MATLAB

Tutorial Course

1
 Contents
1. Session One
 What is Matlab?
 MATLAB Parts
 MATLAB Desktop
 Matrices
 Numerical Arrays
 String Arrays
 Elementary Math
 Logical Operators
 Math Functions
 Polynomials and Interpolation
2  Importing and Exporting Data
 Contents Continued
 Graphics Fundamentals
 2D plotting
 Subplots
 3D plotting
 Specialized Plotting
 Editing and Debugging M-files
2. Session Two
 Script and Function Files
 Basic Parts of an M-file
 Flow Control Statements
 M-file Programming
3
 Contents Continued
 Data types
 Multidimensional Arrays
 Structures
 Cell Arrays
 Nonlinear Numerical Functions
 Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE)
 Handle Graphics
 Graphic Objects
 Graphical User Interface (GUI)

4
 What is MATLAB?
high-performance software
 Computation
 Visualization
 Easy-to-use environment.
high-level language
 Data types
 Functions
 Control flow statements
 Input/output
 Graphics
 Object-oriented programming capabilities
5
 MATLAB Parts

Developed Environment
Programming Language
Graphics
Toolboxes
Application Program Interface

6
 Toolboxes
Collections of functions to solve problems of
several applications.
 DSP Toolbox
 Image Toolbox
 Wavelet Toolbox
 Neural Network Toolbox
 Fuzzy Logic Toolbox
 Control Toolbox
 Communication Toolbox

7
 MATLAB Desktop Tools
Command Window
Command History
Help Browser
Workspace Browser
Editor/Debugger
Launch Pad

8
 Calculations at the Command
Line
MATLAB as a calculator Assigning Variables
» -5/(4.8+5.32)^2 » a = 2; Semicolon
ans = suppresses
» b = 5;
-0.0488 screen output
» (3+4i)*(3-4i) » a^b
ans = ans = Results
25 32 assigned to
» cos(pi/2) » x = 5/2*pi; “ans” if name
ans = not specified
» y = sin(x)
6.1230e-017
y =
» exp(acos(0.3))
ans = 1
3.5470 » z = asin(y) () parentheses for
z = function inputs
1.5708

A Note about Workspace:

Numbers stored in double-precision floating point format
9
 General Functions
whos: List current variables
clear: Clear variables and functions from
memory
Close: Closes last figures
cd: Change current working directory
dir: List files in directory
echo: Echo commands in M-files
format: Set output format
10
 Getting help
help command (>>help)

lookfor command (>>lookfor)

Help Browser (>>doc)

helpwin command (>>helpwin)

Search Engine
Printable Documents
 “Matlabroot\help\pdf_doc\”
Link to The MathWorks
11
 Matrices
Entering and Generating Matrices
Subscripts
Scalar Expansion
Concatenation
Deleting Rows and Columns
Array Extraction
Matrix and Array Multiplication

12
 Entering Numeric Arrays
» a=[1 2;3 4]
a = Use square
1 2 brackets [ ]
3 4
Row separator » b=[-2.8, sqrt(-7), (3+5+6)*3/4]
semicolon (;) b =
-2.8000 0 + 2.6458i 10.5000
Column separator » b(2,5) = 23
space / comma (,) b =
-2.8000 0 + 2.6458i 10.5000 0 0
0 0 0 0 23.0000

• Any MATLAB expression can be entered as a matrix

element
• Matrices must be rectangular. (Set undefined elements to zero)
13
 The Matrix in MATLAB
Columns
(n)
1 2 3 4 5
A= 4
1
10
6
1
11
6
16
2
21
A (2,4)
1
2
2 8 1.2 7 9 12
4 17
25 22

Rows (m) 3 7.2 3 5 8

7 13
1 18
11 23 A (17)
4 0 4
0.5 9 4 14
5 19
56 24
5 10 15 20 25
5 23 83 13 0 10 Rectangular Matrix:
Scalar: 1-by-1 array
Vector: m-by-1 array
1-by-n array
Matrix: m-by-n array
14
 Entering Numeric Arrays
Scalar expansion » w=[1 2;3 4] + 5
w =
6 7
8 9
Creating sequences: » x = 1:5
colon operator (:) x =
1 2 3 4 5
» y = 2:-0.5:0
y =
2.0000 1.5000 1.0000 0.5000 0
» z = rand(2,4)
Utility functions for
z =
creating matrices.
0.9501 0.6068 0.8913 0.4565
0.2311 0.4860 0.7621 0.0185

