International Conference on Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies [i-PACT2017]

ECONOMIC AND EMISSION LOAD DISPATCH

USING CUCKOO SEARCH ALGORITHM
RAASHMI CHELLAPPAN Dr. D. KAVITHA
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Thiagarajar College of Engineering Thiagarajar College of Engineering
Madurai, India Madurai, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—To examine the optimal power output for all the Raphson, Gradient based method, Lambda iteration and
generating units the economic load dispatch problem in a power Dynamic programming which doesn’t provide fast and global
system is used by which will decreases the total fuel cost whereas solution and the problem complexity increases[10]. Thus the
fulfilling all practical constraints. Since optimal economic power system optimization problem need algorithm with faster
dispatch is not globally the excellent solution so such it was rate of convergence, global solution provision and ability to
required to reduce the toxic waste or emission dispatch problem.
handle very large complexity. Various artificial intelligent
The Combined Economic Emission Dispatch problem is
formulated as bi-objective problem by considering both fuel cost techniques such as the Pattern Search (PS), Artificial bee
and emission concurrently. By using price penalty factor the bi- colony, Gravitational search algorithm, Genetic Algorithm
objective Economic and Emission Dispatch problem is converted (GA)[5,15,18], Evolution Programming (EP)[11], Particle
into single objective problem. Here, to resolve the combined Swarm Optimization[13], Firefly algorithm, Tabu search, have
economic-emission load dispatch problem an effort has been been effectively used to resolve power optimization
performed using Cuckoo search algorithm, where CSA have problem[17]. In this paper an appropriate and robust technique
number of application and it is a useful tool developed for is used to resolve economic dispatch problem i.e. Cuckoo
optimization in engineering. On the basis of the obligate brood Search Algorithm (CSA). It is a metaheuristic search
parasitic behavior of some cuckoo species this algorithm is
algorithm, developed by Yang and Deb in 2009[3,9].
explained. In this paper, Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA)
method is used to obtain the best optimal solution considering for II. FORMULATION OF ECONOMIC AND EMISSION DISPATCH
Combined Economic and Emission dispatch problem for simple
PROBLEM
six unit test system.
The main objective of the power system is to obtain the
Keywords—Combined Economic Emission Dispatch problem, optimal dispatch of power and minimization of the two
Cuckoo Search Algorithm, Price Penalty Factor, Best optimal objectives, i.e. fuel cost and emission content subject to
solution. equality and inequality constraints simultaneous. First the two
I.INTRODUCTION objectives are optimized separately by single objective
technique which is defined in below. Then the two objectives
As Unit Commitment & Load Forecasting, the Economic are concurrently optimized by using bi-objective optimization
Load Dispatch is also a crucial part of modern power technique which is also termed in below as formulation. The
system[1]. The ELD where purposely used to find the formulation of Combined Economic and Emission Load
optimum generation among the existing units, such that the Dispatch problem are given as
total cost of generating units is decreased while satisfying  ୘ ൌ ሺσ୘୲ୀଵ σ୬୨ୀଵ ୨ ൫୨ ൯ ൅ ୘ǡ୨ ሻ (1)
equality and inequality constraints in the system
concurrently[7]. For any load demand the ELD problem
Where,
provide power output of each unit in MW and also calculate
Pj = Real power output of the ith generation
the overall fuel cost of generating units[6]. The thermal plant
Fj(Pj) = Generation cost function
releases various pollutants in the atmosphere during
ET,j = Environmental cost function.
generating electricity[16]. Thus to reduce the fuel cost is not
Environmental cost is an additional cost added on the
the only single objective therefore in this paper we also
thermal generators by considering thermal units emission
consider emission constraints in order to reduce the
dispatch in the electricity market typical based on the cost
emissions[2,8,12]. The fuel cost curve is a smooth convex
function.
curve but due to insertion of valve point loading this fuel cost
A system consisting of n thermal generating units
curve become non-linear and the problem become more
connected to a transmission network with the electrical load
complex. Valve point loading is also considered in this
PD [MW].
paper[4,14]. Economic dispatch analysis has been studied by
many researchers using diverse methods. Previous methods
include various mathematical procedures such as Newton ୨ ൫୨ ൯ ൌ σ୬୨ୀଵሺƒ ୨ ୨ଶ ൅ „୨ ୨ ൅ …୨ ሻ (2)

