tupir khwpia ntspg;gLj;Jifapy;> toikahf ePq;fs; mjd; mjpAau;

ePsj;ij (1 - 255) Rl;bf;fhl;LfpwPu;fs;. cjhuzj;jpw;F 25 vOj;JUf;fs; kl;by; gpbj;J
itj;jpUf;fj;jf;f City vdf; $wg;gLk; xU khwpia cUthf;f ePq;fs; mr;rbf;f
Ntz;baJ City: String[25] xU mjpAau; mstpid cl;gLj;jhtpl;lhy; nghUs;
tupirahdJ xU mjpAau; msT jtW =255 ,dhy; jug;gLk;.
khWk; tP r ; R f; f s;
juT tif Fiwe; j ngWkhdk; cau; ngWkhdk;

KO vz; -32> 768 32> 767
ePz;l KO vz; -2> 147> 483> 648 2> 147> 487> 647
FWfpa KO vz; - 128 128
cz;ikahd 2'9 x 10E-39 1'7 x 10E+38
milahsk; fhz; g tu; ngau; f s;

vy;yh miahsq;fhz;gtu; ngau;fSk;> epfo;r;rp epuw; ngau;fs; kw;Wk; khwpg; ngau;fs;
cl;gl gpd;tUk; tpjpfisg; gpd;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
• xU vOj;Jld; my;yJ fPo;f;Nfhl;Lld; (-) njhlq;f Ntz;Lk;.
• vOj;Jf;fs;> ,yf;fq;fs; my;yJ fPo;f;NfhL vd;gtw;iw khj;jpuk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
• VjhtJ ntw;Wntspfisf; nfhz;bUf;ff;$lhJ.
NtWgl;l juT tiffspd; rpy khwpfis tiuaWg;Nghk;: fapW> vOj;JUf;fs;> KO

vz;fs;> nka; kw;Wk; g+ypad;
var
age, year, grade : integer;
circumference : real;
LetterGrade : char;
DidYouFail : Boolean;
121
cjhuzk;: gy;NtW khwpfis mwptpg;Gr; nra;jy;
const
Name = ‘Dharma sri’;
FirstLetter = ‘a’;
Year = 2007;
pi = 3.1415926535897932;
UsingMozilla = TRUE;
cjhuzk;: ,U ,yf;fq;fisr; Nru;f;f g];fhy; epfo;r;rpepuy;
Program sum,
Var
a, b:Integer;
Sum:Real;
Begin
Writeln(‘Enter First Number’);
Readln(a);
Writeln(‘Enter Second Number’);
Readln(b);
Total:= (a+b);
Writeln(‘Total = ‘ ,total);
End.
cjhuzk; 2:
Ie;J KO vz;fspd; $l;Lj;njhiffisAk; ruhrupiaAk; fhz;f. $l;Lj;njhif
xU KO vz;zhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. kw;Wk; ruhrup nka;ahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Ie;J
,yf;fq;fSk;: 45> 7> 68> 2 kw;Wk; 34.
epfo;rr
; p epuyhy; iff;nfhs;sg;gl;l KO vz;fspd; njhifia nrhw;fs; %yk; Fwpg;gpl
xU khwpypiag; gad;gLj;Jf. cjhuzkhfg; ngWkjp 5 nfhz;l xU khwpypia
tiuaWf;f. gpd;G midj;ijAk; mr;rpLf. ntspg;ghlhdJ gpd;tUtJ Nghd;W Njhd;w
Ntz;Lk;.
Number of Integers = 5
,yf;fk; 1 = 45
,yf;fk; 2 = 75
,yf;fk; 3 = 68
,yf;fk; 4 =2
,yf;fk; 5 = 34
nkhj;jk; = 156
Average = 3.1200000000E + 01
122
g]; f hy; epfo; r ; r pepuy;
program SumAverage;
const
NumberOfIntegers = 5;
var
A, B, C, D, E : integer;
Sum : integer;
Average : real;
begin (* Main *)
A := 45;
B := 7;
C := 68;
D := 2;
E := 34;
Sum := A + B + C + D + E;
Average := Sum / NumberOfIntegers;
writeln (‘Number of integers = ‘, NumberOfIntegers);
writeln (‘Number1 = ‘, A);
writeln (‘Number2 = ‘, B);
writeln (‘Number3 = ‘, C);
writeln (‘Number4 = ‘, D);
writeln (‘Number5 = ‘, E);
writeln (‘Sum = ‘, Sum);
writeln (‘Average = ‘, Average)
end. (* Main *)
Mrpupau; f Sf; f hd mwpTWj; j y; f s;

fPNo cs;sthW nghUj;jkhd juTfisj; njupTnra;tJld; gha;r;ry; ml;ltiz
fisAk; gpd;gw;WkhW khztu;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
• epfo;r;rpepuy; vOjj; Njitahd khwpfisAk; khwpypfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jf.
• Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;f milahsq;fhZk; ngau;fisj; jUf.
• rupahd thf;fpa mikg;G cgNahfpj;J ,ufrpaf; FwpaPLfis tpsf;Ff.
123
gha;r;ry; ml;ltiz 01 gha;r;ry; ml;ltiz 02
,U vz;fisr; Nru;j;jy; gy;epiyiag; nghWj;J ~~Mz;||
my;yJ ~~ngz;|| vd mr;rpLf
njhlq;F njhlq;F
tho;j;J = Hello ghy; epiyia

cl;GFj;Jf.
(Mz; - cz;ik>
ngz; - jtW)
Kjy; KjnyOj;
ij cl;GFj;Jf.
ngz;
,y;iy ghy;epiy } cz;ik
filrp KjnyOj;
ij cl;GFj;Jf. vdpd;>
Mk;
tho;jj
; pid
mr;rbf;fTk; ~~ngz;|| vd ~~Mz;|| vd
KjnyOj;Jf;fSld; mr;rbf;f. mr;rbf;f.
ngau;
KbT
KbT
124
gha;r;ry; ml;tiz 03
xU milahsj;ij thrpj;J ruhrupia

mr;rbf;f.
njhlq;F
Kjy; vz;iz cl;GFj;Jf.
,uz;lhk; vz;iz cl;GFj;Jf.
ruhrupiaf; fhz;f.
ruhrupia mr;rbf;f.
KbT.
g]; f hypd; tpilfs;
gha;r;ry; ml;ltiz 01 ,w;fhd khwpapd; mwptpg;G

Const
Greeting = "Hellow;"
Var
First Initial : char;
Last Name , name with initials: String;

Var
gender : boolean;

Var
First - Number, Second - Number . interger;
Avarage : real;
125
VB ,y; tpilfs;
Const Greeting = "Hellow"
Dim First Initial as string
Dim Last Name, name with initials as String

Dim gender as boolean

Dim First - Number, Second - Number as interger
Dim Average as real
md; g hd MrpupaNu!
126
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 9.5 : cau;kl;l fzpdp nkhopfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epge;jidf;

Fl;gl;l ju;ff
; j;ijf; Fwpgg
; pLtjw;fhd ,ufrpaf; FwpaL
P fis
milahsq; fhz;ghu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• ,ay; t jhd gadhspf; f hd juTfisg; ngw; W khwpfSf; F cs; s P l ; L g;
ngWkhdq;fisg; ngWthu;.
• ntspg;ghl;bid thrpf;fj;jf;fjhfTk; fUj;Js;sjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;gb tbtikg;ghu;.
• xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s mwptpg;Gf;fs;> fzpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; ju;ff
; uPjpahd nraw;ghLfSf;
fhfr; rupahd nrhw;nwhlu; mikg;ig cgNahfpg;ghu;.
• xU gpur;rpidapy; jPu;tpd; mk;rq;fs; kw;Wk; kWgfu;g;G gbKiwfs; vd;gtw;iw
milahsq; fhz;ghu;.
• ju;f;fj;ijf;Fwpf;fg; nghUj;jkhd njupTKiwapd; mD$yj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

<LgLj; j y;
gpd;tUk; vz;zg;ghLfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; xU fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf.
• ntt;NtW fzpg;Gfisr;nra;tjw;F tpj;jpahrkhd ,af;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
ο fzpj ,af;fpfs; (+, -, /, *, mod, div, ^)
ο njhlu;GW ,af;fpfs; (<, >, =, <=, >=, <>, /=)
ο ju;f;fuPjpahd ,af;fpfs; ^AND, OR, NOT&
• cs;sPl;L mwptpg;G> khwpg; ngWkhdq;fisg; ngWtjw;Fk; xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;Fk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• ntspg;ghl;L mwptpg;G> nra;jpfisAk; khWgLk; ngWkhdq;fisAk; fhl;Ltjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• epge; j idAldhd mwptpg; G fs; (if, if else, case) KbTfis vLf; F k; N ghJ
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
• kWgfu;g;G mwptpg;Gfs;> gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfspy; tisaq;fis khw;Wtjw;Fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

cau;kl;lf; fzpdp epfo;r;rpepuy; nkhopfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epge;jidf;fike;j
ju;f;fj;jpw;Fr; rhu;ghd ,ufrpaf; FwpaPLfis milahsq; fhz;ghu;.
• epfo;rr ; pjj
; pll
; nkhopapd; cs;sl
P L
; kw;Wk; ntspgg
; hl;Lr; nrhw;nwhlu;fis milahsq;
fhz;gjd; nghUl;L jug;gl;l thrpg;Gf; Nfhitiag; gbf;f.
• epfo;r;rpepuy; nkhopapy; cgNahfpf;fg;gLk; nraw;ghLfis mq;fPfupAq;fs;.
127
• vt;thW epge;jidfs; jpUg;jpahf;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijg; gupNrhjpAq;fs;.
• epfo;r;rpepuy; nkhopapy; vt;thW kWgfu;g;Gg; gzpfs; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd? kw;Wk;
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?
• nrhw;nwhlupid milahsq;fhZq;fs;. mj;Jld; vt;thW mit tiuaWf;fg;
gLfpd;wd?
ο Visual Basic I cgNahfpj;J my;yJ>
ο g];fhy; epfo;r;rp epuy; nkhopia cgNahfpj;J
• KO tFg;gpw;Fk; cq;fsJ fz;lha;Tfisr; nra;Kiwapy; fhl;Ljtw;fhd xU
rku;g;gpg;igj; jahupAq;fs;.
ghltplaq; f isj; njspTgLj; J k; mk; r q; f s; :

• xt;nthU FOitAk; jkJ fz;lha;Tfisr; rku;g;gpf;FkhW Nfl;Lf;nfhs;f.
• rku; g ; g pg; g hsu; f is mtu; f shfNt KjyhtJ tpupthf; f iyr; nra; t jw; F
Maj;jkhf;Ff.
• Vida FOf;fis mtu;fspd; Mf;fG+u;tkhd mgpg;gpuhaq;fis toq;FkhW tpUk;gp
miof;f.
• khztu;fspd; Ntiyia cgNahfpj;J ghlj;jpd; njhFg;gpid toq;Ff.
ο cs;sL P
ο ntspg;ghL
ο khwpfSf;Fg; ngWkhdq;fisf; nfhLj;jy;
ο nraw;ghLfs; - vz;fzpj> njhlu;ghd> ju;f;fuPjpahd
ο njhlup
ο njupT (if then, if then else, case)
ο kW gfu;g;Gfs; (for, while, repeat)
thrpg; G f; N fhit
Visual Basic ,af;fpfs;
gadhspfsplkpUe;J cs;sPLfisf; fzf;fpLtjw;Fk; KbTfis cUthf;Ftjw;Fk;
ehk; gy;NtW fzpj uPjpahd ,af;fpfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; Njit cs;sJ. Visual Basic
,y; + kw;Wk; - I tplTk;> ,af;fpfSf;fhf cs;s FwpaL
P fs; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW
rhjhuz fzpjuPjpahd ,af;fpfspypUe;J tpj;jpahrkhditahf cs;sd.
vz; fzpj ,af;fpfs;

,af; f p fzpj rhu;G cjhuzk;
^ mLf;F 2^4 = 16
* ngUf;fy; 4*3 = 12
/ gpupj;jy; 12/4 = 3
Mod Fzfk; (xO KO vz; gpupj;jypypUe;jhd kPjp) 15 Mod 4 = 3
\ KO vz; gpupj;jy; (jrk jhdq;fisf; fUj;jpy; 19\4 = 4
nfhs;shJ
+ or & ruL rq;fpypj; njhlu; Nfhit "Visual" & "Basic"
} "Visual Basic"
128
cjhuzk; 1:
Dim first Name as String
Dim second Name as String
Dim your Name as String
Private Sub Command 1 - click ( )
first Name } Text 1. Text
second Name } Text 2. Text
your Name } Second Name + " " + first name
Lable 1. Caption = your Name
End Sub
,e;j cjhuzj;jpy; %d;W khwpfs; String Mff; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. khwpfSf;fhf

Kjw;ngau; kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; ngau; vd;gd gadhspapd; cs;sPl;bypUe;J mtw;wpd;
juitg; ngw;W Text 1. Text kw;Wk; Text 2. Text vd;gtw;Wf;Fs; ,Lfpd;wd. mj;Jld; your
Name vd;Dk; khwpahdJ Kjy; ,uz;L khwpfisAk; Nru;g;gjd; fhuzkhf jutpid
xJf;fpf; nfhLf;Fk;. ,Wjpahf Lable 1 ,y; your Name MdJ fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
cjhuzk; 2
Dim number 1, number 2, number 3 as s......
Dim total, average as variant
Private sub form - click
number 1 } val (Text 1. Text)
Total } number 1 + number 2 + number 3
average } Total $5
Label 1. caption } Total
Label 2. caption } average
End Sub
Nkw;fz;l cjhuzj;jpy; %d;W khwpfs; xU KO vz;zhf mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

kw;Wk; ,uz;L khwpfs; khw;WU (Variant) thf mwptpf;fg;gl;bUf;fpd;wd. khwWU
vd;gJ me;j khwpahdJ VJnkhU vz;rhu;e;j juT tifiag; gw;wpajhapUf;f
KbAk;. epfo;r;rp epuyhdJ %d;W thrfg; ngl;bfSf;Fs;Sk; cl;GFj;jg;gLk; %d;W
,yf;fq;fspdJk; nkhj;jk; kw;Wk; ruhrupiaf; fzpf;fpd;wJ. vjpu;tUk; ghlq;fspy;
fzpj uPjpahd ,af;fpfs; kw;Wk; rkd;ghLfis cgNahfpj;J vt;thW kpfTk; rpf;fyhd
VB epfo;r;rp epuy;fis vOjyhk; vd;gJ gw;wpg; ghu;g;Nghk;.
129
epfo; r ; r pepuy; gha; r ; r iyf; fl; L g; g Lj; j jy;
epge;jidf;Fl;gl;l ,af;fpfs;
VB epfo;r;rp epuw; gha;r;riyf; fl;Lg;gLj;jtw;F ehk; gy;NtW epge;jidf;Fl;gl;l
,af;fpfisg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. mbg;gilapy; mit fzpjtpay; ,af;fpfis
xj;jpUf;Fk;. epge;jidf;Fl;gl;l ,af;fpfs; kpfTk; rf;jptha;e;j fUtpfshFk;. mit
VB epfo;r;rpepuiy juTg; ngWkhdq;fis xg;gpl ,lkspf;fpd;wd. mj;Jld; vd;d
eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;Lnkdj; jPu;khdpf;fTk; epfo;r;rpepuiyf; nfhz;L elj;JtNjh
my;yJ mjid Kbj;J itg;gNjh vd;gijAk; jPu;khdpf;Fk; ,t;tpj ,af;fpfs; fPNo
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
,af;fp fUj; J
= rkd;
> tplg;ngupJ
< tplr;rpwpJ
>= ngupJk; rkKk;
<= rpwpJk; rkKk;
<> rkkhdJ my;y
epge; j idAldhd ,af; f pfs;

ePq;fs; Nkw;fhl;ba ,af;fpfis fapW clDk; xg;gpl KblAk;. vt;thnwdpDk; rpy
tpjpfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. ngupa vOj;Jf;fs; rpwpa vOj;jf;fis tplf;
Fiwe;jit "A"<"B"<"C"<"D"....."Z" mj;Jld; ,yf;fq;fs; vOj;Jf;fis tplf; Fiwe;jit.
ju;f;f uPjpahd ,af;fpfs;

epge;jidAldhd ,af;fpfSld; VB epfo;rr; pepuy;fSf;Fr; rf;jpia Nkyjpfkhf toq;Fk;
rpy ju;f;fuPjpahd ,af;fpfs; cs;sd. ,itfs; fPNo fhl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
,af; f p fUj; J
AND ,U gf;fq;fSk; cz;ikahditahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
OR xU gf;fk; my;yJ kWgf;fk; cz;ikahapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
XOR xU gf;fk; my;yJ kWgf;fk; cz;ikahapUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
NOT cz;ikf;F vjpuhdJ.
,af;fpfNshL If, Then,Else mwptpg;Gfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;

VB epfo;r;rpepuypd; gha;r;riyj; jpwDld; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F ehk; If... Then... Else
mwptpg;GfSld; $l epge;jidAldhd ,af;fpfSld; ju;f;f uPjpahd ,af;fpfisAk;
cgNahfpf;f KbAk;. If... Then... Else mwptpg;Gfspd; nghJthd tbtkhdJ
130
If Conditions Then
VB expressions
Else
VB expressions
End If
VjhtJ If, Then, Else expressions End If cld; Kba Ntz;Lk;. Else I cgNahfpff
; Ntz;ba
mtrpak; ,y;iy.
cjhuzk; :
Private Sub OK_Click()
firstnum = Val(usernum1.Text)
secondnum = Val(usernum2.Text)
total = Val(sum.Text)
If total = firstnum + secondnum And Val(sum.Text) <> 0 Then
correct.Visible = True
wrong.Visible = False
Else
correct.Visible = False
wrong.Visible = True
End If
End Sub
nghJ Kiw cUtj;ij ((Case)) njupjy;

epiwa epge; j idf; F l; g l; l mwptpg; G fs; cz; l hapd; (If, Then, Else vd; g tw; i w
cgNahfpj;J) mJ kpfTk; Fog;gkhf ,Ue;JtpLk;. gy;tif epge;jidf;Fl;gl;l
mwptpg;GfSf;F Select Case Ig; gad;gLj;JtJ ey;yJ. mjw;fhd tbt mikg;ghdJ@
Select Case expresion
Case value 1
Block of one or more VB statemants
Case value 2
131
Case value 3
Case value 4
Else
VB
End Select
(The data type specified in the expresion must match that of case values)
rhu;gpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lg;gl;l juT tif Case ngWkhdq;fSld; xj;Jtu

Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk; 1
Examination Grades
Dim grade As String
Private Sub Compute_Click( )
grade=txtgrade.Text
Select Case grade
Case “A”
result.Caption=”High Distinction”
Case “A-”
result.Caption=”Distinction”
Case “B”
result.Caption=”Credit”
Case “C”
result.Caption=”Pass”
Case Else
result.Caption=”Fail”
End Select
juk; vd;gJ string MFnkd;gjijf; ftdpf;f. MfNt '"A" Nghd;w case ngWkhdq;f
nsy;yhk; String juT tifahdit.
132
cjhuzk; 2
Dim mark As Single
Private Sub Compute_Click()
‘Examination Marks
mark = mrk.Text
Select Case mark
Case Is >= 85
comment.Caption = “Excellence”
Case Is >= 70
comment.Caption = “Good”
Case Is >= 60
comment.Caption = “Above Average”
Case Is >= 50
comment.Caption = “Average”
Case Else
comment.Caption = “Need to work harder”

End Select
End Sub
Fwpg;G: ehk; epge;jidfis Nkw;nghUj;j Key word Ig; ghtpf;fpNwhk;. ,J nghJthf

vz;rhu; juTfSf;fhfg; nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
cjhuzk; 3
cjhuzk; 2 gpd;tUkhW kPs vOjg;gl KbAk;.
Dim mark As Single
mark = mrk.Text
133
epiyikia milahskpLtijj; njupT nra;f.
Case 0 ,ypUe;J 49 tiu
comment.Caption = “Need to work harder”
Case 50 to 59
comment.Caption = “Average”
Case 60 to 69
comment.Caption = “Above Average”

Case 70 to 84
comment.Caption = “Good”
Case Else
comment.Caption = “Excellence”
End Select
End Sub
g]; f hypd; ,ufrpaf; FwpaP L

jPukhdq;fis vLj;jy;
mNef epfo;rr; pepuy;fs;> jPuk
; hdq;fs; vLf;fj; Njitahd cs;sd. g];fhypd; nkhopapy;
gy;NtW mwptpg;Gfs; ,jw;fhf cs;sd. 'IF' mwptpg;ghdJ mtw;Ws; xd;W MFk;. fPNo
gl;baw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s njhlu;GW ,af;fpfs;> gy;NtW khwpfis my;yJ ngWkhdq;fis
NtW khwpfNshL xg;gplL ; g; guPlr
; pff
; xU epfo;rr
; p epuw;gLj;Jgtu;fF
; tha;gG
; j; jUfpdw
; d.
= rkk;
> tplg; ngupJ
< tplr; rpwpJ
<> rkkpy;iy
<= tplr;rpwpJ my;yJ rkkhdJ
>= tplg;ngupJ my;yJ rkkhdJ
IF THEN g];fhy; mwptpg;Gf;fhd tbtkhdJ

if condition_is_true then)
execute_this_program_statement;
epge;jidahdJ (cjhuzk;: A<5) mJ cz;ikahdjh vdg;ghu;f;f kjpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

epge;jid cz;ikahf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ epfo;r;rpepuy; mwptpg;G epiwNtw;wg;gLk;. me;j
epge;jid cz;ikaw;wjhapUf;Fk;NghJ gpujhd nrhy; then Ij; njhlu;e;JtUk;
epfo;r;rpepuy; mwptpg;Gg; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLk;.
134
program IF_DEMO (input, output); {Program demonstrating IF THEN statement}
var number, guess : integer;
begin
number := 2;
writeln(‘Guess a number between 1 and 10’);
readln( guess );
if number = guess then writeln(‘You guessed correctly. Good on you!’);
if number <> guess then writeln(‘Sorry, you guessed wrong.’)
end.
,e;j epfo;r;rpepuy; nraw;gLk; gbahdNghJ Kbthd ntspg;ghL vd;d?
program FOR_TEST ( output );
var s, j, k, I, l : integer;
begin
s := 0;
for j:= 1 to 5 do
begin
write( j );
s := s + j
end;
writeln( s );
for k := 0 to 1 do write( k );
for I := 10 downto 1 do writeln( I );

j := 3; k := 8; l := 2;
for I := j to k do writeln( I + l )
end.
Case mwptpg;G
mNef If else mwptpg;Gf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk; ,ufrpaf; FwpaPl;il kPs vOj ,e;j Case
mwptpgG ; mDkjpff ; pwJ. ,jdhy; epfo;rr
; pepuiyj; ju;ff
; tbtpy; nra;tJld; thrpgg
; jw;Fk;
kpfTk; ,yFthf cs;sJ.
If else mwptpg;Gf;fisg; gad;gLj;jp vOjg;gl;l gpd;tUk; ,ufrpaf; FwpaPl;Lg; gFjpiaf;
fUJf.
135
if operator = ‘*’ then result := number1 * number2
else if operator = ‘/’ then result := number1 / number2
else if operator = ‘+’ then result := number1 + number2

else if operator = ‘-’ then result := number1 – number2
else invalid_operator = 1;
Rewriting this using case statements,

case operator of
‘*’ : result:= number1 * number2;
‘/’ : result:= number1 / number2;

‘+’ : result:= number1 + number2;
‘-’ : result:= number1 – number2;
otherwise invalid_operator := 1
end;
Fwpf;fg;gl;l xt;nthU ngWkhdj;jpNdhLk; ,af;fpfs; ngWkhdk; xg;gplg;gLk;. ,jpy;

,zf; f k; Vw; g Lkplj; J mt; t pzf; f j; Njhbize; j epfo; r ; r pepuy; mwptpg; G f; f s;
epiwNtw;wg;gLk;. ,af;fpAld; ,zf;fg;ghL Vw;glhjtplj;J mJ mLj;j ngWkhdj;Jld;
xg;gplg;gLk;. Otherwise vDk; thf;fpag; gFjpapd; Nehf;fkhtJ Fwpg;gpl;l re;ju;gg
; q;fspy;
Vjhtnjhd;Wld; ,af;fp ,zq;fhj tplj;J> nghUj;jkhd eltbf;if vLg;gij
cWjpg;gLj;JtjhFk;.
xU khwpypf;F vjpuhf khwpia ePq;fs; xg;gpl Ntz;Lk;. vt;thwhapDk; re;jug;gq;fis
(Cases) fPNo fhl;lg;gl;l gb FOthf;f KbAkhFk;.
case user_request of
‘A’, ‘a’ : call_addition_subprogram;
‘s’, ‘S’ : call_subtraction_subprogram;

end;
1: program LoopADoop2;
2:
3: var
4: x: integer;
5:
6: begin
7: x := 1;
8: while x <= 5 do
9: x := x + 1;
10: Writeln(x);
11:
12: x := 1;
13: repeat
14: x := x + 1;
15: until x >= 5;
16: Writeln(x);
17: end.
136
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 9.6 : vspa gpurpdq;fisj; jPu;f;f njupTnra;ag;gl;l cau;kl;l

nkhopfisj; jpwDs;s tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• jug;gl;l gpur;rpidfiaj; jPu;f;f xU epfo;r;rpepuy; vOJthu;.
• jPu;tpidj; jpl;lkpLjypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;gpl;Lf; nfhs;thu;.
• gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;f;f xU gha;r;ry; ml;ltizia tiuthu;.
• xU gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;f;fg; nghUj;jkhd gbKiwfis milahsq; fhz;ghu;.
• ju;f;fj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf ,Uf;fj;jf;f xU nghUj;jkhd Kiwiaj; Nju;tjpd;
mD$yq;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

<LgLj; j y;
gpd;tUk; vz;zg;ghLfis ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; xU fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf.
• fzpdpapd; gad;ghl;bdhy; fzpjuPjpahd gpurpdq;fs; jPu;f;fg;gl KbAk;.
• fl;Lg;ghl;L epu;khzk;
ο njhlup
ο njupT
ο kPs;gfu;T vd;gdthf ,Uf;fyhk;.
• xU jdpj;j gpur;rpid> xd;W my;yJ mijtpl Nkyhd ,t;thwhd fl;Lg;ghl;L
epu;khzq;fisf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;.
cau;kl;l nkhopfis cgNahfpj;J gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfs; fzpdp epfo;r;rp
epuy;fshf khw;wg;gl KbAk;.

gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfis tiue;J gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd fzpdp epfo;r;rp
epuy;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;Nthk;.
• cq;fs; FOTf;F xg;gilf;fg;l;Ls;s gpd;tUk; gpur;rpidfisf; fUJf.
ο ,U ,yf;fq;fis thrpj;J vspa fzpj ,af;fpfshy; (+, -, x, /) fPNo jug;gl;l ju
ml;ltizf;F mike;jjhf gupRf;fhd Gs;spfspd; juhjuj;ij mwpf.
Gs; s p juk;
>=75 D
50-74 C
35-49 S
00-34 F
ο ,Ugbr;rkd;ghl;bidj; jPu;f;f.
ο xU ,yf;fj;jpd; fhuzp vz;izf; fhz;f.
137
• Kjypy; cq; f splk; xg; g ilf; f g; g l; l gpur; r pidiaj; jP u ; f ; f xU gha; r ; r y;
ml;ltizia tiuf.
• gpd;G fzpdpapd; %yk; gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;f;f xU epfo;r;rpia vOJf. ,jw;F
g];fhy; my;yJ VB I epfo;r;rp nkhopahff; nfhs;f.
• ,Wjp mku;tpd;NghJ xU Gj;jhf;f rku;g;gpg;ig Kd;itf;fj; jahu;gLj;Jf.
ghltplaq; f isj; njspTgLj; J k; mk; r q; f s; :

• xt;nthU FOitAk; jkJ fz;lha;Tfisr; rku;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lq;fs;.
• KjyhtJ tpupj;jiy mtu;fshfNt rku;g;gpg;gtu;fis Maj;jk; nra;aTk;.
• Mf;fg+u;tkhd mgpgg
; puhaq;fis toq;f Vida FOtpdu;fSf;F miog;G tpLq;fs;.
• khztu;fspd; Ntiyfisg; gad;gLj;jg; ghlj;jpd; njhFg;Giuia epfo;j;Jq;fs;.
• gpd;tUtdtw;iw ntspf;nfhzUk; tifapy; xU fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jq;fs;.
ο gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfis cgNahfpj;J vspa fzpjuPjpahd gpur;rpidfis
tiuglkhff; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.
,U epfo;r;rpepuy; nkhopapid cgNahfpj;J gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfs; epfo;r;rpj;

jpl;lq;fshf khw;wg;gLk;.
MrpupaUf; f hd mwpTWj; j y;
138
epfo;r;rpepuy; 01 - - vspa fzpj ,af;fpfs;

Start
Program maths(input, output);
Var
number1, number2: integer;
Input number 1 total, subtract, multiply, division: real;
Begin
Input number 1 Writeln(‘Enter the First Number’);
Readln(number1);
Writeln(‘Enter the Second Number’);
Readln(number2);
Total = number 1+ number 2 total:=number1+number2;
subtract:=number2-number1;
multiply :=number1*number2;
division:= number2/number1;
Subtract = number 1- number 2
Writeln( number1, ‘+’, number2,’ = ‘,total:6:2);
Writeln( number2, ‘-’, number1,’ = ‘,subtract:6:2);
Writeln( number1, ‘x’, number2,’‘,multiply:6:2);
Multiply = number 1* number 2 Writeln( number2, ‘/ ’, number1, ’ = ‘,division:6:2);
Readln;
End.
Division = number 1/number 2 VB epfo; r ; r pepuy;
Dim number1, number2 as Integer

Print Total Dim total, subtract, multiply, division as variant
Private sub Form_Click
number1=val(Text1.Text)
Print Subtract number2=val(Text2.Text)
Total=number1+number2
subtract = number2-number1
Print Multiply multiply=number1*number2
division=number2/number1
Label1.Caption=Total
Print Division Label2.Caption=subtract
Label3.Caption= multiply
Label4.Caption=division
Stop End Sub
139
epfo;r;rpepuy; 02 - - Gs;spfisj; jug;gLj;jy;
gha;r;ry; ml;ltiz
Start
Input Marks
Marks >=75 yes
No Grade = D
Marks >=50 yes
No Grade = C
Marks >=35 yes
No Grade = S
Grade = F
Print Grade
Stop
140
Program Marks(Input,Output);
Var
Mark:Integer;
Begin
Writeln(‘Enter Marks :’);

Readln(mark);
IF mark >=75 Then
Writeln( ‘Grade =D’)

Else if mark>= 50 Then
Writeln( ‘Grade =C’)
Else if mark>= 35 Then

Writeln( ‘Grade = S’)
Else
Writeln (‘Grade=F’);
End.
VB epfo; r ; r pepuy;
Dim mark As Single
mark = Val (mrk.Text)

Select Case mark
Case Is >= 75
comment.Caption = “D”
Case Is >= 50
comment.Caption = “C”
Case Is >= 35
comment.Caption = “S”
Case Else
comment.Caption = “F”
End Select
End Sub
141
epfo;r;rpepuy; 03 - - xU ,Ugbr; rkd;ghl;bd; khjpupj; jPu;T
gha;r;ry; ml;ltiz
Start
Root 1 = - b + (b2-4ac)
Input a, b & c 2a
Root 2 = - b - (b2-4ac)
2
Us b -4ac>=0
yes
2a
No
Output Root 1
No real roots Root 2
Stop
option explicit
program quadratic; Dim a,b,c As Variant
uses wincrt;
Dim x1,x2,t As Variant
var
a,b,c : real; Private Sub Find Root_Click ()
t,r1,r2 : real; a=Val(Text1.text)
begin b=Val(Text2.text)
writeln(‘enter a’);
c=Val(Text3.text)
readln (a);
writeln(‘enter b’); t=(b*b-4*a*c)
readln (b); If t>=0 Then
writeln(‘enter c’); x1=(-b+(t)^0.5)/(2*a)
readln (c); x2=(-b-(t)^0.5)/(2*a)
t := b*b-4*a*c;
Label6.caption=x1
if t>=0 then
begin Label7.caption=x2
r1:= (-b+sqrt(t))/(2*a); Else
r2:= (-b-sqrt(t))/(2*a); Label6.caption=”no real roots”
writeln(‘root1 =’,r1 :8:2);
End If
writeln(‘root2 =’,r2 :8:2);
end End Sub
else Private Sub Clear_Click()
writeln(‘no real roots’); Text1.text=””
end.
Text2.text=””
Text3.text=””
Label6.caption=””
Label7.caption=””
End Sub
142
epfo;r;rpepuy; 04 - - jug;gl;l xU ,yf;fjpd; Factorial
Start
Factorial }1 program Factorial_test;

uses wincrt;
var
Input Number Counter:integer;
Factorial:real;
Factorial } Factorial Begin
number Factorial := 1;
Readln(counter);
while Counter > 0 do
number } number 1 begin
Factorial := Factorial *Counter;
Counter := Counter – 1;
No
number > 0 end;
Writeln(Factorial:8:2);
No
End.
Print Factorial
Stop
Private sub Fact_click()

Dim factorial As long
Dim counter As integer
factorial=1
counter=Val(Text1.text)
While (Counter>0)
factorial=factorial*counter
counter=counter-1
Wend
Print “Factorial”; Text1.text; “=”, factorial
End sub
143
Nju; ; r ; r p 10.0 : ntw;wpfukhd tho;Tf;F ICT I tpidj;jpwDlDk;
gad;jUk; tifapYk; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 10.1 : Njrpa mgptpUj;jpia Kd;dpWj;jp ICT ,d; gq;fspg;ig

tpsf;Fthu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> tptrhak; kw;Wk; tpahghug; gFjpfspy; ICT ,d; gad;ghl;il
tpgupg;ghu;.
• tpj;jpahrkhd Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf ICT fUtpifsj; njupe;Jnfhs;Sk; Njitia
Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
• gy fsq;fspy; gad;ghLila gy;NtW ICT fUtpfspd; cfe;j jd;ikia
NtWgLj;Jthu;.
ntt;NtW %stsq;fspypUe;J Njitahdgb ,ay;jFk; jfty;fis kPs Muha;thu;.
te;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; (on-line) Ntiy tha;g;Gfisj; NjLthu;.

• ICT MdJ fpuhkg;Gwq;fspYs;s gbj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> %ytsq;fis xJf;FjypYk;>
njhiyf;fy;tpa+lhfTk;> <- fw;wy; kw;Wk; te;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk; ghlnewpfspD}lhfTk;
tha;g;Gfis toq;FfpwJ.
• fy; t p Kfhikj; J tj; njhFjpapy; te; J nfhz; b Uf; F k; ( Online examinations)
guPli
; rfis elhj;Jjy;> MNyhrid mku;Tfs;> fye;Jiuahly;fs; kw;Wk; gjpTfis
itj;jpUj;jy; vd;gd rhj;jpakhFk;.
• fhe;jtifg; gupthf;fp (MR) Ez;zha;T kw;Wk; CAT Ez;zha;T Nghd;w ICT
fUtpfis cgNahfpg; g jhy; itj; j pau; f Sk; NehahspfSk; Neha; f isf;
fz;lwptjw;Fk;/milahsq; fhz;gjw;Fkhd njspthd glq;fis vLf;fTk; KbAk;.
jtWfisAk; Fiwf;fyhk;.
• itj;jpaj;Jiwf; fy;tpapy; cUg;Nghypfs; ( Simulations)> itj;jpau;fSf;Fk;
itj;jpaj;Jiw khztu;fSf;Fk; cz;ik tho;fi ; ff;F mz;kpjj
; hd mDgtq;fisj;
juty;yjhfpd;wd.
• njhiy itj;jpak; gazj;jpdJk;> rhjdq;fspJk; nrytpdj;ijf; Fiwf;fpd;wJ.
• njhiy itj;jpakhdJ itj;jpau;fisAk; epGzu;fisAk; njhlu;GgLj;jTk;
MNyhrid ngwTk; vkf;F cjTfpd;wJ.
• ICT MdJ re;ij tpiyfs; gw;wpa jfty;fis tptrha r%fq;fs; kj;jpapy;
gug;Gtjw;Fk;> kPs; Muha;r;rpf;Fk;> Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; mDgtk;>
gpwg;Gapupayhy; Nkk;gl;l cw;gj;jpfSf;Fk; ,ay;tjhd toprikf;fpwJ.
• ICT MdJ mWtilia mjpfupf;f tptrhaj;jpw;fhd thdpiyj; jfty;fisj;
jUfpd;wJ.
• fzpdpf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rhjdq;fs;> Kl;ilfis milfhj;jYf;Fk; ghy; fpUkp
ePf;fk; nra;tjw;Fk; Efu;Nthu; re;ijf;fhf cjTfpd;wJ.
144
• kf;fspd; mdhtrpa gazq;fisf; Fiwf;fpd;wJ.
• te; J nfhz; b Uf; F k; ( on-line) nghUs; nfhs; t dT (Shopping) nra; j yhdJ
thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F ,yFthFtJld; Njitiaf; NfhUtjw;Fk; tPlL ; f;fjtbapNy
nghUs;fisf; nfhz;Lte;J jUtjw;Fk; tif nra;fpd;wJ.
• jhdpaq;fp gzk; jUk; nghwp (ATM) kw;Wk; fld; ml;il trjpfis cgNahfpg;gjhy;
tq;fp NtiyahdJ ve;jNeuj;jpYk; rhj;jpakhdjhfpwJ. Mifahy; ifapNy
gzj;ijf; nfhz;L jpupa Ntz;ba Njit vg;NghJk; fpilahJ.
• xU egu; ghuk;gupakhd mYtyfj;jpy; milgl;bUf;f Ntz;ba Njitapy;iy.
mtu;fs; tPlb
; ypUe;jthNw njhiyNgrp> kbf;fzpdp vd;gtw;iw cgNahfpjJ ; jq;fs;
gzpfisr; nra;a KbAk;.
thrpg; G f; N fhit
jfty; kw; W k; njhlu; g hly; njhopy; E l; g Kk; ( ICT) r%fKk;

- Xu; mwpKfk;
,e;j myfhdJ ICT ,w;Fk; r%fj;jpw;FkpilNaahd njhlu;gpid mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ.
ftdkhd nfhs;if uPjpahd gpujpgypg;Gj; Njitg;gLk; xU nrhy;yhfpa ~~r%fk;||
vDk; vz;zf;fUitf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $whky; ICT I ehk; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbahJ.
,e;j myfhdJ ICT ,d; njhlu;ghd nghUspay;> r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhuf; nfhs;iffis
mjdhy; Muha;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld; NtWgl;l ghu;itfspypUe;J ICT gw;wp vz;Ztjw;F
khztu;fis Cf;Ftpf;fpwJ.
ICTMdJ njhlu;e;J khWghlile;J nfhz;Lk; Kd;Ndw;wkile;J nfhz;Ls;sJ.

tpQ;QhdpfSk; nghwpapayhsu;fSk; ehq;fs; cgNahfpf;fTk; mDgtpf;fTk; Gjpa
njhopy;El;gq;fisg; gilj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gNj ,jw;fhd fhhuzkhFk;.
cjhuzj;jpwF ; fle;j 50 Mz;L fhyj;jpy; gpdt

; Uk; njhopyE
; l;gq;fs; nghJthditahf
te;jpUf;fpd;wd.
• jdpegu; fzpdpfs;
• nry;yplj; njhiyNgrpfs;
• ,izak;
• itj;jpa Ez;zha;Tf; fUtpfs;
• nraw;iff; Nfhs;fs;
• Nyru;fs;
• CD kw;Wk; DVD
• njhiyf;fhl;rp
• jd;dpaf;f thfd kpd;dZtpay;
• ATM trjpfs; glk; 10.1.1
• fld; ml;ilfs;
145
fy; t papy ;
fy;tpapy; ICT gFjpahdJ ghlrhiyfspy; ICT ,idg;ngw;W gad;ngwTk;> ICT ,dhy;
fy;tp Nkk;glTk; KbAnkd cWjp $WfpwJ. ICT fy;tp cs;slf;fk;> Mrpupau; gapw;rp
kw;Wk; njhopy;El;gtpay; jpwd;fspd; mgptpUj;jp vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;JtJld;
nrytpdj;ijf; Fiwg;gJld; ,t;tpj Nritfis toq;Ftjw;Fk; fl;Lg;ghLfis
tpjpf;fpwJ. ICT fUtpfs; Clhf J}ug; gpuNjrq;fspYs;s khztu;fs; jq;fs;
Mrpupau;fSld; njhlu;Gl;L ,yj;jpudpay; fw;if nkhba+y;fisg; ngwf;$bajhapUf;Fk;.
mitfshy; ghuk;gupa tFg;giw eltbf;iffis Nkk;gLj;j ,aYk;. mNefkhd
gy; f iyf; f of tiyg; g f; f q; f s; te; J nfhz; b Uf; F k; ghlnewpfis cilad
thapUf;fpd;wd.
MdJ gpd;tUk; tiffspy; gpujhd gq;fspg;igr; nra;Js;sJ.

ICT
• fw; g pj; j ypy;
ο njhiyJ}u $l;Lr; nray;fSf;F mD$ykhd fzpdp Clfk; rhu;e;j
tiyNtiyfspD}lhf Mrpupau; njhopy; thz;ik mgptpUj;jpf;F Mjhukhf
,Uf;fpwJ.
ο njhopy;El;gj;ij cgNahfpj;J typjhf;fp kdg;ghlk; nra;Ak; mbg;gilapyhd
fw;gpj;jy; eilKiwfis cilj;njwpe;J ngUk;ghYk; khztu; ikakhf;fg;gl;l
fw;wpypd;ghy; fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jk; Nkw;nfhs;s MjhukhAs;sJ.
ο tFg;giwfspy; fzpdpfis cgNahfpj;J gpe;jpa ghlg; Gj;jfq;fs; kw;Wk;
fw;gpj;jy; Nfhitfis cld;tUk; toptiffspD}lhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
ο vz;zf njhopy;El;gq;fNshbize;j ,ilj;jhf;f thndhyp mwptpg;G (IRI)>
njhiyf;fhl;rp> kw;Wk; tPbNah epfo;rr ; pepuy;fs; vd;git Nghd;w $l;bizf;fg;gl;l
thndhypj; njhopy;El;gq;fis (Integrating broadcast technologies) gad;gLj;jp
xg;gilg;GfisAk; fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; fw;wy; nraw;ghLfspd; cs;slf;fj;ijAk;
Kd;Ndw;wkilar; nra;J nfhs;syhk;.
• fw; w ypy;
ο cs;ehl;bYk; ntspehl;bYKs;s khztu;fSld; $l;lhd nraw;ghLfis
khztu;fs; Kd;Ndw;wkhf Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf tiyNtiyfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
ο khztu;fSf;Ff; fw;wy; cs;slf;fk; kw;Wk; %ytsq;fis toq;Ftjw;Fk;
Kfhikg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; VJthd tof;fkhf xU ngupa mstpYs;s (me;j
mstP L kpf tpiuthff; Fiwe; J nfhz; L
tUfpwJ.) xU nkd;nghUs; nghjpahf fw;wy;
Kfhikj;Jtj; njhFjp (LMS) cs;sJ. mNef
LMS Mdit tiyaikg; g pd; mbg; g ilapy;
nraw;gLtjhy; fw;wYf;fhd cs;slf;fk; kw;Wk;
epu; t hfj; j pw; F ~~ve; j Neuj; j pYk; | |> ~~ve; j
,lj;jpYk;|| milag;glj;jf;f mD$yj;ijf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ.
ο Fiwe;jjhf LMS tof;fkhf khztu; gjpT> < -
fw; w y; ghlnewpfs; mtw; w pd; cs; s lf; f k;
glk; 10.1.2
146
vd;gtw;wpw;fhd jlj;jpw;Fk; mijg; ngWtjw;Fk; toprikf;fpd;wJ. mj;Jld;
gupNrhjpg;gjw;Fk;> Nghjid topg;gapw;rp tFg;Gfis Kfhik nra;tjw;Fk;
toprikf;fpwJ. LMSS ,d; ngUk;ghyhd tpupthf;fypy; xUtu; Nju;r;rp
Kfhikj;Jtk;> jpwd;fs; - ,ilntspg; gFg;gha;T> njhlu;r;rpahd jpl;lkply;>
rhd;Wg; gj;jpuq;fs; mspj;jy;> capu;g;ghd nka;ahd tFg;Gf;fs; (Virtual live
classes) vd;gdNghd;w fUtpfisf; fhz ,aYk;. MNyhrid mku;Tfs;
kw; W k; %ytsf; f l; l ikg; G k; (,lq; f s; > miwfs; > ghlg; G j; j fq; f s; >
Nghjdhrpupau;fs; Nghd;w) ,jw;Fs; mlq;Fk;. mNef njhFjpfs;> fw;gtu; Ra
- Nrit> jhNd Rakhf gjpT nra;jy; kw;Wk; ghlnewpfSf;F top Vw;gLj;Jjy;
vd;gtw;Wf;F toprikf;fpd;wd.
• fy;tpapay; Kfhikj;Jtk;
ο fy;tp xOq;fikg;gpd; epu;thfj;ij Nkk;gLj;j fy;tp Kfhikj;Jtj; jfty;
njhFjpfs; mgptpUj;jp nra;jy; (EMIS).
ο fw;wy; Kfhikj;Jtj; njhFjpfs;.
ο te;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk; cl;GFj;jg;gl;l mNef ghlnewpfs; mtw;wpd; guPli
; rfisAk;
(Online ,NyNa) elj;Jfpd;wJ.
ntspehl;by; epiynfhz;Ls;s xUru;tNjr $l;Lj;jhgdk; xU Gjpa fzpdpg;
gpuNahfj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; epiynfhz;bUf;Fk;. mtu;fsJ cj;jpNahfj;ju;fisg;
gapw;rp ngwitf;f tpUk;gf;$Lk;. rhjhuzkhf me;j cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; me;j
ehl;bw;Nf te;J gapw;rp ngwNtz;Lk;. Mdhy; ,g;NghJ me;j ntspehl;L
mYtyfk; ,q;Fs;s mYtyfj;NJhL xU tPbNah ,izg;ig xOq;FgLj;jpf;
nfhs;s KbAk;. mtu;fs; ,yq;ifapYs;s PC fSf;fhd njhiyf;fl;Lg;ghl;bid
xOq;FgLj;j KbAk;. mj;Jld; me;j ehl;bypUe;J gapw;rpnewpfis tPbNah
%yk; Neubahf elj;jyhk;. ,jdhy; xt;nthUtUk; ntw;wpailfpwhu;fs;.
Rfhjhuj;jpy; ICT
ICT ,d;
mgptpUj;jpapd; fhuzkhf Rfhjhug; gFjpAk; gy;NtW mk;rq;fspy; mgptpUj;jp
aile;Js;sJ.
• Njitaw; w gpuahzj; i jf; Fiwj; J tP l ; b ypUe; j thNw itj; j paNuhL
njhlu;Gnfhs;Sk; trjpapdhy; Nehahspapd; tho;it ,yFgLj;jpapUf;fpwJ.
• itj; j pau; f Sf; F Fzq; F wpawpjy; kw; W k; itj; j pa gupNrhjid vd; g d
,yFthdjhfTk; ek;gpf;iff;FupajhfTk; cs;sd.
• Njrpa Rfhjhuj;jpll ; j;jpd; Nehf;fq;fis mila %Nyhgha
njhlf;fq;fis epiyehl;Ltjhy; itj;jparhiy kw;Wk;
Ml;rpg;gFjp Nritfisf; fzpdpkag;gLj;j ICT MdJ
nra;w;wpl;lq;fspy; epu;thfq;fSld; (itj;jparhiyfs;>
cs;sf kw;Wk; gpuNjr Rfhjhu epWtdq;fs;) $l;bize;J
nraw;gLfpd;wJ.
ICT MdJ ,uz;lhk; mgpg;gpuha Nritfs; toq;Fdiu

,yf;Fitj;j itj;jpa> njhiy MNyhrid cw;gj;jpfis tbtikf;glk;
fTk;> mgptpUj;jp
10.1.3
147
nra;aTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl KbAk;. fle;j ,UgJ tUlq;fshf ICT gapw;rp kw;Wk;
itj;jpaf;fy;tp ,uz;bidAk; mbg;gilapNy khw;wpapUf;fpwJ. ngupa itj;jparhiyfs;
ICT njhFjpfis> fzf;F tof;Ffs;> vz;zpag;gLj;jpa fjpu;gltpay;> Ma;T$l
mDg;ghiz (Orders)> fpukkhf;fy; kw;Wk; mwpfi ; fg;gLj;Jk; njhFjpfs;> ,yj;jpud;ka
Nehahsu; gjpTj; njhFjpfs; Nghd;wdtw;iwr; nraw;gLj;j cgNahfpf;fyhk;. ,itfs;
ahTk; ,g; N ghJ itj; j parhiyfspd; nraw; g hl; b NdhL ,ize; j gFjpahf
khwpapUf;fpd;wd. vy;yh Ma;T$lq;fSk; fzpdp kag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gij
mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. vz;zpa fjpu;g;gltpayhdJ fzpdp cjtpAldd Tomography
(CAT) Ez;zha;Tld; Muk;gpj;jJ. fhe;jtpay; gupT epow;glkhf;fy; (MRI) vd;gJk;
nghJ vz;zpa epow;glkhf;fYk; gue;j mstpy; gad;gLfpdw ; d. mj;Jld; fjpug ; g
; ltpaypy;
glyj;jpd; mtrpak; Njitg;glhjepiy te;Js;sJ. vz;zpa epow;gLj;jy; kpFe;jsT
mD$yq;fSilaJ. epow;gl cUtq;fs; fpukg;gLj;jg;gl;L> Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;Lg;
gFg;gha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jg;glyhk;. mitfs; tpiuthf itj;jparhiyf;Fs; gy;NtW
jhdq;fsp ypUe;J ghu;ff ; g;glTk; $Lk;. my;yJ J}u ,lq;fspypUe;Jk;$l mtjhdpff ; g;gl
,aYk;. Kd;G vLf;fg;gl;l rpy jPu;khdq;fs; khw;wg;glf;$bajhf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhk;.
mj;Jld; Njhy;tpf;fhd rhj;jpaKk; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; Gjpa fUtpfspd;
cgNahfj;jpdhy; mt;tpjkhd jd;ikfs; Fiwe;Jtpl;ld. ICT MdJ itj;jpaj;jpy;
jfty;fis milAk; topiaAk; khw;wpAs;sJ. ,UgJ tUlq;fSf;F gpd;G itj;jpa
E}yfj;jpy; xU jiyaq;fj;jpy; cs;s gpuRupf;fg;gl;l nghUisg;gw;wpa jftiyg;ngw
rpy ehl;fs; NjitahapUe;jd. ,g;NghJ rpy epkplq;fspy; xU cldpUf;Fk;
juTj;jsj;jpd; topahf gytUlq;fSf;F Kd;ghf Muha;rr ; p epiwT ngw;w jfty;fisg;
ngw KbAk;. mj;Jld; Njitg;gl;l jfty; mlq;fpa gj;jpuj;ijf;NfhUk; (my;yJ
rpyNtisfspy; Neubahfg; gb,wf;fk; nra;Ak;) kpf vspa KiwAld;$ba fzpdp
desktop , y ; g p u R u p f ; f g ; g l ; l g j ; j p u q ; f s p Y s ; s f l ; L i u r ; R U f ; f q ; f i s g ;
ngwf;$bajhapUf;Fk;. ,t;Tyfj;jpd; ,g;gFjpapYs;s itj;jpa ghlrhiyfs; ,t;thwhd
njhopy;El;g uPjpahd khw;wq;fis ,izahf itj;jpUg;gjhfj; Njhd;wtpy;iy. fzpdp
cUg;NghypahdJ kpUfq;fisg; gupNrhjpf;Fk; Njitiaf; Fiwf;f KbAk;. fzpdp
cUg;Nghypapd; cgNahfk;> kpUfq;fspd; tho;tpid Muha;tjw;Fk; Neuj;ijAk;
gzj;ijAk; kPjg;gLj;jTk; cjTfpwJ.
rpy njhFjpfs; kUj;Jtg; gapw;rpahsu;fSf;F ,izaj;jp D}lhf mtu;fspd;

juj;jpw;Fupa kUj;Jtkidfspy; Kg;gupkhz X fjpu; glq;fis xd;whfr; Nru;j;J
tpsf;f kspg;gjw;F tha;g;gspf;fpd;wd.
,yj;jpudpay; itj;jpa ml;ilahdJ Nehahsupd; itj;jpaUf;Fk; cs;sf itj;jpa

rhiyf;F my;yJ kUe;jfj;Jf;F my;yJ tPl;Lf;ftdpg;G NritfSf;FkpilNa
jhdhfNt nra;jpfis mDg;GfpwJ. ,t;thW nraw;gl;L rpfpr;ir tpguj;jfty;fisg;
gupkhw;wk; nra;tjw;fhf xU g+uzkhd kpd;dZj;njhFjp cgNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
148
Gw;WNeha; kw;Wk; clYWg;G khw;wk; nra;Ak; kUe;J Nghd;w capu;fhf;Fk;
HIV
kUe;J tiffspy; xU Gjpa Gul;rpfukhd njhFjpfSk; ntspte;j tz;zk; cs;sd.
tptrhaj;jpy; ICT
tptrhag; gFjpapy; ICTMdJ Muha;rr; pahsu;fs;> Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjpahsu;fs;> tpupthf;fy;
Nritfs; kw;Wk; tptrhapfs; cs;spl;l gy;NtW tpjkhd tptrha tiyNtiyfSf;F
cs; N sAk; mitfs; kj; j papYk; mwpitg; g fpu; e ; J nfhs; s
mDruiz nra;fpwJ. ICT MdJ jfty;fis topg;gLj;JtjpYk;
cs; s f cs; s lf; f j; i j toq; F tjpYk; fpuhkpa tptrha
r%fq;fis ,izaj;Jld; ,izg;gjhy; capu;g;ghd jfty;
gha;r;rYf;F toptFf;fpwJ.
tptrhaj;jpy; ICT nraw;ghLfs;