15
 Numerical Array
Concatenation
Use [ ] to combine » a=[1 2;3 4]
existing arrays as a = Use square
matrix “elements” 1 2 brackets [ ]
3 4
» cat_a=[a, 2*a; 3*a, 4*a; 5*a, 6*a]
Row separator: cat_a =
semicolon (;) 1 2 2 4
3 4 6 8
Column separator: 3 6 4 8
4*a
space / comma (,) 9 12 12 16
5 10 6 12
15 20 18 24

Note:
16 The resulting matrix must be rectangular
 Deleting Rows and Columns
» A=[1 5 9;4 3 2.5; 0.1 10 3i+1]
A =
1.0000 5.0000 9.0000
4.0000 3.0000 2.5000
0.1000 10.0000 1.0000+3.0000i
» A(:,2)=[]
A =
1.0000 9.0000
4.0000 2.5000
0.1000 1.0000 + 3.0000i
» A(2,2)=[]
??? Indexed empty matrix assignment is not allowed.

17
 Array Subscripting / Indexing

1 2 3 4 5
A= 4
1
10
6
1
11
6
16
2
21

1
2
2 8 1.2 7 9 12 4 17
25 22
A(1:5,5) A(1:end,end)
3 7.2 3 5 8
7 13 1 18
11 23 A(:,5) A(:,end)
A(21:25) A(21:end)’
A(3,1) 4 0 4
0.5 9 4 14 5 19
56 24
A(3) 5
5 23 83 10 1315 0 20
10 25
A(4:5,2:3)
A([9 14;10 15])

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 Matrix Multiplication
» a = [1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8]; [2x4]
» b = ones(4,3); [4x3]
» c = a*b [2x4]*[4x3] [2x3]
c =
10 10 10
26 26 26 a(2nd row).b(3rd column)

Array Multiplication
» a = [1 2 3 4; 5 6 7 8];
» b = [1:4; 1:4];
» c = a.*b
c =
1 4 9 16
5 12 21 32 c(2,4) = a(2,4)*b(2,4)

19
 Matrix Manipulation Functions
• zeros: Create an array of all zeros
• ones: Create an array of all ones
• eye: Identity Matrix
• rand: Uniformly distributed random numbers
• diag: Diagonal matrices and diagonal of a matrix
• size: Return array dimensions
• fliplr: Flip matrices left-right
• flipud: Flip matrices up and down
• repmat: Replicate and tile a matrix
20
 Matrix Manipulation Functions
• transpose (’): Transpose matrix
• rot90: rotate matrix 90
• tril: Lower triangular part of a matrix
• triu: Upper triangular part of a matrix
• cross: Vector cross product
• dot: Vector dot product
• det: Matrix determinant
• inv: Matrix inverse
• eig: Evaluate eigenvalues and eigenvectors
21
• rank: Rank of matrix
 Character Arrays (Strings)
Created using single quote delimiter (')
» str = 'Hi there,'
str =
Hi there,
» str2 = 'Isn''t MATLAB great?'
str2 =
Isn't MATLAB great?

Each character is a separate matrix element

(16 bits of memory per character)

str = H i t h e r e , 1x9 vector

Indexing same as for numeric arrays

22
 String Array
Concatenation
Using [ ] operator: » str ='Hi there,';
1x9 vectors
Each row must be » str1='Everyone!';
same length » new_str=[str, ' ', str1]
new_str =
Row separator:
Hi there, Everyone! vectors
1x19 vector
semicolon (;)
» str2 = 'Isn''t MATLAB great?';

Column separator: » new_str2=[new_str; str2]

new_str2 =
space / comma (,)
Hi there, Everyone!
Isn't MATLAB great? 2x19 matrix

For strings of different length:

• STRVCAT » new_str3 = strvcat(str, str2)
• char new_str3 =
Hi there, 2x19 matrix
Isn't MATLAB great? (zero padded)
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 Working with String Arrays
String Comparisons
 strcmp: compare whole strings
 strncmp: compare first „N‟ characters
 findstr: finds substring within a larger string
Converting between numeric & string arrays:
 num2str: convert from numeric to string array
 str2num: convert from string to numeric array