978-1-5090-5682-8 /17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE

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 International Conference on Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies [i-PACT2017]
Where, aj [Rs/MW2-h], bj [Rs/MWh], and cj [Rs/h] are cost Subject to the equality constraint and the inequality constraint
coefficients. The more accurate cost function is considered the Where f is the price penalty factor ($/kg), which manages the
steam turbine valve point loading effect by adding the fuel costs with the emission cost. Thus the fuel cost and
quadratic function and sinusoidal term as emission cost are combined to form the total operating cost of
୨ ൫୨ ൯ ൌ σ୬୨ୀଵ൫ƒ ୨ ୨ଶ ൅ „୨ ୨ ൅ …୨ ൅ ห‡୨ •‹൫ˆ୨ ሺ୨୫୧୬ െ ୨ ሻ൯ห൯ (3) the system after the inclusion of the price penalty factor. The
price penalty factor (f) of each generator is the ratio between
For emission dispatch problem, the amount of NOx emission is the fuel cost and emission for each generating output power.
expressed as an quadratic function as the cost function
B. Operating Constraints
୘ǡ୨ ൌ σ୬୨ୀଵሺĮ୨ ୨ଶ ൅ ȕ୨ ୨ ൅ Ȗ୨ ሻ (4)
Equality constraint
2
The total thermal power generated should be equal to the
Where, Įj [kg/MW -h], ȕj [kg/MWh], and Ȗj [kg/h] are NOx sum of power demand as shown below
emission coefficients. ୐୭ୟୢ െ σ୬୨ୀଵ ୨ ൌ Ͳ (11)
The emission formulation of all contaminant with CO2, SO2,
NOX are usually characterized by quadratic functions. Where,
However the total emission caused by the generators is n number of generators in the network
determined by combining the exponential term with quadratic ୐୭ୟୢ Total load of the system.
function and it shows the contaminants in the total emission Pj Real power generation at generator j.
level. Inequality constraint
୘ǡ୨ ൌ σ୬୨ୀଵሺĮ୨ ୨ଶ ൅ ȕ୨ ୨ ൅ Ȗ୨ ൅ į୨ ൈ ‡š’൫ș୨ ൈ ୨ ൯ሻ (5) The decision variable Pj should be in between the stated
minimum and maximum power limits and the dispatched
power must fulfill the constraint given by:
By including price penalty factor (f ) the Economic-Emission
Pj min ” Pj ” Pj max (12)
Dispatch problem is improved to a single objective problem
as follows
Where,
‹ ൌ σ୬୨ୀଵ ୨ ൫୨ ൯ ൅ ୨ ሺ୘ǡ୨ ) (6)
Pj min minimum value of real power at generator j
Pj max maximum value of real power at generator j
Subject to the operating constraints:
Equality constraint as demand-generation balance, Inequality III. CUCKOO SEARCH ALGORITHM FOR ECONOMIC
constraints of thermal generator due to operating limits which AND EMISSION DISPATCH
are explained clearly on section B Where, Xin-She Yang and Suash Deb developed this
Cuckoo Search Algorithm in 2009.This algorithm is based on
A. Price Penalty Factor the obligate brood parasitism of some cuckoo species by
In Combined Economic Emission Dispatch problem the which lays their eggs in to the host birds nest. Those female
price penalty factor (PPF) issued to transform bi-objective cuckoo species can mimic the shades and pattern of the host
function into a single objective function. PPF is the ratio of species eggs. Where the host bird have only fewer chances
fuel cost to emission cost for each generating unit. The price that which may identify and destroy the egg laid by the cuckoo
penalty factors can be calculated for CEED problem such as species. But, if the egg was discovered by the host bird which
max-max, min- min, average and common [2]. These formulas was in different, it will be either may completely destroy its
can be expressed as: nest and a new nest is built at different place or simply
destroys the egg. Where the eggs are just laid by the host bird
ଶ
ሺƒ ୨ ୨୫ୟ୶ ൅ „୨ ୨୫ୟ୶ ൅ …୨ ሻ nest are often chosen by the parasitic cuckoo species. Where,
ˆŒƒš ൌ ଶ ሺ͹ሻ the cuckoo birds’ eggs are hatched little earlier than the host
ሺȽ୨ ୨୫ୟ୶ ൅ Ⱦ୨ ୨୫ୟ୶ ൅ ɀ୨ ሻ
 bird eggs. When the first cuckoo chick is hatched as soon as, it
ଶ will started to throwing out the host bird eggs blindly from the
ሺƒ୨ ୨୫୧୬ ൅ „୨ ୨୫୧୬ ൅ …୨ ሻ
ˆŒ‹ ൌ ሺͺሻ nest by this the cuckoo chick can easily get increase the food
ଶ
ሺȽ୨ ୨୫୧୬ ൅ Ⱦ୨ ୨୫୧୬ ൅ ɀ୨ ሻ share given by the host bird. Thus the food searches by the
animal in an random manner. Based on the present location
ŠŒƒš ൅ ŠŒ‹ and the transition probability to the succeeding location their
ˆŒƒ˜‰ ൌ ሺͻሻ
ʹ search pathway is made up of flight or step by step random
୬
ŠŒƒ˜‰ walk. Where the flight behavior of birds or animals has typical
ˆŒ…‘ ൌ ෍ ሺͳͲሻ
features of Levy flight are explained in various studies.

