Chapter 5

Pipe Design
Missouri Livestock Watering Systems Handbook Pipe Design

CHAPTER 5 PIPE DESIGN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART 5.1 GENERAL 5-1

PART 5.2 PLASTIC PIPE CHARACTERISTICS 5-1
5.2.1 Pressure Rating Pipe 5-1
5.2.2 How Temperature Affects Pressure Rating 5-2
5.2.3 Freezing of Water in Pipe 5-3
PART 5.3 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) PLASTIC PIPE 5-3
PART 5.4 POLYETHYLENE (PE) PLASTIC PIPE 5-4
PART 5.5 ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE(ABS)
PLASTIC PIPE 5-5
PART 5.6 POLYBUTYLENE (PB) PLASTIC PIPE 5-5
PART 5.7 STEEL PIPE 5-5
PART 5.8 FRICTION LOSS IN PIPING SYSTEM AT THE PUMP 5-6
PART 5.9 PIPE FRICTION LOSS TABLES 5-9
PART 5.10 PVC PIPE FITTINGS 5-16

FIGURES

Figure 5.1 Estimate Friction Loss at Well 5-7

TABLES

Table 5.1 Plastic Pipe Working Pressure for PVC 5-2

Table 5.2 Plastic Pipe Working Pressure for PE 5-2
Table 5.3 PVC Plastic Pipe Reduction Due to Temperature 5-3
Table 5.4 Friction Loss PVC-SDR 26 Pipe 160 psi 5-9
Table 5.5 Friction Loss PVC-SDR 21 Pipe 200 psi 5-10
Table 5.6 Friction Loss PVC SDR 17 Pipe 250 psi 5-11
Table 5.7 Friction Loss PVC SDR 13.5 Pipe 315 psi 5-12
Table 5.8 Friction Loss PVC-IPS Pipe Schedule 40 5-13
Table 5.9 Friction Loss PVC-IPS Pipe Schedule 80 5-14
Table 5.10 Friction Loss Polyethylene (PE) Pipe 5-15
Table 5.11 Est. Limit of Working Pressure for Sch 40 & 80
PVC Fittings 5-16

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Missouri Livestock Watering Systems Handbook Pipe Design

CHAPTER 5
PIPE DESIGN

5.1 GENERAL

There are several types of pipe that may be used in stockwater systems. The most commonly used types
are discussed below. Usually, price per foot of pipe dictates the type of pipe that is used.

When designing a pipeline, it is important to know the type of pipe to be used. Internal pipe diameters
vary depending on material type and pressure rating for a given nominal pipe size. Due to differing
internal cross sectional area, and differing friction loss factors, friction loss in long pipelines can differ
considerably from one type and rating of pipe to another.

Many plastic pipes are specified as having an SDR (Size Dimension Ratio) or DR (Dimension Ratio).
For these pipes, as SDR or DR increases, the pipe's wall thickness decreases. For Outside Diameter (OD)
controlled pipes, SDR = average OD/minimum wall thickness. For inside diameter(ID) controlled pipes,
DR = average ID/minimum wall thickness.

5.2 PLASTIC PIPE CHARACTERISTICS

5.2.1 Pressure Rating of Pipe

Plastic pipe is rated at approximately half its tested rupture strength. This means that under normal
temperature conditions, it can withstand occasional surge pressures up to twice its rated pressure. If the
surge pressure is not calculated, which is usually the case in Missouri, limit the maximum pressure on the
pipe to 72% of it's pressure rating (PR). This is an industry accepted method (ASAE S376.1). See tables
5.1, and 5.2 for maximum allowable pressure for PVC and PE.

PR= 2f (Outside Diameter Controlled)

SDR-1

PR= 2f (Inside Diameter Controlled)

DR+1

PR= Pressure Rating

f= Hydrostatic Design Stress (See TR-77)

Plastic pipe will weaken under repeated cycles of pressures in excess of those for which it is rated. The
higher the surge pressure the faster the pipe will weaken. For this reason it is important to design the pipe
system so that normal operating pressures are less than rated pressure of the pipe. The system should be
designed and operated to limit the number and severity of pressure surges. Other sections of this manual
describe ways to limit surge pressures.

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Missouri Livestock Watering Systems Handbook Pipe Design

Table 5.1
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE PRESSURE (psi) FOR NONTHREADED PVC
WHEN SURGE PRESSURES ARE NOT KNOWN
ASTM-D-2241 SDR-PR, OD BASED

PVC Material (OD based)

SDR PVC 1120 PVC 2116 PVC 2112 PVC 2110
PVC 1220
PVC 2120
13.5 227 180 144 115
17.0 180 144 115 90
21.0 144 115 90 72
26.0 115 90 72 58
32.5 90 72 58 45

Maximum allowable pressure = 72% of the PR for SDR and DR pipe @ 73.4 degrees F.

