http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.eee.19.7.2022 ELEKTRONIKA IR ELEKTROTECHNIKA, ISSN 1392-1215, VOL. 19, NO.

7, 2013

Harmonic Analysis by Modeling and Simulation

of the Wind Farm Based on DFIG
H. Xiao1,2, Y. Liu2, H. Liu1
1
College of Electrical Engineering, Wuhan University,
Luo-jia-shan, Wuchang, 430072, Wuhan, China
2
Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Smart Grids Operation and Control, Changsha University of
Science and Technology,
960, 2nd section, Wanjiali South RD, 410004, Changsha, China
[email protected]

Abstract—With the enlargement of the wind scale, the The harmonic wave problem that occurs in the
negative effects of wind power became more and more serious, grid-connected wind power system should be paid much
and turn to be great obstacle of the further utilization of the attention. It has huge negative effects on the operation of
wind resource. In the paper, a simulation model of a wind farm
power system, which can reduce equipments’ efficiency and
based on variable speed constant frequency double-fed
induction generators (DFIG) was set up using the working life, producing pulsation and noise etc. [4], [5]. By
electro-magnetic transient simulation software EMTP_RV, and analyzing wind farm harmonic model, the harmonica contents
the voltage harmonics was analyzed at the common connection can be calculated by the software and differing means of
point where the wind farms were connected to the grid. Various reducing the harmonic contents can be found depending on
possible situations were investigated, such as different wind the feature of the harmonic source; moreover, the origin could
speeds, the presence or absence of system background
be traced by harmonic frequency spectrum when problems
harmonics, and three phases unbalanced and balanced system
voltage, and according to the simulation results, put forward the occurring in the system. In this paper, a wind farm model was
solutions and measures to solve the problems. The researching set up to simulate and analyze the voltage harmonic at the
work has an important theoretical meaning and pragmatic value common connection point where the wind generators are
for the programming, designing, and operation of the wind connected to the power system. Various possible situations
farms in the grid. are investigated, such as different wind speeds, the presence
or absence of system background harmonics, and three phases
Index Terms—Modelling, simulation, wind farm, harmonic.
unbalanced and balanced system voltage. According to the
simulation results, put forward the solutions and measures to
I. INTRODUCTION
solve the problems. It’s very useful to analyze and suppress
As an important new energy, wind energy is unlimited, wind farms harmonic waves.
clean and renewable. Many countries in the world tend to
focus on wind power generation for these traits. China’s total II. MATHEMATICAL MODEL
installed capacity of wind power is estimated to be 1.3
hundred million kW in 2015, 2.5 hundred million kW in 2020 A. Wind speed model
and will exceed 5 hundred million kW in 2030. Wind power Due to the random, intermittent, and volatile nature of wind
will provide 10% of national electricity supply in 2020, which speed, in order to accurately describe the wind speed
will rise to 16.7% by 2030 [1]. As the capacity of wind farms characteristics, in this paper, the wind speed’s mathematical
increases, so does the potential effects on the power system, model was created using a combination of four components
making the study of those projects are crucially important. that are basic wind, gust wind, gradient wind and noise wind.
The problem of harmonic waves has always been concerned Basic wind describes the steady energy of a special wind
as a critical electrical quality problem in the power system. field; it is determined approximately by the measurement of
Compare to other types of power generation, variable speed Weibull Distribution Parameters.
wind turbines of double-fed induction generator (DFIG) are Gradient wind describes a wind field’s steady energy that is
used more widely. The converter has a capacity is 25%~30% changing slowly over time; it can be expressed as a
of its generating capacity and the active and reactive power superposition of a gradient component and the basic wind
can be control independently by the generator in the DFIG speed
wind power system [2], [3].
 0, (t < Tsr ),
 (t − Tsr )
vω r (t ) =  Aω r , (Tsr ≤ t ≤ Ter ) , (1)
 (Ter − Tsr )
Manuscript received July 11, 2012; accepted Ferbuary 20, 2013.
This research is supported by the Science and technology plan projects of
 Aω r (t > Ter ), ( t > Ter ).
Hunan province（NO.2012FJ4128）and Project of Education Department in
Hunan province in 2013. In the above expression, Aωr is the maximum of gradient