୨ୀଵ According to the heavy tailed distribution levy flight which is
random walk where the step size is distributed. The distance of
Where j=1,2,3,……n the flight from the origin is likely to be a stable distribution
after the large number of steps.

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 International Conference on Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies [i-PACT2017]
A. Levy flights 9: if fi < fj then
This algorithm is based by means of obligate brood 10: xj = xi; fj = fi; // replace j-th solution
parasitism regarding partial cuckoo species which lays their 11.end if
eggs among according to the host bird’s nest. Those female 12: if rand(0, 1) < pa then
parasitic cuckoo species can mimic the shade or pattern 13: init_ nest(x worst);
concerning the eggs of the host species. The initial solutions 14: end if
are represented as the existing egg in the host nest. Thus the 15: if fi < f min then
new solution generated in this algorithm represents by the egg 16: x best = xi; f min = fi; // save the local best sol.
laid by the cuckoo species. On the basis of the following three 17: end if
assumptions this algorithm works: 18: end for
• The egg laid by the cuckoo selects the host bird nest 19: end while
randomly and only one egg is laid by the cuckoo at a
time, C. Flowchart for Cuckoo Search Algorithm
• The best nest which has the high superiority egg
(solution) will carry over to the next generations. Start
• The host bird can conclude a cuckoo’s egg with a
probability and the host nests are fixed with the total
number of accessible nest, Initialization of the random population of n host
ܲܽ ‫ א‬0, 1.By switching probability (Pa) the third assumption
can be estimated and the total n nests get replaced by the new By Levy flights cuckoo egg are get randomly, i
nest which contains a new random solution. When generating
new solutionࢄ ࢚+૚ from levy flight is achieved as
ࢄ࢏࢚+૚ = ࢄ࢏࢚ + ࢻ ْ ࡸe࢜࢟ ࣅ Fitness is evaluated, Fi
where Į > 0 is the step size which are related to the problem of
interests with scales. In most cases, Į = 1 is used.
For random walk the stochastic equation is formed. randomly Select a nest among ,n
Generally, Markov chain is a random walk where depending
on the present location and the next location is obtained by the
transition probability. The product ْ represents the entry wise Yes
multiplications. A random walk was provided by the Levy Fi ” Fj
flight where the random step interval is drained from a Levy
distribution. No
Levy~ ‫ݐ = ݑ‬í, (1 < ߣ ” 3) which has an infinite mean and
Let j as a solution
variance. Here the random walk process formed by the steps
with a power law step size distribution with a heavy tail. The
algorithm which are stretched to an additional complicated Replace j by the new solution
case by which that the each nest contains multiple eggs
(solution)
CS can be characterized by the following three features:
• It satisfies the global convergence requirements. Abandon a fraction, Pa of worst nests and build new
• It supports local and global search capabilities. ones at new locations via Levy flights
• It uses Levy flights as a global search strategy.