Table 5.2
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE PRESSURE (psi) FOR NONTHREADED PE
WHEN SURGE PRESSURES ARE NOT KNOWN

PE Material (OD & ID based)

SDR PE 3408 PE 3406 PE 2305
OD based ID based PE 3306
PE 2306
PE 2406
5.3 180 144 115
7.0 144 115 90
11.0 9.0 115 90 72
13.5 11.5 90 72 58
17.0 15.0 72 58 45
21.0 58 45
26.0 45 36
32.5 36 29

Maximum allowable pressure = 72% of the PR for SDR and DR pipe @ 73.4 degrees F.

5.2.2 How Temperature Affects Pressure Rating

The pressure rating of plastic pipe is determined at 73.4 degrees Fahrenheit (F). Strength of plastic pipe
decreases as water temperature becomes warmer. In cases where warm well water is used, or where there
is pipe exposure, water temperatures may exceed 73.4 degrees F. In that case, effective pressure rating of
the pipe must be reduced.

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Missouri Livestock Watering Systems Handbook Pipe Design

Table 5.3 lists the temperature reduction factors for PVC pipe.

Table 5.3
PVC PLASTIC PIPE RATING REDUCTION DUE TO TEMPERATURE
======================================
Temperature Multiply Pressure
Degrees F Rating by:
======================================
73.4 1.00
80 .93
90 .77
100 .67
110 .51
120 .43
130 .33
140 .23
======================================

5.2.3 Freezing of Water in Pipe

Plastic pipe containing static water should be drained when temperatures below 32 degrees F are
expected. If the water is moving, freezing is unlikely above 0 degrees Fahrenheit.

If freezing does occur in the line, the pipe material will influence whether the pipe is damaged. In
changing phase from liquid to ice, water expands approximately 10% by volume. Some plastic pipe will
not survive the required 3.2% linear elongation, but most will.

Pipes most likely to be damaged by freezing water are those made of rigid materials, which include PVC
and CPVC.

Pipe most unlikely to be damaged by freezing water include the cellulose-aceto-butyrate, acrylonritrile-
butadine-styrene, styrene rubber, and polyethylene materials. All of these pipes have elongation and
recovery properties which should in most cases enable it to expand and recover without permanent
damage.

Although some pipe material can usually withstand freezing without damage, no system should be
knowingly designed to freeze while full of water. Resistant pipes can be used in areas of severe exposure
as an extra safety factor against damage by freezing. An excellent example of this is a shallow pipeline
leading from a spring.

5.3 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) PLASTIC PIPE

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is a commonly used type of pipe used for stockwater pipelines. This is a rigid
plastic pipe that, in the configuration used for stockwater pipelines, usually comes in 20-foot lengths.
Connections are usually made with glued fittings, although rubber gasketed joints are sometimes used.

When subject to long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation (sunlight), PVC pipe will suffer slow
deterioration. PVC pipe should be buried or installed in an enclosure. If PVC must be exposed it should

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Missouri Livestock Watering Systems Handbook Pipe Design

be coated or wrapped. The coating may be exterior latex paint. Make sure the pipe is thoroughly cleaned
before painting.

Exposed pipe should be protected from mechanical damage by livestock or other hazards. Plastic pipe is
particularly vulnerable when cold, as it will easily shatter.

There are two types of PVC pipe used in pressure pipelines. Standard Dimension Ratio-Pressure Rated
pipe (SDR-PR) is manufactured under specification ASTM D2241. PVC Iron Pipe Size (PVC-IPS) pipe
(eg. Schedule 40) is manufactured under specification ASTM D1785.

SDR-PR rated pipe is rated using standard dimension ratio (SDR) and pressure as factors. SDR equals
average outside diameter divided by minimum wall thickness. Wall thickness increases as SDR value
decreases. Tables 5.4, 5.5, 5.6 and 5.7 list available sizes, pressure ratings and friction loss factors.

PVC-IPS has the same outside diameter as iron pipe. It has various pressure ratings depending on
nominal diameter, schedule and material (eg. PVC 1120) designations. Schedule 40, 80, and 120 pipe are
available. Out of the three schedules, Schedule 40 is most commonly used in Missouri. Tables 5.8 and
5.9 list available sizes, pressure ratings, and friction loss factors.

For both of these types of pipe, the outside diameter is constant and the inside diameter varies.

Both PVC-PR and PVC-IPS are available in different pressure ratings (PVC material). Type I, Grades 1
and 2 are designated PVC1120 and PVC1220, respectively. The following materials are designated for
Type II, Grade 1; PVC2120, PVC2116, PVC2112 and PVC2110. Check with your local supplier for
availability of the material designation (eg. PVC2120), ASTM specification (eg. ASTM-D-2241) as well
as the SDR or schedule for pipe sizes needed. These variables are important to know before friction loss
can be accurately calculated.

Three specifications cover low pressure PVC pipe that can be used in gravity systems: ASTM-D-2665
(PVC, 1-1/4" to 12"), ASTM-D-2729 (PVC Sewer Pipe, 2" to 6") and ASTM-D-3034 (PVC Type PSM,
4" to 15").