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wind; Tsr and Ter are the starting time and ending time of the 1
Pw = ρπ Av 3 C p ( λ , β ), (4)
gradient wind respectively. 2
Gust wind describes a sudden change in wind energy λ = ω R /ν . (5)

 0, ( t < Tsg ), In the above expression, Pw is the captured mechanical

 1 − cos(2π (t − Tsg )) energy in the wind turbine (w); ρ is air density (kg/m3); Α is
 (2)
vω g (t ) =  Aω g , (Tsg ≤ t ≤ Teg ),
Teg − Tsg the impeller sweeping area (m2); v is wind speed (m/s); Cp is

 Aω g (t − Teg ), (t < Tsg ). the wind power utilization coefficient, as well as is the
function of tip speed ratio λ and pitching angle β; R is paddle
In (2), Aωg is gust wind maximum; Tsg and Teg are the radius.
starting time and the ending time of the gust respectively. Due to a wind turbine having a larger rotary inertia, wind
Noise wind describes a random change in wind energy. power driving the generator will involve a certain amount of
time delay, so the characteristics of the transmission gear can
n be simulated by a first-order inertia link
vω n ( t ) = 2 ∑ S v (ω i ) ∆ ω cos(ω i t + φ i ). (3)
i =1
dPm 1
= ( Pw − Pm ). (6)
In the above expression, ωi is the i-th component of the dt τ
angular frequency; ∆ω is the discrete spacing of random
components; fi is the random variable of uniform probability In the above expression, τ is the inertial time constant. Pm is
density distribution between 0 and 2π; Sv(ωi) is the amplitude the generator axis mechanical power.
of the ith random component. C. Rotor side converter model
B. Wind turbine and transmission device model The mathematical model of a variable speed constant
A wind turbine transforms wind energy into mechanical frequency generator under a dq synchronous rotating
energy. According to the Bates theory, the captured power by coordinate system is shown as follows:
a wind turbine is:

 u sd   pLs + R s - ω1 Ls pLm - ω1 Lm   isd 

 u sq   ω1 Ls pLs + R s ω1 Lm pLm   isq  (7)
u = pLm - (ω1 - ω r ) Lm pLr + Rr - (ω1 - ω r ) Lr   ird .
 u rd   (ω - ω ) L pLm (ω1 - ω r ) Lr pLr - Rr   irq 
 rq   1 r m 

In (7), u and i are respectively the voltage quantity and

current quantity, the indexes s and r are respectively the stator  Ps = u sd isd + u sq isq = u sq isq , (11)
Q = u i − u i = u i .
and rotor components, The indexes d and q are respectively  s sq sd sd sq sq sd
the d and q axis components; L and R are respectively the
inductance and resistance quantities, P is the differential In the above expressions, when the generator terminal
operator, ω1 is the synchronous coordinate rotation angular voltage is a fixed value, the output of the active power and
velocity, and ωr is the rotor rotating electrical angular reactive power respectively are proportional to the stator q
velocity. axis current isq and stator d axis current isd. According to (11),
Generator flux can be given as follows active power and reactive power can be decoupled. If
ωslip =ω1 -ωr , (7) can be simplified to the following:
ψ sd   Ls 0 Lm 0   isd 
ψ sq  0 Ls 0 Lm   isq  (8)
ψ  = L 0 Lr 0   ird .  L2 L2
ψ rd  0 m  u rd = ( Lr − m ) pird + Rr ird − ω slip ( Lr − m ) irq +
 rq   Lm 0 Lr   irq 
  Ls Ls
 Lm
 + pψ sd ,
If the stator flux linkage is defined in the same direction as Ls (12)

