Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
As there are no recent developments in the wireless technology which transfer data and
video information at a faster rate, Wi-Fi (IEEE-802.11b) and Wi-Max (IEEE-802.16e) have
captured our attention. This leads to the introduction of Gi-Fi technology. Gi-Fi or Gigabit
Wireless is the world’s first transceiver which is developed on an integrated wireless single
chip in which a small antenna is used and both transmitter- receiver integrated on a single
chip which is fabricated using the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)
process. Because of Gi-Fi transfer of large videos, files can be done within seconds.

Researchers of Melbourne University have achieved up to 5Gbps data transfer rates on a

wireless chip within a radius of 10 meters and operate on the 60GHz frequency band. This
is a lot faster than any wireless Wi-Fi speeds. The NICTA Gi-Fi research team has
succeeded in taking complex 60GHz transmission technology and shrinking it to the point
where it can be built on a single silicon chip. The Gi-Fi Chip developed by the Australian
researcher’s measures 5mm square and is manufactured using existing complementary
metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, the same system that is currently used to
print silicon chips.

1.2 Reason for opting Gi-Fi

There have been many reasons for pushing into Gi-Fi technology because of some of the
features like slow rate, high power consumption, security issues and low range of
frequency operations of earlier technologies i.e. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. Though these
technologies have been successfully implemented but they features can be improved more
to form the next generation wireless technologies like Gi-Fi. Implementation of Gi-Fi
technology will abolish the use of cables i.e., excavation to support the trenching of cables
will not be required.

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1.3 Network Evaluation
By the end of the century, many traditional tools, used to send and gather information
have been introduced. And all the tools have been successful. The network evaluation is
shown below:

1.3.1 Cables

A Cable is two or more wires running side by side and bonded, twisted, or braided
together to form a single assembly. The term originally referred to a nautical line of specific
length where multiple ropes, each laid clockwise, are then laid together anti-clockwise and
shackled to produce a strong thick line.

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1.3.2 Optical Fiber

An Optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made of high quality extruded glass (silica)
or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. It can function as a waveguide, or “light pipe”
to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber. Optical fibers are widely used in fiber-
optic communications, which permits transmission over longer distances and at higher
bandwidths (data rates).

1.3.3 Wireless access

With the creation of the wireless Access Point (AP), network users are now able to add
devices that access the network with few or no cables. The AP usually connects to a router
(via a wired network) as a standalone device, but it can also be an integral component of
the router itself.

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1.3.4 Bluetooth

Bluetooth is an open wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances
from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels of
security. It was conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect
several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization.

1.3.5 Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi technology builds on IEEE 802.11 standards. Wi-Fi allows the deployment of
local area networks (LANs) without wires for client devices, typically reducing the costs of
network deployment and expansion. Spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor
areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs. As of 2010, manufacturers are
building wireless network adapters into most laptops.

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1.3.6 Wi-Max

IEEE standard 802.16, also known as Wi-MAX, is a technology for last-mile wireless
broadband as an alternative to cable and DSL and where the cost is high. It’s intended to
deliver high speed data communication. Wi-MAX (Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access) is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40
megabit per second data rates.

Fig.6: Wi-Max
1.3.7 Gi-Fi

Gi-Fi technology provides many features such as ease of deployment, small form factor,
enabling the future of information management, high speed of data transfer, low power
consumption etc. With growing consumer adoption of High- Definition (HD) television,
low cost chip and other interesting features and benefits of this new technology it can be
predicted that the anticipated worldwide market for this technology is vast.

Fig.7: High Speed data transmission through Gi-Fi

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 Chapter 2
WHAT IS GI-FI?
2.1 Gi-Fi

Gi-Fi or gigabit wireless is the world’s first transceiver integrated on a single chip that
operates at 60GHz on the CMOS process. It will allow wireless transfer of audio and video
data at up to 5gigabits per second, ten times the current maximum wireless transfer rate, at
one-tenth the cost. NICTA researchers have chosen to develop this technology in the 57-
64GHz unlicensed frequency band as the millimeter-wave range of the spectrum makes
possible high component on-chip integration as well as allowing for the integration of very
small high gain arrays.