B. Pseudo Code for Cuckoo Search Algorithm The current best is fixed
The pseudo code obtained by the summarization of the
algorithm
Input: Population of nests xi = (xi1, …, xi D)T for i =1 … n,
MAX FE. No
Output: The best solution x and its equivalent value f min = j ” max
min(f(x)). iterations
1: generate initial host nest locations();
2: eval = 0;
Yes
3: while termination condition not meet do
4: for i = 1 to n do Find the best objective (the best nest)
5: xi = generate new solution(xi);
6: fi = evaluate the new solution(xi);
7: eval = eval + 1; End
8: j = ‫ۏ‬rand(0, 1) ‫ כ‬n + 1‫;ے‬

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 International Conference on Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies [i-PACT2017]
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Thus the proposed approach for resolving the bi-objective 7420
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH FOR DEMAND 600MW

problem has been verified on simple six-generator systems 7400

along single load require and for load varied for every hour on 7380

7360

one day. The comparative study is performed for simple six

/hr)
7340

($
units system for fuel cost ($/h) only using cuckoo search

OST
7320

C
algorithm together with genetic algorithm approach which are 7300

defined on case1, Then some other comparative instruction is 7280

taken for various penalty factors which illustrates the

7260

7240

deviations in the total operating cost for 700 MW load demand

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
GENERTION

concerning for simple six- generator test system which are Fig. 1. Convergence characteristics of fuel cost using cuckoo search algorithm
(Demand=600MW)
explained on case2 results. In this paper, the maximum price
penalty factor has been selected because combining fuel cost in ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH FOR DEMAND 800MW

addition to the emission cost as like that proposals a best

9506

solution for emission and with fewer cost condition. Similarly

9504

case3 shows the effects where the proposed algorithm is

9502

/hr)
applied in accordance with six-generator systems for load
9500

O ST($
varied for every hour on one day and also consider the cost

C
9498

function together with valve point loading effect. 9496

9494

CASE 1 9492
0 10 20 30 40
GENERTION
50 60 70

Table 1 Fuel cost coefficients and generation limits of sample six-generator

Fig. 2. Convergence characteristics of fuel cost using cuckoo search algorithm
system
(Demand=800MW)
Max Min
Gen. aj bj x 10
4 ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH FOR DEMAND 1000MW

load load cj ($/h)

1.1935

no ($/MW2h) ($/MWh) 1.1934

(MW) (MW) 1.1934

1 500 100 0.0070 7.00 240 1.1933

1.1933
r)

2 200 50 0.0095 10.0 200

T($/h

1.1932
O
C S

3 300 80 0.0090 8.50 220 1.1932

1.1931

4 150 50 0.0090 11.0 200 1.1931

5 200 50 0.0080 10.5 220 1.193

1.193

6 120 50 0.0075 12.0 190 0 10 20 30 40

GENERTION
50 60 70

Fig. 3. Convergence characteristics of fuel cost using cuckoo search algorithm

(Demand=1000MW)
Table 2 Comparison of Cuckoo Search Algorithm with Genetic Algorithm for
Economic Load Dispatch x 10
4
ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH FOR DEMAND 1263MW
1.537

Genetic Algorithm Cuckoo Search

1.5365

(GA) Algorithm (CSA) 1.536

Load Demand
Economic dispatch Economic dispatch
/hr)

1.5355
O ST($

($/h) ($/h)
C

1.535

1.5345

600 MW 7462.0 7259.7 1.534

800 MW 9501.8 9493.1 1.5335

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
GENERTION

1000 MW 11943 11938 Fig. 4. Convergence characteristics of fuel cost using cuckoo search algorithm
(Demand=1263MW)
1263 MW 15346 15338
4
x 10 ECONOMIC LOAD DISPATCH FOR DEMAND 1450MW
1.791

1450 MW 17880 17875 1.7905

1.79

From Table 2 Shows that the fuel cost attained from the
/hr)