the d axis of rotating coordinate system, that is ψsd =0 , the u L2m L2m
= ( Lr − ) pirq + Rr irq + ω slip ( Lr − )ird +
 rq Ls Ls
following expression can be obtained:  L
 + ω slip m ψ sd .
ψ sd = ψ s , (9)  Ls
ψ = 0.
 sq
The above expression shows that the decoupling control of
By ignoring the stator coil resistance, the following the generator can be realized by adding compensation to the
expression can be obtained: rotor voltage. The compensation is as follows:
 u sd = 0, (10)
u = us .  L2 L
 sq  erd = + ω slip ( Lr − m ) ird + m pψ sd ,
 Ls Ls (13)
 2
Additionally, the expressions of generator stator side  e = −ω L L
slip ( Lr −
m
)ird + ω slip m ψ sd .
output active power and reactive power can be obtained:  rq Ls Ls

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The relational expression of the compensated current and 17 wind power generators, and each generator capacity was
voltage is shown` as follows: 1500kW, so the total installed capacities were 22.5MW. A
special output power line was built from the wind farm to the
 * L2 power grid for the transmission of energy. This wind farm
 − Rr ird + u rd = ( Lr − m ) pird , adopted the generator-transformer unit connection mode, and
 Ls
 2 (14) used 17 Box-type transformers, each of the Box-type
L
 − R i + u * = ( L − m ) pi . transformer’s capacity were 1600kVA, and each of their
 r rq rq r
Ls
rq
voltage level were 0.69/35kV. They were then connected by
triple-circuits to the 35kV bus in the+
A. Grid side converter model 110kV booster substation, where a 31500kVA
In a dq synchronous rotating coordinate system, the grid two-winding transformer was installed, and its voltage ratio
side converter mathematical model is shown as follows: was 110/35kV. In this 110kV booster substation, the 35kV
side adopted single bus wiring, and the 110kV side was
 did connected to the power grid through an overhead line.
 u ld = − L dt − Rid + ω1 Liq + u sd ,
 (15) The local conditions of the wind farm and grid were fully
di
 u lq = − L q − Riq − ω1 Lid + u sq , considered to build the simulation model using the
 dt
electromagnetic transient simulation software EMTP-RV. In
this paper, the power quality problems were analyzed not only
where Uld and ulq are respectively the grid side converter
in the current wind farm’s first-stage installed capacity, but
voltage d-axis and q-axis components, usd and usq are
also in the future adding an additional 30MW second-stage
respectively the grid voltage d-axis and q-axis components, id
installation capacity of the wind farm.
and iq are respectively the grid side converter d-axis and
q-axis components of AC input current.
IV. SIMULATION WITHOUT CONSIDERATION OF SYSTEM
Using the grid voltage oriented vector control method, the
BACKGROUND HARMONICS
grid voltage is orientated to the d-axis direction, so the d-axis
of the reference frame has the same direction as the grid Without consideration of system background harmonics, a
voltage, and the q-axis is 90° ahead of the d-axis. Thus, as the simulation model of the wind farm’s first-stage installed
grid voltage q-axis component u sq =0 , the active power Pr and capacity was built using the software EMTP-RV, and the
harmonics were analyzed at four stages of power output,
reactive power Qr , which flow to the grid from the grid side
where the 17×1.5MW wind generators’ output power were
converter, can be shown as follows:
30%, 60%, 90%, 100%. In the simulation analysis, the step
length was set to 50 µs and the simulation time was 20s. The
 Pr = u sd id + u sq iq = u sd id ,
Q = u i − u i = − u i . (16) harmonics of the 35kV bus voltage were analyzed at the point
 r sq d sd q sd q
of common coupling (PCC), where wind generators were
connected to the grid, and the harmonic content was shown in
The above expression shows that, if the grid voltage is a
Table I. for the different generators’ output power,
constant, the flowing active power and reactive power from
representing different wind speeds. After simulating the
the grid side converter to the grid will be separately controlled
addition of the 30MW capacity of the second-stage of the
by id and iq; if Pr>0 and Qr>0, it shows the converter absorbs
wind farm’s installation to the existing 22.5MW, the
active power and reactive power from the grid; if Pr<0 and
harmonics of the 35kV bus voltage were also analyzed under
Qr<0, it shows the converter provides active power and
the same output power conditions, and the harmonic content
reactive power to the grid; if Pr=0 and Qr=0, it shows there is
is shown in Table II.
no active power and reactive power.
By simplifying (15), the following expression can be TABLE I. 35KV BUS VOLTAGE’S HARMONIC CONTENT OF THE
obtained: FIRST-STAGE INSTALLATION CAPACITY WITHOUT
CONSIDERATION OF THE SYSTEM BACKGROUND HARMONIC
 ' did (%).
 u sd = Rid + L dt , Harmonic 30% 60% 90% 100%
 (17) order
di 7 m/s 9m/s 11 m/s 13m/s 15 m/s
 u ' = Riq + L q . 2 0.06 0 0 0 0
 sq dt 5 0.52 0.43 0.36 0.32 0.44
7 0.32 0.31 0.27 0.24 0.28
By adding compensation, the cross coupling of the input 11 0.21 0.16 0.13 0.14 0.13
current can be eliminated; and by introducing the feed 13 0.09 0.08 0 0 0
forward compensation, the reference voltages uld* and ulq* can 17 0.08 0 0 0 0
19 0.06 0 0 0 0
be obtained:
TABLE II. 35KV BUS VOLTAGE’S HARMONIC CONTENT OF
 u*ld = -u ' + (w1 Liq + u sd ), ADDING THE SECOND-STAGE INSTALLATION CAPACITY
 *
sd (18)
u = -u '
- w1 Lid . WITHOUT CONSIDERATION OF SYSTEM BACKGROUND
 lq sq HARMONIC.
Harmonic 30% 60% 90% 100%
order 7 m/s 9m/s 11 m/s 13m/s 15 m/s
III. WIND FARM MODEL
2 0.07 0 0 0 0
The first-stage of a wind farm installation project installed 5 0.73 0.63 0.41 0.41 0.50