Fig: Gi-Fi Chip

The available 7GHz of spectrum results in very high data rates, up to 5 gigabits per second
to users within an indoor environment, usually within a range of 10 meters. It satisfies the
standards of IEEE 802.15.3C. The Gi-Fi integrated wireless transceiver chip developed at
the National ICT Research Centre, Australia.

A new silicon chip developed in Melbourne is predicted to revolutionize the way household
gadgets like televisions, phones and DVD players talk to each other. An entire high-
definition movie could be transmitted to a mobile phone in a few seconds, and the phone
could then upload the movie to a home computer or screen at the same speed.

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2.2 Architecture of Gi-Fi

The core components of a Gi-Fi system is the subscriber station which is available to
several access points. It supports standard of IEEE 802.15.3C supports millimeter-wave
wireless PAN network used for communication among computer devices (including
telephones and personal digital assistants) close to one person. An 802.15.3C based system
often uses small antenna at the subscriber station. The antenna is mounted on the roof. It
supports line of sight operation.

Fig2: Gi-Fi Integrated Wireless Transceiver chip

The chip is fabricated using the Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)
process. The chip size will be as small as 5mm and a 1mm wide antenna will be used.

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 2.3 Comparison of Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and Gi-Fi

Characteristics Bluetooth Wi-Fi Gi-Fi

Frequency 2.4GHz 2.4GHz 60GHz

Range 10 meters 100 meters 10 meters

Primary Application WPAN: cable replacement WLAN: Ethernet Embedded in devices

Data transfer rate 800 Kbps 11Mbps 5Gbps

Power Consumption Low (5mW) Medium (10mW) Very low (<2mW)

Primary Devices Mobile phones, PDAs, Notebook Computers, Fax, Printers, Cellular
Consumer Electronics, Desktop Computers, phones
Office and Industrial Servers
automation devices

Primary Users Travelling Employees, Corporate campus Wireless home and

electronic consumers, users office appliances etc.,
office and industrial
workers

Usage Location Anywhere at least two Within range of

Bluetooth devices exist- WLAN infrastructure,
WPAN networks
ideal for roaming outside usually inside a
buildings building

Development Start 1998 1990 2004

Rate

Specifications Bluetooth SIG IEEE 802.11b, WBCA IEEE 802.15.3C,

authority NICTA

Chapter 3
FUNDAMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES USED

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This millimeter-wave WPAN will operate in the new and clear band including 57-64 GHz
unlicensed band defined by FCC 47 CFR 15.255. The millimeter-wave WPAN will allow
high coexistence (close physical spacing) with all other microwave systems in the 802.15
family of WPANs. Two Technologies that help realize Gigabit WPAN are,

1. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

2. System-On-a-Package (SOP)

3.1 Multiple Input Multiple Output

 MIMO is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to
improve communication performance.

 MIMO wireless is an emerging cost effective technology that offers substantial

leverages in making 1Gbps wireless links a reality. We can in principle, meet the
1Gbps data rate requirement if the product of bandwidth (measured in Hz) and
spectral efficiency (measured in bps/Hz) equals 10^9.

 MIMO wireless constitutes a technological breakthrough that will allow Gbps

speeds in NLOS wireless networks.

 The performance improvements resulting from the use of MIMO systems are due to

1. Array gain
2. Diversity gain
3. Spatial Multiplexing Gain
4. Interference Reduction

3.2 System-On-a-Package

SIP approach for the next-generation wireless solution is a more feasible option than SOC.

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  Recent development of materials and processes in packaging area makes it possible
to bring the concept of SOP into the RF world to meet the stringent needs in
wireless communication area.
 Wireless devices implementing complex functionality require a large amount of
circuitry and consequently, require a large conventional package or MCM real
estate.

 SOP goes one step beyond Multi Chip Module (MCM) by enhancing overall
performances and adding more functionality.

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 Chapter 4
WORKING PRINCIPLE USED

 Block Diagram

In this we will use time division duplexer for both transmission and reception. Here data
files are up converted from IF range to RF 60Ghz range by using 2 mixers and we will feed
this to a power amplifier, which feeds millimeter wave antenna.