5.4 POLYETHYLENE (PE) PLASTIC PIPE

Polyethylene (PE) pipe is another commonly used pipe in stockwater pipelines. It is flexible, comes in
coils and is used for most "pull-in" type systems. Where pipe is installed in trenches, it is harder to lay
flat in the trench than PVC pipe. Since it comes in coils, PE pipe takes fewer fittings to lay. Connecting
this type of pipe is usually done with "stab" type fittings held together with stainless steel band clamps.
Frost heave in shallow pipelines tends to pull these joints apart. Double clamping is usually necessary to
combat this problem and is reccomended in Missouri.

There are several types of PE pipe. The one most commonly used in stockwater pipelines is a controlled
inside diameter version rated by standard thermoplastic dimension ratio and pressure rating (SIDR-PR ID
Controlled) and is manufactured under specification ASTM D2239. SIDR 15, 100 psi pipe is usually the
most available polyethylene pipe. Less common types include; ASTM-D-2104 (PE, Schedule 40),
ASTM-D-3035 (PE, SDR-PR, OD Controlled), ASTM-D-2447 (PE Schedules 40 and 80, OD
Controlled), ASTM-D-2737 (PE) and ASTM-F-771 (PE). Polyethylene (PE) pipe conforming to AWWA
C901 is readily available.

Table 5.10 shows available sizes, pressure ratings, and friction loss factors.

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Missouri Livestock Watering Systems Handbook Pipe Design

A high density polyethylene pipe (HDPE) is available which can be used for above ground installations.
This is the same type of pipe as used in hose reel type irrigation sprinkler systems. The material is tough,
will withstand long term exposure to sunlight and may be used above ground where below ground
installations are not possible. When used above ground it must be tied down so it will not pull apart and
it must be protected or placed in a manner which will prevent mechanical damage. HDPE is available in
sizes 1/2 inch and larger.

This material is tough, flexible, and resistant to freeze damage. Although sometimes proposed for
shallow non-drained pipelines, it should not be used in this way. This pipe will usually withstand
freezing without damage, but the system should not be knowingly designed to freeze while water is in the
line.

5.5 ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE (ABS) PLASTIC PIPE

Although listed in the standards as an acceptable pipe material, ABS pipe is used little in the transmission
pipeline portions of stockwater pipelines. ABS pipe is frequently used in stockwater systems as drain,
vent, and waste system components. This black pipe has the advantages of being tough with good
strength and stiffness. It is not tolerant to ultraviolet light, so it should be painted or wrapped if exposed
to sunlight. It ranges in size from 1/8-inch to 12 inches in diameter. Types of ABS include; ASTM-D-
1527 (ABS Schedules 40 and 80), ASTM-D-2282 (ABS, SDR-PR). However, ABS pipe and their fittings
may not be available in Missouri.

5.6 POLYBUTYLENE (PB) PLASTIC PIPE

Polybutylene pipe, is sometimes used in household plumbing and underground water service. However,
it is no longer available in Missouri.

This material is tough, flexible, and resistant to freeze damage. Although sometimes proposed for
shallow non-drained pipelines which freeze in the winter, it should not be used in this way. This pipe will
usually withstand freezing without damage, but the system should not be designed to freeze with water in
the line.

5.7 STEEL PIPE

Steel pipe is often used in system plumbing next to the pump. It is rarely used in main parts of the
pipeline in buried installations.

Steel pipe is used in buried applications only as a last resort due to its high cost, high friction loss, and
because it easily corrodes. If corrosion is a problem heavier threaded PVC pipe, schedule 80 or 120 may
be beneficial.

Galvanized pipe should be used for exposed installations such as at cable supported aerial stream
crossings, and as plumbing in manholes. When buried, steel pipe should always be coated and wrapped.
This is due to the corrosive nature of most soils.

Some water in Missouri is highly corrosive. When long sections of steel pipe are used which cannot be
easily replaced, then a sample of the water supply should be taken and a Langelier Index run on the
sample. If the test shows the water to be highly corrosive, unlined steel pipe should not be used.
Analysis by the Langelier Index is beyond the scope of this manual and should be referred to State or

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Missouri Livestock Watering Systems Handbook Pipe Design

Area Engineering staff with knowledge of its use. Steel pipe connected to brass or bronze fittings will
corrode at a faster rate.

Occasionally, steel pipe must be used for very high pressure pipelines where plastic pipe is not available
with adequate pressure ratings. Operating pressures in steel pipe should not exceed 50 percent of the
rated bursting pressure.

5.8 FRICTION LOSS IN PIPING SYSTEM AT THE PUMP

Friction losses in the plumbing at the pump is significant enough that it should be considered when
determining total dynamic pumping head. The typical pipe material used between a submersible pump
and pressure tank is polyethylene pipe with some steel pipe at the pressure tank. High pressure systems
sometimes use steel pipe between pump and pressure tank.

The plumbing elements for an automatic pressure system and a manual or timed system are about the
same. Figure 5.1 is a graph which shows estimated friction loss values that can be used for most pumped
flow installations.