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Harmonic 30% 60% 90% 100% Harmonic 30% 60% 90% 100%
order 7 m/s 9m/s 11 m/s 13m/s 15 m/s order 7 m/s 9m/s 11 m/s 13m/s 15 m/s
7 0.47 0.36 0.28 0.28 0.32 23 0.21 0.38 0.35 0.34 0.36
11 0.32 0.23 0.15 0.17 0.18 25 0.16 0.23 0.24 0.23 0.21
13 0.13 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.06
17 0.12 0.10 0.06 0.06 0 VI. SIMULATION UNDER UNBALANCED THREE-PHASE
19 0.06 0.05 0 0 0
VOLTAGE
V. SIMULATION WITH CONSIDERATION OF SYSTEM In this study, interaction effects between the wind farm and
BACKGROUND HARMONICS the grid were also studied under an unbalanced three-phase
voltage. According to Chinese Standards as set in
To give consideration to conditions where the wind farm
GB/T15543-2008 „Power Quality · Three-phase Voltage
was connected to the power grid in windy conditions, and
Permissible Unbalance“: the allowable value of unbalanced
wind turbines were shut down in windless conditions, the data
voltage in PCC is 2% in normal conditions, and not exceeding
of harmonics and negative sequences were measured, and the
4% in a short time; every user who is connected to the PCC,
average in PPC was taken. The simulation model was then
will cause unbalanced voltage in the PPC, and the allowable
built using those values. The harmonics of the 110kV bus
value of unbalanced voltage is 1.3% in normal conditions.
voltage were analyzed, and the simulation results showed that
Under the condition where the maximum allowable value
the 3rd harmonic content was 0.33%; the 5th harmonic
of unbalanced grid voltage is 2%, the harmonics of 35kV bus
content was 2.20%; the 7th harmonic content was 1.33%, the
voltage at PC was analyzed in different wind speeds
9th harmonic content was 0.18%; the 11th harmonic content
involving low wind speed (LWS), medium wind speed
was 0.08%; the13th harmonic content was 0.23%; the 15th
(MWS), and high wind speed (HWS). The results of
harmonic content was 0.13%; the 17th harmonic content was
simulation analysis in first-stage installation capacities and
0.21%; the 19th harmonic content was 0.31%; the 21st
adding second-stage installation capacity of the wind farm are
harmonic content was 0.27%; the 23rd harmonic content was
shown respectively in Table V and Table VI.
0.46%; and the 25th harmonic content was 0.28%.
After adding the system background harmonics in the TABLE V. 35KV BUS VOLTAGE HARMONIC CONTENT OF THE
110kV grid into simulation model, the harmonics were again FIRST-STAGE INSTALLATION CAPACITY UNDER UNBALANCED
analyzed at the same four stages of power output. All other TREEE-PAHASE VOLTAGE (%).
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
conditions of the simulation remained the same, and the WWS 1.83 0.09 0.14 0.63 0.30 0.30 0.14
harmonic content are shown respectively in Table III and MWS 1.83 0.11 0.15 0.54 0.26 0.30 0.12
Table IV. SWS 1.84 0.13 0.16 0.45 0.23 0.30 0.12