The incoming RF signal is first down converted to an IF signal centered at 5 GHz and then
to normal data ranges. Here we will use heterodyne construction for this process to avoid
leakages due to direct conversion and due to availability of 7 GHz spectrum the total data
will be transferred within seconds.

Fig: Block Diagram of signal Transmission

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4.1 Time -Division Duplexer:

Time-Division Duplexer (TDD) is the application of time-division multiplexing to separate

outward and return signals. It emulates full duplex communication over a half duplex
communication link i.e., transmission and reception are not done simultaneously. Time
division duplex has a strong advantage in the case where the asymmetry of the uplink and
downlink data speed is variable. As uplink traffic increases, more channel capacity can
dynamically be allocated to that, and as it shrinks it can be taken away.

4.2 FHSS Modulator:

The modulation technique used in this process is a frequency hopping spread spectrum.
Frequency Hopping Spread spectrum is a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly
switching a carrier among many frequency channels, using a pseudo random sequence
known to both transmitter and receiver. Hence, it is more advantageous than any other
modulation. FHSS uses the M-array FSK technique.

4.3 Up Converter:
Up converter consists of a mixer (local oscillator) and the filter. The device which converts
low radio frequency signal to high radio frequency signal is known as up converter.

4.4 Power Amplifier:

A power amplifier is an electronic amplifier designed to increase the magnitude

of power of a given input signal. The power of the input signal is increased to a level high
enough to drive loads of output devices like transmitters etc

4.5 Down Converter:

Down converter consists of a down mixer and the filter. The device which converts high
radio frequency signal to low radio frequency signal is known as Down converter.

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 Chapter 5
FREQUENCY OF OPERATION
5.1 Operation at 60 GHz

Here we will use millimeter wave antenna which will operate at 60 GHz frequency which
is unlined band .Because of this band we are achieving high data rates energy propagation
in the 60 GHz band has unique characteristics that make possible many other benefits such
as excellent immunity to co-channel interference, high security, and frequency re-use.

Point-to-point wireless systems operating at 60 GHz have been used for many years for
satellite-to-satellite communications. This is because of high oxygen absorption at 60 GHz
(10-15 dB/Km).As shown in the figure 5.1.1 the absorption attenuates 60 GHz signals over
distance, so that signals cannot travel far beyond their intended recipient. For this reason,
60GHz is an excellent choice for covert communication.

5.1.1 Oxygen Attenuation vs. Frequency

As a single frequency band is assigned to both transmitter and receiver, we use Time
Division Duplexer (TDD). Both the uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) traffic use the same
frequency channel f0.

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5.2 Ultra wide band frequency usage

UWB is a technology with high bit rate, high security and faster data transmission.
It is a zero carrier technique with low coverage area. So we have low power consumption.
These features are Ultra-Wideband is a technology for transmitting information spread over
a large bandwidth (>500 MHz) that should, be able to share spectrum with other users.
Regulatory settings of Federal Communication Commission (FCC) are intended to provide
an efficient use of scarce radio bandwidth while enabling both high data rate personal-area
network (PAN) wireless connectivity and longer-range, low data rate applications as well as
radar and imaging systems

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 Chapter 6
FEATURES OF GI-FI

The features of Gi-Fi have been standardized with many objectives like

1. High speed data transfer:

The main invention of Gi-Fi is to provide higher bit rate. Speed of Gi-Fi is 5 Gbps,
which is more than 100 times faster than current short-range wireless technologies.
Because of wider availability of continuous 7 GHz spectrum it results in high data rates.

2. Low Power Consumption:

Though large amount of information transfer takes place it utilizes milli watts of power
only. It consumes only 2 mW power for data transfer of gigabits of information, whereas in
present technologies it takes 10 mW power which is very high.

3. High Security:

Point-to-point wireless systems operating at 60 GHz have been used for many years by
the intelligence community for high security communications and by the military for
satellite-to satellite communications. The combined effects of O 2 absorption and narrow
beam spread result in high security and low interference. It allows wireless streaming of
uncompressed high definition content. It operates over a range of 10 meters without
interference.