24
 Elementary Math
Logical Operators

Math Functions

Polynomial and Interpolation

25
 Logical Operations
= = equal to »
Mass = [-2 10 NaN 30 -11 Inf 31];
»
each_pos = Mass>=0
> greater than
each_pos =
< less than 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
» all_pos = all(Mass>=0)
>= Greater or equal all_pos =
<= less or equal 0
» all_pos = any(Mass>=0)
~ not all_pos =
1
& and
» pos_fin = (Mass>=0)&(isfinite(Mass))
| or pos_fin =
0 1 0 1 0 0 1
isfinite(), etc. . . .
all(), any() Note:
• 1 = TRUE
find
• 0 = FALSE
26
 Elementary Math Function
• abs, sign: Absolute value and Signum
Function
• sin, cos, asin, acos…: Triangular functions
• exp, log, log10: Exponential, Natural and
Common (base 10) logarithm
• ceil, floor: Round toward infinities
• fix: Round toward zero

27
Elementary Math Function
round: Round to the nearest integer
gcd: Greatest common devisor
lcm: Least common multiple
sqrt: Square root function
real, imag: Real and Image part of
complex
rem: Remainder after division
 Elementary Math Function
• max, min: Maximum and Minimum of arrays
• mean, median: Average and Median of arrays
• std, var: Standard deviation and variance
• sort: Sort elements in ascending order
• sum, prod: Summation & Product of Elements
• trapz: Trapezoidal numerical integration
• cumsum, cumprod: Cumulative sum, product
• diff, gradient: Differences and Numerical
Gradient

28
 Polynomials and
Interpolation
Polynomials
 Representing
 Roots (>> roots)
 Evaluation (>> polyval)
 Derivatives (>> polyder)
 Curve Fitting (>> polyfit)
 Partial Fraction Expansion (residue)
Interpolation
 One-Dimensional (interp1)
 Two-Dimensional (interp2)
29
 Example
polysam=[1 0 0 8];
roots(polysam)
ans =
-2.0000
1.0000 + 1.7321i
1.0000 - 1.7321i
Polyval(polysam,[0 1 2.5 4 6.5])
ans =
8.0000 9.0000 23.6250 72.0000 282.6250
polyder(polysam)
ans =
3 0 0
[r p k]=residue(polysam,[1 2 1])
r = 3 7
p = -1 -1
k = 1 -2

30
 Example
x = [0: 0.1: 2.5];
y = erf(x);
p = polyfit(x,y,6)
p =
0.0084 -0.0983 0.4217 -0.7435 0.1471 1.1064 0.0004

interp1(x,y,[0.45 0.95 2.2 3.0])

ans =
0.4744 0.8198 0.9981 NaN

31
 Importing and Exporting
Data
Using the Import Wizard

Using Save and Load command

save fname load fname

save fname x y z load fname x y z
save fname -ascii load fname -ascii
save fname -mat load fname -mat

32
 Input/Output for Text File

•Read formatted data, reusing the

format string N times.
»[A1…An]=textread(filename,format,N)

•Import and Exporting Numeric Data

with General ASCII delimited files
» M = dlmread(filename,delimiter,range)

33
 Input/Output for Binary File
fopen: Open a file for input/output
fclose: Close one or more open files
fread: Read binary data from file
fwrite: Write binary data to a file
fseek: Set file position indicator
» fid= fopen('mydata.bin' , 'wb');
» fwrite (fid,eye(5) , 'int32');
» fclose (fid);
» fid= fopen('mydata.bin' , 'rb');
» M= fread(fid, [5 5], 'int32')
» fclose (fid);

34
 Graphics
Fundamentals

35
 Graphics
Basic Plotting
plot, title, xlabel, grid,
legend, hold, axis
Editing Plots
Property Editor
Mesh and Surface Plots
meshgrid, mesh, surf,
colorbar, patch, hidden
Handle Graphics
36
 2-D Plotting
Syntax:
plot(x1, y1, 'clm1', x2, y2, 'clm2', ...)

Example:
x=[0:0.1:2*pi];
y=sin(x);
z=cos(x);
plot(x,y,x,z,'linewidth',2)
title('Sample Plot','fontsize',14);
xlabel('X values','fontsize',14);
ylabel('Y values','fontsize',14);
legend('Y data','Z data')
grid on

37
 Sample Plot

Title

Ylabel
Grid

Legend

Xlabel
38
 Subplots
Syntax: subplot(rows,cols,index)

»subplot(2,2,1);
» …

»subplot(2,2,2)
» ...