Figure 5.1 assumes the following conditions:

100 feet pump depth in well

PE pipe between pump and pressure tank
(100 ft + 25 ft to manhole/tank = 125 ft length of PE pipe)
15 feet of galvanized steel pipe at manhole
4 90 degree elbows in steel pipe
1 "T" in steel pipe
1 open gate valve in steel pipe
1 check valve in steel pipe

The friction loss in PE pipe is so low that well depths different than the assumed 100 feet will make little
difference in total friction loss. If the total plumbing system is significantly different than assumed above,
special calculations should be performed. If steel pipe is used to drop the pump in the well, special
computations must be made.

It is becoming a more popular practice for submersible pumps to be suspended by schedule 80 PVC pipe
with threaded connections. The friction loss in this installation would be similar to that for PE pipe.

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Missouri Livestock Watering Systems Handbook Pipe Design

The following tables are based on friction loss by the Hazen - Williams formula. The form of the
equation used is:

Hf = (gpm/C)1.85185 x 10.4057 / (di4.87037) x L

C = Hazen-Williams friction loss factor

gpm = Flow rate in gallons per minute
di = Pipe inside diameter
L = Length of pipe segment (100-feet used incalculations).

The “C” factor used for PE and PVC plastic pipe is 135. Most research data shows that new PVC or PE
has a “C” valve of 150. Missouri recommends using a C=135 to account for increasing resistance as the
pipe ages. This will permit minor losses such as “snaking” laid pipe and a normal quantity of couplers,
tees and valves to be ignored.

It is very important that the correct inside diameter be used. The inside diamter will vary depending on
the type of pipe or tubing used. Other forms of the Hazen-Williams Formula are:

Velocity Flow
V= 1.318 CR 0.63S0.54 Q= 16.66 CR2.63 S0.54 q=7427 CR2.63 S0.54
V= 0.550 CD0.63 S0.54 Q= 0.432 CD2.63 S0.54 q=193.9 CD2.63 S0.54
V= 0.115 Cd0.63 S0.54 Q=0.000627 Cd2.63 S0.54 q=0.281 Cd2.63 S0.54

HEAD LOSS

V185
. 841500 Q185
.
Q185
.
HL=0.600 x HL = HL = 0.00566x
C185
.
R 117
. C185
.
d187
.
C185
.
d187
.

V1.85 6.936 x 10 −8 xq 185

.
10.47 q 185
.
H L = 3.04 x HL = HL =
C1.85 D1.17 C185
.
R 187
.
C185
.
R 4.87

V185
.
.
5861 x 10 −5 xq 185
.
4.72 xQ185
.
HL = 54.66 x HL = HL =
C185
.
d117
.
C185
.
D 4.87 C185
.
D187
.

Units
HL = Head Loss in feet D = Inside Diameter in feet
C = Flow Factor (dimensionally) q = Flow Rate in gallons per minute
R = Hydraulic Radius in feet Q = Flow Rate in cubic feet per second
S = Slope in feet per foot

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Table 5.4

PVC PIPE, SDR 26

FRICTION LOSS ft/100 ft

Q 1/2 inch 3/4 inch 1 inch 1-1/4 inch 1-1/2 inch 2 inch 2-1/2 inch 3 inch
(gpm)
1.195 ID 1.532 ID 1.754 ID 2.193 ID 2.655 ID 3.230 ID
2.0 0.1790 0.0534 0.0276 0.0093 0.0037 0.0014
4.0 0.6461 0.1927 0.0997 0.0336 0.0132 0.0051
6.0 1.3691 0.4083 0.2112 0.0712 0.0280 0.0108
6.5 1.5878 0.4735 0.2450 0.0825 0.0325 0.0125
7.0 1.8214 0.5432 0.2810 0.0947 0.0373 0.0144
7.5 2.0696 0.6172 0.3193 0.1076 0.0424 0.0163
8.0 2.3323 0.6955 0.3598 0.1212 0.0478 0.0184
8.5 2.6094 0.7782 0.4026 0.1356 0.0535 0.0206
9.0 2.9008 0.8651 0.4475 0.1508 0.0594 0.0229
9.5 3.2063 0.9562 0.4946 0.1667 0.0657 0.0253
10.0 3.5258 1.0514 0.5439 0.1833 0.0722 0.0278
11.0 4.2064 1.2544 0.6489 0.2186 0.0862 0.0332
12.0 4.9418 1.4737 0.7624 0.2569 0.1012 0.0390
13.0 5.7314 1.7092 0.8842 0.2979 0.1174 0.0452
14.0 6.5745 1.9606 1.0143 0.3417 0.1347 0.0518
15.0 7.4705 2.2278 1.1525 0.3883 0.1530 0.0589
16.0 8.4188 2.5106 1.2988 0.4376 0.1725 0.0664
17.0 9.4191 2.8089 1.4531 0.4896 0.1930 0.0743
18.0 v>5 fps 3.1226 1.6154 0.5443 0.2145 0.0826
19.0 v>5 fps 3.4514 1.7855 0.6016 0.2371 0.0913
20.0 v>5 fps 3.7953 1.9634 0.6615 0.2607 0.1004
Hazen-Williams C = 135
ASTM-D-2241, PVC 1120, 1220 and 2120
Pressure Rating is 160 psi @ 73.4 F (72% of PR = 115 psi)