• tpupthf;fy; Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf ,izak; kw;Wk; e - jghypd;
gad;ghL
• tptrha fhyepiyj; jfty; njhlu;ghly;
glk; 10.1.4
• re;ij tpiyj; jfty; njhlu;ghly;
• tptrha Muha;r;rpahsu;fspd; tiyNtiyfis
mDruizahf;fy;
• epyg;gjpNtLfis mgptpUj;jp nra;jy;.
,izak; KJnfYk;ghf cs;sJld; ~~vy;yhtw;Wf;Fkhd ICT Nrit|| vd miof;fg;

gLtij cgNahfpj; J tptrhapfspd; Njitfis vjpu; n fhs; s > khfhzkl; l
njhiyf;fl;rp epiyak;> njhiyNgrp ikak;> njhiyNgrp> nry;yplj; njhiyNgrp
kw;Wk; fpuhkkl;l xypgug;Gr;Nrit vd;gd cgNahfpf;fg;gLk;. jfty; Nritapd;
mgptpUj; j p cj; j pf; f hd gq; f spg; G mZFKiwahf mJ ,Uf; F k; . vy; y hg;
gq;fPl;lhsu;fSk; (Stake holdrs) mtu;fspd; nry;tk;> ciog;G> mur Kftu;fs;> jdpahu;
epWtdq;fs;> fk;gdpfs;> tptrhapfs;> re;ij tpahghupfs; (Marketers)> njhopy;El;g
tpayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; tptrha jfty; kw;Wk; mwpTnfhz;l Jiwrhu; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd;
mwpT vd;gtw;iwg; gq;fspf;f Maj;jg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
rpy fzpdpf; f l; L g; g hl; L r; rhjdq; f s; > kpUfq; f is
tsu;j;jy; kw;Wk; kpUfq;fis kuGtopg;gz;gpay; rhu;e;j
Kiwapy; tsu; j ; j y; kw; W k; kuq; f spd; ,ioa
kWelTf;Fkhd gupNrhjidfs; elj;j
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. (glk; 10.1.4)
gazKk; #oYk;
tu;j;jfk; rk;ge;jkhd gazj;jpd; Njitia tPbNah kfhehL kw;glk;
Wk; <-jghy;
10.1.5 vd;gd
Fiwj;Js;sd. ,J kf;fis vq;fhtJ tpkhdepiyaj;jpy; rpf;fpf; nfhz;bUg;gijtpl
jq;fsJ FLk;gq;fSld; tPl;by; mjpfNeuk; ,Uf;f trjp nra;jpUf;fpwJ. Fiwthd
149
gazk; Fiwthd khRgLj;jyhFk;. Viddpy; Fiwe;jsT fhu;fSk;> tpkhdKNk
gad;gLj;j mg;NghJ NjitahFk;.
Online shopping
Online Shopping MdJ kpfTk; gpugy;akhd gad;fis cila xd;whFk; vdf;
$wg;gLfpd;wJ. ehq;fs; tpUk;gpdhy; Online ,y; gy;NtW ,ilf;fhy Ntiyfisg;
gadhspfs; nra;a KbAk;. cjhuzkhf Online fsQ;rpak; cs;s ngupaRg;gu; khf;fw;fspy;
mNefkhditapy; czTf;fhfr; re;ij nry;yy; kpfTk; vspikahdjhFk;. ,dpNkYk;
re;ijg;gFjpahdJ gazk; nra;Jjhd; milag;gLtJ vd;gJ ,y;iy. xU Nfhupf;if
itf;fg;gl;lTld; mJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba Neuj;jpw;Fs; xU thdpy;
Nfhupaijf; (order) nfhz;Ltug;gl;Lj; jug;gLk;. NtW tpNrlkhd
filfs; Nrjd czitAk;> Neub gz;iz
cw;gj;jpfisAk; toq;Fjy; ,aYk;.
ICT tq;fpapy;
• tprh (Visa) ml;il
• Master ml;il
• fld; ml;il
• ATM ml;il
glk; 10.1.6
jhdhfg; gzk; nfhLf;Fk; nghwp> my;yJ jhdpaq;fpg; gzk; nfhLf;Fk; nghwp (ATM)
(glk; 10.1.6) MdJ xU ,yj;jpudpay; fzpdp kag;gLj;jg;gl;l njhiyj;njhlu;Gf;
fUtpahFk;. ,J xU epjp epWtdj;jpd; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;Fg; ghJfhg;ghd Kiwahd
njhlu;ghly; %yk; mtu;fsJ tq;fpf; fzf;Ffis mwpe;Jnfhs;s toprikg;gjw;Fk;>
gzj;ij kPsg;ngWtjw;fhd Nfhuiy toq;fpg; gzk; ngWtjw;Fk; (my;yJ xU fld;
ml;ilia cgNahfpj;J Kd;gzk; ngWtjw;Fk;) Neubahfg; gad;gLfpd;wJ. mj;Jld;
xU tq;fpg;gzk; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy; nra;gtupd; (fhrhsu;) cjtpapd;wp mtu;fsJ
fzf;fpYs;s kPjpiar; rupghu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ. gy ATM nghwpfs;>
gzkhfNth fhNrhiyfshfNth itg;Gr; nra;tjw;Fk;> jkJ tq;fpf; fzf;Ffisj;
jhq;fSf;Fs; ,lkhw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; nry;yplj; njhiyNgrpfspd; %yk; Kd;gzk;
nrYj;jg;gl;l fzf;Ffis vq;fpUe;Jk; ve;j NtisapYk; rupghu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk;
my;yJ jghy; Kj;jpiufis thq;Ftjw;Fk; $l kf;fSf;F toptif nra;fpd;wd.
gy etPd ATM fspy; mtd; my;yJ mtsJ fzf;fpyf;fk; nfhz;l fhe;jg;gl;il

my;yJ xU nrJf;fy; (Chip) cs;s gpsh];bf; smartcart cldhd xU gpsh];bf;
ml;ilia cl;nrYj;Jtjd; %yk; thbf;ifahsiu milahsq;fhZk; Kiw cs;sJ.
gpd;G thbf;ifahsu; jkJ milahsj;ij cWjp nra;J nfhs;tjw;F ehd;F my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;l vz;fSila xU flT ,ufrpaf; FwpaPl;il cl;nrYj;Jtjd; %yk;
(,J PIN - mjhtJ jdpegu; milahs ,yf;fk; vdg;gLk;.) trjpAs;sJ. PIN I
,t; t hW ntw; w pfukhf cl; n rYj; j yhy; thbf; i fahsu; nrad; K iwahf; f iy
(Transaction) elj;jyhk;. ,yf;fkhdJ gpioahd Kiwapy; gy jlitfs; tupirahf
150
cl;nrYj;jg;gl;lhy; (xUKiw ml;ilia cl;nrYj;jYf;F tof;fkhf %d;W juk;
Kaw;rpj;jy;) ifapy; gzj;ijf; ifahSjy; xU rupj;jpu epfo;thf khwptpLk;. rpy
ATM fs; ghJfhg;G eilKiwf;fhf ml;ilia tplhky; itj;jpUf;f Kaw;rpf;Fk;.
Cfj;jpdhy; PIN If; fz;Lgpbf;f cupikaw;w ghtidahsu;fsplkpUe;J ghJfhf;fNt
,e;eilKiw nraw;gLfpd;wJ. ATM ,w;Fr; nrhe;jkhd ml;il toq;Fk; tq;fpay;yhj
tplj;J ifg;gw;wg;gLk; gpioahd ml;ilfs; mopf;fg;gLk;. thbf;ifahsu; my;yhj
milahsq;fs; cz;ikapNyNa cWjpgg ; Lj;j Kbahjjhifahy; ,t;thW nra;ag;gLk;.
xU mYtyfj;jpy; my;yJ xU epWtdj;jp;y; my;yJ xU Ntiyj;jyj;jpy; r%fkspj;J

njhopnyhd;iwr; nra;jy; gioikahd xU nraw;ghlhFk;.xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s gzpfs;
xU fzpdpahy; my;yJ xUnjhopy;
kbf;fzpdpahy; nra;njhopy;
J Kbf; fyhf;
mQ;r g;gflyhk;
y; . Ntiytha;g;G
te;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk;
njhopy; NjLgtu;fs; njhopy; jUeu;fs;
njhopy;
tha; g ; G f; f s;
jd;idg; gw;wpa tpzz

; g;gk;
tptur; RUf;fk;
glk; 10.1.7
mwptpgG
; fs; (Jobs online + Jobs Net) tiyg;gf;fq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;. ePqf
; s; nra;aNtz;baJ
vd;dntdpy; cq;fSf;F tpUg;gkhd njhopiyj;Njl mjw;F tpz;zg;gk; mDg;g
Ntz;bajhFk;. (glk; 10.1.7)
Online Ntiytha; g ; G fisj; NjLjy;
Jobs Online tiyg;gf;fk;

Jobs Online tiyg;gf;fj;jpy;
njhopy; t ha; g ; G f; f isj; N jl ,U topKiwfs;
cs;sd. mitahtd: tpiutpy; NjLk; trjp kw;Wk;
tpgukhd NjLk; trjpAs;s tYthd NjLjy;
vd;gdthFk;.
glk; 10.1.8
tpiutpy; NjLjy; (Quick search)
xU njhopy; ,ufrpaf; FwpaP l ; b d; %yk;
njhopy;tha;g;G mwptpg;Gf;F Neubahfr; nry;Yk; trjpia ,J jUfpwJ. njhopy;
,ufrpaf; FwpaPlhdJ xU Ie;J ,yf;f ,ufrpaf; FwpaPlhFk;. jdpj;j tifapy; ,J
151
mwptpf;fg;gLk; Ntiytha;g;ig milahsq; fhz;fpwJ. fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s khjpupiag;
ghu;f;f. (glk; 10.1.8)
fPNo cs;sijg;Nghd;w thrfj;ijAk; ePqf ; s; fhzKbAk;. ,jid xj;jjhf e- njhopy;

mku;j;Jk; Nritapd; ghtidapy; njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
Job code: 00234 gad;gLj;jp http://www.jobsonline.com.ph Online ,D}lhf tpz;zg;gpf;fyhk;.
,U tiffspYk; Job online tiyg;gf;fj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W Job code ,y; cl;nrd;W ghu;j;J
my;yJ njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fSf;fhf tpz;zg;gpf;Ff.
Job Net tiyNtiy

,yq;ifapy; Ntiytha;gG ; kw;Wk; njhopy; mikr;rpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,yq;iff;fhd
tiyaikg;Ng ,J. ePqf ; s; http://www.jobsnet.lk vd;Dk; tiyg;gf;fj;jpy; nrd;W ,jidf;
fhzyhk;. ,e;j tiyg;gf;fj;jpy; jfty;fis rpq;fsj;jpy; my;yJ jkpo;nkhopapy;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; trjp cs;sJ.
md; g hd MrpupaNu!
152
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 10.2 : gadhspapd; Njitfis vjpu; n fhs; S k; tz; z k;

njupTnra;a IT rhjdj;ij kjpg;gpLthu;.
fhyk; : xU ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• gpuNahfq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s xU td;$wpd; ngau;fs;> nfhs;ssT> fjp kw;Wk;
ngWkjp vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
• xU nghwpapd; ngWkjpahdJ Njitfisg; nghWj;Jk; tpiyfisg; nghWj;Jk;
mjpfupj;J my;yJ Fiwe;J fhzg;gLk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
• njhFjpiaAk; mjd; ghfq;fisAk; NtWgLj;jpAk; kjpg;gpl;Lk; ghu;g;ghu;.
• rhjdj;ij thq;Fifapy; cj;juthjk; kw;Wk; tpw;gidf;Fg; gpe;jpa Nrit
toq;fy; vd;gtw;iwj; Njbaha;thu;.
• cz;ikahd NjitfisAk; re;ij epytuj;ijAk; NtWgLj;jp mwpthu;.

• fzpdp xd;iw thq;Fk;nghOJ gy;NtW mk;rq;fs; fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
A) nghwpapd; jdpf;Fwpg;gPL
B) fk;gdpapd; Gfo;epiy
C) cj;juthj xg;ge;jk;
D) tpiy
E) tpw;gidf;Fg; gpd;duhd Nrit
• ehq;fs; thq;fj;juP k
; hdpfF
; k; fzpdpahdJ mNef kf;fspd; rhj;jpakhd Njitfis
vjpu;nfhs;sj;jf;fjhfTk; juKau;j;jg;glf;$bajhfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• xU fzpdpiaf; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;NghJ fUjg;gl Ntz;ba gpujhd Fzhk;rq;fs;
gpd;tUkhW:
ο nrayp
ο Qhgfg;gFjp
ο Nrkpg;gfk;
ο tiuglq;fSk; fhl;rpaikg;Gk;
ο mfw;wg;glj;jf;f Nrkpg;gfk;
ο njhlu;ghly;fs;
ο xypAk; tbtikg;Gk;
• gadhspfs; g+uzkhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;f nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjp nkd;nghUisAk;
NtW rhu;ghd gpuNahfq;fisAk; fhz Ntz;Lk;.
• ,e;jr; nra;Kiwapy; cj;juthjKk; njhopy;El;g cjtpAk; kpf Kf;fpakhd
fhuzpfshFk;.
• fzpdpapd; nraw;wpwdhdJ rhjdq;fSf;Nfw;wgb khWfpwJ. cjhuzkhf 3.8 GHz
nraypAld; 256 MB RAM, 4.0 GHz nraypAld; 512 MB RAM ,itfs; nghwpapd; cl;Gwk;
nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;stplj;J.
153
• ngWkjp kw;Wk; tpidj;jpwd; vd;gtw;iwg; nghWj;J nfhs;tdT nra;gtu; NtW
xU td;nghUisj; Nju;T nra;af; Nfl;f KbAk;.
• xU FOtpypUe;J fzpdpapd; ghfq;fs; njupTnra;ag;gl KbAk;. mj;Jld; nfhs;tdT
nra;gtu;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpd;gb mit $l;bizf;fg;gl KbAk;.
• xU fzpdpapy; epidtfk;> nrayp kw;Wk; Nrkpg;gfk; vd;gd kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd
Kfg;Gf; $WfshFk;.
• xU fzpdpiaf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjpy; nkd;nghUSk; ngWkhdj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jk;
fhuzpahFk;. (gjpg;GupikAk; fUjg;gl Ntz;ba xU fhuzpahFk;.)
thrpg; G f; N fhit
fzpdpj; njhFjpfspd; kjpg;gPL

,d;iwa re;ijapy; NtWNtW tpjkhd mk;rq;fSld; nray;Kiw ty;yikfs;
nfhz;ljhd tpj;jpahrkhd Ez; fzpdpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fzpdpnahd;iwf;
nfhs;tdT nra;ag; NghFk;NghJ nrayhf;fj; Njitfisf; ftdkhff; fUj Ntz;Lk;.
fzpdpj; njhFjpiaf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;F Kd; ftdkhf cq;fs; nkhd;nghUisAk;
td;nghUisAk; rhu;e;j Njitfis tiuaWg;gJld; kl;Lkd;wp ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F
cjTkh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;j ePq;fs; thq;fr; nry;Yk; fk;ngdp gw;wpAk; mwpe;J
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
ePq;fs; Kjy;Kiwahf xU fzpdpia thq;Fgtuhdhy; ePq;fs; cq;fs; gpuNahf

nkd;nghUisj; njupTnra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G cq;fs; nray; fpuk NjitfisAk;
milahsq;fhz Ntz;Lk;. cq;fs; gpuNahf nkd;nghUs; Njitfisj; jPu;khdpj;j
gpd;G xj;Jtuf;$ba td;nghUs; khjpupfisAk; njhFjpfs; nkd;nghUisAk; njupT
nra;Aq;fs;.
fzpdpnahd;iwf; nfhs;tdT nra;Ak;NghJ gpd;tUk; Ie;J fhuzpfSk; gpujhdkhfr;

nry;thf;Fr; nryYj;JtdthFk;.
1. nghwpapd; jdpf;Fwpg;gPL
2. fk;gdpapd; Gfo;epiy
3. cj;juthj xg;ge;jk;
4. tpiy
5. tpw;gidf;Fg; gpd;duhd Nrit
vt;thW xU NkirNky; jdpegu; fzpdpia (Desktop PC) thq;FtJ?

mwpKfk;
Gjpa NkirNky; jdpegu; fzpdpia thq;Ftjw;fhfr; re;ijf;Fr; nry;y Kd;G ePq;fs;
vjw;fhf mijg; gad;gLj;jg;NghfpwPu;fs; vd;W jPu;khdpj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ,J
tpUg;gj; Nju;TfspD}lhf cq;fis topg;gLj;Jk;.
jdpf;Fwpg;gPLfs; gw;wp tpsf;fk;

CPC fspypUe;J RAM ,ypUe;J xspapay; Nrkpg;gfk; tiu xt;nthU ghfj;ijAk;
gpupj;jhuha;e;J cq;fs; nfhs;tdTf;F vJ kpf Kf;fpakhdJ vd;gij milahsq;
fhz;f.
154
Nkir Nky; jdpegu; fzpdpia thq;ff; filf;Fr; nry;tJ gw;wpa Jg;Gfs;
,t;tpj rpghupRfs; cq;fs; NjitfSf;Fg; nghUe;JtdthfTk; cq;fs; gzg;igf;Fk;
nghUe;Jtdthd xU njhFjpiaf; fl;bnaOg;g cjTk;.
ngupa glq;fs;
,d;W re;ijapYs;s mNefkhf xt;nthU jdpegu; fzpdpAk; nrhy; fpukkhf;fy;
kw;Wk; guTj;jhs;fs; Nghd;w epak mYtyfg; gpuNahfq;fs; mj;Jld; e - jghy;
NGhd;w mbg;gil ,izar; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; nghJthd ,iza cyhtp
Nghd;wtw;iwAk; NghJkhd msTf;FNky; ifahsf;$badthf cs;sd. Mifapdhy;
xU epak jdpegu; fzpdpahdJ mNef kf;fspd; NjitfSf;F cfe;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
vz;zf tPbNahitj; jzpf;if nra;jy; my;yJ xU ngupa juTj;jsj;ij Kfhik

nra;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwr; nra;a tpUk;Gk; mjpf Njitkpf;f gadhspaha; ePq;fs;
,Ug;gpd; mbg;gilfis tpl cq;fSf;F mjpf Njit ,Uf;fyhk;. cau; KbTj;
NjitfSf;fhf tYj;njhFjpfspd; NtW Ma;Tfisg; guprPypf;f ,it tof;fkhf
xU epak jdpegu; fzpdpiatpl tpiy cau;thdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
cq;fSf;F vd;d Njit vd;gijf; ftdkhff; fUjp> ,g;NghJ cq;fs; njhFjpapid

itj;J vd;d nra;a tpUk;GfpwPu;fs; vd;gijAk; mwp;e;J mLj;j Mz;bw;F cq;fsJ
mf;fiw vd;d vd;gij vjpu;ghu;jJ
; g; gzk; nrYj;jpg; ngWtNj kpfr; rpwe;j topahFk;.
tPlb
; Nyh my;yJ mYtyfj;jpNyh jdpfF ; wpjj
; gpuNahfq;fs; rpytif td;nghUSf;Nf
Vw;GilajhFk;.
gpujhd mk;rq;fs;
nrayp: cq;fs; jdpegu; fzpdpia epak mYtyf cw;gj;jpj;jpwDf;fhfTk;> mbg;gil

,izag; gzpfSf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;jj;jpll ; k; cq;fSf;F cs;sjhapd; mNef nraypfs;
mijr; nra;Ak;. Mdhy; ePq;fs; mjpf tYit tpUk;GtPu;fshapd; xU Intel Core 2 Duo
rpg; my;yJ xU Athlon 64 x 3 nrayp 2009 ,w;Fg; NghJkhdjhFk;. ,uz;LNk ,ul;il
cs;sf nraypfshFk;. ,it rpy tif tiuGfs; kw;Wk; tPbNah gpuNahfq;fSf;F
tpiuthd gy; gzpfSf;Fk;> fjp$ba nraw;wpwDf;Fk; toptFf;Fk;. fzprkhd msT
gzj;ijr; Nrkpff ; cau;thdjpypUe;J xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L kl;lq;fs; Fiwe;jnjhd;iw
thq;Fq;fs;. mjdhy; nraw;ghl;ilg; nghWj;j mstpy; tupirf;F 5 Kjy; 10 tPjk;
tiu ,of;f Ntz;btUk; vd;gJ eilngwhj xd;whjy; $Lk;. cau; nraw;wpwd;
cq;fSf;Fj; Njitahapd; xU cau;Kid Core 2 Duo rpg; my;yJ Athlon 64 FX - 62
nrayp my;yJ mjpYk; rpwe;j xd;iwf; nfzh;Ls;s PC Ij; njupT nra;J nfhs;f.
,t;tpjk; CPU fs; kpfr; rpwe;j NjitfSf;fhd gpuNahfq;fshd tPbNah njhFj;jy;
my;yJ cau; mirkhw;W (resolution) tpisahl;L tpisahLtjw;Fk; rpwe;jjhf cs;sd.
,t;tpjkhd rpgf ; Sldhd rpy epahakhd tpiyAila jdpegu; fzpdpfisf; fhzyhk;.
Mdhy; Fiwe;j tpiyahdijg; ngWk;NghJ tiugl nray;jpwd;> td; ,af;fpapd;
msT> mj;Jld; rhj;jpakhd nkhdpl;lupd; msitAk; (Vida nghUs;fSf;Fs;)
ePq;fs; jpahfk; nra;a Ntz;ba Vw;gLk;. tpiyAau;e;j cau; nraw;wpwd; tha;e;j
2.93 GHz Core 2 Extreme X 6800 Nghd;w nraypAk; ghtidapYs;sJ.
155
epidtfk;: Windows XP ,w;Ff;
nfhLf;fTk;> Ntiy nra;tjw;Fg; NghJkhd ,lk;nfhz;l
gpuNahfq;fSf;fhfTk; RAM MdJ 512 MB ck;> Windows Vista ,w;Ff; Fiwe;jJ 1 GB
RAM ck; NjitahdjhFk;. ,ijtpl Nkyjpfkhfg; ngw tha;g;gspf;f KbAkhdhy;
mijr; nra;f. Kd;G rpy tUlq;fspypUe;jij tpl ,g;NghJ RAM ,d; tpiy vt;tsNth
Fiwe;Jtpl;lJ. cau;Kbtpl jdpegu; fzpdpfSf;F Mff;Fiwe;jJ 1 GB ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j msT ,Uf;Fkhdhy; mNef gpuNahfq;fisj; jpwe;J itj;jpUf;f
KbtNjhL Photoshop Nghd;w jPtpukhd epidtfj;ijr; nrsfupakhff; ifahsTk;
,aYk;. (Photoshop Nghd;w gpuNahfj;jpw;F RAM MdJ nraw;wpwDld; ,Uf;f 2 GB
NjitahFk;.)
Nrkpg;gfk;: gy tiffspy; mbg;gilahd jdpegu; fzpdpfs; 80 GB my;yJ mjpfkhd