4. Cost-effective:
Entire transmission system can be built on a cost effective single silicon chip. Gi-Fi is
based on an open, international standard. Mass adoption of the standard, and the use of
low-cost, mass-produced chipsets will drive costs down dramatically, and the resultant
integrated wireless transceiver chip which transfers data at high speed, low power at low
price $10 only which is very less as compared to present systems .As development goes on
the price will be decreased.

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5. Small Size:

The chip is made of 5×5mm diameter which is almost minute in size. It also has a tiny 1
mm antenna and uses the 60 GHz ‘millimeter-wave’ spectrum. And hence because of its
size it can be inserted in any consumer electronic devices.

6. Quick Deployment:

It is a multi-gigabit wireless technology that removes the need for cables between
consumer electronic devices. Compared with the deployment of wired solutions, Gi-Fi
requires little or no external plant construction.

For example, excavation to support the trenching of cables is not required. Once the
antenna and equipment are installed and powered, Gi-Fi is ready for service. In most
cases, deployment of Gi-Fi can be completed in a matter of minutes, compared with
hours for other solutions.

7. High Performance:

One particular 60 GHz radio link is quickly reduced to a level that will not interfere
with other 60 GHz links operating in the same geographic vicinity. Because of low
interference it probably gives high performance.

Other features:

1. High level of frequency re-use enabled – communication needs of multiple customers

within a small geographic region can be satisfied. Operates in the unlicensed, 57-64 GHz
Spectrum band.
2. It is also highly portable-we can construct where ever we want.
3. It deploys line of sight operation having only shorter coverage area, it has more
flexible architecture.

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 Chapter 7
APPLICATIONS OF GI-FI

There are many usage scenarios that can be addressed by Gi-Fi. The following are some
mobility usage applications of Gi-Fi.

 House Hold Appliances:

Consumers could typically download a high definition movie from a kiosk in a matter of
seconds to music player or smart phone and having got home could play it on a home
theatre system or store it on a home server for future viewing, again within a few seconds,
high speed internet access, streaming content download (video on demand, HDTV, home
theater, etc.), real time streaming and wireless data bus for cable replacement. It makes the
Wireless Home and Office of the Future.

Fig: Use of Gi-Fi at Home

 Office Appliances:

As it transfers data at high speeds which make work very easy, it also provides high quality
of information from internet. Hence for the employees working for an office, can contact

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 and share files each other using Gi-Fi. It works good for offices in a single building as the
range of Gi-Fi is limited to 10 meters.

Fig: Use of Gi-Fi in an office

 Video information transfer:

Data transfer rate is same for transfer of information from a PC to a cell or a cell to a PC. It
can enable wireless monitors, the efficient transfer of data from digital camcorders,
wireless printing of digital pictures from a camera without the need for an intervening
personal computer and the transfer of files among cell phone handsets and other handheld
devices like personal digital audio and video players.

Fig: Transfer of information between pc and mobile.

By using present technologies video swapping takes hours of time, whereas by this we can
transfer at a speed of Gbps which takes not more than 5 mins for a long video file.

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 Inter-vehicle communication system:

For the vehicles which are travelling close to each other may contact among themselves
using Gi-Fi technology. The first vehicle acts as transmitter to the second vehicle but not
for the next vehicles.

Fig: Use of Gi-Fi for Inter Vehicle Communication

 Broadcasting video signal transmission system in sports stadium:

GI-FI technology can be used in stadiums were live telecast may be a problem. Thus in this
case, using the camera’s which support Gi-Fi chip can be a helpful task for providing the
broadcast of sports to the receiver whose is out of the stadium.

Fig: Use of Gi-Fi for video signal Transmission

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 Media access control (MAC) and imaging and others:

Media Access Control (MAC) data communication protocol is the sublayer of Data link
Layer of OSI model of computer networking. The MAC sub layer provides addressing and
channel access control mechanisms that make it possible for several terminals or network
nodes to communicate within the multiple access networks that incorporates a shared
medium.