TABLE III. 35KV BUS VOLTAGE’S HARMONIC CONTENT OF THE TABLE VI. 35KV BUS VOLTAGE HARMONIC CONTENT WITH THE
FIRST-STAGE INSTALLATION CAPACITY WITH CONSIDERATION ADDITION OF THE SECOND-STAGE INSTALLATION CAPACITY
OF SYSTEM BACKGROUND HARMONICS (%). UNDER UNBALANCED TREEE-PAHASE VOLTAGE (%).
Harmonic 30% 60% 90% 100% 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
order 7 m/s 9m/s 11 m/s 13m/s 15 m/s WWS 1.90 0.09 0.25 0.89 0.54 0.19 0.09
2 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.07 MWS 1.90 0.03 0.18 0.64 0.44 0.16 0.07
3 0.20 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.17 SWS 1.90 0.03 0.18 0.64 0.44 0.16 0.06
5 1.61 1.50 1.48 1.47 1.42
7 1.39 1.25 1.11 1.10 1.15 VII. HARMONIC ANALYSIS
9 0.17 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.17
11 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.10 According to Chinese Standards as set in GB/T
13 0.27 0.19 0.11 0.11 0.11 14549-1993 “Power Quality Harmonics in Public Supply
15 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 Network”, the allowable values of the voltage harmonics are
17 0.10 0.14 0.21 0.20 0.20
19 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.24 0.25 shown in Table VII.
21 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.23 0.23
23 0.29 0.36 0.40 0.41 0.40 TABLE VII. THE ALLOWABLE VALUE IN PUBLIC SUPPLY
25 0.22 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 NETWORK (GRID NOMINAL VOLTAGE: GNV; VOLTAGE TOTAL
HARMONIC DISTORTION RATE: VTHDR; EVERY HARMONIC
VOLTAGE CONTAINS RATE: EHVCR).
TABLE IV. 35KV BUS VOLTAGE’S HARMONIC CONTENT WITH
THE ADDITION OF THE SECOND-STAGE INSTALLATION EHVCR (%)
GNV (kV) VTHDR (%)
CAPACITY WITH CONSIDERATION OF SYSTEM BACKGROUND odd even
HARMONICS (%). 0.38 5.0 4.0 2.0
Harmonic 30% 60% 90% 100% 6 4.0 3.2 1.5
order 7 m/s 9m/s 11 m/s 13m/s 15 m/s 10 4.0 3.2 1.5
2 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.08 35 3.0 2.4 1.2
3 0.17 0.21 0.27 0.28 0.26 66 3.0 2.4 1.2
5 1.30 1.17 1.28 1.24 1.12 110 2.0 1.6 0.8
7 1.37 1.14 0.90 0.90 1.02
9 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.22 0.17 The simulation results of the 35kV bus voltage at PPC
11 0.22 0.21 0.24 0.24 0.15 showed that the total harmonic distortion rate and every
13 0.19 0.14 0.13 0.11 0.13
15 0.06 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.08
harmonic distortion rate were the highest when wind
17 0.12 0.19 0.21 0.20 0.16 generators output power was 30%. So it’s necessary to
19 0.18 0.19 0.27 0.28 0.25 research the mutual relations between every harmonic content
21 0.14 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19 and harmonic total distortion rate of the bus voltage at PPC