td; ,af;fpfSld; tpw;gidf;F tUfpd;wd. ,e;j Nrkpg;gf msthdJ gpujhd
topg;gzpfs; gytw;Wf;F cd;djkhdJ. tiuglf; Nfhitfs;> ngupa juTj;jsq;fs;>
tPbNah my;yJ ,ir vd;gtw;Wldhd Ntiyfisj; jpl;lkpLtPuhapd; Mff;Fiwe;jJ
120 GB msthd Nrkpg;Gf; nfhs;ssTf;F mjpfupf;f Ntz;Lk;. Vnddpy; 30 epkplk;
nfhz;l neUf;fkilar; nra;ahj vz;zf tPbNahthdJ Rkhu; 6.5 GB ntspia
vLf;Fk; vd;gjhy; ,t;thW mjpfupf;f Ntz;ba Njit cs;sJ. mNjNeuk; 128 kbps
,y; cs;s 4 epkpl MP3 fspy; 250 ,w;F 1 GB ,w;Fk; mjpfkhd ntsp NjitahFk;.
tiuglq;fSk; fhl;rpgg
; Lj;jYk;: ,JNt cq;fs; nkhdpll
; upy; vy;yh cUtq;fisAk;
cUthf; F tjw; F g; nghWg; g hdjhFk; . xU PC rpg; f spd; tiugl cgnjhFjp
mfw;wg;glj;jf;f tpupthf;fy; gyifahf my;yJ jha;g;gyifapd; kPJ epue;jukhfg;
gw;whR gpbf;fg;gl;l my;yJ njhFf;fg;gl;l chip Mf ,Uf;Fk;.
mu;gg
; zpg;Gs;s tpisahl;Lf;fhuu;fs; my;yJ 3D khjpupfSld; gzpahw;Wk; kf;fSf;F
khj;jpuNk xU cau; me;j tiugl ml;il NjitahFk;. xU tpiyFiwe;j
fz; z pakhd tiuglq; f Sldhd njhFjp Njitahd tP l ; L g; gadhspfs;
Radeon x 1300 Nghd;w xU mbg;gil kl;l AT1 rpg; my;yJ Ge Force 6600 Nghd;w xU
gioa cw;gj;jpahfpa nVidia cs;s ml;iliaj; njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fs;
mz;ikapNy ntspaplg;gl;l tpisahl;Lf;fspd; nraw;wpwidf;$l
cau;jj; g;gad;gLj;jyhk;. ePqf
; s; rpy tpisahl;Lfis tpisahLk;NghJ vjpuf ; hyj;jpYk;
xU fz; itj;jpUg;gPu;fshapd; Fiwe;jJ xU nVidia Ge Force 6800 chip my;yJ xU
Radeon x 800 chip cila ml;iliag; ngwyhk;. RAM Mf 256 MB cs;s xU
gyifiag; ngw Kaw;rpf;f. mYtyfj;jpy; ePq;fs; Njitfisj; jpUg;jp nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. Intel my;yJ nVidia ,ypUe;jhd khjpupfs; Nghd;w njhFf;fg;gl;l tiuglq;fs;
nfhz;l rpy jha;gg ; yiffs; xU ,Ug;gplkw;w PC1 Express Jis topahf xU tiuglj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jk; tpUg;gj; Nju;tpw;F cq;fis mDkjpf;Fk;. gpd;ndhUfhy; Nkk;gLj;j
,aYkhd epiyia ePq;fs; tpUk;gpdhy; ePq;fs; thq;Fk;NghJ ,e;jj; Jisiaf;
Nfl;L thq;Fq;fs;. Mff; Fiwe;jJ tpiyFiwthf cs;s 15 mq;Fy CRT nkhdpll ; iug;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;f. 17 mq;Fy nkhdpll ; u; Nghd;w cau;jukhd khjpupfF
; ePqf
; s; mjpfkhfr;
nrytopf;fyhk;. ,J ey;y jukhd glq;fis toq;Fk;.
156
mfw;wg;glj;jf;f Nrkpg;gfk;: cq;fs; nryTf;fhd tpidj;jpwd;kpf;f mfw;wg;glj;jf;f
Nrkpg;gfj; Nju;thtJ xU CD-RW ,af;fpahFk;. vt;thwhapDk; tPl;Lg;ghtidahsu;fs;
kpfTk; nefpo;Tj;jd;ik nfhz;l DVD kPs; vOjty;y ,af;fpf;Fg; gpujpaPlhdijf;
fUj tpUk;gyhk;. ePq;fs; CD-RW nraw;ghl;bid ,g;NghJk; ngWfpwPu;fs;. mj;Jld;
DVD fspd; Nrkpg;G Mff;Fiwe;jJ jutpd; 4.7 GB MFk;. gy CD fSf;F ,J 650 MB
MFk;. cq;fs; trpg;giw DVD ,af;fpapy; cgNahfpf;f cq;fs; nrhe;j tPbNah DVD
fis ePq;fNs cUthf;f cq;fSf;F tha;g;gspf;Fk;. CD ,y; vOJfpd;w fjpfis
tpl DVD ,y; vOJk; fjpfs; kpfTk; FiwthdjhFk;. CD-RW ,af;fpfspd; tpiyahdJ
DVD ,af;fpfspd; tpiyapYk; kpfTk; FiwthFk;. Mdhy; tpiyfs; tpiuthff;
Fiwe;Jnfhz;L nry;fpd;wd. gpe;jpaij ePq;fs; tpUk;gpdhy; ,ul;il my;yJ
,ul;ilg;gil DVD vOJtjw;F MjhukhAs;s xU ,af;fpia thq;Ff. ,J xU
jdpj;j tl;bdpy; mjpf jutpid ,Ltjw;F cq;fSf;F tha;g;gspf;Fk;.
USB ngUtpuy; ,af;fpfs; (Ngid ,af;fpfs;) kw;Wk; Ez; ,af;fpfSk; gpugy;akhf

tsu;r;rpaile;J tUfpd;wd. ,t;tif gpujhd rq;fpyp msT rhjdq;fs; gy;NtW
cw;gj;jpahsu;fshy; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; 1 GB my;yJ mijtplf;$ba ngupa
msthd juTfisr; Nrkpf;ff;$bajha; cs;sd. Windows 2000 my;yJ XP I ePq;fs;
cgNahfpj; j hy; ngUtpuysT rhjdj; j pw; F NtW Nkyjpfkhd nkd; n ghUs;
Ntz;bajpy;iy. Windows MdJ ePq;fs; fUtpia cupa Jiw (Port) ,y; nrUfpa
clNdNa mij milahsq;fhZk;. mj;Jld; jdJ nrhe;j ,af;fp vOj;ij Explorer
,y; xJf;fpf; nfhs;Sk;.
njhlu;ghly;: mNef jdpegu; fzpdpfs;> ,izaj; njhlu;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba

xU nkhlj;JlDk; mj;Jld; mfyg;gl;ilAlDk; te;Js;sd. fk;gpapy;yhj ,izaj;
njhlu;Gld; ,iza ePqf
; s; tpUk;gpdhy; cq;fSf;F fk;gpapyy
; h tiyNtiy nghUj;J
rhjdk; NjitahFk;.
cq;fs; mfyg;gl;il ,izg;ig my;yJ tiyNtiyia cq;fs; jdpegu; fzpdpfSld;

gfpu;e;J nfhs;tjw;F xU fjTtop (Gateway) my;yJ khu;f;fj;ijg; ngWf. iffhgpl;
<ju; tiyAldhd APC Ak; khu;f;fKk; MdJ 10/100 <ju;tiyAldhd cw;gj;jpfis
tpl cs;sf tiy Ntiyj; njhlu;gpid tpiuthfj;ju KbAk;. fk;gpapy;yh tiff;F
ePq;fs; nrd;why; xU ml;il cq;fSf;Fj; NjitahFk;. my;yJ xt;nthU jdpegu;
fzpdpf;fhfTk; xU ntspg;gf;f nghUj;Jk; rhjdk; mtrpak;.
xyp: mYtyfj;jpy; mbg;gilfs; NghJkhditahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. jdpegu;

fzpdpfspy; cl;nghUj;jg;gl;l xyprr
; hjdk; mNef NtiyfSf;Fg; NghJkhd msittpl
mjpfkhf cs;sd. tPl;by; ,Ue;jhYk; ePq;fs; Rw;wpAs;s xypiaNa cz;ikapy;
tpUk;GtPuf
; s;. cq;fs; jdpegu; fzpdp Vw;fdNt Rw;wpAs;s xypf;F <LnfhLf;fhtpl;lhy;
ePq;fs; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l xyp ml;ilia thq;fyhk;. mj;Jld; jFjpahd xU cg
%nthypg; ngUf;fpia cs;slf;fpa xypgn ; gUf;fpj; njhFjpiaAk; mjDld; Nru;ff
; yhk;.
157
tbtikg;G: xU ey;y ciwahdJ cq;fs; ehshe;j Ntiyia ,yFthf;f KbAk;.
mj;Jld; $Wfisg; gOJ ghu;g;gjw;Fk; Nkk;gLj;Jk; gzpia ,yFthf;Ftjw;Fk;
KbAk;. ,f;$Wfshdit gd;klq;fhd njhFjpAs;sitahFk;. ed;F tbtikf;fg;gl;l
ciwahdJ cs;gFjpf;Fk; ,yFthf tOf;fp ,izf;fg;gLk; td; ,af;fpfSf;Fk;
ntspj;jl;LfSf;Fk; epw%l;lg;gl;l cs;sf kw;wk; ntspafg; ghfq;fSf;Fkhd
tlq;fSf;Fk; fUtpfs; cgNahfpf;fhky; ft dpf;Fk; tha;gi ; gj; juf;$bajhapUf;Fk;.
tPl;by; Kd;gf;fkhf Mff;Fiwe;jJ ,uz;L USB Jthuj;ijf; fhZk;gb itj;jpUf;f
,yFthf $Wfis ePq;fs; nfhOtf;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. cq;fsplk; xU vz;zf
tPbNah Cam corder cz;lhapd; xU Fire wire (IEEE 1394) cldhd Jiw tof;fkhfj;
Njitg;gLtjhFk;.
rpwpJ fhyj;jpwF
; ,e;jj; njhFjpia itj;jpUf;Fk; jpll
; k; cs;sjhapd; tpupthf;fYf;fhd
nfhQ;rk; ,lk; ,Ug;gjid cWjpg;gLj;Jf. Mff;Fiwe;jJ xU Nrhb jpwe;j ,af;fp
bays ck; xU RahjPd PC 1 JisAk; $l cz;ikapy; cq;fSf;F Ntz;Lk;.
nkd;nghUs;: Windows Vista my;yJ Linu (cjhuzk;: Ununtu my;yJFedora) vd;gNj

Njitg;gLtjhFk;.
cj;juthjKk; njhopy;El;g MjhuKk;

Kjy; tUlj;jpy; mNef gpur;rpidfs; Kistpl;L tUtjdhy; xUtUl tpupthd
cj;juthjk; ed;W. rhjhuzkhf tpupthd cj;juthjk; ciog;Gf; fl;lzq;fisAk;
ghfq;fSf;fhd fl;lzq;fisAk; cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. xU fzpdpia thq;Ftjw;F
Kd; ,e;j cj;juthj tplaq;fis Muha;e;J njspTngw Ntz;baJ ey;yJ. ,uz;L
my; y J %d; W tUl tpupthd cj; j uthjk; fzprkhd cq; f s; nryTf; F f;
fhuzkha;tpLk;. tu;j;jf epWtdq;fs; 24 kzpNeu mNj ,l kWnkhop Nghd;wtw;iw
tpUg;gj; Nju;thfg; ngwyhk; MapDk; mjw;fhf mtu;fs; gzk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
rhtpg;gyifAk; kTRk;
mNefkhd vy;yhj; njhFjpfSk; ,t;tifahd nghUl; $Wfis cs;slf;fpAs;sd.
tof;fkhf xU Windows cld; xj;Jg; Nghff;$ba 102 rhtpg;gyifAk; xU ,U
nghj;jhd; kTRldhd cUl;Lk; rf;fuKk; ,tw;wpy; mlq;Fk;. mNef tpw;gidahsu;fs;
PS 2 ,ize;j rhjdq;fspypUe;J USB khjpupfSf;Fj; jpUk;gpAs;sdu;. ,itfs; tpUg;gkhd
gpuNahfq;fs; my;yJ ,izag; gf;fq;fis vLf;ff;$ba Nkyjpf epfo;r;rpepuyhf;Fk;
rhtpfs; Nghd;w gy Fzhk;rq;fisj; juf;$badthFk;. fk;gpapy;yh rhtpg;gyiffs;
kw;Wk; kT];fs; vd;gdTk; fpilf;fpdw
; d. xspapay; kT];fs;> ,af;fj;ijf; fz;Lgpbf;f
cjTk; xU rpwpa fkuhitg; gad;gLj;JtJld; nkd;ikahd kpfTk; jpUj;jkhd
fl;Lg;ghlhd kT]; ,af;fj;jpw;F top nra;fpwJ. gioa kT];fspy; Nghy xU
Gwj;NjhYs;s ge;jpid mfw;wpj; Jg;guthf;f Ntz;ba Njitia ,itfs; ,g;NghJ
,y;yhky; nra;Js;sd.
158
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 10.3 : xUtUila tho;f;iff;Fg; nghUj;jkhd IT kpd;diy

Clfj;ijj; NjLthu;.
fhyk; : xU ghlNtis
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• IT ,d;fsj;jpy; fpilf;fpd;w gy;NtW ngau;Fwpg;gPLfisg; ngaupl;L tpgupg;ghu;.
• IT Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;rhu; Gyikahsu;fisj;
njupT nra;thu;.
• jdpegu; Kd;Ndw;wk; fUjp xU nghUj;jkhd fy;tprhu; ghlnewpiaj; njupT
nra;thu;.
• rhjdj;ij thq;Fifapy; cj;juthjk; kw;Wk; tpw;gidf;Fg; gpe;jpa Nrit
toq;fy; vd;gtw;iwj; Njbaha;thu;.
• cz;ikahd NjitfisAk; re;ij epytuj;ijAk; NtWgLj;jp mwpthu;.
ghl tplaq;fisj; njspTgLj;Jk; mk;rq;ffs;:

•
a) fzpdpg; gpuNahf cjtpahsu;/juT cl;GFj;Jk; ,af;Fgtu;.
b) njhFjpg; gFg;gha;thsu;
c) epfo;r;rpepuyhf;Fgtu;
d) fzpdpj;njhFjpg; nghwpapayhsu;
e) tiyNtiy epu;thfp
f) tiy tbtikg;ghsu;/mgptpUj;jpahsu;
g) NkirNky; ntspapLgtu;
h) td;nghUs; nghwpapayhsu;
vd ,t;thwhd IT njhopw;Gyikapd; kpd;diy Clf topapy; mNef tha;g;Gf;fs;
cs;sd.
• xU epfo;r;rpepuyhsu; my;yJ nkd;nghUs; mgptpUj;jpahsu; vd;gtu; fzpdpfis
epfo;r;rpepuw;gLj;Jgtu;. mjhtJ fzpdp nkd;nghUis vOJk; xUtuhtu;.
• xU njhFjpg;gFg;ghsu;> jw;Nghija njhFjp gw;wpg; gbj;J> gFg;gha;eJ
; > jpl;lkpl;L>
tbtikj;J> fz;fhzpj;J njhFjpapid ,f;fhyj;jpw;Nfw;wgb mikg;gtuhthu;.
• juT cl;GFj;Jk; ,af;Fgtu;fs; kw;Wk; fzpdpg; gpuNahf cjtpahsu;fs;> mYtyfg;
gpuNahfq;fSld; fzpdpapy; juTfisg; GFj;Jgtu;fshtu;.
• tiy mgptpUj;jpahsuhdtu; cyfshtpa tiyaikg;G (www) gpuNahfq;fspd;
mgptpUj;jpapy; tpNrlkhf <LghLs;stuhtu;.
• tiyNtiy epu; t hfpahdtu; > tiyNtiy tbtikg; G > ghJfhg; G kw; W k;
tiyNtiyia mlf;fpAs;s td;nghUs;> nkd;nghUs; guhkupg;G vd;gtw;wpy; tpNrl
epGzj;JgtuhfTk;> gFg;gha;thsuhfTk; ,Ue;J ,tw;wpy; fUj;J}d;wpatuhf ,Uf;Fk;
xUtUkhthu;.
159
• fzpdp td;nghUs; nghwpapayhsu;fs; tbtikg;G> mgptpUj;jp> gupNrhjpg;G kw;Wk;
fzpdp td;nghUs; mikj;jiy Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;> mitfspd; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk;
mikj;jy; vd;git gw;wp Muha;r;rp nra;gtu;fshtu;.
• Desktop ntspaPL nra;gtu;fs;> vOJk; kw;Wk; gzpfSf;Fg; gjpg;gpj;jy; vd;gtw;iw
mbf;fb nra;gtu;fshthu;. mj;Jld; ntspapl Maj;jkhd Mtzq;fis cUthf;f>
gf;f mikg;G kw;Wk; fl;Gy tiujy; %yfq;fis cs;slf;fpa gzpfisr;
nra;gtu;fshtu;.
• xt;nthUtUk; milaf;$ba fy;tpapd; %d;W kl;lq;fshf fy;tpahsu;fs;> njhopy;
epGzuhjy;> tho;fi
; fj; njhopyG
; upgtuhjy; vd;gdthfg; ngau; nfhz;L miof;fyhk;.
• Fwpg;gpl;l xU njhopy; jifikiaj; njhlutpUk;Gk; xUtu; fy;tpj;Jiw my;yJ
njhopy;jifik kw;Wk; tho;f;if njhopy;rhu; fy;tpkl;lk; vd;gtw;wpy; xU
kl;lj;ijahtJ nfhz;Ube;jhy; mtuJ nghUj;jkhd juhjuq;fshdit fUj;jpy;
nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
thrpg; G f; N fhit
jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpy; xU Ntiy

epfo; r ; r p epuyhsu;
xU epfo;rr ; pepuyhsu; my;yJ nkd;nghUs; mgptpUj;jpahsuhdtu; fzpdpfis epfo;rr
; p
epuw;gLj;Jgtuhf mjhtJ fzpdpnkd;nghUs; vOJgtuhf cs;shu;. fzpdp epfo;r;rp
epuyhsu; vd;Dk; nrhy;yhdJ fzpdp epfo;r;rp epuypy; xU gug;gpy; epGzj;Jtk;
cilatiu my;yJ gy;NtW tif nkd;nghUSf;fhfTk; ,ufrpaf; FwpaPl;il
vOJk;nghJ epGzu; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. epfo;r;rp epuYf;F xU rk;gpujhag+u;tkhd
mZFKiwia itj; J g; gapw; r papyP L gLgtu; my; y J njhopy; Gupgtu; xU
gFg;gha;thsuhf mwpag;glyhk;. mj;Jld; mtNu nkd;nghUs; nghwpapayhsUkhtu;.
xU epfo;r;rp epuyhsupd; gpujhd fzpdpnkhopahdJ ([hth> C++ Nghd;wJ) Nkw;fz;l
jifikfSld; Kd;dPlha; cs;sJ. mj;Jld; tiyr; #oypy; gzpGupgtu;fs;
tiyg;gf;fj;jpNyNa jq;fspd; jifikf;F Kd;dPl;il itj;jpUg;gu;.
njhFjpg; gFg;gha;thsu;
fzpdpj; njhFjpg; gFg;gha;thsu;fs; kf;fis mtu;fs; jkJ fzpdpfis vd;d
Njitf;F itj;jpUf;fpd;wdu; vdf; Nfl;Ltpl;Lj; jq;fs; gzpapid Muk;gpg;gu;.
mjd;gpd;G mtu;fs; ,e;jg; gzpfis ed;whfr; nra;af;$ba xU fzpdpj; njhFjpiaj;

jpl;lkpLtu;. mJ njhFjpahdJ vd;d nra;Ak; Njitf;fhf cs;sJ vd;gij
gFg;gha;thsu;fs; tpsq;fpf; nfhz;l gpd; gzpapid rpwpa gbKiwfshf mtu;fs;
gFj;Jf;nfhs;tu;. mtu;fs; tiuglq;fisAk; ml;ltizfisAk; tiue;J vt;thW
jfty; f s; fzpdpfSf; F s; nry; f pd; w d vd; g ijf; f hl; b vt; t hW jfty; f s;
fpukg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd> vt;thW tpw;gidj; jfty;fs; xU fsQ;rpa fzpdpf;Fs;
nry;fpd;wd vd;gijAk; vt;thW fzpdpahdJ Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ vd;gijAk;
jP u ; k hdpf; f pwhu; f s; . gFg; g ha; t hsu; f s; tpj; j pahrkhd fzpdpj; njhFjpAldhd
160
gupNrhjidfshy; jpl; l kpLfpd; w du; . mtu; f s; njhFjpahdJ tpiuthfTk;
,yFthdjhfTk; Fiwe;j nrytpYk; nraw;gLk;tiu gy;NtW fUtpfs;> gbKiwfis
Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdu;.
mLj;jgbahf gFg;gha;thsu;fs; vd;dtiff; fzpdpfs;> nkd;nghUs; kw;Wk; fUtpfis

thq;fNtz;Lnkd;W jPuk; hdk; nra;fpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; fzpdp epfo;rr
; p epuyhsu;fSf;Fj;
Njitahd VjhtJGjpa nkd;nghUis cUthf;FtJ vt;thW vd;gijf; $Wfpd;wdu;.
mtu;fs; gbg;gbahd mwpTWj;jy;fis epfo;r;rp epuyhsu;fSf;F toq;Ffpd;wdu;. rpy
gFg;gha;thsuf;s; nkd;nghUis cUthf;FtjpYk; $l cjTfpd;wdu;.
rpy njhFjpg;gFg;gha;thsu;fspd; gpujhd gzpahf fzpdpfis xd;WgLj;jpg; gzpahw;w

itg;gjhf ,Uf;fpwJ. mitfs; mtw;iw xU tiyNtiyapy; ,izf;fpd;wdu;.
gFg;gha;thsu;fs;> xUfzpdpapypUe;J kw;nwhd;Wf;F vt;thW jftiyg; ngWtJ
vd;gJ gw;wpj; jPu;khdpf;fpwhu;fs;.
fzpdp gpuNahfq;fs; cjtpahsu; (CAA)

fzpdp gpuNahfq;fs; cjtpahsu;fs;> rhjhuzkhf epak nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpfs;
nfhz;l jdpegu; fzpdpfisg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. toikahf mtu;fspd; gpujhd
flikahtJ mYtyfg; gpuNahfq;fSf;Fr; rhu;ghd NtiyfSld; mtu;fspd;
cau;r;rpf;F cjTjyhFk;. nrhy; nraypfis cgNahfpj;J kpd;dZ Mtzq;fisj;
jahupj;jy;;> juTj;jsq;fs;> guTj;jhs;fs; kw;Wk; kpd;dZ rku;g;gpg;Gfs; vd;gd CAA
fspd; gpujhd gzpfshFk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf CAA ,w;F ,izaj;jpypUe;J jfty;
fisj; NjLk; jpwDk; njhlu;ghly; NjitfSf;fhd e - jghiy cgNahfpf;Fk;
jpwDk; ,Uf;fpwJ.
juT cl;GFj;Jk; ,af;Feu;

juT cl;GFj;jy; kw;Wk; jfty; fpukkhf;Fk; gzpahsu;fs;> jfty;fis nkd;ikahfTk;
tpidj;jpwDlDk; ifahs;tij cWjpg;gLj;j cjTtu;. thrfj;ijr; rhtpapdhy;
vOjp> fzpdpapy; juTfis cl;GFj;Jjy;> gy;NtW tpjkhd mYtyfg; nghwpfis
,af;FtJ kw;Wk; Vida vOj;Jg; gzpfisr; nra;tJ Nghd;wtw;why; ,e;jg;
gzpahsu;fs; ~jfty; fhyk;| vdf; Fwpg;gpl;L miof;fg;gLk;. ,d;iwa fhyj;jpy;
epfOk; tpiuthd khw;wq;fSf;F <LnfhLf;Fk; tifapy; epWtdq;fSf;F cjTtu;.
tiyaikg;G tbtikg;ghsu;
tiyaikg;G tbtikg;ghsu;fs;> tiyg;gf;fq;fspd; mikg;G Vw;ghL> fhl;rpg;Gyj;
Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; gad;ghL vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; nghWg;ghsu;fshtu;. gy;Y}lf epfo;rr
; pepuyhsu;
mj;Jld; tiyNtiyr; rpw;gp vd;Nghupd;gq;fspg;gpy; ,J Nkw;nghUe;jyhk;. tiugl
tbtikg;Gj; jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; vt;thW njhopyE; l;g tiyg; gf;fq;fs; cUthf;fg;gLfpdw ; d
vd; g J gw; w pa mwpT Mfpatw; w pd; Nru; k hdj; i j cgNahfpj; J gzpahdJ
gpd;tUtdtw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
• thbf;ifahsUld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G itj;jy; my;yJ tbtikg;Gf; fl;lj;jpy;
gpd;tUk; ,t;thwhd tpdhf;fSf;F tpilfhz Ntz;bAs;sJ. tyg;gf;fk; Vd;
Njitg;gl;lJ?,yf;fhd ghu;itahsu;fs; ahtu;? Kd;dzpg; Nghl;bahsu;fs; ahtu;?
161
• ,yf;fhd gadhspf;Ff; ftu;rr ; pahdjhapUf;Fk; tifapy; xU tbtikg;G Mf;Fjy;>
Njitg;gl;l vy;yh mk;rq;fisAk; nfhz;l xU ju;f;f uPjpahd fg;gw;gazj;
njhFjpia itj;jpUj;jy;.
• HTML, Java script, Action script, cold fasion, Java, Parl kw;Wk; Flash my;yJ Code gaverating
epfo;r;rp epuy;fs; Nghd;w vd;gtw;wpd; Nru;f;ifahd tiyg;gf;fq;fis vOJjy;.
• vt;thW vz;zfkhf tpk;gq;fSk; VidaitAk; cfe;jitahf;fg;gl;L> tiyf;F
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijj; jPu;khdpj;jy;.
• ,ayhik cs;stu;fs; cl;gl vy;yhf; FOtpdUf;Fk; fpl;lf;$bajhf tiyg;
gf;fj;jpYs;s tplaq;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;.
• tpj;jpahrkhd Njbfspd; (Browsers) gf;fj;ij tpj;jpahrkhd gz;GWjpfspy; mtw;wpd;
nraw;ghl;bw;fhg; guPl;rpj;jy;@ jtWfis KbT nra;jy;.
tiytbtikg;ghsu;fSf;F mbg;gil mikg;G Vw;ghl;il cUthf;Ftjw;Fk;>