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Table 5.5

PVC PIPE, SDR 21

FRICTION LOSS ft/100 ft

Q 1/2 inch 3/4 inch 1 inch 1-1/4 inch 1-1/2 inch 2 inch 2-1/2 inch 3 inch
(gpm)
0.930 ID 1.189 ID 1.502 ID 1.720 ID 2.149 ID 2.601 ID 3.166 ID
2.0 0.6070 0.1834 0.0588 0.0304 0.0103 0.0041 0.0016
4.0 2.1910 0.6622 0.2122 0.1097 0.0371 0.0146 0.0056
6.0 4.6423 1.4030 0.4496 0.2323 0.0785 0.0310 0.0119
6.5 5.3840 1.6272 0.5214 0.2695 0.0911 0.0360 0.0138
7.0 6.1760 1.8666 0.5981 0.3091 0.1045 0.0412 0.0158
7.5 7.0177 2.1210 0.6796 0.3512 0.1187 0.0469 0.0180
8.0 7.9086 2.3902 0.7659 0.3958 0.1338 0.0528 0.0203
8.5 8.8482 2.6742 0.8569 0.4428 0.1497 0.0591 0.0227
9.0 9.8362 2.9728 0.9525 0.4923 0.1664 0.0657 0.0252
9.5 10.8720 3.2858 1.0528 0.5441 0.1839 0.0726 0.0279
10.0 11.9554 3.6133 1.1577 0.5983 0.2023 0.0798 0.0306
11.0 v>5 fps 4.3107 1.3812 0.7138 0.2413 0.0952 0.0366
12.0 v>5 fps 5.0644 1.6227 0.8387 0.2835 0.1119 0.0430
13.0 v>5 fps 5.8736 1.8820 0.9727 0.3288 0.1298 0.0498
14.0 v>5 fps 6.7376 2.1588 1.1157 0.3772 0.1489 0.0571
15.0 v>5 fps 7.6559 2.4531 1.2678 0.4286 0.1691 0.0649
16.0 v>5 fps 8.6278 2.7645 1.4287 0.4830 0.1906 0.0732
17.0 v>5 fps 9.6529 3.0929 1.5985 0.5404 0.2133 0.0819
18.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 3.4383 1.7770 0.6007 0.2371 0.0910
19.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 3.8004 1.9641 0.6640 0.2621 0.1006
20.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 4.1790 2.1598 0.7301 0.2882 0.1106
Hazen-Williams C = 135
ASTM-D-2241, PVC 1120, 1220 and 2120
Pressure Rating is 200 psi @ 73.4 F (72% of PR = 144 psi)

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Table 5.6

PVC PIPE, SDR 17

FRICTION LOSS ft/100 ft

Q 1/2 inch 3/4 inch 1 inch 1-1/4 inch 1-1/2 inch 2 inch 2-1/2 inch 3 inch
(gpm)
0.926 ID 1.161 ID 1.464 ID 1.676 ID 2.095 ID 2.537 ID 3.088 ID
2.0 0.6199 0.2060 0.0666 0.0345 0.0116 0.0046 0.0018
4.0 2.2375 0.7437 0.2404 0.1244 0.0420 0.0165 0.0063
6.0 4.7408 1.5757 0.5093 0.2636 0.0889 0.0350 0.0134
6.5 5.4982 1.8275 0.5907 0.3057 0.1031 0.0406 0.0156
7.0 6.3070 2.0963 0.6776 0.3507 0.1183 0.0466 0.0179
7.5 7.1666 2.3820 0.7699 0.3985 0.1344 0.0529 0.0203
8.0 8.0764 2.6844 0.8677 0.4491 0.1515 0.0596 0.0229
8.5 9.0360 3.0033 0.9708 0.5024 0.1695 0.0667 0.0256
9.0 10.0449 3.3386 1.0791 0.5585 0.1884 0.0742 0.0285
9.5 11.1027 3.6902 1.1928 0.6173 0.2082 0.0820 0.0315
10.0 12.2090 4.0579 1.3116 0.6788 0.2290 0.0901 0.0346
11.0 v>5 fps 4.8413 1.5648 0.8099 0.2732 0.1075 0.0413
12.0 v>5 fps 5.6877 1.8384 0.9515 0.3209 0.1263 0.0485
13.0 v>5 fps 6.5965 2.1322 1.1035 0.3722 0.1465 0.0563
14.0 v>5 fps 7.5668 2.4458 1.2658 0.4270 0.1681 0.0645
15.0 v>5 fps 8.5981 2.7791 1.4383 0.4851 0.1910 0.0733
16.0 v>5 fps 9.6896 3.1320 1.6209 0.5467 0.2152 0.0826
17.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 3.5041 1.8135 0.6117 0.2408 0.0925
18.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 3.8953 2.0160 0.6800 0.2677 0.1028
19.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 4.3055 2.2283 0.7516 0.2959 0.1136
20.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 4.7346 2.4503 0.8265 0.3253 0.1249
Hazen-Williams C = 135
ASTM-D-2241, PVC 1120, 1220 and 2120
Pressure Rating is 250 psi @ 73.4 F (72% of PR = 180 psi)