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with the installed capacities. The simulation results are shown 4) Before the wind farm is connected to the grid, it’s very
respectively as Table IX and Table VIII whether the system important not only to evaluate the power quality at PPC
background harmonic are considered or not in simulation whether meet the Chinese Standard, but also to analyze the
analysis. possible negative influences caused by wind generators
connected to the grid, so as not to limit the additional
TABLE VIII. RELATIONS BETWEEN EVERY HARMONIC CONTENT installed capacities for the future.
AND HARMONIC TOTAL DISTORTION RATE (TDR) WITH 5) Under unbalanced three-phase voltage conditions; the
INSTALLED CAPACITIES(IC) WITHOUT CONSIDERATION OF THE
SYSTEM BACKGROUND HARMONICS (%). 2nd voltage harmonic content is 1.84% at PPC in the
IC (MW) 2 5 7 11 13 17 19 TDR first-stage installed capacity of the wind farm and the 2nd
17×1.5
0.0 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.69
voltage harmonic content is 1.90% when adding the
6 2 2 1 9 8 6 30MW installed capacities, so both of them are in the
17×1.5+3 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.0 range of the Chinese Standard. The present negative
0.98
0 7 3 7 2 3 2 6
sequence voltage of the system has no influence on normal
TABLE IX. RELATIONS BETWEEN EVERY HARMONIC CONTENT operation of wind generators in the above simulation
AND HARMONIC VOLTAGE TOTAL DISTORTION RATE (TDR) analysis.
WITH INSTALLED CAPACITIES WITH CONSIDERATION SYSTEM
BACKGROUND HARMONIC (%).
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
IC(MW) 2 3 5 7 9 11 13
17×1.5 0.05 0.20 1.61 1.39 0.17 0.15 0.27 Due to the wind’s randomness, intermittence and seasons
17×1.5+30 0.07 0.17 1.30 1.37 0.18 0.22 0.19 lead to the output of wind power not smoothly, so that the
IC(MW) 15 17 19 21 23 25 TDR stability and security of the electric power system will be
17×1.5 0.08 0.10 0.25 0.18 0.29 0.22 2.238
reduced. Researching the wind power effects on power system
17×1.5+30 0.06 0.12 0.18 0.14 0.21 0.16 1.964
and doing some needed simulation analysis to the wind power
system are very helpful for the operation of the power system
From the data in Table VII, a conclusion can be drawn
and wind power plants.
when without consideration of the system background
Harmonics is an important power quality problem when the
harmonics, the first-stage’s 17 × 1.5MW wind generators
wind farm is connected to the grid. Because the harmonic
output power is 30%, every harmonic content and harmonic frequency is considerably greater than the power system
total distortion rate are in the range of the Chinese Standard; frequency, and the power grid is a complex system, the
when adding the addition 30MW installation capacity, every harmonics could be amplified and even to oscillate in some
harmonic content and harmonic total distortion rate are also in conditions. So it would be given more attention to harmonic
the range of the Chinese Standard. TableⅥ shows that every problem of the wind power system. In this paper, a simulation
harmonic content and harmonic total distortion rate are also in model of a real wind farm was built, and the harmonics were
the range of the Chinese Standard with consideration of the analyzed in various possible conditions, and consideration
system background harmonic in the first-stage 17×1.5MW was given not only to the first-stage installation capacity, but
installation capacity. It can be also concluded that, after also the addition of a second-stage installation capacity.
adding the 30MW installation capacities, every harmonic Efficient solutions and practical suggestions are proposed as a
content and harmonic total distortion rate are also in the range result of simulation analysis. The researching work has an
of the Chinese Standard. important theoretical meaning and pragmatic value for the
Several conclusions and suggestions can be put forward programming, designing, and operation of wind farms in the
from the above analyses: grid.
1) Wind generators connected to the grid will inevitably
generate harmonic pollution in the power system, so this REFERENCES
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