tpk;gq;fisf; ifahStjw;Fk; fire works my;yJ photoshop Nghd;w tiugl tbtikg;Gg;
nghjpfs; gw;wpa mwpT ,Ug;gJ mtrpak;. mUtpj; njhFjpg; ghzpg; gbtq;fs;
(Cascading style sheets - CSS)> e-tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; PHP kw;Wk; Perl mj;Jld; ,iza
ghJfhg;G Nghd;w Server gFjp njhopy;El;gq;fSk; Kf;fpakhFk;. mfyg;gl;il (Broad
band) topahf gadhspfSf;F tpiuthf ,izaj;njhlu;G top milag;gLtjhy;>
gy;Y}lfj;jpy; jpwd;fSs;s ,ilj;jhf;fj;jpy; tbtikg;ghsu;fSf;Fg; ngupa mstpyhd
Nfs;tp cz;L.
tiy tpUj;jpahsu;
tiy tpUj;jpahsu; vd;gtu; xUnkd;nghUs; tpUj;jpahsu; Mthu;. mtu; nkd;nghUs;
nghwpahsuhfp cyfshtpa tiyg; g puNahfq; f spy; my; y J gfpug; g l; l tiy
Ntiyg; g puNahfq; f spy; tpNrlkhf <Lgl; b Ug; g u; . HTTP Nrtiu cgNahfpf; F k;
GNuhl;lf;Nfhy;> tiy Nrtu; kw;Wk; xU HTTP thbf;ifahsu;> xU tiy Xb
vd; g itfisf; nfhz; b Ug; g dNt tiyNtiyg; gpuNahfq; f shFk; . tiy
mgptpUj;jpahsu;fs;> tiyNtiy epu;thfk; kw;Wk; tiytbtikg;G vd;gtw;iwf;
ifahSk; mjNdhL tiyg;gpuNahf mgptpUj;jp my;yJ vspikahf tiyg;gpuNahf
mgptpUj;jpahsu;fshtu;. ,tu;fs; web masters fshfTk; ,Uf;f KbAk;. tiy
mgptpUj;jpahsu;fs; jkJ Fwpg;gpl;l epWtdq;fSs; tiy mgptpUj;jpf;F Kiwahd
nghWg; g hsu; f shthu; f s; . my; y J fl; L g; g hlw; w ( Free Lances )nkd; n ghUs;
mgptpUj;jpahsu;fSkhf ,Ug;gu;.
tiyNtiy epu;thfp
tiy Ntiy epu;thfpfshdtu;fs; mbg;gilahf njhFjpapd; tiyNtiyr;rktY
epu; t hfpfshthu; . mtu; f s; tiyNtiyia cs; s lf; F k; td; n ghUs; kw; W k;
nkd; n ghUs; f isj; njhlu; e ; J itj; j pUg; g tu; f shtu; . ,J rhjhuzkhf mzp
tFg;gikg;G> nraw;ghl;L tiyNtiyapd; itj;jpUg;G kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;G> fpau;
Mspfs; nry;topfs; (routers)> Fire walls kw;Wk; gpwtw;iwAk; cs;slf;fpapUf;fpwJ.
tiy Ntiy epu;thfk; nghJthf tiyNtiy tpyhr xg;gilr; nry;top Protocols ,d;
xg;gil kw;Wk; nry;top ml;ltiz cUtiuG mNjNghd;W cWjpg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk;
mjpfhuk; ngWjy; - topg;gLj;jy; Nritfspd; cUtiuGkhFk;.
162
,J jdpj;jdpg; nghwpfshd ,af;fpfis kw;Wk; jdpegu; fzpdpfspd; xOq;fikg;G
,itfSld; mr; r pLrhjdk; vd; g tw; w py; tiyNtiy trjpfisj; njhlu; e ; J
itj;jpUg;gij mNefkhf mlf;fpAs;sJ. rpy Ntisfspy; rpy tiyNtiy Nrtu;fs;>
Nfhit Nrtu;fs;> Virtual Private Network (VPN) gateways, jiyaPl;ilf; fz;Lgpbf;Fk;
njhFjpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; itj;jpUg;gij cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. tiyNtiy tbtikg;G
kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G tpNrlkhf njhe;juTfisf; fz;lwpe;J rupg;gLj;Jjy; my;yJ
tiyNtiy rhu;ghd gpur;rpidfis Debugging nra;tJ Nghd;wtw;wpy; ftdk;
nrYj;Jfpdw; du;. mtu;fsJ NtiyahdJ tiyNtiyapd; mjpfhuj;Jt cl;fl;likg;G
mj; J ld; tiyNtiy backup njhFjpfisj; njhlu; e ; J itj; j pUg; g ijAk;
cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
mitfs;
• cjtpr; Nritfs; toq;Fjy;.
• tiyNtiy tpidj;jpwDld; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ vd;gij cWjpg;gLjJjy;.
• Fwpj;Jf; nfhLj;j Nritj;ju Nehf;fq;fs; milag;gLtij cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpa tiyNtiy Kfhikj;Jt nraw;ghLfisAk; elj;Jfpd;wdu;.
fzpdpj; njhFjpfs; nghwpapayhsu;

njhopy;El;g MNyhrid kw;Wk; cjtp toq;FtjhYk; epu;thfq;fSf;Fj; Njbg;
ngWtJld; tha;g;gspf;ff;$ba xOq;FghLfs;> nra;ag;glj;jf;f juT fpukkhf;Fk;
njhFjpfs; vd;git jw;fhyj;ija kw;Wk; jpll
; g;gLj;jpAs;s NjitfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf
mikAk;gbahf cjtp toq;FtjhYk; fzpdpj; njhFjpg; nghwpapayhsu;fs; tof;fkhf
fzpdpj; njhFjpfisj; njupTnra;jy; kw;Wk; mikj;jypd; gf;fj;Jiz nra;fpd;wdu;.
ngUk;ghyhd fzpdpj; njhFjpfs; nghwpapayhsu;fs;> $l;Lj;jhgdq;fSf;F KOikahd

fzpdpj; njhFjpfis cw;gj;jp nra;tjpy; my;yJ tpw;gjpy; fk;gdpfSf;Fg; gzp
nra;fpwhu;fs;. re;ijg;gLj;jy;/tpw;wy; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspy; cs;s cWg;gpdu;fshjyhy;
mtu;fs; thbf;ifahsu;fSf;Fk; tpwg ; idf; $l;lj;jpdUf;Fk; Kjd;ikahd njhopyE ; l;g
%ytskhfr; Nrit Gupfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; cw;gj;jp tpw;gidfs; kw;Wk; mikj;jy;
mj;Jld; thbf;ifahsu;fSld; njhlu;ig itj;jpUj;jy; Mfpatw;wpd; vy;yhf;
fl;lq;fspYk; neUf;fkhf cl;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
tpw;gidf;F Ke;jpa fl;lj;jpd;NghJ cjhuzkhf njhFjpfs; nghwpapayhsu;fs;>

thbf;ifahsupd; gFjpf;Fr;nry;tu;. mg;gFjpapy;jhd; thbf;ifahsu;fs; ehshe;j
nraw;ghLfisg; gFg;gha;fpd;wdu;. mj;Jld; jfty; ifahSk; Njitfs; gw;wpj;
jPu;khdpf;f Kfhikahsu;fSlDk; Vida MszpapdUlDk; ciuahLtu;.
gpw;ghL juT fpukkkhf;Fk; njhopy;El;gj;jpYk; mtu;fspd; fk;gdpapd; cw;gj;jpfs;

kw;Wk; njhFjpfspYk; mtu;fspd; mwpitg; ngw;W thbf;ifahsUf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
td;nghUs;> nkd;nghUs; kw;Wk; Jizf;fUtpfis mwpKfk; nra;tu;.
163
fzf;fpLk; FOtpd; Vida cWg;gpdu;fSld; Ntiy nra;Jnfhz;L mtu;fshy;
vOjg;gl;l Kd;nkhopTfis tpUj;jp nra;J Mf;fg;nghUspd; nra;Kiw tpsf;fj;ijAk;
jUtu;. tpw;igidapd; gpd;du; njhFjpfspd; nghwpapayhsu;fs; njhFjp mikg;gpid
Nkw;ghu;it nra;tJld; tpNrlkhd gpuNahfq;fSf;F Vw;Gila njhFjpff ; hd tof;fkhd
nkd;nghUis tpUj;jpahf;fyhk;. Njitg;gLk; gapwr ; papidj; jPuk; hdpff
; thbf;ifahsupd;
cj;jpNahfj;jupd; njhopyE ; l;g ,aYikfis mtu;fs; kjpgg ; pLtu;. mjd; gpd; tFg;Gfs;
kw;Wk; fUj;juq;Ffs; elj;jpj; jahuhtu;. mtu;fs; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;l fzf;Ffisj;
njhlu; e ; J nfhz; b Ug; g jw; F g; nghWg; g hdtu; f shtu; . mj; J ld; xOq; f hd
gl;baw;gLj;jg;gl;l tp[aq;fis njhFjpapidf; fz;fhzpf;f Nkw;nfhs;tu;. mj;Jld;
Nkyjpf topfhl;liyAk; toq;Ftu;. thbf;ifahsUf;F tbtikg;G kw;Wk; mtu;fspd;
nrhe; j epfo; r ; r p epuy; f is eilKiwg; g Lj; j cjTjy; Nghd; w rpwg; g hd
Ntiyj; j pl; l q; f isf; ifahs my; y J gpur; r pidiaj; jP u ; g ; g jw; F mtu; f s;
Maj;jkhapUg;gu;. rpy njhFjpfspd;; nghwpapayhsu;fs;> juT epuw;gLj;Jk; MNyhrid
thzpf epWtdq;fSf;fhfg; gzp Guptu;. my;yJ njupT> khw;Wjy; kw;Wk; gy;NtW
tifahd thbf;ifahsu;fSf;Fkhd fzpdpj; njhFjpfis xOq;fikj;jy; Nghd;w
tw;wpd; tpNrlj;JtKila Kfhikj;Jt MNyhridj; njhFjpg; nghwpapayhsu;fspd;
gzpahdJ xU fk;gpa+l;lu; fk;gdpiag; gpujpepjpjJ; tg;gLj;Jk; njhFjpg; nghwpapayhsupd;
gzpf;F xj;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
vt; t hnwdpDk; Rje; j pukhd epGzu; f shdikahy; MNyhrid njhFjpfspd;

nghwpapayhsu;fs; ntt;NtW fzpdp tpwg ; idahsu;fsplkpUe;J ngw;w Kd;nkhopTfis
kPsha;T nra;tJld; vy;yh thbf;ifahsupd; tpUg;gj; Nju;TfisAk; Nehf;fhff;
nfhz;L kjpgg; L
P nra;tu;. mj;Jld; $l jw;NghJs;s ifapdhy; nraw;gLk; njhFjpfis
Kd;Ndw;wTk; kPs; gapwr
; paspff
; Tk; my;yJ ntspaplj;Jf; fzpdpr; Nrit mYtyfj;Jld;
xg;ge;jk; nra;tu;.
rpy njhFjpfspd; nghwpapayhsu;fs; jdpahd juT epuw;gLj;Jk; jpizf;fsq;fSldhd

ngupa epWtdq;fspy; gzp Guptu;. fzpdpg; gpuNahfq;fs; nghwpapayhsu;fs; my;yJ
nraw;wpl;lg; nghwpapayhsu;fs; vd mwpag;gLgtu;fshfpa mtu;fs; tbtikg;Gf;F
cjTtJld; rk;gsk; ngWgtu; gl;bay; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jahupf;Fk; NtW jpizf;fsq;
fSf;F Mjuthf ,Uf;f fzpdp mbg;gilapyhd jfty; njhFjpfis mikj;J
cjTtu;. ntsp tpw;gidahsu;fs; kw;Wk; MNyhrfu;fSf;Fk; nkd;nghUs; kw;Wk;
td;nghUs; Fwpg;gPLfisj; jahupg;gu;. tpNrbj;j Njitfspd; nghUl;L ,ufrpaf;
FwpaPL kw;Wk; guPlr
; pg;G nkd;nghUisAk; jahupg;gu;. ,Ue;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; njhFjpapd;
guhkupg;igf; ifahsTk; nra;tu;.
164
fzpdp tpsk;gujhuu;
fzpdp nkd;nghUis cgNahfpj;J Desktop tpsk;gujhuu; cUtikj;J thrfj;ij
xd;whf;fp vz;zj; juTfs;> Gifg;glq;fs;> ml;ltizfs; kw;Wk; Vida fhl;rpg;Gy
tiugl %yq;fis gpuRuj;jpw;F Maj;jkhditahf cUthf;Ftu;. Fwpg;gpl;l
nraw;wpl;lj;jpd; ,aw;ifapy; jq;fpajhf desktop tpsk;gujhuu;fs;> vOjTk; thrfj;ijg;
gjpg;gpf;fTk; thrfj;Jld; Vw;Gila tiuglq;fis cUthf;fTk; Gifg;glq;fisAk;
tiuglq;fisAk; vz;zf tpkg ; q;fshf khw;wTk;> mjd;gpd; mt;tpkg; q;fisf; ifahsTk;
gf;fj;jpll; g; glq;fis tbtikf;fTk; Kd;nkhopTfis tpsk;guk; nra;aTk; mr;nrhOq;F
kw; W k; epwg; gpupf; i f nra; a Tk; ,yj; j pudpay; jfty; f isg; glyq; f Sf; F
khw;wpaikf;fTk; NtW ghuk;gupa tbtq;fSf;F khw;wTk; nra;tu;. desktop tpsk;gu
jhuu;fshy; Mf;fg;gLk; Mtzq;fshf Gj;jfq;fs;> tzpf ml;ilfs;> fyz;lu;fs;>
rQ;rpiffs;> nra;jpf; fbjq;fs; kw;Wk; nra;jpg; gj;jpupiffs;> nghjpfs; nra;jy;>
tOf;fpg; glyq;fs; kw;Wk; rPl;Lfs; c;ssd. re;ijg;gLj;jy;> Nkk;gLj;jy;> kw;Wk;
mq;Fs;s Vida tifg; nghUl;fspdJk; Mf;fj;ijf; fk;gdpfs; nfhz;L te;jpUg;gjhy;
mt;thwhd nghUl;fis cUthf;ff;$batu;fis Ntiyf;fku;jJ ; jy; mjpfupj;Js;sJ.
desktop tpsk;gujhuu;fs;xU rhtpg;gyifia cgNahfpj;J fk;gpa+l;lupy; msT kw;Wk;

mr;rpLk; ghzp> epuy; mfyk;> ,ilntsp tpLjy;> Nrkpj;jy; Nghd;w cUtikf;Fk;
Fzhk;rq;fisj; njupTnra;a cl;GFj;Jfpd;wdu;. xU tPbNah fhl;rpg;Gy Kbtplk;
my;yJ fzpdp nkhdpll ; upy; ,itfs; fhl;rpgg
; Lj;jg;gl;L epuy;fs; xOq;fhf;fg;gLfpdw
; d.
xU KO msthd nra;jpg; gj;jpupif> ngau;g;gl;bay; my;yJ rpj;jpu Ntiy kw;Wk;
tiuglk; vd;gtw;Wld; g+u;j;jpahf;fg;gl;l Gj;jfg;gf;fk; vd;gd mr;rpy; Njhd;WtJ
Nghd;Nw rupahf jpiuapYk; ngwg;gLkhW cUthf;fg;gl KbAk;. ,af;Fgtu;fs;
,e;jg; gf;fq;fspd; cw;gj;jpf;fhfg; glyj;jpw;Fr; nrYj;Jtu;. mj;Jld; gpd;G mr;rpLk;
jfLfSf;F my;yJ Neubahf jfLfSf;Fr; nrYj;Jtu;.
njhopy;El;gj;jpd; khw;wk; fhuzkhf mr;rpLk; xOq;fikg;G kw;Wk; gf;fj;jpl;lg;glk;

vd;gd ghjpg;gile;Js;sd. mJ desktop gpuRupg;igAk; cUkhw;wpAs;sJ. Kd;dr;Rg;
gzpahsu;fshy; Kd;dhspy; nra;ag;gl;l mr;R xOq;fikg;G kw;Wk; jpl;lg;gl Ntiy
vd;gdtw;wpy; mNefkhdit fzpdpfis cgNahfpj;J desktop gpuRupg;gtu;fshy;
nra;ag;gLfpwJ. gioa thrf fl;Liu tifapy; ~~#lhd tif||apy; jdpj;jdp
vOj;Jf;fs;> ge;jpfs; kw;Wk; thrfj;jpd; KOg; gf;fq;fs; vd;gd cUfpa <aj;ij
cgNahfpj;J cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,k;Kiw fpl;lj;jl;l tof;nfhope;J tpl;lJ. ,d;W
Nru;fi
; fg; gzpahdJ Kjd;ikahf fk;gpa+l;lu;fshy; nra;ag;gLfpdw
; J. desktop tpsk;guk;
nra;Ak; nkd;nghUspd; Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;> thbf;ifahsu;fSf;F mtu;fspd; nrhe;j
mr;R xOq;FgLj;Jjypy; epiwa mNefkhdtw;iwr; nra;a top nra;Js;sJ.
desktop tpsk;gujhuu;fs;
vOJjy; kw;Wk; njhFj;jy; gzpfis mbf;fb epiwNtw;WtJld;
$l gf;fj;jpl;lg;glk; tiujy; tbtikg;G vd;gtw;iwAk; nra;fpd;wdu;. cjhuzkhf
nra;jpf; fbjq;fSf;fhd tplajhdq;fisf; nfhLg;gJld; $l desktop tpsk;gujhuu;fs;
mtu;fs; ngWk; njhFj;j cs;slf;fj;jpw;Fk; nghWg;ghdtu;fshfyhk;. my;yJ
mtu;fshfNt mry; cs;slf;fj;ij vOJtjw;Fk; nghWg;ghdtu;fshfyhk;.
165
,t;tpjkhd gzpahsu;fis Ntiyf;fku;j;Jk; epWtdj;ijg; nghWj;J desktop
tpsk;gujhuu;fs;> tpsk;gu epGzu;fs;> kpd;dZ tpsk;gujhuu;fs;> DTP ,af;Fdu;fs;>
desktop tpsk;guk; nra;Ak; njhFg;ghsu;fs; vdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gLtu;. ,d;Dk; kpd;dZ
Kd; mr; R njhopy; E l; g tpayhsu; f s; > kpd; d Z tpsk; g u epGzu; f s; > tpk; g
tbtikg;ghsu;fs;> mr;Rf; fiyQu;fs;> mr;Rf; Nfhg;gtu;fs;> jpl;lg;glf;fiyQu;fs;>
kw;Wk; tiy tpsk;gu tbtikg;ghsu;fs; vdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gLtu;.
fzpdp td;nghUs; nghwpapayhsu;fs;

fzpdp td;nghUs; nghwpapayhsu;fs; tof;fkhd kPsha;T> tbtikg;G> guPl;rpg;G>
kw;Wk; fzpdp td;nghUs;cs;sikg;gijf; fz;fhzpj;jy;> mjd; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk;
cs;sikg;gJ gw;wp Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy; vd;gdtw;iw gzpahf Mw;Wtu;. td;nghUs;
vd;gJ fzpdp rpg;fs;> Rw;Wg;gyiffs;> fzpdpj; njhFjpfs; kw;Wk; mit rhu;ghd
rhjdq;fshd rhtpg;gyiffs;> fzpdpj; njhFjpfs; kw;Wk; mr;rpLk; cgfuzq;fs;
vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpf;Fk;. (fzpdp nkd;nghUs; nghwpapayhsu;fs; - mbf;fb fzpdpg;
nghwpapayhsu;fs; vd vspikahf miof;fg;gLgtu;fs; - fzpdpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;
nkd;nghUs; njhFjpfspd; tbtikg;G kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp nra;gtu;fshtu;.) fzpdp
td;nghUs; nghwpapayhsu;fspd; gzpahdJ kpd;dZg; nghwpapayhsu;fs; gzpia
kpfTk; xj;Js;sJ. Mdhy; kpd;dZg; nghwpapayhsu;fs; Nghd;wy;yhJ fzpdp
td;nghUs; nghwpapayhyhsu;fs; fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; fzpdp rhu;ghd rhjdq;fSld;
jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; gzp nra;fpd;wdu;. fzpdpj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tpiuthd
tsu; r ; r pahdJ Kbthf kP s huha; r ; r p mgptpUj; j p kw; W k; fzpdp td; n ghUs;
nghwpapayhsu;fspd; tbtikg;G Kaw;rpfSf;F tpj;jpl;Ls;sJ.
166
fy; t p epiyf; f hd kl; l q; f s;
fyhepjp gl;lk;
jj; J tKJkhzp
njhopy;rhu; cWg;Gupik
KJkhzpg; gl;lq;fs;
M.Sc
fzpdp tpQ;Qhdk;
jfty; njhopy;El;gk;
gl;lg;gpd; gbg;G
bg; N shkh
fzpdp tpQ;Qhdk;
jfty; njhopy;El;gk;
,skhzpg; g l; l q; f s;
fzpdp tpQ;Qhdk;
jfty; njhopy;El;gk;
NIBM/NAITA Nghd;wepWtdq;f fzpdpg; nghwpapay;
shy; toq;fg;gLk; bg;Nshkh
gl;lq;fs; njhopy;rhu; guPl;irfs;
ACS/BCS
guPl;irj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhy;
elhj;jg;gLk; jfty; njhlu; f.ngh.j. (cau;juk;)
ghly; njhopy;El;g Njrpa
guPl;irfs;
f.ngh.j. rhjhuzjuk;
jfty; njhlu;ghly;
CRC kw;Wk; CLC fshy;elhj;jg; njhopy;El;gk;
gLk; rhd;wpjo; ghlnewpfs;
tho; f ; i fj;
njhopy;rhu; gpupT njhopy;rhu;; gpupT fy;tpg; gpupT
NIBM - Njrpa tu;jj ; f Kfhikj;Jt epWtfk;

NAITA - Njrpa njhopyg ; apydu; mjpfhu rig
ACS - mT];jpNuypa fzpdpr; rkhrk;
BCS - gpupj;jhdpa fzpdpr; rkhrk;
MBCS - gpupj;jhdpa fzpdpr; rkhrj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;
MACS - gpupj;jhdpa fzpdpr; rkhrj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;
MCS (SL) - ,yq;if fzpdpr; rkhrj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;
CRC - fzpdp ts epiyak;
CLC - ghlrhiyf; fzpdpf; fy;tp kj;jpa epiyak;
epiyf;Fj;J epuy;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;stw;wpw;fpilapy; rkhe;jukhd njhlu;Gfs;

,y;iy vd;gijf; ftdpf;f.
167
Nju;;r;rp kl;lk; 10.4 : nghUj;jkhd ntspaPLfspd; ghy; tpopg;Gzu;Tld; ICT ,d;

ngupJk; cfe;j gaid cUthf;Ftu;.
fw;ww; NgWfs; :
• fzpdpapdJk; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpdJk; gad;fs;gw;wpa xOf;ftpay; uPjpahd>
ePjpnewp rhu;ghd ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Rfhjhu uPjpahd gapwr ; pfisg; ngauplL
; tpgupgg
; hu;.
• cupikg;gj;jpukpd;wp xU nkd;nghUisg; gpujpnaLg;gJ jtwhdJ vd;gij Vw;Wf;
nfhs;thu;.
• xUtuJ MNuhf;fpaj;jpwF ; Mgj;J tpistpfF ; k; tpjj;jpy; fzpdpia cgNahfpgg ; ijj;
jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
• fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; nghUj;jkhd gapw;rpfisj; Nju;e;njLg;ghu;.
• jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; rl;lg+u;tkhd ntspaPLfSf;fhd kjpg;gspj;Jg; gzp Gupthu;.

<LgLj; j y; :
• gpd;tUk; ciuahliy elj;j ,uz;L njhz;lu;fis Vw;ghL nra;f.
• gpd;tUtdtw;iw ntspg;gLj;JkhW fye;Jiuahly; xd;iw topg;gLj;Jf.
ο fzpdpnahd;iw thq;fpf;nfhs;s tpUk;gk; egnuhUtu; td;nghUSf;F kl;Lkd;wp
nkd;nghUSf;Fk; tpiy nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
ο gjpg;Gupikr; rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk; nkd;nghUisg; gpujp nra;jy; rl;ltpNuhjkhFk;.
ο Gj; j hf; f j; j pw; F upa egnuhUtupd; cilikfSf; f hd cupikfs; kw; W k;
nrhe;jj;Jtk; vd;git kjpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
ο fzpdp td;nghUs; kw;Wk; nkd;nghUs; vd;gdtw;wpw;F itu];fspypUe;J
ghJfhg;Gj; NjitahFk;.
ο fzpdpg; ghtidapy; xOf;ftpay; kw;Wk; ePjpnewpahd elj;ijfs; vd;gtw;iwg;
gapy Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.
Vidatu;fspd; fzpdpfis mDkjpapd;wpg; gad;gLj;jy;.
Vidatu;fspd; nkd;nghUs; kw;Wk; Nfhg;Gf;fisg; ngw tha;g;Gj; Njly;
nkd;nghUisg; gpujp nra;jy; vd;git rl;l tpNuhjkhditahFk;.
ciuahly;
jhdpah: ehd; New;W xU fzpdpia thq;fpNdd; vd;gJ cdf;Fj; njupAk; ,y;iyah?!

irdp : vt;tsT mUik! ePu; vt;tsT gzk; nrYj;jpdPu;! ,J xU P4 tifapdjh?
jhdpah: &gh. 60>000/- Mk;. ,J P4 tifapdJjhd;.
irdp : mjw;F vd;d nkd;nghUis epWTdPu;!
jhdpah: XP, MS Office, Auto cad, Photoshop, Flash
168
irdp : ePu; mt;tif nkd;nghUs;fSf;Fk; gzk; nrYj;jpdPuh?
jhdpah: ,y;iy. mitfis ,ytrkhfg; gpujp nra;Njhk;. ehq;fs; nra;a Kbahjh?
irdp : ,y;iy. gpujp nra;jy; rl;ltpNuhjkhdJ. xUNtis ePu; ePjpkd;wk;; nry;y
Ntz;b Vw;glyhk;.
jhdpah: Vd;?
irdp : Vnddpy; gjpg;Gupikr; rl;lk; vd;W xU rl;lk; cs;sJ. mjd;gb gpwUila
Mf;fq;fisg; gpujpnra;a KbahJ.
jhdpah: X cz;ikahfth?
irdp : ituRf;F vjpuhd nkd;nghUis thq;fptpl;Buh?
jhdpah: ,y;iy. mJ vjw;fhf?
irdp : mJ ckJ fzpdpia itu];fspypUe;J ghJfhf;Fk;.
fw;wYf;Fg; gpNuupf;fg;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;fs;:

fzpdpfis xOf;ftpay; uPjpahfTk; ePjpnewp uPjpahfTk; Rfhjhu uPjpahfTk; guhkupgN
; ghk;.
• gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfisf; fUjp xU fye;Jiuahliy toq;Ff. my;yJ ehlf
ghzpapyhd rpwpanjhU rku;g;gpg;gpid cUthf;Ff.
(1) itj;jpaUk; NehahspfSk; nfhz;l FO
1. iut];fs;
(2) itj;jpaUk; NehahspfSk; nfhz;l FO
2. fzpdpg; ghtidapy; nrsf;fpak; njhlu;ghd gapw;rpfs;
(3) NjbahuhAk; mYtyUk; Kiwg;ghL nra;Ak; FOTk;
nkd;nghUs; jpUl;L> mjpfhukw;w tha;g;Gf;fs;
(4) Ombudsmen kw;Wk; gpui[fspd; FO
vz;zfg; gpupT> njhopy;El;gr; nropg;ghd #oy;
(5) rl;lj;juzpAk; thbf;ifahsuJk; FO
nkd;nghUs; jpUl;L
• toq;fg;gl;l Mtzj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; cq;fsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;l gFjpia thrpjJ ;
fye;Jiuahb mjid Kw;WKOjhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;f.
• Njitahd ciuahly;fisj; jahupj;J me;j epiyikiar; rpj;jupf;Fk; fhl;rpia
xOq;FgLj;Jf.
• ehlf uPjpahd rku;g;gpg;G> jug;gl;l jiyaq;fj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
• cq;fs; gilg;igAk; fz;lha;TfisAk; ,Wjp mku;tpy; rku;g;gpf;fj; jahuhFq;fs;.