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Table 5.7

PVC PIPE, SDR 13.5

FRICTION LOSS ft/100 ft

Q 1/2 inch 3/4 inch 1 inch 1-1/4 inch 1-1/2 inch 2 inch 2-1/2 inch 3 inch
(gpm)
0.716 ID 0.894 ID 1.121 ID 1.414 ID 1.654 ID 2.023 ID 2.449 ID 2.982 ID
2.0 2.1692 0.7357 0.2444 0.0789 0.0368 0.0138 0.0054 0.0021
4.0 7.8301 2.6555 0.8821 0.2847 0.1327 0.0498 0.0196 0.0075
6.0 16.5905 5.6265 1.8691 0.6032 0.2811 0.1054 0.0416 0.0159
6.5 v>5 fps 6.5255 2.1677 0.6996 0.3260 0.1223 0.0482 0.0185
7.0 v>5 fps 7.4853 2.4866 0.8025 0.3740 0.1402 0.0553 0.0212
7.5 v>5 fps 8.5055 2.8255 0.9119 0.4250 0.1594 0.0628 0.0241
8.0 v>5 fps 9.5853 3.1842 1.0277 0.4789 0.1796 0.0708 0.0271
8.5 v>5 fps 10.7241 3.5625 1.1498 0.5358 0.2009 0.0792 0.0304
9.0 v>5 fps 11.9215 3.9603 1.2782 0.5956 0.2234 0.0881 0.0338
9.5 v>5 fps 13.1769 4.3774 1.4128 0.6584 0.2469 0.0973 0.0373
10.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 4.8135 1.5535 0.7240 0.2715 0.1070 0.0410
11.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 5.7427 1.8534 0.8637 0.3239 0.1277 0.0489
12.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 6.7468 2.1775 1.0147 0.3805 0.1500 0.0575
13.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 7.8248 2.5254 1.1768 0.4413 0.1740 0.0667
14.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 8.9758 2.8968 1.3500 0.5062 0.1996 0.0765
15.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 10.1990 3.2916 1.5339 0.5752 0.2268 0.0869
16.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 3.7095 1.7287 0.6483 0.2556 0.0980
17.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 4.1503 1.9341 0.7253 0.2860 0.1096
18.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 4.6137 2.1500 0.8063 0.3179 0.1218
19.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 5.0995 2.3764 0.8912 0.3514 0.1347
20.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 5.6076 2.6132 0.9800 0.3864 0.1481
Hazen-Williams C = 135
ASTM-D-2241, PVC 1120, 1220 and 2120
Pressure Rating is 315 psi @ 73.4 F (72% of PR = 227 psi)

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Missouri Livestock Watering Systems Handbook Pipe Design

Table 5.8

PVC (IPS) PIPE, SCHEDULE 40

FRICTION LOSS ft/100 ft

Q 1/2 inch 3/4 inch 1 inch 1-1/4 inch 1-1/2 inch 2 inch 2-1/2 inch 3 inch
(gpm) 600 PR 480 PR 450 PR 370 PR 330 PR 280 PR 300 PR 260 PR
0.622 ID 0.824 ID 1.049 ID 1.380 ID 1.610 ID 2.067 ID 2.469 ID 3.048 ID
2.0 4.3052 1.0943 0.3377 0.0888 0.0419 0.0124 0.0052 0.0019
4.0 15.5401 3.9501 1.2189 0.3205 0.1513 0.0448 0.0189 0.0068
6.0 32.9268 8.3695 2.5825 0.6792 0.3206 0.0949 0.0399 0.0143
6.5 v>5 fps 9.7067 2.9952 0.7877 0.3718 0.1101 0.0463 0.0166
7.0 v>5 fps 11.1346 3.4358 0.9035 0.4265 0.1263 0.0531 0.0190
7.5 v>5 fps 12.6520 3.9040 1.0267 0.4846 0.1435 0.0604 0.0216
8.0 v>5 fps 14.2582 4.3996 1.1570 0.5461 0.1617 0.0681 0.0244
8.5 v>5 fps 15.9523 4.9224 1.2945 0.6110 0.1809 0.0761 0.0273
9.0 v>5 fps 17.7334 5.4720 1.4390 0.6792 0.2011 0.0846 0.0303
9.5 v>5 fps 19.6009 6.0482 1.5905 0.7507 0.2223 0.0936 0.0335
10.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 6.6509 1.7490 0.8256 0.2445 0.1029 0.0369
11.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 7.9347 2.0867 0.9849 0.2917 0.1227 0.0440
12.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 9.3220 2.4515 1.1571 0.3427 0.1442 0.0517
13.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 10.8115 2.8432 1.3420 0.3974 0.1672 0.0599
14.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 12.4018 3.2614 1.5394 0.4559 0.1918 0.0688
15.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 14.0920 3.7059 1.7492 0.5180 0.2180 0.0781
16.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 4.1764 1.9713 0.5838 0.2457 0.0881
17.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 4.6726 2.2055 0.6531 0.2749 0.0985
18.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 5.1943 2.4517 0.7260 0.3055 0.1095
19.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 5.7413 2.7099 0.8025 0.3377 0.1210
20.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 6.3134 2.9799 0.8825 0.3714 0.1331
Hazen-Williams C = 135
ASTM-D-1785, PVC 1120, 1220 and 2120
Pressure Rating (PR ) @ 73 F varies with pipe diameter and is shown with psi units