»subplot(2,2,3)
» ...

»subplot(2,2,4)
» ...

39
 Surface Plot Example
x = 0:0.1:2;
y = 0:0.1:2;
[xx, yy] = meshgrid(x,y);
zz=sin(xx.^2+yy.^2);
surf(xx,yy,zz)
xlabel('X axes')
ylabel('Y axes')

40
 3-D Surface Plotting
contourf-colorbar-plot3-waterfall-contour3-mesh-surf

41
 Specialized Plotting Routines
bar-bar3h-hist-area-pie3-rose

42
 Editing and Debugging M-
Files
What is an M-File?
The Editor/Debugger
Search Path
Debugging M-Files
 Types of Errors (Syntax Error and Runtime
Error)
 Using keyboard and “ ; ” statement
 Setting Breakpoints
 Stepping Through
 Continue, Go Until Cursor, Step, Step In, Step Out
 Examining Values
 Selecting the Workspace
 Viewing Datatips in the Editor/Debugger
 Evaluating a Selection

43
 Debugging
Select
Workspace
Set Auto-
Breakpoints

tips

44
 Programming and
Application
Development

45
 Script and Function Files
• Script Files
• Work as though you typed commands into
MATLAB prompt
• Variable are stored in MATLAB workspace

• Function Files
• Let you make your own MATLAB Functions
• All variables within a function are local
• All information must be passed to functions as
parameters
46 • Subfunctions are supported
 Basic Parts of a Function M-File
Output Arguments Function Name Input Arguments

Online Help function y = mean (x)

% MEAN Average or mean value.
% For vectors, MEAN(x) returns the mean value.
% For matrices, MEAN(x) is a row vector
% containing the mean value of each column.
[m,n] = size(x);
if m == 1
Function Code
m = n;
end
y = sum(x)/m;

47
 Flow Control Statements

if Statement
if ((attendance >= 0.90) & (grade_average >= 60))
pass = 1;
end;

while Loops
eps = 1;
while (1+eps) > 1
eps = eps/2;
end
eps = eps*2

48
 Flow Control Statements
for Loop
a = zeros(k,k) % Preallocate matrix
for m = 1:k
for n = 1:k
a(m,n) = 1/(m+n -1);
end
end

switch Statement
method = 'Bilinear';
switch lower(method)
case {'linear','bilinear'}
disp('Method is linear')
case 'cubic'
disp('Method is cubic')
otherwise
disp('Unknown method.')
end
Method is linear
49
 M-file Programming Features
SubFunctions
Varying number of input/output arguments
Local and Global Variables
Obtaining User Input
 Prompting for Keyboard Input
 Pausing During Execution
Errors and Warnings
 Displaying error and warning Messages
Shell Escape Functions (! Operator)
Optimizing MATLAB Code
 Vectorizing loops
 Preallocating Arrays
50
 Function M-file
function r = ourrank(X,tol)
% rank of a matrix Multiple Input Arguments
s = svd(X); use ( )
if (nargin == 1)
»r=ourrank(rand(5),.1);
tol = max(size(X)) * s(1)* eps;
end
r = sum(s > tol);

function [mean,stdev] = ourstat(x)

[m,n] = size(x);
Multiple Output
if m == 1
Arguments, use [ ]
m = n;
»[m std]=ourstat(1:9); end
mean = sum(x)/m;
stdev = sqrt(sum(x.^2)/m – mean.^2);
51
 Data Types

Numeric Arrays
Multidimensional Arrays
Structures and Cell Arrays
52
 Multidimensional Arrays
The first references array dimension
1, the row.
» A = pascal(4);
The second references dimension 2, » A(:,:,2) = magic(4)
the column. A(:,:,1) =
The third references dimension 3, 1 1 1 1
The page. 1 2 3 4
1 0 0 0 1 3 6 10
0 1 0 0
1 4 10 20
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
A(:,:,2) =
16 2 3 13
0 0 0 0 Page N 5 11 10 8
16 20 30 130 0
5 110 100 80 0 9 7 6 12
1 1 1 1
1 2
9
3
70 60 120
4
0 4 14 15 1
1 3
4 14 15
6 10
1 » A(:,:,9) =
1 4 10 20 diag(ones(1,4));
53 Page 1
 Structures
• Arrays with named data containers called fields.
» patient.name='John Doe';
» patient.billing = 127.00;
» patient.test= [79 75 73;
180 178 177.5;
220 210 205];

• Also, Build structure arrays using the struct function.