• xt;nthU FOitAk; mjd; ehlf ghj;jpuj;ijr; rku;g;gpf;Fk;gb Ntz;bf;nfhs;f.
• gpd;tUtdtw;iw ntspg;gLj;JkhW fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jf.
ο jdpj;j xUtuhy; fzpdpapd; njhlu;r;rpahd ghtid> fz;typ> KJFtyp>
mnrsfupak; Nghd;w gy;NtW epiyikfSf;Fk; ,l;Lr; nry;Yk;.
ο ePz;l ehl;fSf;Ff; fzpdpfisg; ghJfhf;fty;y ey;y fzpdpg; ghtidg;
gof;f tof;fq;fs; cz;L.
169
ο vz;zfg;gpupg;G vd;gJ jfty; kw;Wk; rhjdk; vd;gtw;wpd; miug;gFjpf;Fk;>
miug; gFjp my;yhjtw;Wf;FkpilNa cs;s ,ilntspapd; gpur;rpidahFk;.
ο jw;NghJ jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; mbg;gil mwpT ,y;yhky; Ntiynahd;iwg;
ngWtJ ,ayhj fhupakhFk;.
ο fzpdpg; ghtidapd; ey;y gof;f tof;fq;fisg; gapyt ; jw;F Ntiy nra;AkplNk
kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd ,lkhFk;.
ο fzpdp xOf;ftpayhdJ nkd;nghUs;> td;nghUs; kw;Wk; tiy Ntiyfs;
vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJ.
ο fzpdp nkd;nghUisg; gpujp nra;tJ nfhs;is vd miof;fg;gLk;.
ο mDkjpapyy ; hky; fzpdpnahd;Ws; Eioe;J gad;gLj;j KidtJ fhag;gLj;Jjy;
MFk;.
ο td;nghUshdJ itu];fspypUe;Jk; <ug;gjd; kw;Wk; J}R ,itfspypUe;Jk;
ghJfhf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
ο itu];fs; td;nghUisAk; nkd;nghUisAk; mopj;JtpLk;.
ο Trojan Horse vd;gJ itu]pd; xU tifahFk;.
ο Firewalls td;nghUisg; ghJfhf;Fk;.
ο itu];fisj; jtpu;f;f itu]; vjpu;g;G nkd;nghUs; mtrpak;.
ο fz;typ> KJFtyp> mnrsfupak; vd;gd fzpdpapd; jtwhd ghtidapdhy;
tpisAk; gpujhd Neha;fshFk;.
ο gpioahd Kiwapy; ,Uj;jy; KJFtypiaAk; mnrsfupaj;ijAk; nfhLf;Fk;.
mijj; jtpu rupahf ,Uf;Fk; Kiw vkf;F cjTk;.
ο mbf;fb fz;fis %b tpopj;jy;> Neuhf ,Uj;jy; vd;git XusTf;F cjTk;.
thrpg; G f; N fhit
ICT ,d; gad;ghLfspd; gpur;rpidfs;
xOf;ftpay;> rl;l kw;Wk; r%ftpay; gpur;rpidfs;

fzpdpfs; xU tpNrbj;j njhopy;El;gj;ij cl;gLj;jpAs;sd. mj;Jld; mit rpy
tpNrbj;j xOf;ftpay; gpur;rpidfis vOg;gpAs;sd. fzpdp xOf;ftpayhdJ ,aw;ifapd;
gFg;gha;thFk;. mj;Jld; fzpdpj; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; r%fk; kPjhd jhf;fk; kw;Wk;
mt;thwhd njhopy;El;gj;jpd; xOf;ftpay; uPjpahd gad;ghl;Lf;fhd nfhs;iffspd;
mjw;Fupj;jhd Kiwg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; rupnadf; fhl;LjYk; MFk;. mJ nkd;nghUis
kl;Lky;yhJ td;nghUisAk; fUJtJld; tiyg;gFjp ,izg;Gs;s fzpdpfs; cl;gl
fzpdpfs; mitfshfNt nraw;gLtijAk; fUJfpd;wd.
me;juq;fk;
NkYk; NkYk; jfty;fs; cs;sjdhy; mitfspy; rpy jtwhditahf ,Uf;f
tha;g;nghd;W cs;sJ. cq;fs; me;juq;f tho;f;if> me;juq;fk; Fiwe;J Fiwe;J
nry;Yk; xd;whf tuf;$Lk;.
170
jpUl;L vd;gJ vd;d?
~jpUl;L| vd;gJ epfo;rr
; pepuy;fisr; rl;lj;jpw;F khwhfg; gpujpnaLj;jy;> Nkhrb nra;jy;
kw;Wk; nkd;nghUisg; gfpu;jy;. mj;Jld; xU ez;gUldhtJ epfo;r;rp epunyhd;iwg;
gfpu;jy; vd tiuaWf;fg;gLk;. kw;nwhU tifapy; jpUl;L vd;gJ xU cupkk; vJTkpd;wp
nkd;nghUis cUthf;fy;> gfpu;jy; my;yJ gad;gLj;jy; vdTk; $wyhk;. fzpdpf;
jpUl;lhdJ vz;zf cUtikg;Gila Vjhtnjhd;iw cs;slf;fpapUf;Fk;. mjhtJ
VjhtJ nkd;nghUs;> tPbNah> tpisahl;L> vz;zf nrtpg;Gyr; rhjdk; my;yJ <-
Gj;jfk; Nghd;wd.
nkd;nghUs; jpUl;L vd;gJ vd;d?

fzpdp nkd; n ghUshdJ USA ,d; $l; l uR gjpg; G upikr; rl; l j; j pd; fP o ; g ;
ghJfhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mJ $WtjhtJ ~~gjpg;Gupik itj;jpUg;gtupd; mDkjpapd;wp
Mtzf;fsupg; gpdD; au;jj
; iy (Archival back-up) Ij; jtpu NtW VjhtJ fhuzj;jpwf ; hfTk;
gadhspfs; xU nkd;nghUs; ghfj;ijg; gpujp nra;af;$lhJ.|| fzpdp epfo;r;rpepuypd;
mjpfhukw;w kPs; cw;gj;jpahdJ jpUl;L vd;Nw fUjg;gLk;.
fzpdpj; jpUl;lhdJ gjpag;gl;l Clfq;fshd tPbNah ehlhf;fs; kw;Wk; RUf;fkhf;fpa

jl;Lf;fs; (,Wtl;Lf;fs; - compact discs) Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J NtWgl;lJ. Vnddpy;
gpujpahf;fj;jpd; juk; ,q;F Fiwe;JNghtjpy;iy. ,Wjpg;gadhspia tYT+l;b xU
cw;gj;jpj; Jizahsuha; cUthf;Fk; njhopw;WiwahdJ fzpdpj; njhopw;Wiw
kl;LNkahFk;. fzpdpg; ghtidahsupd; iffspy; ek;gpf;ifAk; nghWg;Gzu;r;rpAk;
xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xU fzpdp epfo;r;rpepuy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gpujpahf;fk;
nra;ag;gl;lhYk; Muk;g epuy; NghdNw nraw;gLk;. gy tUlq;fs; vLj;J tpUj;jp
nra;ag;gl;l xU epfo;r;rp epuiy xU rpy nrf;fd;fspy; gpujpahf;fk; nra;Jtpl KbAk;.
nkd;nghUs; tpUj;jpahf;FtJ nryT mjpfKs;sjhf ,Ug;gpDk; mNefkhf vy;yh
jdp egu; fzpdpia cgNahfpj;J xU tpiy kypthd gpujpia cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s
KbAk;.
nkd;nghUs; jpUl;L
jdpegu; fzpdpfspd; ghtid gy gadhspfisj; jpUlu;fshf Mf;fptpl;ld vdf; $w
KbAk;. jkJ td;jl;Lf;fspy; cs;s vy;yh nkd;nghUs;fSk; mtu;fshy; thq;fg;gl;ld
vd;W Neu;ikahf vj;jid Nguhy; $w KbAk;? gjpg;Gupik tbtikg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk;
jdp cupikfs; rl;lk; 1989 ,ypUe;J ePqf
; s; fhz KbtJ vd;dntdpy; nkd;nghUisf;
fsthLtJ my;yJ gpujpahf;fk; nra;tJ Fw;wthspff ; hd xU Fw;wkhFk;. vt;thnwdpDk;
gy NtWNtW gpuNahfq;fSf;F vd gy ,ytrkhd jpwe;jts nkd;nghUl;fs; (Open
softwares) fpilf;fpd;wd.
rthup nra;jy; - Hacking (mjpfhukw;w toptif)

rthup nra;jy; vd;gjd; fUj;jhtJ NtW xUtupd; fk;gpa+l;lu; njhFjpf;Fs; rl;lj;jpw;F
Kuzhf Eioe;J gad;ngwy; vd;gjhFk;. gyu; ,t;thwhd xd;wpid xU rl;lj;jpw;F
Kuzhd eltbf;ifaha; md;wp xU rthyhd eltbf;ifahfNt Nehf;Ffpd;wdu;.
171
r%fg; gpur; r pidfs;
vz;zfg;gpupT (r%ftpay; tpyf;fy;)

vz;zfg; gpupT vd;gJ ICT %ytsq;fSf;fhd milAk; tha;g;gpd; gbahd kf;fspd;
gpupg;G MFk;. ICT %ytsq;fis ,yFthf milaf;$batu;fSf;Fk; mt;thW mila
Kbahjtu;fSf;Fkhd ,ilntsp xd;Ws;sJ. r%fk;rhu; nghUshjhu NtWghL
fspypUe;jhd tpisTfis vz;zfg; gpupT jUfpd;wJ.
r%fq;fSf;fpilNaahd NtWghLfs; gpujhdkhf vz;zfj; jfty;fis mtu;fs;

milAk; tha;g;igg; ghjpf;Fk;. Mdhy; jdpg;gl;ljhf ,izaj;jpD}lhf ,y;iy.
nghJthfr; nrhy;Ykplj;J ghtidahsupd; FOtpdJ Mok; msT vd;gtw;why;
,e;j NtWghL jPuk
; hdpff; g;gLtJ mtrpakhdjy;y. r%fj;jpd; tpjj
; pahrkhd gpupTfspd;
VjhtJ gad;ghl;L vz;zf ClfkhdJ vz;zfg; gpupg;gpd; xU tplajhdkhf tu
KbAk;. vz;zfg;gpupgg
; hdJ xU r%fj;ij ,uz;L FOf;fshfg; gpupfF ; k; xU njspthd
jdpj;j ,ilntspad;W. kPshuha;r;rpahsu;fspd; mwpf;ifapd;gb gpujp$yq;fshdit
Fiwe;j nraw;ghl;Lf; fzpdpfs;> Fiwe;j jukhd my;yJ cau;e;j tpiyAs;s
,izg;Gfs; (e FWfpa gl;il my;yJ njhiyNgrp Kfg;G ,izg;Gf;fs;)> njhopy;El;g
cjtp ngWtjpYs;s f\;lk;> epjp toq;Fk; mbg;gilapyhd cs;slf;fj;jpw;F tUk;
tha;g;Gf; FiwT vd;gtw;wpd; tbtq;fis vLf;fpwJ.
vspikahff; $wg;Nghdhy; vz;zfg; gpupg;G vd;gJ fzpdpfs;> ,izak; mj;Jld;

NtW vz;zf rhjdq;fs; cl;gl jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpw;Fupa tha;g;gpy; cs;s
rkkpdi; kiaNa FwpfF
; k;. mt;thW tha;gg
; pidf; nfhz;ltu;fSk; vz;zfj; jfty;fis
,yFthfg; gad;gLj;Jgtu;fSk; ~~Haves|| vdTk; Vidatu;fs; ~~have -nots|| vdTk;
Fwpg;gplg;gLtu;.
vz; z fg; gpupg; G f; F Kyhkply;
r%fj;jpw;F ,g;gpur;rpid gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;it vOg;Gjy;

~~xd;W Nru;jy; vq;fSf;F ey;yJ.|| xU $l;lhd Kaw;rp vz;zfg; gpupg;Gf;Fg;
ghyq;fl;l mtrpakhdJ. mwptpdhy; tYT+l;lg;ngWf. mjdhy; ePq;fs; fy;tp ngw
KbAk;. mj;Jld; me;j ,ilntspiag; ghykpl cq;fSf;F xg;ghdtu;fis mzp
jpul;lyhk;.
,izaj;jpd; jFjp
xt;nthU jiyaq;fj;jpYk; gy;NtW jfty;fs; ngWtjw;fhd topfis ,izak;
toq;FfpwJ. ,j;jfty;fs; cyfk; G+uhTKs;s gy;NtW ehLfspYkpUe;J tUfpwJ.
,izaj;jpYs;s xU gpur;rpid vd;dntdpy; vy;yhj; jfty;fSk; xU gadhsp
,izaj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJk; ,ytrkhfNt fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,izaj;jpy; ngupa
mstpyhd rl;ltpNuhjjjfty;fs; cs;s ghfq;fs; cs;sd. rpy Njrq;fSf;Fr; rl;l
tpNuhjkhf ,Uf;Fk; jfty;fs; Vida Njrq;fSf;Fr; rl;lg;gbahdjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
172
fw;gpj;jypy; jfty; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; (IT) gad;ghL
etPd njhopy;El;gj;Jldhd fw;wy; mDgtj;jhy; khztUf;F ts%l;lf;$ba IT
fw;ifnewpapy; Nju;rr
; p ngw;w Mrpupau;f
; spd; vz;zpfi
; f fzprkhd msT Fiwe;Js;sJ.
njhopy;El;g tsk; kpFe;j Ntiytha;g;Gf;fs;

jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapdhy; Gjpa njhopy;tha;g;Gf;fs;
epiwaj; Njhd;wpAs;sd. mitfspy; rpy:
1. juT cl;GFj;Jk; ,af;Feu;
2. fzpdp ,af;Feu;
3. epfo;r;rp epuyhsu;
4. nkd;nghUs; mgptpUj;jpahsu;
5. nkd;nghUs; ju cWjpg;gLj;Jk; nghwpapayhsu;
6. njhFg; gFg;gha;thsu;
7. nkd;nghUs; nghwpapayhsu;
8. td;nghUs; nghwpapayhsu;
9. tiyNtiy epu;thfp
10. IT Kfhikahsu;
11. tiy mgptpUj;jpahsu;
12. Desktop tpsk;gujhu;
13. fzpdpg; gpuNahfq;fs; cjtpahsu;
IT,d; gjpa njhopy;El;g Kd;Ndw;wkhdJ ghuk;gupaj; njhopy;rhu; epGzu;fSf;F xU

rthyhf te;jpUf;fpdw ; J. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf fiyQu;fs;> tbtikg;ghsu;fs; MfpNahiuf;
Fwpgg
; plyhk;. mtu;fs; jq;fisj; njhopypy; mtu;fsJ nre;j jpwd;kl;lj;jpy; epiyepWj;jpf;
nfhs;s mtu;fs; gpej ; pa njhopyE; l;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mtu;fs; jhq;fshfNt
khwpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
n;jhopy; ,og;Gf;fs;
cj;jpNahfj;jUf;Fj; jtpu;f;f Kbahjgb kpifahf;fg;gl;l mwptpy; Gjpa njhFjpfis
mgptpUj;jp nra;tJ rupahdjh? kf;fs; Kd;ghf gq;Fjhuu;fspd; gq;FfisAk;
Mjhaq;fisAk; ntspgg ; Lj;j Ntz;Lk; jhdh? ,itfs; fbdkhd Nfs;tpfs;. <LgLj;jpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;ba mtrpak; xt;nthUtUfFk; cz;L. xt;nthUtUk; jkJ mgpg;gpuha
nkhd;iw ,jpy; nfhz;bUg;gu;. cq;fsJ mgpg;gpuhak; vd;d?
Fwpj;j r%ff; FOf;fSf;fhd tiyg;gf;fq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;

mf;fiw cz;lhfr; nra;Ak; tiyg;gf;fq;fs; Fiwthf ,Ug;gJ rpWghd;ikr; r%ff;
FOf;fspypUe;JtUk; gadhspfis ek;gpf;if ,of;fr; nra;fpwJ. mjdhy; jfty;
njhopy;El;gj;ij mtu;fs; cgNahfpg;gJ Fiwthf cs;sJ. ,t;thwhd gadhspfis
,yf;fhff; nfhz;L mtu;fs; mf;fiwg; glf;$ba tiyg;gf;fq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjhy;
me;j cs;slf;f ,ilntspf;Fg; ghykpl ePq;fs; cjtp Gupa KbAk;.
173
ghJfhg; G g; gpur; r pidfs;
ngsjpf uPjpahd ghJfhg;G

#oy; fhuzpfs;
cq;fsJ fzpdpahdJ
• J}R mw;w
• cyu;e;j (<ukw;w)
• Gifaw;w #oypy;
itj;jpUf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
td;nghUs; ghJfhg;G
cq;fsJ fzpdpahdJ
• xU UPS (FWf;fPlw;w tY toq;fp) cld; ,izf;fg;gLtjhy; jpBu; tYj;jil
kw;Wk; tY Vwpapwq;Fk; ,lu;fspypUe;J jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.
• kpd;dy; kw;Wk; ,bapypUe;J ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s miynaOr;rp (Surge)
ghJfhg;Gr; rhjdj;Jld; njhLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
• Nthw;wsitf; fl;Lg;gLj;j epiyg;gLj;jp (Stabilisher) xd;Wld; njhLf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
ju;f;fuPjpahd ghJfhg;G
nkd;nghUSk; kw;Wk; kuGfSk; cq;fs; fzpdpapy;

• flTr;nrhy;
• gpd;Dau;j;jp (Backup) fs; vd;gtw;wpd; cgNahfj;jpdhy; ghJfhf;fg;gl KbAk;.
jPa Nehf;fKs;s ,ufrpaf; FwpaPLfs;

kw;w tiffshd ,yj;jpudpay; nfLnghUshd fpUkpfs; kw;Wk; Trojan horse gpuNahfq;fs;
Mfpad itu];fshFk; vd;w nghJthd xU jtwhd vz;zk; cs;sJ. mitfs;
mg;gbay;y. fpUkpfs;> Trojan Horses kw;Wk; itu];fs; vd;gd xU mfd;w gpupTg;
gFg;gha;thsuhy; ~~jPaNehf;fKs;s ,ufrpaf; FwpaPLfs;|| vdf; $wg;gLfpd;wd.
cjhuzk;: • itu];
• tu;kp];
• nwh[d; N`hu;]; itu];
itu]; cq;fSf;Fj; njupahkYk; cq;fsJ tpUg;gq;fSf;F vjpuhfTk; cq;fs;

fzpdpapy; Vw;wg;gl;Lr; nraw;gLk; xU epfo;r;rpepuy; my;yJ ,ufrpaf; FwpaPl;bd; xU
gFjpNa ,JthFk;. Vida epfo;r;rpepuy; Nghd;Nw ,JTk; fzpdp vd;d nra;a
Ntz;Lk; vd;W mwpTWj;jy;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
• itu];fs; jhkhfNt gy;fpg; ngUff;$bad.
• vy;yh fzpdp itu];fSk; kdpjuhNyNa Mf;fg;gl;ld.
• xU vspa itu]; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gpujpahf;fk;nra;J ,yFthf cUthfj;jf;fJ.
174
• xU itu]; MdJ kpfTk; ehrj;ijVw;gLj;jf;$Lk;. mJ cq;fs; td; ,af;fpia
cUr;rpijf;Fk; td; ,af;fpapd; Boot sector ,y; Nkyjpfkhf vOJk; my;yJ
Nfhg;Gfis ,y;yhkw; nra;Ak;. mj;Jld; cq;fs; nghwpia ,aq;fhky; gz;zptpLk;.
• mt;thwhd xU vspikahd ituRk; Mgj;jhdJ Vnddpy; mJ tpiuthf ,Uf;Fk;
vy;yh epidtfj;ijAk; gad;gLj;jp njhFjpapd; nraw;ghl;il epWj;jptpLk;.
• kpfTk; Mgj;jhd tif itu]; MdJ ghJfhg;Gj; njhFjpfisAk; FWf;fhff;
flg;gjdhy; tiy NtiyfSf;Ff; FWf;fhf jhdhfNt nrYj;jg;glj;jf;fjha;
cs;sJ.
ehk; vt;thW itu];fis ngWfpNwhk;?

• itu]; cq;fs; njhFjpapy;
ο e - jghy; my;yJ xU e jghy; ,izg;gpdhy;
ο gbapwf;Ftjhy;
ο ghjpf;fg;gl;l nefpo; tl;Lf;fisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;tjhy;
ο (mt;tg;NghJ epfo;fpd;w) Hacking (fPW Vw;gly;)
,itfspD}lhfr; itu];fs; nry;yyhk;.
itu]; f s; vt; t hW Ntiy nra; f pd; w d?

ghjpf;fg;gl;l Nfhg;gpid my;yJ gpuNahfj;ij ePqf
; s; jpwf;Fk; mNj Ntis NfLjUk;
Nehf;fk; nfhz;l ,ufrpaf; FwpaL
P fs; jhkhfNt gpujpahf;fk; nra;J cq;fs; njhFjpapy;
xU Nfhg;gpid Mf;Fk;. mq;F mJ jdJ nraw;ghl;bw;fhff; fhj;jpUe;J mij
epuyhf;fk; nra;jtupd; jPu;khdj;jpw;Nfw;g cq;fs; njhFjpapy; nraw;gLk;. xU
,izg;gpidj; jpwe;j gpd; e jghiy vspikahf mopj;JtpLtjdhy; itu]; ,idj;
jtpu;j;Jtpl ,ayhJ. Vnddpy; mJ Vw;fdNt nghwpapDs; GFe;Jtpl;bUg;gjdhy;
vd;f.
itu]; vOjpatu; Kd;Ng xOq;FgLj;jpa vjpu;fhy Neuk; my;yJ ehspy; cldbahf

mJ nraYUg;ngw;W jdJ Rikiar; nrYj;jyhk;. my;yJ ePq;fs; Nrkpf;Fk;NghJ
my;yJ xU Nfhg;gpidj; jpwf;Fk;NghJ cs;s xU Fwpg;gpl;l fl;lisia epiwNtw;Wk;
NghJ ,t;thW nra;ayhk;. ikf;fy; mQ;rNyh itu]; MdJ cjhuzj;jpw;F mijr;
rpj;jupj;jtupd; gpwe;j jpdkhd ve;j tUlj;jpYk; tUk; khu;r; 6Mk; jpfjpad;W mjd;
Rikiar; nrYj;JkhW epfo;r;rpepuw;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ>
itu]; ,w;F vjpuhd nkd;nghUs;

1987 ,ypUe;J ghJfhg;Gj;jpizf;fsj;jhYk; gy gy;fiyf;fofq;fshYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l
xU ngupa tiyNtiyahd ARPANET I xU itu]; ghjpj;jNghJ gy itu]; vjpu;g;G
nkd;nghUs;fs; fpilf;ff;$bajhapUe;jd. ,t;tpj epfo;rr; pepuy;fs; kpfTk; mwpag;gl;l
tif itu];fSf;fhf cq;fs; fzpdpj; njhFjpiaf; fhyhfhyj;jpy; guPl;rpf;fpd;wd.
itu]; ,w;F vjpuhd nkd;nghUs; mNefkhf mwpag;gl;l vy;yh tif ituRfisAk;

fz;Lgpbf;ff;$badthf cs;sd. Mdhy; mtw;wpd; jpwidg; guhkupjJ
; itj;jpUg;gjw;F
xOq;fhf mtw;iwf; fhyj;jpw;nfhj;j GJepiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tu Ntz;Lk;. itu];
175
epGzu;fs; Rkhu; 40>000 ,w;F Nkw;gl;l itu];fisAk; mtw;wpd; khw;wk; ngw;w
tiffisAk; rpy fle;j tUlq;fshf gjpT nra;J itj;Js;sdu;. mNef itu];fs;
Neuj;ij tPzbf;Fk; er;rupg;Gf;FupadthapUf;f ehrk; tpistpf;Fk; Rikia toq;Fk;
itu];fNs cz;ikahd mr;RWj;jy; jUtdthFk;.
1960fspd; Kd;gpUe;Nj itu];fs; Muk;gfhy fzpdpfs; ,Ue;jnghONj ,Ue;jitjhd;.

1980 tiu mitfs; ngUk;ghYk; Ma;T$l khjpupfshf Muha;r;rpahsu;fshy;
cUthf;fg;gl;L mitfspd; tpisTfisg; guPlr ; pgg
; jw;fhff; fl;Lg;ghlhd #o;epiyfspy;
ntspaplg;gl;ld. <jghy; iut];fs; rpy epkpq;fspy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd nghwpfisg;
ghjpf;ff;$badthFk;.
vt;thW itu]; vjpu;g;G nkd;nghUs;fs; Ntiy nra;fpd;wd?