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Missouri Livestock Watering Systems Handbook Pipe Design

Table 5.9

PVC (IPS) PIPE, SCHEDULE 80

FRICTION LOSS ft/100 ft

Q 1/2 inch 3/4 inch 1 inch 1-1/4 inch 1-1/2 inch 2 inch 2-1/2 inch 3 inch
(gpm) 850 PR 690 PR 630 PR 520 PR 470 PR 400 PR 420 PR 370 PR
0.546 ID 0.742 ID 0.957 ID 1.278 ID 1.500 ID 1.939 ID 2.323 ID 2.900 ID
2.0 8.1216 1.8233 0.5280 0.1291 0.0592 0.0169 0.0070 0.0024
4.0 29.3161 6.5814 1.9059 0.4659 0.2136 0.0612 0.0254 0.0086
6.0 62.1157 13.9448 4.0383 0.9872 0.4525 0.1296 0.0538 0.0182
6.5 v>5 fps 16.1729 4.6835 1.1449 0.5248 0.1503 0.0623 0.0212
7.0 v>5 fps 18.5519 5.3725 1.3133 0.6020 0.1724 0.0715 0.0243
7.5 v>5 fps 21.0803 6.1047 1.4923 0.6840 0.1959 0.0813 0.0276
8.0 v>5 fps 23.7564 6.8796 1.6817 0.7709 0.2208 0.0916 0.0311
8.5 v>5 fps 26.5790 7.6970 1.8815 0.8624 0.2470 0.1025 0.0348
9.0 v>5 fps 29.5466 8.5564 2.0916 0.9587 0.2746 0.1139 0.0387
9.5 v>5 fps 32.6581 9.4575 2.3119 1.0597 0.3035 0.1259 0.0427
10.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 10.3999 2.5422 1.1653 0.3338 0.1384 0.0470
11.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 12.4074 3.0330 1.3902 0.3982 0.1652 0.0561
12.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 14.5767 3.5633 1.6333 0.4678 0.1940 0.0659
13.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 16.9058 4.1326 1.8943 0.5426 0.2250 0.0764
14.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 19.3926 4.7405 2.1729 0.6224 0.2582 0.0876
15.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 22.0355 5.3866 2.4690 0.7072 0.2933 0.0996
16.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 6.0704 2.7825 0.7970 0.3306 0.1122
17.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 6.7916 3.1131 0.8917 0.3698 0.1255
18.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 7.5500 3.4607 0.9912 0.4111 0.1396
19.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 8.3450 3.8251 1.0956 0.4544 0.1542
20.0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 9.1766 4.2063 1.2048 0.4997 0.1696
Hazen-Williams C = 135
ASTM-D-1785, PVC 1120, 1220 and 2120, Non-threaded pipe
Pressure Rating (PR ) @ 73 F varies with pipe diameter and is shown with psi units

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Missouri Livestock Watering Systems Handbook Pipe Design

Table 5 .1 0

PE PIPE, SIDR-PR
FRICTION LOSS ft/1 0 0 ft

Q 1 /2 inch 3 /4 inch 1 inch 1 -1 /4 inch 1 -1 /2 inch 2 inch 2 -1 /2 inch 3 inch