1.7895
($

cuckoo search algorithm is optimal when compared with

O
C ST

1.789

Genetic Algorithm for various load demands such as 600MW, 1.7885

800MW, 1000MW, 1263MW, 1450MW and by using 1.788

parameter levy=0.01, Pa=0.3, Population=40 and 1.7875

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

generation=70. From this it is observed that the use of Cuckoo GENERTION

Fig. 5. Convergence characteristics of fuel cost using cuckoo search algorithm

Search Algorithm is more effective than Genetic Algorithm. (Demand=1450MW)

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 International Conference on Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies [i-PACT2017]
CASE 2
Table 3 Fuel cost, emission coefficients and generation limits of six-generator system

Gen. no
aj bj cj ߙj ߚj ߛ݆ min load max load
($/MW2h) ($/MW h) ($/h) (Kg/MW2h) (Kg/MW h) (Kg/h) (MW) (MW)
1 0.1525 38.540 756.800 0.0042 0.33000 13.86 10 125
2 0.1060 46.160 451.325 0.0042 0.33000 13.86 10 150
3 0.0280 40.400 1050.00 0.0068 -0.5455 40.267 35 225
4 0.0355 38.310 1243.53 0.0068 -0.5455 40.267 35 210
5 0.0211 36.328 1658.57 0.0046 -0.5112 42.90 130 325
6 0.0180 38.270 1356.66 0.0046 -0.5112 42.90 125 315

Table 4 Comparison between the proposed method for different PPF types at
700MW

Total
PPF Emission Emission Economic
Method cost
($/kg) (kg/h) cost ($/h) cost ($/h)
($/h)
fi max Cuckoo 435 20,929 36,389 57,317
fi min Search 424 37,524 37,828 75,352
fi avg Algorithm 421 31,046 37,700 68,746
Method
fi com 432 30,601 37,080 67,682

Table4 shows that, the types of price penalty factor has a

major effect on all the studied parameters. The result discloses Fig. 6. Convergence characteristics of total cost obtained for 6 unit
system considering price penalty factor (hi max)
the information that the cost at the minimum condition
produces high emission and minimum cost and vice-versa. In
most cases the fi max Price Penalty Factor (PPF) is superior
than other Price Penalty Factor (PPF) types.

CASE 3
Table 5 Fuel cost characteristics coefficient for the 6 conventional thermal
generators

Gen. min max

aj bj cj ej fj
no load load
1 70.81 4.88 0.00135 56.31 0.055 40 150
2 96.13 4.56 0.00522 74.77 0.043 35 130
Fig. 7. Convergence characteristics of economic cost obtained for 6
3 225.95 6.25 0.00033 157.34 0.045 35 120 unit system considering price penalty factor (hi max)
4 217.51 6.17 0.00378 147.82 0.071 35 110
5 237.77 7.12 0.00276 135.96 0.065 35 110
6 318.21 7.74 0.00417 196.33 0.053 35 120

Table 6 Emission characteristics coefficients for the 6 conventional thermal

generators

Gen no ߙj ߚj ߛj ߜj ߠj
1 4.073 -5.112 5.534 0.0021000 3.876
2 3.216 -5.542 6.123 0.0005200 4.223
3 3.972 -4.521 5.785 0.0065000 4.756
4 4.333 -6.281 4.432 0.0000370 5.789
5 4.112 -5.776 6.395 0.0043000 6.773 Fig. 8. Convergence characteristics of emission cost obtained for 6
6 4.112 -6.043 5.295 0.0005600 3.156 unit system considering price penalty factor (hi max)

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 International Conference on Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies [i-PACT2017]
Table 7 Total generation cost on Dth day using the Cuckoo Search Algorithm

