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Unit 4 Notes

This document summarizes theories of language development discussed in a university class. It introduces the nature vs. nurture debate about whether language is innate or learned. Nurture theories discussed include behaviorism, social interactionism, cognitive development theory, and usage-based theories. Nature theories include modularity theory, universal grammar, and bootstrapping theories. The document poses questions about the mechanisms and driving forces behind language acquisition.

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John Bennett
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
78 views17 pages

Unit 4 Notes

This document summarizes theories of language development discussed in a university class. It introduces the nature vs. nurture debate about whether language is innate or learned. Nurture theories discussed include behaviorism, social interactionism, cognitive development theory, and usage-based theories. Nature theories include modularity theory, universal grammar, and bootstrapping theories. The document poses questions about the mechanisms and driving forces behind language acquisition.

Uploaded by

John Bennett
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1/28/2019

CSD 333 Oral Language Development

Dept. of Communicative Sciences and Disorders
Michigan State University
Professor Laura Dilley
Spring, 2019
Unit 4 (Jan. 28 – Feb. 3, 2019)

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Objective
• Goal: Survey major theories of language 
development

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Goals of science
• Description
• Explanation
• Prediction
• Control
– We desire control over outcomes in cases of 
disorders or non‐felicitous conditions

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1
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Criteria of good theories
• Achieve the higher goals of science 
(explanation, prediction, control)
• Must be testable and falsifiable; that is, it must 
be possible to show if they are true or false
• Must withstand scrutiny
– “Theory” means something special in science
• Must show connectivity across evidence

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How can I learn 
language?

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Nature vs. nurture
• Are children preprogrammed to acquire 
language?
• Do infants learn language through their 
experiences?
• This is the “nature‐nurture” debate 
– Also called “nativist‐empiricist” debate

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Mechanisms of acquisition
• By what mechanisms does language develop?
• Domain‐specific vs. domain‐general
– Domain‐specific: Dedicated solely to tasks of 
comprehending and producing language
– Domain‐general: Using the same mechanisms for 
language as for cognition, reasoning, problem 
solving, and perceiving

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Mechanisms of acquisition
• By what mechanisms does language develop?
• The modularity debate concerns the extent to 
which the brain is organized into modules
– A domain‐specific account implies strict 
modularity 
– A domain‐general account implies nonmodularity

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Driving forces
• What types of input drive language 
development? 
• Social conventions and interactions
• Positive evidence for assumptions

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Summary: Questions
• Are infants preprogrammed for language 
acquisition, or do they learn language through 
their experiences?
• By what mechanisms does language develop?
• What types of input drive language 
development?

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Nature‐nurture debate
• Nurture‐inspired theories (also called 
empiricist theories)
• Nature‐inspired theories (also called nativist 
theories)

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Nurture‐inspired theories
1) Behaviorist theory (Skinner)
2) Social‐interactionist theory (Vygotsky)
3) Cognitive theory (Piaget)
4) Intentionality model (Bloom)
5) Competition model (MacWhinney)
6) Usage‐based theory (Tomasello)

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4
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B. F. Skinner
(1904‐1990)

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Skinner’s Behaviorist theory
• Behaviorism proposed that learning was the 
result of reinforcement and punishment
• Operant conditioning proposed that 
reinforced behaviors become strengthened, 
and punished behaviors become suppressed

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Skinner’s Behaviorist theory
• Under behaviorism, language is learned and 
taught through reinforcement
• Proposes environmental stimuli elicit verbal 
responses (or language) from children, who 
“learn” language due to reinforcement

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Example: Behaviorism

“ba”
“baba”
“babble”

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Lev Vygotsky
(1896 – 1934)

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Social‐interactionist theory
• Social interaction through interpersonal 
communication and culture shape higher 
mental functions

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Social‐interactionist theory
• Human knowledge exists on psychological and 
social planes
– Social plane: Social interaction
– Psychological plane: Cognitive functions

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Social‐interactionist theory
• Zone of proximal development: Difference 
between actual development level and level 
of potential development

actual development potential development

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“Bat, fat, 
“Cat?”
mat…”
“Rat!”