(gpm)
0 .6 2 2 ID 0 .8 2 4 ID 1 .0 4 9 ID 1 .3 8 0 ID 1 .6 1 0 ID 2 .0 6 7 ID 2 .4 6 9 ID 3 .0 4 8 ID
2 .0 4 .3 0 5 2 1 .0 9 4 3 0 .3 3 7 7 0 .0 8 8 8 0 .0 4 1 9 0 .0 1 2 4 0 .0 0 5 2 0 .0 0 1 9
4 .0 1 5 .5 4 0 1 3 .9 5 0 1 1 .2 1 8 9 0 .3 2 0 5 0 .1 5 1 3 0 .0 4 4 8 0 .0 1 8 9 0 .0 0 6 8
6 .0 3 2 .9 2 6 8 8 .3 6 9 5 2 .5 8 2 5 0 .6 7 9 2 0 .3 2 0 6 0 .0 9 4 9 0 .0 3 9 9 0 .0 1 4 3
6 .5 v>5 fps 9 .7 0 6 7 2 .9 9 5 2 0 .7 8 7 7 0 .3 7 1 8 0 .1 1 0 1 0 .0 4 6 3 0 .0 1 6 6
7 .0 v>5 fps 1 1 .1 3 4 6 3 .4 3 5 8 0 .9 0 3 5 0 .4 2 6 5 0 .1 2 6 3 0 .0 5 3 1 0 .0 1 9 0
7 .5 v>5 fps 1 2 .6 5 2 0 3 .9 0 4 0 1 .0 2 6 7 0 .4 8 4 6 0 .1 4 3 5 0 .0 6 0 4 0 .0 2 1 6
8 .0 v>5 fps 1 4 .2 5 8 2 4 .3 9 9 6 1 .1 5 7 0 0 .5 4 6 1 0 .1 6 1 7 0 .0 6 8 1 0 .0 2 4 4
8 .5 v>5 fps 1 5 .9 5 2 3 4 .9 2 2 4 1 .2 9 4 5 0 .6 1 1 0 0 .1 8 0 9 0 .0 7 6 1 0 .0 2 7 3
9 .0 v>5 fps 1 7 .7 3 3 4 5 .4 7 2 0 1 .4 3 9 0 0 .6 7 9 2 0 .2 0 1 1 0 .0 8 4 6 0 .0 3 0 3
9 .5 v>5 fps 1 9 .6 0 0 9 6 .0 4 8 2 1 .5 9 0 5 0 .7 5 0 7 0 .2 2 2 3 0 .0 9 3 6 0 .0 3 3 5
1 0 .0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 6 .6 5 0 9 1 .7 4 9 0 0 .8 2 5 6 0 .2 4 4 5 0 .1 0 2 9 0 .0 3 6 9
1 1 .0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 7 .9 3 4 7 2 .0 8 6 7 0 .9 8 4 9 0 .2 9 1 7 0 .1 2 2 7 0 .0 4 4 0
1 2 .0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 9 .3 2 2 0 2 .4 5 1 5 1 .1 5 7 1 0 .3 4 2 7 0 .1 4 4 2 0 .0 5 1 7
1 3 .0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 1 0 .8 1 1 5 2 .8 4 3 2 1 .3 4 2 0 0 .3 9 7 4 0 .1 6 7 2 0 .0 5 9 9
1 4 .0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 1 2 .4 0 1 8 3 .2 6 1 4 1 .5 3 9 4 0 .4 5 5 9 0 .1 9 1 8 0 .0 6 8 8
1 5 .0 v>5 fps v>5 fps 1 4 .0 9 2 0 3 .7 0 5 9 1 .7 4 9 2 0 .5 1 8 0 0 .2 1 8 0 0 .0 7 8 1
1 6 .0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 4 .1 7 6 4 1 .9 7 1 3 0 .5 8 3 8 0 .2 4 5 7 0 .0 8 8 1
1 7 .0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 4 .6 7 2 6 2 .2 0 5 5 0 .6 5 3 1 0 .2 7 4 9 0 .0 9 8 5
1 8 .0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 5 .1 9 4 3 2 .4 5 1 7 0 .7 2 6 0 0 .3 0 5 5 0 .1 0 9 5
1 9 .0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 5 .7 4 1 3 2 .7 0 9 9 0 .8 0 2 5 0 .3 3 7 7 0 .1 2 1 0
2 0 .0 v>5 fps v>5 fps v>5 fps 6 .3 1 3 4 2 .9 7 9 9 0 .8 8 2 5 0 .3 7 1 4 0 .1 3 3 1
PE MATERIALS AND PRESSURE RATINGS
Material SIDR PR (psi) 72% PR (psi)
3408 15 100 72
3306 & 3406 15 80 58
3408 11.5 125 90
3306 & 3406 11.5 100 72
3408 9 160 115
3306 & 3406 9 125 90
3408 7 200 144
3306 & 3406 7 160 115
3408 5.3 250 180
3306 & 3406 5.3 200 144
Hazen-W illiams C = 1 3 5
A STM -D-2 2 3 9 , PE Pipe
Pressure Rat ing (PR ) @ 7 3 F varies w it h pipe mat erial

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Missouri Livestock Watering Systems Handbook Pipe Design

5.10 PVC PIPE FITTINGS

Schedule 40 and 80 solvent weld and threaded fittings are covered by the following ASTM standards:

D2624 - Threaded Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80

D2466 - Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 40

D2467 - Socket-Type Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80

These standards deal mainly with workmanship, materials, dimensions, tolerances, and testing. There are
no pressure rating standards for PVC fittings in the ASTM specifications. The only pressure standards
specified are for burst pressure.

One analysis, based on very limited real data, proposes the upper limit working pressures for Schedule 40
and 80 PVC fittings as tabulated in Table 5.11. Use this as a general guide only. Actual allowable
working pressures may vary widely with field conditions, particularly the frequency and degree of surge
pressures anticipated. On high pressure pipelines, metal or other alternative type fittings may be needed.

Table 5.11
Estimated Upper Limit Working Pressures for
Schedule 40 and Schedule 80 PVC Fittings

=====================================================
Schedule 40 Schedule 80
Nominal Outside Pressure Rating Pressure Rating
--------------- ---------------
Diameter Diameter Burst Working Burst Working
(in) (in) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
=====================================================
1/2 0.840 1910 358 2720 509
3/4 1.050 1540 289 2200 413
1 1.315 1440 270 2020 378
1-1/4 1.660 1180 221 1660 312
1-1/2 1.900 1060 198 1510 282
2 2.375 890 166 1290 243
2-1/2 2.875 970 182 1360 255
3 3.500 840 158 1200 225
=====================================================

5-16 10-1-97