Time(hour) Load(MW) P1(MW) P2(MW) P3(MW) P4(MW) P5(MW) P6(MW) COST ($/h)
1 308 46.30 45.80 98.80 36.0 45.5 35.7 4,662.1
2 297 68.30 48.60 50.00 39.7 55.4 35.0 4,381.1
3 295 29.90 78.90 46.00 58.2 38.2 43.8 4,533.9
4 302 40.60 69.80 36.20 75.5 44.8 35.0 4,433.3
5 308 72.00 35.00 94.40 35.0 35.0 36.6 4,497.7
6 310 38.00 38.70 113.9 35.0 49.4 35.0 4,909.7
7 350 131.6 57.00 46.00 44.6 35.8 35.0 4,874.7
8 430 92.30 89.80 48.90 80.1 40.2 78.7 6,372.3
9 460 137.0 100.1 35.00 69.1 83.9 35.0 6,598.6
10 465 139.8 102.5 57.60 82.2 41.9 41.1 6,677.5
11 562 95.80 108.3 101.5 75.9 39.8 40.7 6,659.4
12 455 156.4 66.90 80.30 81.3 35.0 35.0 6,549.7
13 430 95.20 104.0 35.50 79.3 73.6 42.5 6,172.6
14 432 139.4 99.00 40.10 35.7 82.7 35.0 6,079.1
15 456 151.7 94.40 77.80 35.1 60.3 36.7 6,566.8
16 452 153.6 125.5 41.30 47.5 47.7 36.3 6,444.7
17 446 125.5 104.6 105.3 37.7 37.8 35.0 6,297.0
18 435 120.8 116.7 45.20 74.5 42.5 35.2 6,141.8
19 426 153.9 108.8 35.00 35.0 35.0 58.3 5,947.7
20 407 104.1 110.1 43.00 79.4 35.0 35.4 5,584.2
21 370 96.80 64.60 66.80 35.0 65.4 41.4 5,412.2
22 350 88.30 94.70 45.20 35.7 45.5 40.6 4,878.4
23 320 53.50 108.7 38.90 35.0 46.0 37.9 4,512.3
24 300 47.50 54.70 57.40 46.6 55.8 38.0 4,615.7
TOTAL COST (FUEL +EMISSION) 1,33,800

V. CONCLUSION [2] Balamurugn.R,and S.Subramanian.”Asimplified Recursive approach to

combined economic emission dispatch.”Electrical Power Components and
The proposed Cuckoo Search Algorithm has been applied
Systems36.1,pp.17-27,(2007).
effectively to resolve the Combined Economic-Emission Load [3] Basu. M,and A. Chowdhury.”Cuckoo search algorithm for economic
Dispatch problem on units. Cuckoo technique is examined for dispatch.” Energy 60,pp.99-108,(2013).
six generating unit system. [4] ChandrakalaG,RamakrishnaV,Shaik J, “Solving Economic Dispatch with
Valve Point Loading Effects by using OptimizationTechniques”,International
Economic-Emission Load Dispatch problem is resolved by
Journal of Engineering Science Invention, Vol. 3,Issue9,pp.01-11, Sep.2014.
means of the use of Genetic algorithm and Cuckoo search [5] Chiragkumar K. Patel, Mihir B. Chaudhari, “Economic load dispatch
strategies to optimize the problem. The Results obtained with problem using genetic algorithm,”Indian Journal of Applied Research, vol.4,
the aid of these methods are compared for simple six Issue 11,pp.173-175, Nov 2014.
[6] Demirel, YandA. Demiroren. "Economic and minimum emission
generating unit systems. The application was written in dispatch."energy 2.1,pp.12 (2004).
MATLAB software program package. The Economic Load [7] Liao,Gwo-Ching."A novel evolutionary algorithm for dynamic economic
Dispatch need to meet the load demand considering at dispatch with energy saving and emission reduction in power system
minimum operating cost while satisfying all the operating integrated wind power." Energy 36.2, pp.1018-1029,(2011)..
[8] Srikrishna.K., and Palanichamy.C ,“Economic thermal power dispatch
constraints of power system about all the units.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT [9] Yang XS, Deb S,“Cuckoo Search via Levy flight”, Proceeding of World
The authors gratefully acknowledge the authorities of Congress on Nature and Biologically Inspired Computing, India, pp 210-
214(2009).
Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, Tamilnadu, [10] Susheel Kumar Dewangan, Achala Jain, Dr. A.P. Huddar,”A Traditional
India, for their continued support, encouragement, and the Approach to Solve Economic Load Dispatch Problem Considering the
extensive facilities provided to carry out this research work. Generator Constraints” IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering (IOSR-JEEE), Volume 10, Issue 2 Ver. III (Mar – Apr. 2015)
[11] Singla D, Jain S, ''A Review on Combined Economic and Emission
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 International Conference on Innovations in Power and Advanced Computing Technologies [i-PACT2017]
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