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Jean Piaget
(1896‐1980)

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Cognitive theory and epistemology
• Epistemology: the branch of philosophy that 
investigates the origin, nature, methods, and 
limits of human knowledge
• Piaget’s cognitive theories and philosophies 
together are known as genetic epistemology
– Genetic epistemology: The study of the 
development of knowledge

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Cognitive theory (Piaget)
• Emphasized stages of learning and 
development
– Stages spanned ages 0‐2, 2‐7, 7‐11, and 11+
• Achievements in one stage must occur before 
progressing to the next stage

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8
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Cognitive theory (Piaget)
• Viewed language a domain‐general ability that 
follows general cognitive development
• Cognition hypothesis: Cognitive achievements 
must be in place for language to emerge

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Cognitive theory (Piaget)
• Children are egocentric 
• Children don’t replace egocentric speech with 
dialog until developing the ability to see 
others’ perspectives

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“Watch me 
“OK here  “My 
wiggle my  “My feet 
goes. Are  pigtails are 
nose!” are cold 
you  tickling my 
and I’m 
watching?” shirt!”
hungry!”

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9
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Intentionality model
• Proposes children's abilities in language, 
emotional expression, cognition, social 
interaction, and play develop in tandem
• The child drives language learning due to the 
need to express inner thoughts

1/28/2019 Prof. Lois Bloom

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Competition model
• Describes mechanisms for acquiring the forms 
that comprise a language
• Draws heavily on heard input

1/28/2019 Prof. Brian MacWhinney

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Competition model
• Overgeneralization: Over‐application of a rule
– Example: I goed and I runned reflect 
overgeneralization of the rule “add –ed to a verb 
to make past tense”
• The competition model proposes multiple 
language forms compete with one another

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Usage‐based theories
• Emphasize the social nature of language 
• Propose children learn language because they 
have reason to talk

1/28/2019 Prof. Michael Tomasello

Usage‐based theories
• Based on observations of joint attention during 
first year
– Joint attention: the shared focus of two individuals 
on an object
• Propose children's knowledge of language 
form and meaning emerges from use of 
language
– Intention reading is a key skill

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“Bababa!”

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Nature vs. nurture
• Are children preprogrammed to acquire 
language?
• Do infants learn language through their 
experiences?
• This is the “nature‐nurture” debate 
– Also called “nativist‐empiricist” debate

1/28/2019

Nature‐inspired theories
1) Modularity theory (Fodor)
2) Universal grammar (Chomsky)
3) Bootstrapping theories (e.g., Gleitman, 
Pinker, Jusczyk)
4) Connectionist theories (e.g., Rumelhart, 
McClelland, Elman)

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12
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Jerry Fodor
(1935‐)

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Modularity theory
• Emphasizes the organization of the brain as 
comprised of highly specified modules
• Proposes the language capacity is innate and 
localized to domain‐specific processors
• Encapsulation: processors operate 
independently of one another and do not 
share information

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Modularity theory
• Language development in different areas is 
driven forward by different types of input
• Environmental inputs shape the lexicon
• Innate capacities shape syntax
• Proposes separate areas of language can 
develop independently of one another

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13
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Noam Chomsky
(1928‐)

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Universal Grammar
• Universal Grammar posited that children are 
born with possible grammatical rules and 
constraints

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Universal Grammar
• Linguistic competence: children’s knowledge 
about language
• Linguistic performance: actual 
comprehension and production of language in 
specific situations
• Proposed language acquisition depends on an 
innate, species‐specific module dedicated to 
language
– Language Acquisition Device

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Prof. Lila Gleitman

Prof. Peter Jusczyk

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Prof. Steven Pinker

Bootstrapping theories
• Bootstrapping: an individual accomplished a 
goal by personal effort or with minimal 
outside assistance
“Pull yourself up by your bootstraps”

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Bootstrapping theories
• Syntactic bootstrapping
• Semantic bootstrapping
• Prosodic bootstrapping

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Syntactic bootstrapping
• Syntactic bootstrapping describes the use of 
syntax surrounding unknown verbs to 
constrain possible meanings
“Are you bringing me the apple?”
hold
carry 
walk
bring
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Semantic bootstrapping
• Children deduce grammatical structures by 
using word meanings they acquire from 
observing events around them
• Children use correspondences between 
semantics and syntax to determine the 
syntactic category of each word

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Prosodic bootstrapping
• Proposes that infants’ sensitivity to acoustic 
properties of speech (including pitch, rhythm, 
pauses, stress) allows inferences about units
• Infants hypothesize that strong‐weak syllable 
groupings form words

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Connectionist theories
• Attempt to approximate the brain and 
simulate mechanisms responsible for 
language growth in relationship to input

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