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Module I Part2

Cavity resonators confine electromagnetic energy within a metallic enclosure. They behave like LC circuits, with resonant frequencies determined by the cavity dimensions and material properties. Common cavity shapes include rectangular and circular geometries. Resonant modes exist for each cavity, specified by indices related to field variations. Coupling methods like loops, probes, and apertures excite desired modes. Re-entrant cavities reduce losses by extending metallic boundaries into the cavity interior. Coaxial cavities approximate resonant frequencies using transmission line theory.

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Johns T Moncy
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1K views

Module I Part2

Cavity resonators confine electromagnetic energy within a metallic enclosure. They behave like LC circuits, with resonant frequencies determined by the cavity dimensions and material properties. Common cavity shapes include rectangular and circular geometries. Resonant modes exist for each cavity, specified by indices related to field variations. Coupling methods like loops, probes, and apertures excite desired modes. Re-entrant cavities reduce losses by extending metallic boundaries into the cavity interior. Coaxial cavities approximate resonant frequencies using transmission line theory.

Uploaded by

Johns T Moncy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CAVITY RESONATORS/MICROWAVE RESONATORS

 A cavity resonator is a metallic enclosure that confines the electromagnetic energy.


 The stored electric and magnetic energies inside the cavity determine its equivalent
inductance and capacitance. The energy dissipated by the finite conductivity of the cavity
walls determines its equivalent resistance.
 A given resonator has an infinite number of resonant modes (TE, TM), and each mode
corresponds to a definite resonant frequency.
 The resonant frequency of a cavity can be varied by changing the cavity volume, cavity
capacitance or inductance. The process of changing the frequencies of a cavity is known as
Tuning.
 The mode having the lowest resonant frequency is known as dominant mode.
 In order to excite a particular mode, the cavity must be properly coupled to an external
source. The various coupling methods are
o Loop Coupling: Conduction current in loop produces a linking magnetic field,
thereby exciting any cavity mode.
o Probe Coupling: Any cavity mode having an E field component parallel to the
probe can be excited by this method
o Aperture Coupling: Coupling is done by means of a small centered hole in the
transverse wall.

Loop Coupling Probe Coupling Aperture Coupling

Principle of Operation

 When one end of the waveguide is terminated in a shorting plate, there will be reflections
and standing waves are formed. When another shorting plate is kept at a distance of
𝜆𝑔
“multiples of 2
“,then the hollow space so formed can support a signal which bounces

back and forth between the two shorting plates. This results in resonance and hence the
hollow space is called cavity and the resonator as cavity resonator.
3𝜆𝑔
 A cavity resonator with shorting plates at a distance of is shown below.
2

 When the frequency of an impressed signal is equal to a resonant frequency, maximum


amplitude of the standing wave occurs, and the peak energies stored in the electric and
magnetic fields are equal.

TYPES OF CAVITY RESONATORS


 Cavity resonators are mainly two types
o Rectangular Cavity Resonator
o Circular Cavity Resonator

1) RECTANGULAR-CAVITY RESONATOR
 It is a section of rectangular waveguide closed at both ends by conducting plates, which
reduces the radiation loss from the open ends of the waveguide.
 The geometry of a rectangular cavity is illustrated in Figure.

Rectangular Cavity Resonator


𝜆𝑔
 When the short plate is inserted at a distance equal to the multiples of , a cavity is
2

produced in which the signal bounces back and forth between the opposite walls.
 The rectangular cavity resonator behaves similar to a parallel LC circuit with resonant
1
frequency fr = 2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

 The resonant frequency of rectangular cavity resonator is expressed by

m: Number of half wave variations in X direction


n: Number of half wave variations in Y direction
p: Number of half wave variations in Z direction
 The rectangular resonant cavity supports only one frequency for a given mode and is
called resonant frequency.
 The general wave modes of rectangular cavity resonator is represented as TEmnp and
TMmnp
 For a > b < d, the dominant mode is the TE101 mode.
 A straight-wire probe inserted at the position of maximum electric intensity is used to
excite a desired mode.
 Figure shows the methods of excitation for the rectangular resonator.

Methods of excitation for Rectangular Resonator

 The maximum amplitude of the standing wave occurs when the frequency of the
impressed signal is equal to the resonant frequency.

2) CIRCULAR-CAVITY RESONATOR:
 A circular-cavity resonator is a circular waveguide with two ends closed by conducting
plates.
 Consider a circular cavity resonator constructed from a circular waveguide with uniform
circular cross section with radius “a’ and length “d”.The geometry is shown below.

Circular Cavity Resonator


 Any of the coupling methods (Loop, Probe, Aperture) can be used to excite a particular
mode.
 Circular cavity resonator modes are specified as TEnmp and TMnmp.
 Resonant frequency of circular cavity resonator is given by

a: radius of waveguide
d: length of cylindrical waveguide

: Eigen value corresponding to n,m values.


 Dominant modes are
o TE111 mode when d ≥ 2a.
o TM110 mode when 2a > d

DERIVATION OF RESONANCE FREQUENCY OF RECTANGULAR CAVITY.


Rectangular Cavity Resonator
RE-ENTRANT CAVITIES

 A reentrant cavity is one in which the metallic boundaries extend into the interior of the
cavity.
 For a re-entrant cavity
o inductance been considerably decreased
o resistance losses are reduced
o Shelf shielding enclosure prevents radiation losses.
 Reentrant cavity can support an infinite number of resonant frequencies or modes of
oscillation.
 Re-entrant cavities are designed for use in klystrons and microwave triodes.
 Several types of reentrant cavities are shown in Figure.

Types of Re-entrant Cavities


Resonant Frequency of a Coaxial Cavity
 One of the commonly used reentrant cavities is the coaxial cavity shown below.

Coaxial Cavity
 It is difficult to calculate the resonant frequency of the coaxial cavity. But an
approximation can be made using transmission-line theory.
 The coaxial cavity is similar to a coaxial line shorted at two ends and joined at the center
by a capacitor.
 The characteristic impedance of the coaxial line is given by

………… (1)

Where a and b are the inner and outer conductor radius.


 The input impedance to each shorted coaxial line is

………… (2)
 Substitute (1) in (2),we get

………… (3)

 The inductance of the cavity is given by

………… (4)

 The capacitance of the gap is given by

………… (5)

 At resonance the inductive reactance is equal in magnitude to the capacitive reactance of


the gap.
1
 That is, ωL = ωC , Solving this, we get
g

………… (6)

Where is the phase velocity in any medium.


 The solution to this equation gives the resonant frequency of a coaxial cavity. Since Eq.
(6) contains the tangent function; it has an infinite number of solutions with larger values
of frequency.
 Therefore this type of reentrant cavity can support an infinite number of resonant
frequencies or modes of oscillation.
 At resonance the magnetic and electric stored energies are equal.

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