• Array of structures
» patient(2).name='Katty Thomson';
» Patient(2).billing = 100.00;
» Patient(2).test= [69 25 33; 120 128 177.5; 220
210 205];
54
 Cell Arrays
• Array for which the elements are cells and can hold
other MATLAB arrays of different types.

» A(1,1) = {[1 4 3;
0 5 8;
7 2 9]};
» A(1,2) = {'Anne Smith'};
» A(2,1) = {3+7i};
» A(2,2) = {-pi:pi/10:pi};

• Using braces {} to point to elements of cell array

• Using celldisp function to display cell array
55
 Nonlinear Numerical Functions
• inline function » f = inline('3*sin(2*x.^2)','x')
f =
Inline function:
Use char function f(x) = 3*sin(2*x.^2)
to convert inline » f(2)
object to string ans =
2.9681

• Numerical Integration using quad

» Q = quad('1./(x.^3-2*x-5)',0,2);
» F = inline('1./(x.^3-2*x-5)');
» Q = quad(F,0,2);
» Q = quad('myfun',0,2)
Note:
function y = myfun(x)
quad function use adaptive
y = 1./(x.^3-2*x-5);
56 Simpson quadrature
 Nonlinear Numerical
Functions
fzero finds a zero of a single variable
function[x,fval]= fzero(fun,x0,options)

 fun is inline function or m-function

fminbnd minimize a single variable function
on a fixed interval. x1<x<x2
[x,fval]= fminbnd(fun,x1,x2,options)

fminsearch minimize a several variable

function
[x,fval]= fminsearch(fun,x0,options)

Use optimset
options to determine options
= optimset('param1',value1,...)
57 parameter.
 Ordinary Differential
Equations
(Initial Value Problem)
An explicit ODE with initial value:

Using ode45 for non-stiff functions and

ode23t for stiff functions.
[t,y] = solver(odefun,tspan,y0,options)
function dydt = odefun(t,y) Initialvlue

[initialtime finaltime]

58 • Use odeset to define options parameter

 ODE Example:

function dydt=myfunc(t,y)
dydt=zeros(2,1);
dydt(1)=y(2);
dydt(2)=(1-y(1)^2)*y(2)-y(1);

» [t,y]=ode45('myfunc',[0 20],[2;0])
3

Note:
1

Help on odeset to set options

0

for more accuracy and other

-1

useful utilities like drawing

-2

results during solving.

59 -3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
 Handle Graphics
Graphics in MATLAB consist of objects:
 root, figure, axes, image, line, patch,
rectangle, surface, text, light
Creating Objects
Setting Object Properties Upon
Creation
Obtaining an Object‟s Handles
Knowing Object Properties
Modifying Object Properties
 Using Command Line
 Using Property Editor
60
 Graphics Objects
Root
object

Figure
object
UIMenu
objects UIControl
Axes object
objects

Surface
object

Line
objects

Text
objects 61
 Obtaining an Object‟s Handle
1. Upon Creation
h_line = plot(x_data, y_data, ...)

2. Utility Functions
What is the current object?
0 - root object handle • Last object created
• OR
gcf - current figure handle • Last object clicked
gca- current axis handle
gco- current object handle
3. FINDOBJ
h_obj = findobj(h_parent, 'Property', 'Value', ...)

63 Default = 0 (root object)

 Modifying Object Properties
• Obtaining a list of current properties:
get(h_object)

• Obtaining a list of settable properties:

set(h_object)

• Modifying an object‟s properties

 Using Command Line
set(h_object,'PropertyName','New_Value',...)

 Using Property Editor

64
 Graphical User Interface
What is GUI?
What is figure and *.fig file?
Using guide command
GUI controls
GUI menus

65
 Axes static text
Frames

Checkbox Slider

Edit text

66 Radio Buttons Push Buttons

 Guide Editor

Property Inspector

Result Figure
67
 Conclusion
 Matlab is a language of technical computing.
 Matlab, a high performance software, a high-
level language
 Matlab supports GUI, API, and …
 Matlab Toolboxes best fits different applications
 Matlab …

68
 Getting more help
• Contact http://www.mathworks.com/support
• You can find more help and FAQ about
mathworks products on this page.
• Contact comp.soft-sys.matlab Newsgroup
• Using Google Groups Page to Access this page
http://groups.google.com/

69
 ?

70