Fig: Use of Gi-Fi in MAC Communication

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 CONCLUSION

Within five years, we expect Gi-Fi to be the dominant technology for wireless networking.
By that time it will be fully mobile, as well as providing low-cost, high broadband access,
with very high speed large files swapped within seconds which will develop wireless
home and office of future. If the success of Wi-Fi and the imminent wide usage of Wi-Max
is any indication, Gi-Fi potentially can bring wireless broadband to the enterprise in an
entirely new way.

Gi-Fi has given and it is conspicuous that more research should be done in the field of this
new wireless technology and its applications .The Bluetooth which covers 9-10mts range
and Wi-Fi followed 91mts .no doubt introduction of Wi-Fi wireless network has proved a
revolutionary solution to Bluetooth problem the standard original limitations for data
exchange rate and range, number of chances, high cost of infrastructure have not yet
possible for Wi-Fi to become a power network, then towards this problem the better
technology despite the advantages of rate present technologies led to the introduction of
new ,more up to date for data exchange that is GI-FI. The comparison is performed
between Gi-Fi and existing wireless technologies in this paper shows that these features
along with some other benefits that make it suitable to replace the existing wireless
technologies. It removes cables that for many years ruled over the world and provides high
speed data transfer rate. Gi-Fi technology has much number of applications and can be used
in many places and devices such as smart phones, wireless pan networks, media access
control and mm-Wave video-signals transmission systems.

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 FUTURE OF GI-FI

 In Future

As the range is limited to shorter distances only we can expect the broad band with same
speed and low power consumption. A completely integrated single chip transceiver has
been fabricated, tested and demonstrated in Gi-Fi chip and a transceiver with integrated
phased array antenna on 65nm CMOS technology has been sent for fabrication. Gi-Fi
technology demonstrates the world’s first fully integrated transceiver on CMOS technology
operating at 60 GHz and provides new technique for integrating antennas on CMOS.
Demonstrations of Gi-Fi technology can be arranged showing the huge potential it has to
change the way consumers use their in-home electronic devices. The Gi-Fi team is looking
for partners interested in commercializing its 60GHz chips and with growing consumer
adoption of High-Definition (HD) television, low cost chip and other interesting features of
this new technology it can be predicted that the anticipated worldwide market for this
technology is vast. Within next few years, we expect Gi-Fi to be the dominant technology
for wireless networking. By providing low-cost, high broadband access, with very high
speed large files swapped within seconds it could develop wireless home and office of
future.

 Technology Considerations

The Gi-Fi integrated transceiver chip is may be launched by starting of next year by
NICTA, Australia will be first. Due to less cost of chip so many companies are forward to
launch with lower cost. The potential of mw-WPAN for ultra fast data exchange has
prompted companies like Intel, LG, Matsushita (Panasonic), NEC, Samsung, SiBEAM,
Sony and Toshiba to form Wireless HD, an industry-led effort to define a specification for
the next generation consumer electronics products. Specifically, Wireless HD has a stated
goal of enabling wireless connectivity for streaming high-definition content between source
devices and high-definition displays.

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 REFERENCES

[1]“Evaluation of Gi-Fi Technology for Short-Range, High-Rate Wireless Communication”

UACEE International Journal of Advances in Computer Networks and its Security-
Volume 2: Issue 3 [ISSN 2250 - 3757].

[2] GI-FI technology “Wikipedia”

[3] NICTA news, [Online], Available at: www.nicta.com.au, March 2009.

[4]Electronista Staff, NICTA GiFi Chipset‖, [Online], Available at:

http://www.electronista.com/articles/08/02/22/nicta.gifi.chipset/, February 2008.

[5] S.Dheeraj, S.Gopichand, Gi-Fi: New Era of Wireless Technology_, Available at:
http://www.yuvaengineers.com/?p=570/ , 2010.

[6] Gowtham S Shetty, GiFi: Next Generation Wireless Technology_, Seminar Report,
Visvesvaraya Technological university Belgaum, 2011.

[7] “Gi-Fi Technology” International Journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Researh
Issue 3 volume 1, January-February 2013 Available online on
http://www.rspublication.com/ijst/index.html/ [ ISSN 2249-9954].

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