Ez;zha; nkd;nghUs; xd;W my;yJ ,uz;L topfspy; xU itui]g; ghu;j;jpUf;Fk;.
mJ mwpag;gl;l xU itu]; vdpd; (Vw;fdNt fz;lwpag;gl;L mjw;Fupa khw;W
kUe;Jk; vOjg;gl;bUg;gpd;) nkd;nghUshdJ iturpd; ifnaOj;ij igl;fspd; xU
jdpj;j ,izahf (String)> iftpuy; milahsk; Nghd;W milahsk; fhZk;. mJ
gpd;G cq;fs; njhFjpapypUe;J ituir mfw;wptpLk;.
mNef Ez;zha;T nkd;nghUs; xU njhlf;f ituir kl;Lkpd;wp mjd; NtWghl;L

mikg;Gf;fisAk; gpbf;Fk;. ifnaOj;J ,ufrpaf; FwpaPL tof;fkhf nraw;glhky;
,Uf;Fk;.
khw;WkUe;J cUthf;fg;glhj Gjpa itu];fspd; tifapy; Ez;zha;T nkd;nghUs;

fz;Lzu;T Kiwiag; gpuNahfpj;J cq;fs; njhFjpapy; nraw;gl tha;g;Gs;s
tof;fj;jpw;F khwhf itu]pidf; fz;lwpAk;. ,e;j epfo;r;rpepuy; tof;fj;jpw;Fkhwhd
nrad;Kiwfisf; fhZkhdhy; re;Njfj;jpw;fplkhd epfo;;r;rpepuiyj; jLg;Gf;fhty;
nra;Ak;.
Firewall
xU firewall vd;gJ mjpfhug+u;tkw;w ghtidfs;; cq;fs; fzpdpf;Fs; nry;y top
tFg;gijj; jLf;Fk; xU njhFjpahFk;. xU firewall td;nghUshfNth my;yJ
nkd;nghUshfNth ,Uf;f KbAk;. td;nghUs; firewalls ntspAyfj;jpypUe;J tUfpd;w
mNef cUtpy; cs;s jhf;Fjy;fSf;Fk; typikkpFe;j ghJfhg;ig toq;fty;yjhFk;.
,jid xU jdpj;J epw;Fk; Mf;fg; nghUshf my;yJ mfyg;gl;il topfhl;bahfg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. Jujp\;ltrkhf ituRfSld; fpUkpfSld; kw;Wk; Trojan cld;
NghupLk;nghOJ xU td;nghUs; firewall MdJ nkd;nghUs; firewall I tpl jpwd;
Fiwe;jjhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. ntspr;nry;Yk; < jghy;fspy; mJ gjpag;gl;l fpUkpfisg;
ngUk;ghYk; ftdpf;fhky; tpLtJld; ,J xOq;fhd tiyNtiyg; gazkhfNt
fhz;fpwJ. jdpj;jdpahd tPl;Lg; ghtidahsu;fSf;F kpfg; gpugy;akhd firewall
njupthdJ xU nkd;nghUs; firewall MFk;. xU rpwe;j nkd;nghUs; firewall MdJ
cq;fs; fzpdpiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ntspj;jhf;f Kaw;rpfspypUe;J ghJfhf;fpwJ.
176
my;yJ cq;fs; fzpdpia mZFtijj; jLf;fpwJ. mj;Jld; kpfg; nghJthd Trojan
epfo;r;rpepuy;fs; my;yJ < jghy; fpUkpfs; vd;gtw;Wf;F vjpuhf Nkyjpf ghJfhg;ig
toq;FfpwJ. nkd;nghUs; firewalls ,d; fPoe
; piy vd;dntdpy; mitfs; epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l
fzpdpfisNa ghJfhf;Fk;. tiyNtiyia my;y. xU firewall MdJ mjd; nrhe;jj;
jd;ikapdg ; b cq;fs; fzpdpapd; itu]; gpur;rpidfis ePff
; khl;lhJ vd;gij epidtpw;
nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. Mdhy; xOq;fhd nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpAld; ,ize;jjhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;L jw;fhyj;jpw;Nfw;wgb xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;L xU rpwe;j itu]; vjpu;g;G
Ez;zha;T nkd;nghUSld; ,izj;Jr; nraw;gl itj;jhy; ,J cq;fs; fzpdp
my;yJ tiyNtiyf;F Nkyjpfg; ghJfhg;gpidr; Nru;f;Fk;.
ghJfhg;ghd fzpdpapaiyg; goFq;fs;

vjpuN
; ehf;fhj < jghy; ,izg;Gfisj; jpwf;fhkYk; ek;gfj;jd;ikaw;w %yq;fspypUe;Jk;
gbapwf;fk; nra;ahkYk; ,Ug;gNj itu];fspypUe;J cq;fs; fzpdpfisg; ghJfhf;Fk;
rpwe;j topahFk;. cq;fs; jghy; ngl;bapy; xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; ,UKiw fpspf; nra;tijj;
jtpu;ff; Tk;.
Nkyjpf ghJfhg;gpd; Nru;f;iff;F ek;gfj;jd;ikkpf;f itu]; vjpug;G Ez;zha;T

nkd;nghUis epiyg;gLj;JtJld; jw;fhyj;jpw;nfhj;jjhf xOq;fhd Kiwapy; mijg;
NgZf.
gpujhd itu]; vjpu;g;G nkd;nghUs; tpw;gidahsu;fs; Symantec, Network Associate,

Computer Associates kw;Wk; Trend micro I cs;slf;fpatu;fshtu;. ,itfSf;Fj; jw;fhyj;jpw;
nfhj;jjhf xOq;fhf;Fk; Kiw toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
tpw;gidahsu;fspy; rpyUf;F fk;gdpapd; tiyg;gf;fj;jpypUe;J jhkhfNt jw;fhyj;jpw;

nfhj;jjhf xOq;fhf;Fk; xU Nrit toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Rfhjhu kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gg; gpur;rpidfs;
fzpdpg; gof;f tof;fq;fs; Rfhjhuj;jpd; kPJ jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk;

njhlu;rrpahf ePz;lNeuk; fzpdpfis cgNahfpg;gJ cq;fs;
clypy; rpy NfhshWfis cz;Lgz;Zk;. (glk; 10.4.1)
mtw;Ws; rpy:
• fz;typ
• KJFtyp
• nrsfupaf; FiwT
• %isapy; fl;bfs; Nghd;wd.
cq;fs; fzpdpAldhd cUtj;jpw;F ntspg;gf;fkhf ePq;fs; tisfpwP u;fsh?

glk; ,y;iy.
10.4.1
Vnddpy; mJ mr;rplhJ. my;yJ ePqf; s; "Ctrl+Alt+Delete" rhtpfis mOj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;f
Ntz;Lnkd;gjhy; mt;thWs;sJ.
,ilapy; epWj;jhky; kzpf;fzf;fhf ePqf ; s; mr;rbf;f Kide;jhy; ePqf; s; cUtj;jpw;F
177
mg;ghyhf tis Ntz;bapUf;fyhk;. ntWg;Gld; $bajhd fz;typapypUe;J jiytyp
tiu Neha;fSk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ,aq;Ftjhyhd jPq;Ffs; KJFtypf;Fk; ,l;Lr;
nry;tjw;fhd fhuzkhtJ ePz;l Neuj;jpw;F fzpdpia cgNahfpj;jy; MFk;.
Rfhjhukhd fzpdpg; ghtidf;fhd mbg;gilahd %d;W tplaq;fs; cs;sd. ngsjpf

#oy; vt;thW ePq;fs; fzpdpia cgNahfpf;fpwPu;fs; vd;gJ kw;Wk; vt;thW ePq;fs;
fzpdpia cgNahfpf;ftpy;iy vd;gJkhFk;.
ICT ,y; ,ay; g haike; j Rfhjhu kw; W k; ghJfhg; G g; gpur; r pidfs;

fzpdpnahd;iw cgNahfpg;gJ cq;fs; tpuy;fs;> iffs;> kzpf;fl;Lfs;> fuq;fs;>
Njhs;fs;> fOj;J> KJF kw;Wk; fz;fs; Nghd;w cq;fs; clypd; cWg;Gfisg;
ghjpf;ff;$Lk;. ghu;itf;Ff; fzpdpfs; NghJkhd ghJfhg;Gilad Nghd;W njupe;jhYk;
rpy Mgj;Jf; s; cs;sd vd;gijj; njupe;J nfhs;tJ ey;yJ. mtw;iw ,aYkhdtiu
Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;. fzpdpapy; gzp GupAk;NghJ MNuhf;fpaj;ijg;
ghJfhf;Fk; rpy MNyhridfs; gw;wp thrpf;f.
Ntiyj; j sj; i j nghUj; j khdthW mikj; J f; n fhs; s y;

g+uzkhd cyfj;jpy; ed;F xspa+l;lg;gl;l miwapy; cq;fs; kpfTk; nrsfupakhdJk;
Mjhuk; kpf;fJkhd fjpiuapy; mku;e;J ngupa jpiuAs;s fzpdpapy; ePq;fs; Ntiy
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. cz;ikapy; ePq;fs; xUtuplkpUe;J cq;fSf;Ff; ifaspf;fg;gl;l
cq;fSf;Fupaijtpl MW mq;Fyq;fs; caukhd my;yJ FWfpa xU mYtyff;
fjpiuapypUe;J nfhz;L njsptw;w rpwpa fzpdpj; jpiuia rupthfg; ghu;jJ ; f;nfhz;Nl
gzpGupa Ntz;bapUf;fpwJ. fjpiu> Nkir> kT];> nkhdpl;lu; kw;Wk; ntspr;rk;
Mfpa mNefkhd MNuhf;fpakhd Ntiyj;jyj;jpw;Fupa mj;jpahtrpag; nghUl;fs;
Ntz;Lnkdj; njupe;J jug;gl;lnghOJ mitfis NkYk; gadhspfSf;F cjTk;
tifapy; nra;tjw;F KbAnkd;gJ njspT. mjw;fhd ntspg;ghLfshtd:
• nkhdpl;lupypUe;J cq;fs; jiy 18 Kjy; 30 mq;Fyq;fs; js;sp ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• rhtpg; gyiifia Koq;ifapd; cauj;jpy; cq;fs; fuq;fis NeNu itj;J
nraw;gLk; tifapyhd J}uj;jpYk; Nfhzj;jpYk; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
• fjpiuf;Ff; iffs; ,y;yhtpl;lhy; cq;fs; iffSf;F Mjhukspf;Fk; tifapy;
jiyaizia cgNahfpf;f.
• cq;fs; ghjq;fs; kl;lkhf epyj;jpy; itj;jpUf;Fk; tifapYk; ,Lg;G Koq;fhy;
kl;lj;jpw;Fr; rw;W cauj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; tifapYk; fjpiuiar; rupg;gLj;Jf.
~~xU Fwpg;gpl;l taij|| mZfpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; egu;fSf;F xU tpNrl
mwptpgn; ghd;W cs;sJ. rpy tif %f;Ff;fz;zhbfs; mzpej ; tu;fs;
mtw;wpd; fPo;g;gf;ff; fz;zhbfSf; $lhfg; ghu;j;J
thrpggjw;NfJthf mbf;fb jiyiag; gpd;gf;fkhfr; rha;g;gJ
tof;fk;. ,J fOj;J> Njhs; kw;Wk; KJF vd;gtw;wpy; gpur;rpidfis
Vw;gLj;Jk;. tpahjpf;fl;Lg;ghl;L ikaq;fs;> cq;fs; nkhdpl;liuj;
jho;j;jp itj;J tpNrlkhf fzpdp Ntiyf;nfd tbtikf;fg;gl;l
fz;zhbfisg; gad;gLj;JkhW rpgupR nra;fpd;wJ. (glk; 10.4.2)
gadhspapd; khw;wg;gLk; epiy glk; 10.4.2
178
fzpdp Ntiyf;fhd Kiwahf ,Uf;Fk; El;gq;fs;
• cq;fs; ghjq;fis epyj;jpy; kl;lkhf itj;jpUf;f.
• $d;tpOe;J cl;fhuhJ epkpu;e;J cl;fhUf.
• jiyia eLepiyj;jhdj;jpy; itj;jpUf;f.
ey;y FUjpNahl;l epiyia epiyg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s mbf;fb cq;fs; epiyia khw;wpf;

nfhs;Sq;fs;. xU gpuNjrj;ij kw;Wk; fisg;gilar; nra;tijj; jtpuf
; f
; . Ntiynra;Ak;
nghOJ Gj;jfq;fisNah mr;rpl;l Mtzq;fisNah ghu;ff ; Ntz;b Vw;gbd; mtw;iwg;
ghu;g;gjw;F Rod;W jpUk;Gtjw;Fg; gjpyhf mtw;iw cq;fSf;F mz;ikapy; Kd;dhy;
itj;Jf;nfhs;f.
ePq;fs; Ntiy nra;Ak;NghJ cq;fs; NjhSf;Fk; jhilf;Fkpilapy; njhiyNgrpia

itj;Jf;nfhz;L fijg;gPuh? ,jdhy; ve;j ed;ikAk; tug;Nghtjpy;iy. ePq;fs;
ciuahbf; nfhz;L Ntiy nra;a Ntz;Lkhdhy; xypngUf;fpAldhd njhiyNgrpia
my;yJ ghuq;Fiwe;j jiyapyzpAk; Ez;xypngUf;fpr; rhjdj;ij thq;fp cgNahfpff
; .
k ; ,af;Fgtupd; gapw;rpfs;
,fu;fFk;
ePq;fs; gupG+uzkhd kdpj ,af;ftpay; xOq;FghLfisAk; ,Uf;Fk; tpjj;ijAk;
tpjj;ij
filg;gpbj;j nghOjpYk; ePqf
; s; mbf;fb Ntiyia ,ilepWj;jk; nr;aa Ntz;bAs;sJ.
~~nra;jijNa nra;Ak; epiyahd Ntiy|| mjhtJ fzpdpia cgNahfpg;gJ
kduP j pahfTk; cly; uP j pahfTk; fisg; i gj; juty; y J. (ngsjpfuP j pahd
nraw;ghLfspypUe;J ngWk;fisg;Gg; Nghd;w ~~ ey;y fisg;G|| my;y ,J) fzpdpia
epWj;jhkNy cq;fs; gzpf;Fr; rw;W ,ilepWj;jk; juyhk;. ehspd; filrp kzpj;Jsp
tiuf;Fk; vy;yhf; Nfhitg; gLj;jiyAk; tpl;L itg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf 15 epkplj;Jz;L
,ilNtisfSld; gzpGuptJ ed;W. njhiyNgrp miog;Gfs; vLf;Fk; tplaj;jpYk;
,J Nghd;Nw nraw;gLf.
rpy epGzu;fs; xt;nthU miukzp Neuj;jpw;Fk; %d;W epkpl gzp ,il epWj;jk;
Njitnad;W rpghupR nra;fpd;wdu;. mj;NjhL $l ,e;j eykpf;f cyfj;jpy; cs;s
vq;fisg; Nghd;wtu;fs; xU ehisf;F gy jlitfs; ,ilepWj;jk; nra;a Ntz;Lnkd;W
rpghupR nra;fpwhu;fs;. ,Ujaj;ijg; Nghd;w ngupa jirfis ,Oj;J kw;Wk; gad;gLj;j
,J cjTk;. Ie;J epkpl eilahdJ cq;fis MNuhf;fpakhdtuhfTk; RWRWg;ghd
tuhfTk; Mf;Fk;. cq;fsJ Ntiyapy; Gj;Jzu;r;rpNahL <Lgl Maj;j khtjw;F
,J cjTk;.
fzpdp Ntiyapy; mbf;fb Kjd;ikahfj;jhf;FjYf;Fs;shFk; clk;gpd; ghfq;fshtd:

fz;fs;> KJF kw;Wk; iffshFk;. rpy mtru MNyhridfshtd:
• cq;fs; fz;fs; cyu;e;J tplhjgb mbf;fb fz; rpkpl;Lf.
• xt;nthU KiwAk; nkhdpl;lu; jpiuiar; Rj;jkhf;Ff. mjdhy; jpiuapy; gbAk;
J}Rg; glyj;jpw;$lhf ePq;fs; cw;Wg;ghu;f;Fk; epiy Vw;glhJ. ,e;jj; J}Rg; glyk;
jpiuapy; Vw;gLk; epiy kpd;dpd; tpNehjkhd rf;jpapdhy; mq;F Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
• xt;nthU gj;J epkplq;fSf;Fk; fz;fisf; fzpdpf;F ntspNa Fiwe;jJ 20
179
cUl;Ltjd;
mbfSf;fg;ghy; cs;s nghUl;fisf; Fwpj;Jf; Ftpj;J Nehf;Ff.

• Neuhf mku;e;J nfhz;Nl cq;fs; Njhspd; gpd;Gwj;ijg; ghu;g;gjdhy; fOj;J
tpfhuj;ijj; jsu;j;Jf.
• Njhs;fis gpd;gf;fkhfTk; Kd;gf;fkhfTk; cUl;Ltjd; %yk; mtw;iwj; jsu;Twr;
nra;f.
• iftpuy;fis mfykhf tpupgg ; jd; %ykhf cq;fs; iffspYs;s jir ,Oitiaf;
Fiwf;Ff.
• ifK\;bia ,Wf;fpagb gpbj;Jf;nfhs;f.
mbf;fb Vw;gLk; jifg;G rk;ge;jkhd jPq;Ffs;

cly; f s;
• fzpdp cgNahfpg;gjw;Fg; nghUj;jkw;w fjpiufs; kw;Wk;
Nkirfs; ghtpf;fNtz;b Neu;e;jhy; cq;fSf;F ,Uj;jy;
mnrsfupakhfTk; fuk; kw;Wk; jiyia itj;jpUf;Fk;
jhdq;fs; myq;NfhykhdjhapUf;Fk;.
• cq;fs; clk;igg; ghJfhf;Fk; mNj Neuk; trjpahf ,Ug;gjhf

czu ePq;fs; rpytw;iwr; nra;jhf Ntz;Lk;. vJ gpioahfg;
Ngha;tpl;lJ vd;gijAk; vt;thW mijr; rupg;gLj;JtJ
vd;gijAk; ehk; ghu;g;Nghk;.
cl; f hUjy;
• fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ cq;fs; clk;G mt;tsthf
efu;tjpy;iy. mjdhy; cq;fs; fjpiuapy; nrsfupakhf
mku;e;J nfhs;tJ gw;wp ePq;fs; cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;;tJ
mtrpak;.
• jiyaizfs;> jpz;Lfs; (pads)> ngl;bfs; kw;Wk; ngupa

Gj; j fq; f s; vd; g itfis cq; f s; fjpiu cq; f Sf; F g;
nghUe;Jk;gb cgNahfpf;fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. cq;fs; ghjq;fs;
jiuiaj; njhl Kbahky; ,Ug; g pd; xU fhy; i tf; F k;
gyifiag; ghtpf;f. my;yJ jbj;j rpy Gj;jfq;fis mLf;fp
my;yJ xU ngl;biaf; fhypy; fPo; itf;ff; Nfl;fTk;.
• jiyaizfSk; jpz; L fSk; vy; y h Nkyjpf ,Uf; i f
180
ntspiaAk; vLj; J tpLk; . ,jd; t op eP q ; f s; gpd; G wkhfr;
rha;;e;jpUf;fTk; fhy;fis itj;jpUf;fTk; trjp fpilf;Fk;.
fzpdpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf fjpiuia mikj;jy;

• ckf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd xU fjpiu cq;fsplk; ,Ue;jhy; Mdhy;
NkirapypUf;Fk; fzpdp kpf caukhapd; jiyaizfSk;
jpz;LfSk; $l Njitahapd; ePq;fs; caukhd tifapy;
,Uf;f cjTk;. ,J rupg;glhjtplj;J ngupa xU fjpiuia
my;yJ rpwpa fzpdp Nkiriaf; fz;Lgpbf;f Kaw;rpff
; nra;f.
• cq;fs; tapw;W cauj;jpw;Ff;fpl;lj;jl;l fzpdpr; rhtpg;gyif

,Uj; j y; Ntz; L k; . neQ; r pd; my; y J my; y J Njhspd;
cauj;jpw;fd;W. Vnddpy; ePq;fs; mij milaf; ifia ePl;l
Ntz;b Vw;gLk;. cq;fSf;F kpf caukhd rhtpg;gyif
,Ue;jhy; cq;fs; fuq;fs;> Njhs; kw;Wk; fOj;J vd;gd
tpiutpy; Gz;gl;LtpLk;.
gupg+uzg; nghUj;jk;
• Nkw;fz;l gpur;rpidfs; VJk; ,y;iynadpd;> cq;fSf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd fjpiuiaak; fzpdp NkiriaAk; cz;ikapNy
ngw;w mjp\;l rhypaha; ePq;fs; Mfyhk;.
fzpdpiaj; jho;j;jp itj;jpUj;jy; (Computer slump)

• g+uzkhd fjpiuAk; fzpdp NkirAk; cs; s NghJk;
mr;rbf;Fk;NghJ cq;fs; fjpiuapy; gpd;dhy; rha;e;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gijAk; KJF mizapy; Xa;ntLf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;gijAk; epidtpw; nfhs;tJ NjitahdjhFk;. Kd;gf;fkhfj;
jiyiaj; njhq;ftplNth my;yJ rhaNth Ntz;lhk;. Vnddpy;
,J cq;fs; KJFf;F ey;yjy;y. ,g;NghNj xU ey;y KJFg;Gw
,Uf;if epiyiaf; nfhz;bUf;fg; gofpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. mJ
ePz;lfhy mbg;gilapy; kfpo;r;rpiaf; nfhLf;Fk;.
• Mdhy; ,J kl;LNk ePq;fs; mtjhdpf;fj; Njitahd tplak;

my;y.
tpirg;gyifg; gad;ghL
• tpirg; gyifiag; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ cq;fSf;F Kd;ghf
mij mz;ikapy; itj;jpUf;f. mjidj; J}ukhfg; gpd;dhf
itj;jpUe;jhy; mijg; gad;gLj;j ePq;fs; Kd;Ndhf;fp mZf
Ntz;bapUf;Fk;.
Neu; #L (Straight shot)
181
• mr;rbf;Fk;NghJ cq;fs; Kd;fuq;fis cq;fs; fPo;g;Gw
fuq;fSld; NeuhfTk; kl;lkhfTk; itj;jpUf;f Kaw;rp nra;f.
cq;fs; Kd;fuq;fis kpf mjpfkhf tisg;gijj; jtpu;ff ; Tk;.
Vnddpy; mJ cq;fs; tpuy;fSf;F Ntiy nra;af;fbdkhf
,Ug;gJld; Kd;fuq;fisAk; Nkyjpf ghjpg;Gf;Fs;shf;Fk;.
rpy rpW gps;isfs; rhtpg;gyiffSf;F Kd;G Kd;fuq;fis
mit Neuhf ,Uf;FkhW itj;Jf;nfhs;s cjTkhW Xa;tpy;
itj;jpUf;f tpUk;Gtu;. Mdhy; mr;rpLk;NghJ mt;thW Xa;tpy;
itj;jpUf;f Ntz;lhk;.
,aw;if tisT
• cq;fs; tpuy;fs; thdtpy; my;yJ ePu;tPo;r;rp Nghd;w xU
,aw;if tisit cilad. mr;rbf;Fk; NghJk; cq;fs;
tpuy; f is mtw; w pd; tistpNyNa itj; j pUf; f tpLf.
mr; r bf; F k; N ghJ tpuy; f is eP l ; b mjpfkhf kl; l khf
itj;jpUf;f Ntz;lhk;.
,aypilf; filrpg; gug;G (Home stretch)

• ,aypl tupir kw;Wk; njhLif tifapy; vt;thW Xa;ntLg;gJ
vd;gij ePq;fs; mwpe;jhy; KOf; ifiaAk; J}uj;jpYs;s
rhtpfis mZFk;gb mirf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gij Qhgfj;jpy;
nfhs;f. ,ayplj;jpypUe;J kpfj;J}ukhf cq;fs; tpuy;fis
eP l ; l Ntz; l hk; . rpy Neuq; f spy; rpwpa tpuy; f Sf; F
rhtpg;gyiffs; kpfg; ngupjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jd;NghJ ifia
rhtpfSf; F mirj; J cq; f s; tpuy; f isr; re; N jhrkhf
itj;jpUf;f.
Rj;jpaYk; tz;zj;Jg;g+r;rp eldKk;
182
• nkd;ikahf mr;rbf;Ff. ,b ,bg;gJ Nghy; rhtpfis ePqf ; s;
Fj;jj;Njitapy;iy. nkd;ikahd njhLif nrk;ikahf
Ntiy nra;Ak;. rhtpfspd; kPJ tz;zj;Jg;g+r;rpfs; eldkhLtJ
Nghd;Nw cq;fs; tpuy;fs; nraw;gLtjhf epidAq;fs;.
kT]pd; Ntiy
• mNefkhf vy;yhf; fzpdpfSk; kT];fis ciladthf
,g; N ghJ cs; s J. fzpdpapd; jpiu kP J tplaq; f isf;
Fwpj;Jf;fhl;lTk; mtw;iw mirf;fTk; mit Neu;jj
; pahdit.
Mdhy; vt;thW mitfisg; gad;gLj;Jtnjd;W ePq;fs;
mtjhdpf;Fk; Njit cs;sJ. ,y;yhtpl;lhy; mit jpUk;gp
cq;fisf; fbf;ff;$Lk;.
gpopAk; tpisahl;L
• rpyu; kTi] ,Wf;fkhfg; gpbj;J itj;jpUf;f tpUk;Gtu;.
vt;nthnwdpDk; rhtpg; gyifr; rhtpfis kpf td;ikahf
mbg;gJNghy ,JTk; xU ey;y Ntiyay;y. kT]pd; kPJ
nkd;ikahd njhLifia itj;jpUe;J mjd; nghj;jhd;fis
fpspf; nra;Ak;NghJ mt;thNw nraw;gLf. kT]pd; kPJ mjpf
tpiriag; gpuNahfpgg
; J iffSf;Fk; fuq;fSf;Fk; gad;ghl;by;
fisg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk; ,JTk; xUtif kT]pd; fbj;jNy.
• fzpdp kT];fs;> iffSf;F kpfg; ngupjhf ,Uf;fyhk;. ePqf ; s;

xU rpwpa kTi]j; njupT nra;a KaYq;fs;. my;yJ jlag;
ge;jpid cgNahfpf;Fk;NghJ itj;jpUf;f Ntz;ba Njit
Vw;glhJ kw;Wk; ge;jpid mirf;f ePqf
; s; gy;NtW tpuy;fisAk;
cgNahfpf;f KbAk;.
Neu; #L (Straight shot)

• rhtpg; gyifia cgNahfpgg ; J Nghd;Nw cq;fs; Kd;iffis
NeuhfTk; kl;lhfTk; itj;Jf;nfhz;L kTi] mq;Fkpq;Fk;
efu; j ; j yhk; . Kd; i fia Xa; t hf itj; j pUg; g J ,q; F k;
cjtpahf ,Uf; F k; . Neuhd Kd; i ffis itj; j pUf; f
cjtpahf gy; kT]; jpz; L fs; mtw; N whL Nru; j ; J
Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s Kd;dif Xa;ntLf;Fk; jl;LfNshL tpwg ; idf;F
te;Js;sd.
fz; t yp
183
,lk;> tyk;> cauk;> jho;T... nkhdpl;lu; vq;Nf NghfpwJ?
fzpdp nkhdpl;lu; (jpiu)ahdJ cq;fSf;F Kd;ghfTk; fz;fspd; kl;lj;jpw;Fr;
rw;Wf; fPohfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. nkhdpl;lu; MdJ Neupyd;wp gf;fkhfTk; mjpf
caukhd my; y J cauk; FiwthfTk; ,Uf; F khapd; KbT cz; i kapy;
jiyapbahfNt ,Uf;Fk;... fOj;jpYk; NjhspYk; epr;rakhfg; ghjpg;G vw;gLk; vd;gijf;
$w Ntz;ba mtrpak; ,y;iy.
• fz;fs; vq;F nry;YNkh mq;F clk;Gk; njhlu;e;J nry;Yk;

vd;gij Qhgfg;gLj;Jf. gf;fj;jpy;> cauj;jpy; my;yJ fPohfg;
ghu;ff
; Ntz;bapUg;gpd; cq;fs; jiyAk; fOj;Jk; mjw;Nfw;wgb
jpUk;g Ntz;Lk;.
• nkhdpll ; u; jho;thf ,Uf;Fk; rkak; ePqf
; s; cq;fs; fjpiuiaj;
jho;j;jp itj;jpUf;fr; nra;af;$Lk;.
rpy Ntisfspy; nkhdpl;luhdJ fzpdpapd; ciwf;Fs; itj;jpUf;fg;gLk;. mjdhy;

gf;fg;ghl;Lf;Ff; fzpdp ciwia efu;jJ
; tjhy; nkhdpll
; iuj; jho;jj
; yhk;. nkhdpll
; iu
cauj;Jk; Njit Vw;gl;lhy; Gj;jfq;fs; rpytw;iw mjdbapy; itj;jy; tof;fkhd
je;jpukhFk;. rupg;gLj;jYf;F cq;fSf;F tpUg;gj; Nju;Tk; cz;L. ePq;fs; rupahd
,lj;jpw;F tUk;tiu cq;fs; fjpiuapd; cauj;ijr; rupg;gLj;j KbAk;.
fz; $ritf; F k; ntspr; r k;

