1.
The concept of differentiation and derivatives
2. Differentiation using the First Principle
3. Rules of Differentiation:
- Constant function
- Power function
- Addition/Subtraction of two functions
- Composite function
- Product of two functions
- Quotient of two functions
- Exponential function
-Logarithmic function
4. Higher order of derivatives
5. Critical points – minimum, maximum, inflection point
6. Application : Business and economics
Mohd noor abdul hamid :
[email protected] After finishing this class, you should be able to:
•Explain the concept of differentiation.
•Differentiate a function using the First Principle (The Concept of limit)
•Differentiate a function using appropriate differentiation rules:
- Constant functions
- Power functions
- Addition / Subtraction of two functions
- Composite function (Chain Rule)
- Product of two functions
Will be covered on
- Quotient of two functions
the next class
- Exponential Function
- Logarithmic Function
The concepts of differentiation:
If f defined as the function of x and can be written as f(x).
Then the derivative of f(x) denoted as f’(x) or dy is read as
“derivative value of function f at x”. dx
The process to get f’(x) is called DIFFERENTIATION
(FIRST DERIVATIVE)
f(x)
differentiate
f’(x)
g(u) g’(u)
y =as a function of x dy
dx
dU
U = as a function of v
dv
Mohd noor abdul hamid : [email protected]
Mohd noor abdul hamid : [email protected]
Slope of a straight lines:
y/f(x)
C
30 m=?
B The slope for
the line, m is
m=5 m = 30 – 15
15 6–3
m=5
A
m=5
0 x
3 6
The slope (m) of a straight line is always consistent at any points on the line.
The slope of a curve
• A curve is not like a straight line – it does not have a consistent slope.
• Slope for a curve can be obtained by drawing a tangent line at any point on
the curve.
• The slope of the tangent line is used to represent the slope of a curve at any
given point.
• Therefore, the slope for a curve vary accordingly to the point where it is
measured.
y/f(x)
Tangent
x
0
Mohd noor abdul hamid : [email protected]
The slope of a curve
The slope of a curve (at a certain point on that curve) can be obtain by measuring
the slope of tangent line at that point.
The slope for function f at the point
(a,b) is ½.
m =1
2
(a,b)
b 2
a
The slope of a curve
The slope of a curve (at a certain point on that curve) can be obtain by measuring
the slope of tangent line at that point.
m = 1
1
The slope of the function f at
the point (c,d) is 1.
1
(c,d) 1
d
c
The slope of a curve
The slope of a curve (at a certain point on that curve) can be obtain by measuring
the slope of tangent line at that point.
The slope for function f at the point
(e,f) is ? 6
(e,f)
f
2
m=?
e
Consider a function, f and suppose that there are 2 points (A and B) on the
function (curve).
B = (x+h, f(x+h))
f(x+h)
A = (x, f(x))
f(x)
h
x x+h
From the diagram:
-PQ is the tangent for the function f at the point A (green line)
-AB is a chord line that touched the function f at the point A and B (grey line)
B= (x+h, f(x+h))
f(x+h)
A Chord touched the
curve at 2 points
(A and B)
A= (x, f(x))
f(x) The tangent touched
h the curve at only one
point (A)
P
x x+h
The slope for AB chord , (mab) is:
y2 – y1 = f(x+h) – f(x) or f(x+h) – f(x)
x2 –x1 (x+h) – (x) h
B= (x+h, f(x+h))
f(x+h)
A= (x, f(x))
f(x)
P
x x+h
The slope for PQ tangent is an approximation of chord AB to the
tangent, that is when h is approaching 0.
Therefore, we can see that the slope for PQ tangent (mpq)is derive from:
= lim Slope for AB OR lim f(x+h) – f(x)
h0 h0 h
B = (x+h, f(x+h))
f(x+h)
A= (x, f(x))
f(x)
h
P
x x+h
Thus, the slope for function f at the point A is EQUAL to
The slope for PQ tangent that is lim f(x+h) - f(x), therefore
h0 h
B = (x+h, f(x+h))
f(x+h)
A = (x, f(x))
f(x)
h
P
x x+h
We called lim f(x+h) – f(x) as Differentiation Using The First Principle
h0 h
And is denoted by f’(x) OR dy/dx
DIFFERENTIATION : USING THE FIRST PRINCIPLE
dy = f’(x) = lim f(x+h) – f(x)
dx h0 h