• tUk; ntspr;rq;fs; ad;dy;fSf;Fs;shfTk; cs;fjTfSf;$lhfTk; fzpdp
nkhdpl;lu;fis cgNahfpg;gijf; fbdkhf;fptpLfpd;wd. xNu Neuj;jpy; nkhdpl;lu;
jpiu kPJ nrwpthd ntspr;rk; tpOkhdhy; nkhdpl;liug; ghu;g;gjw;Ff; fz;fisg;
nghUe;j itg;gJ fbdkhdjhFk;. nkhdpl;lupypUe;J Vwj;jho mNjasT xsp
te;jhNy ehk; ghu;f;f KbAk;. fzpdpia cq;fs; Kd; cs;s ad;dy; my;yJ
NtW ntspr;rq;fs; tpohjthW mirj;J my;yJ ad;dy;fSf;Fk; mt;tpj
ntspr;rpq;fSf;Fk; xU kiwg;ig Vw;gLj;jp ,e;jg;gpur;rpidiaj; jtpu;j;Jf;
nfhs;syhk;.
,yf; i f va; j Kbahepiy

• ntspr;rj;jpdhy; tUk; kw;nwhU gpur;rpidahtJ mJ cq;fSf;Fg; gpd;dhypUe;J
te;J fzpdpj; jpiuapy; tpOe;J njwpgg ; jhFk;. ,jd;NghJ jpiuapYs;sijg; ghu;gg
; J
fbdkhfptpLk;. ntspr;rj;ij mirg;gJ my;yJ fzpdpia mirg;gNj ,e;jg;
gpur;rpidiaj; jPuf
; f
; j; jFe;j topahFk;. ,y;yhtpbd; xU nkhdpl;lu; KfL my;yJ
xspr;nrwpT $ba jpiu Ntz;lg;gLtjhFk;.
gpupe;J nry;yy; ( Break away)
184
• ePqf
; s; fzpdpapy; Ntiy nra;Ak;NghJ my;yJ tPbNah tpisahl;by; <LgLk;NghJ
Neuk; kpf tpiuthfr; nrd;WtpLk;. me;j ehs;g+uhfTk; gy;NtW tplaq;fisr;
nra;tJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. cq;fs; clk;ghdJ kzpf;fzf;fhf rhtpg;gyifia
mOj;jTk;> kTi] efu;j;jTk; tpisahl;Lf; fl;Lg;ghl;Lr; rhtpfis ,af;fTk;
jug;gl;lJ vdf; fUj KbahJ. ePq;fs; typ my;yJ Nehit czu;e;jhYk;
czuhtpl;lhYk; $l xt;nthU 30 epkplj;jpd; gpd;Dk; gzpia ,ilepWj;jp
tpl;Lf; fzpdpapypUe;J mg;ghy; nrd;W gpd; kPz;L tUjy; Ntz;Lk;. typ my;yJ
Nehit ePq;fs; czu;e;jhy; gzpia rw;W ,ilepWj;j Ntz;ba Njit kpf
mtrpak; vd;gij mwpf. cq;fs; clk;gpd; rkpf;iQfisf; Nfl;gJ mtrpakhdJ.
mJ cjtpf;fhd Xu; mOifahfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;.
xU rpy epkplq; f Sf; F vOe; J kw; W k; mt; t plj; j py; efu; t J

rpy MNyhridfs; ;
• tPl;bDs; my;yJ miwf;Fs; tpiuthf mq;Fkpq;Fk; elf;f.
• xU ez;giu mioj;J mtspd; fk;gpa+l;lupy; cs;s Ntiy vt;thW NghfpwJ
vdg; ghu;f;fr; nrhy;f.
• ePqf
; s; grpahapUe;jhy; rf;jpiaf; nfhQ;rk; ngWtjw;fhf xU rpwpJ ghdk; mUe;Jf.
• ePqf; s; nra;tJ rupahapd; ePqf
; s; gad;gLj;jpa jirfs; Xa;ntLf;fTk; Xa;ntLj;j
jirfs; gad;gLj;jg;glTk; $Lk;.
• fz;fs; tplaj;jpy; tpNrl ftdk; vLf;fTk;. mitfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy; my;yJ
cq;fs; fz;kly;fs; jpBu;j; jirapog;gpw;F Mshdhy; rpwpJ Neuj;jpw;F ePq;fs;
gzpia epWj;j Ntz;Lk;. nkhdpl;liutpl;L NtW ,lj;ijg; ghu;g;gJk; rpy
epkplq;fSf;F J}uj;jpYs;s VJnkhd;wpy; ghu;itiar; nrYj;JtJk; mbf;fb
fz;fis %b %b tpopg;gJk; cq;fs; fz; jirfSf;F mjpf Ntiy nfhLf;fhJ
ghu;g;gJld; mitfis ey;y epiyapYk; itj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.
cz; i k cyfk;
kw;Wk; fzpdpapd; NtW gad;ghLfs; fy;tpf;fhftk; Ntbf;iff;fhfTkhf

Cyber space
,Uf;fyhk;. Mdhy; cz;ik cyfpd; nraw;ghLfspd; Jzpr;ryhd nray;fSld;
mtw;iw xg;gpl KbahJ. Cyber space ,y; cq;fis ,of;f Ntz;lhk;. mjpypUe;J
ntspapy; te;J cq;fisr; Rw;wpAs;s cyfj;ij MuhAq;fs;.
kjpg; g P l ; L j; jpl; l k;
185
ghlrhiy kl;lf; fzpg;gPL
mwpKfk;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;> kjpg;gL

P Mfpad fy;tpr; nrad;Kiwfspd; Kf;fpa %d;W $WfshFk;
vd;gJk;> fw;wy; fw;gpj;jypd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwpaf; fzpg;gPL kjpg;gPl;il gad;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk; vd;gJk; vy;yh Mrpupah;fSk; njspthf mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;ba xU tplakhFk;.
mit xd;wd; kPJ xd;W nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; mNjNtis xt;nthd;Wk; kw;iwatw;wpd;
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jfpd;wd vd;gJ Mrpupah;fs; ahtUk; mwpe;j
cz;ikahFk;. njhlh; (epjKk; epfOk;) kjpg;gl P L
; f; Nfhl;ghLfSf;fpzq;ff; fw;wy; eilngWk;
NghNj kjpg;gPLk; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;. ,J fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwapd; Muk;gg;gFjp>
,ilg;gFjp> ,Wjpg;gFjp Mfpa ve;j xU rkaj;jpYk; ,lk; ngwyhk; vd;gij Mrpupah;fs;
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. jkJ khztiu kjpg;gpl vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Xh; Mrpupah;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPL Mfpad njhlh;ghd xOq;fhd jpl;lnkhd;iwg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
mtrpak;.
ghlrhiyia mbg;gilahf nfhz;l fzpg;gl P L

; Ntiyj;jpl;lkhdJ xU guPli
; r KiwNah
Nrhjid elj;JtNjh md;W. mJ khzth;fsJ fw;wiyAk;> Mrpupah;fsJ fw;gpj;jiyAk;
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU jiyaPlhFk;. Mjyhy; khzth;fSf;F mUfpy;
,Ue;J mth;fSila gyq;fisAk; gytPdq;fisAk; ,dq;fz;L mtw;wpw;Fg; gupfhuk;
fz;lthW khzth;fis mth;fsJ cr;r tsu;r;rp kl;lj;ij milar; nra;tjw;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jf;$ba xU Ntiyj; jpl;lkhFk;.
fw; w y; - fw; g pj; j w; nrad; K iw %yk; Njlw; nrad; K iwapd; ghy; khzth; f s;
topg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. ghlrhiyia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fzpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;
jpl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ khzth;fspilNa Mrpupah; rQ;rupj;J mth;fs; nra;Ak;
Ntiyfis mtjhdpj; J topfhl; l iy toq; f pr; nraw; g ly; Ntz; L k; vd
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;F khzth;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cs;shf;fg;gLt
NjhL khzth; Mw;wy; mgptpUj;jp vjpu;ghu;j;jthW eilngWfpd;wjh vd;gij Mrpupau;
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
khztUf;Fj; jf;f mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;J mtw;iw khzth;fs; rupahfg;

ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;fsh vd cWjpg;gLj;jy; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; Clhf epfo Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL>
mjw;Fj; jf;f topfhl;ly; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kjpg;gPl;by; (fzpg;gPl;by;) <Lgl;Ls;s
Mrpupah;fs; jkJ khzth;fSf;F ,uz;L tifahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;f KbAk;.
mit nghJthfg; gpd;D}l;ly; / Kd;D}l;ly; vdg;gLk;.
khzth;fspd; gytPdq;fisAk; ,ayhikfisAk; fz;;lwpe;jNghJ mth;fsJ fw;wy;

gpur;rpidfis eptu;j;jpg;gjw;fhfg; gpd;D}l;liyAk; khztu;fspd; jpwikfisAk;
Mw;wy;fisAk; ,dk;fhZk;NghJ mtw;iw Nkd;gLj;j> Kd;D}l;liyAk; toq;FtJ
Mrpupaupd; flikahFk;.
fw;wy;- fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwapd; ntw;wpf;fhfg; ghlnewpapd; Nehf;fq;fSs; ve;j Nehf;fj;ij

ve;j kl;lj;jpy; epiwNtw;w Kbe;jJ vd;gij ,dq;fhzy;> khzth;fSf;F mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
kjpg;gL
P fs; %yk; khzth;fs; mile;Js;s Nju;rr ; p kl;lq;fisj; jPuk
; hdpj;jy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
MrpupauplkpUe;J vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. khztu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> NtW gpuptpdu;fSf;F
khzth;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wk; gw;wpa jfty;fis mwptpg;gjw;F Mrpupau; Kida Ntz;Lk;.
,jw;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd Kiw> njhlu;rr ; pahf khztiu kjpg;gl P L
; f;F
cl;gLj;j tha;g;gspf;Fk; ghlrhiy kl;l kjpg;gPl;L KiwahFk;.
186
Nkw;gb Nehf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLk; Mrpupah;fs; jkJ fw;gpj;jw; nrad;KiwiaAk;
khzth;fspd; fw;wy; nrad;KiwiaAk; NkYk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fjhf;Ftjw;F tpidj;jpwd;
kpf;f fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gply; Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,J njhlu;ghf
Mrpupau;fSf;Fk; khzth;fSf;Fk; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f mZFKiwg; Ngjq;fs; (tiffs;)
rpy fP N o jug; g l; L s; s d. ,it eP z ; l fhykhf Mrpupau; f Sf; F j; Njrpa fy; t p
epWtfj;jpdhYk;> guPli ; rj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhYk; tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;l KiwfshFk;. vdNt
mit njhlu;ghfg; ghlrhiyj; njhFjpiar; Nru;e;j Mrpupau;fs; Nghjpa mwpt+l;lk;
ngw;wpUg;gh; vd vjph;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mg;Ngjq;fs; tUkhW@
1. xg;gilfs; 2. nraw;wpl;lq;fs;
3. mstha;Tfs; 4. Njbaha;Tfs;.
5. mtjhdpg;Gf;fs; 6. fz;fhl;rp / Kd;itj;jy;fs;
7. fsr; Rw;Wyhf;fs; 8. FWfpa vOj;Jg; guPl;irfs;
9. mikg;Gf; fl;Liufs; 10. jpwe;j E}y; Nrhjidfs;
11. Mf;fr; nraw;ghLfs; 12. nrtpkLj;jw; Nrhjidfs;
13. nra;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs; 14. Ngr;Rf;fs;
15. Ra Mf;fq;fs; 16. FOr; nraw;ghLfs;
17. vz;zf;fUg; glq;fs; 18. ,ul;ilg; gjpT - N[h;dy;
19. Rth;g; gj;jpupiffs; 20. tpdh-tpil epfo;r;rpfs;
21. tpdh-tpilg; Gj;jfq;fs; 22. tpthjq;fs;
23. FOf; fye;Jiuahly;fs; 24. fUj;juq;Ffs;.
25. cldbr; nrhw;nghopT 26. ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jy;
mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s Nkw;gb fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;> kjpg;gPl;L Kiwfs; midj;ijAk;>

vy;yhg; ghlq;fspdJ vy;yh myFfSf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;
gltpy;iy. jkJ ghlj;jpw;Fk; Fwpj;j ghl myfpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd Ngjq;fisj; njupT
nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F mwpt+l;lk; ngw Ntz;Lk;.
Nkw;gb Mrpupah; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapy; jkJ khzth;fspd; fw;wy; Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf;

fzpg;gplg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;L Ngjq;fs; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mrpupah;fs; jkJ khzth;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf mtw;iwj; jf;fthW
gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;jhJ jtpu;;j;jy; khztu; jkJ mwpthw;wy;
kw;Wk; cs vOr;rp> cs ,af;fj; jpwd;fis tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; mtw;iw
ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; jilahf mikAk;.
187
1 . fzpg; g P L : jtiz 1
2 . Nehf; f q; f s; : • RahjPdkhd gilg;Gfspd; Mf;fq;fSf;fhf

khztu;fisr; nray; J}z;Ljyspf;f.
• gilg;ghw;wy; vz;zj;ij tpopg;Gwr;nra;f.
3 . g+u; j ; j pahf; f g; g l; l Nju; r ; r p kl; l q; f s; : 1.1> 1.2> 1.3. 1.4> 1.5> 1.6> 1.7> 1.8> 2.1>
2.2> 3.1> 3.2> 10.1> 10.2> 10.3> 10.4
4 . g+u; j ; j pahf; f g; g l; l ghl cs; s lf; f k; : Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fshy; g+u;j;jpahf;fg;gl;l

cs;slf;fq;fs;.
5 . Jizg; n ghUspd; ,ayhw; w y; : fz;fhl;rp
6 . epiwNtw; W jYf; f hd mwpTWj; j y; f s; :

• Mrpupau;fSf;F ο fz;fhl;rpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ghl cs;slf;fj;
jpd; Kd;D}l;lYf;fhd nra;Kiw fhl;b
tpsf;Fjy;fs;> Ntiy nra;af;$ba khjpupfs;>
Gjpa gilg;Gfs;> xOq;Fg;ghLfs;> jpl;lq;fs;
Nghd;witf;nfhj;j ftu;r;rpahd Mf;fj;jpw;F
xt; n thU nraw; g hl; b Yk; khztu; f is
topg;gLj;Jf.
ο ,g;gbahd gilg;Gfspd; gjpTfisg; Ngzp
itj;jpUf;f.
ο Njitahdtplj;J khztu;fSf;F tpQ;Qhd
kw; W k; njhopy; E l; g uP j pahd cjtpia
toq;Ff.
ο Mf;fq;fs; vd;dthf ,Ue;jhYk; Xu; cau;
kl;lj;jpw;fhd tYg;gLj;jypd; Clhf Mf;f
g+u;tkhd Cf;fkspj;jiyr; nra;f.
ο jtiz Kbtpy; nghUj;jkhd fz;fhl;rpapid
elhj;Jf.
188
• khztu;fSf;F ο nraw;ghLfspy; ckJ <Lghl;bd; topNa nraw;
gl;l mDgtj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; nghUj;jkhd
fhl;rpg; nghUl;fis epu;khzpf;f.
ο ,t;tifahd cgfuzq;fspd; epuk ; hzq;fSf;
fhf KbAkhd msT nghJthd / tpiy
Fiwe;j/ tpyf;fpj; js;sg;gl;l #oypy; fhzg;
gLk; nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;Jf.
ο cq;fs; gilg;gpid VNjh cUtj;jpy; mgp
tpUj;jpf;fhd gaDWjpAld; cgNahfpg;gjd;
rhj;jpak; gw;wp Mokhfr; rpe;jpf;f.
7 . kjpg; g pl; b w; F k; fzpg; g P l ; b w; F khd tbtk; :
xt;nthU mbg;gilj; jj;Jtj;jpw;Fkhfg; ngwg;gl; Gs;spfs;
khztu; 1. fhl; r pg; 2. Gjpa 3. fhl; r pg; 4. 5.

ngau; nghUl; f spd; mDgtq; f s; nghUl; f spd; tpsf;fj;ijj; nrayhw;wy;
nghUj;jg;ghL toq;fg;gl;ld ,Wjp tbtk; njspthf; F
Gs;sp toq;Fk; jpl;lk;

4 - kpfj;jpwik
3 - ey;yJ
2 - ruhrup
1 - Kd;Ndw;wk; Njit
189
2 . Nehf; f q; f s; : • mwpitg; gad;gLj;jy;> xOq;FgLj;Jjy;

kw;Wk; gutyhf;Fjy; %yk; ngwg;gl;l fw;wy;
mDgtq;fis cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
• fUj;juq;nfhd;iw elhj;j xOq;FgLj;Jk;
jpwd;fis mgptpUj;jp nra;f.
• rku;g;gpg;Gj; jpwd;fis mgptpUj;jp nr;af.
3 . g+u; j ; j pahf; f g; g l; l Nju; r ; r p kl; l q; f s; : 4.1> 4.2> 5.1> 5.2> 5.3> 6.1> 6.2> 7.1> 7.2>
7.3> 7.4> 8.1> 8.2> 8.3> 8.4
4 . g+u; j ; j pahf; f g; g l; l ghl cs; s lf; f k; : Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fshy; g+u;j;jpahf;fg;gl;l

cs;slf;fq;fs;.
5 . Jizg; n ghUspd; ,ayhw; w y; : xU fUj;juq;F

• Mrpupau;fSf;F ο mYtyfg; nghjpapd; gad; g hL kw; W k;
nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpapd; mtrpak; vd;gtw;iw
ntspg;gLj;Jk; tifapy; xU ftu;r;rpahd>
rupahd kw;Wk; g+uz rku;g;gpg;gpd; gilg;gpw;F
khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jf.
ο Fwpg;gpl;l xU fUj;juq;fpd; Nehf;fj;jpw;Fg;
nghUj; j khd khztu; f spd; mwpTf; f hd
xOq;fikg;gpw;F cjtpia toq;Ff.
ο fUj;juq;Ff;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l jpfjp> Neuk;
kw;Wk; Neuk;.
ο fhy msitj; jPu;khdpf;f ,ay;jF
ghu;itahsu; (juk; 8 my;yJ 9 ,ypUe;jhd
khztu;FO) r%fkspj;Js;sduh vd;gij
cWjpg;gLj;Jf.
ο fUj;juq;fpw;Fj; Njitahd %ytsq;fs;
kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g cjtpia toq;Ff.
ο ,e;jr; rku;g;gpg;Gf;F Xu; gjptpidg; NgZf.
ο typJ}l;ly; Clhd Mf;fg+u;tkpf;f Cf;Ftpj;
jiy toq;Ff.
190
• khztu;fSf;fhf ο vspikahd nkhopapy; xU nghUj;jkhd
ftu; r ; r pahd rku; g ; g pg; n ghd; i w Kd; i da
ghlq;fspypUe;J ngw;w mDgtj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; jahupf;f.
ο mYtyfg; nghjpapd; cgNahfk; kw; W k;
nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFjpapd; Njit vd;gtw;iwg;
ghu;itahsu;fSf;F typAWj;Jk; tifapy;
xU rku;g;gpg;gpidj; jahu; nra;f.
ο fUj;juq;fpwF ; g; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;ij xOq;F
gLj;Jf.
ο ghlrhiyapd; Vida gFjpfSf;Fj; njhe;juT
nfhLf;fhjgb fUj;juq;nfhd;iw elj;Jf.
mbg; g ilj; jj; J tk;
ghu; i tahsupl
khztu; mwptpd; rku; g ; g pg; g pd; rku; g ; g pg; g pd; FOtpDs;
kpUe; j hd
ngau; f s; xOq; f ikg; G ftu; r pj; njspT $l; L wT
jd; i k tpdhf;fSf;Fg;
gjpy; f s;

4 - kpfj;jpwik
3 - ey;yJ
2 - ruhrup
1 - Kd;Ndw;wk; Njit
191
2 . Nehf; f q; f s; : • gha;r;ry; ml;ltiznahd;iwg; gad;gLj;jp

jug;gl;l xU gpur;rpidf;fhd xU jPu;tpid
tpUj;jpahf;f.
• xU gha;r;ry; ml;ltizia xU epfo;r;rp
epuyhf khw;Wf.
• fzpdpfis cgNahfpj;J epfo;r;rp epuiyg;
gupNrhjpf;f.
3 . g+u; j ; j pahf; f g; g l; l Nju; r ; r p kl; l q; f s; : 9.1> 9.2> 9.3> 9.4> 9.5> 9.6
4 . g+u; j ; j pahf; f g; g l; l ghl cs; s lf; f k; : gpur;rpidnahd;iw Muhag; gpujhd

gbKiwfs;
gha;rr; y; ml;ltizfspy; gad;gLj;jg;
gLk; FwpaPLfs;.
gha;r;ry; ml;ltizfspy; fl;Lg;ghl;L
epu;khzq;fspd; tpupe;Jiug;G
fzpdp epfo;r;rp epuy; vOJtjw;fhd
cau;kl;l epfo;r;rp epuw;gLj;jYf;Fr;
rhu;ghd ,ufrpaf; FwpaPl;L Kiwia
milahsq;fhzy;.
5 . Jizg; n ghUspd; ,ayhw; w y; : fzpdp epfo;r;rpepuy;

• Mrpupau;fSf;F ο nraw;ghL 9.1 ,d; njhlf;fj;jpy; fPNo jug;gl;l
cjhuzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; milahsq;
fhzg;gl;l xU gpur;rpidiaj; jPu;f;f xU
epfo;r;rp epuiy cUthf;f Ntz;Lnkd;W
khztuplk; $Wf.
ο xU gha;rr ; y; ml;ltizapd; JizAld; xU
newpKiwia toq;Ff.
ο me;jg;gha;r;ry; ml;ltizf;fhf g];fhy;
my;yJ Visual Basic ,ufrpaf; FwpaPLfis
toq;Ff.
ο fzpdpapy; xU g];fhy; my;yJ Visual lBasic
epfo;r;rp epuiyr; nra;Jfhl;b tpsf;Ff.
ο tpUj;jpahf;fg;gl;l jPut ; py; gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fs;
cs;slf;fg;gljy; Ntz;Lnkd;Wk; mwptpf;f.
192
ο vy;yh tpjkhd %d;W fl;Lg;ghl;L epu;khzq;
fs; (njhlup> njupT kw;Wk; ,ul;LWj;jy; -
Interation)
ο epfo;rr
; p epuiy mgptpUj;jp nra;a khztuhy;
njupT nra; a g; g l; l gpur; r pid gpd; t Uk;
cjhzuq;fSs; xd;whf tpupe;Jiuf;fg;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
cjhuzk; ; 1
ο vy;yh khztu;fspdJk; vy;yhg; ghlnewp
fspdJk; Gs;spfis cl;nrYj;Jtjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd fl;Lg;ghl;L epu;khzq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jy;.
ο xt;nthU khztuJk; nkhj;j kw;Wk; ruhrupg;
Gs;spfis mstpLjYf;F
ο ngWkjpaw;w Gs;spfs; cl;nrYj;Jk;NghJ
Error message vdf; fhl;rpg;gLj;j
ο khztdpd; ngaiu mr; r bf; f xt; n thU
ghlnewpf; F k; Gs; s pfspl nkhj; j khfTk;
ruhrupahfTk; fzpg;Gfs; nra;a.
cjhuzk; 2
ο nghUj;jkhd fl;Lg;ghl;L epu;khzq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jp xt;nthU khjj;jpYk; cs;s
xt;nthUkhztdJk; khjhe;j tutpid
cl;GFj;j
ο xt; n thU khztupdJk; tutpd; E}w; W
tPjj;ijf; fzpg;gpl
ο E}w;WtPjk; 80% ,Yk; FiwthdhYk; cq;fs;
tuT 80% ,Yk; FiwT vDk; xU
vr;rupf;ifia toq;Ff.
ο fhy Xl;lj;jpy; khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapd;
gb epfo;r;rpepuy; rupg;gLj;jg;gl KbAk;.
ο khztu;fshy; tpUj;jpahf;fg;gl;l nfhs;if
uPjpahd kw;Wk; nra;Kiw uPjpahd ,aYik
fs; ,uz;bYk; gpd;D}l;liy toq;Fjtw;F
gpupT 7 ,d; fP o ; rpghupR nra; a g; g l; l
jj;Jtj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jf.
193
• khztu;fSf;F ο jug; g l; l cjhzuq; f Sf; F xj; j xU
gpur;rpidia milahsq;fhz
ο epfo;rr; p epuypd; cs;sL
P fs; kw;Wk; ntspg;ghL
fisg; gl;baypl
ο newpKiwfis tpUj; j pnra; J ,ay; j F
gha;r;ry; ml;ltizia tiuf.
ο jhnshd;wpy; ,ay;jF ,ufrpa FwpaPl;il
tiuf.
ο cq;fs; nray;fis epahag;gLj;j fzpdpapy;
cq;fs; epfo;r;rp epuiy nra;Kiw fhl;b
tpsf; f Maj; j khFq; f s; . mj; J ld; eP u ;
vjpu;Nehf;fp apUf;Fk; mitfisj; jPu;f;Fk;
Kiwfsp D}lhd gpur;rpidfisr; rku;gg ; pf;f.
ο ePq;fs; mile;Js;s njhopy;rhu; kl;lj;ij
cq;fs; MrpupaUld; fye;Jiuahb NkYk;
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd eltbf;iffis vLf;f.
jj; J tk;
epfo; r ; r p ,ay;jF gha; r ; r y; epfo; r ; r p xUtupd;
khztu; epuypy; gpujhd fl; L g; g hl; L ml; l tiz epuiyr; nrhe; j r;
ngau; nrhw; f Sk; epu;khzpq;fis apid rku; g ; g pj; j y ; nraw;
ghLfis
nrhw; n whlu; f Sk; cgNahfpj; j y; tbtikj; epahag;gLj;jy;
jYk;
epiykhw; W
jYk;

4 - kpfj;jpwik
3 - ey;yJ
2 - ruhrup
1 - Kd;Ndw;wk; Njit
194

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