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BS06Notes 1

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns. There are several types of matrices including upper triangular matrices where elements below the diagonal are zero, lower triangular matrices where elements above the diagonal are zero, diagonal matrices where off-diagonal elements are zero, and unit matrices where the diagonal elements are 1 and off-diagonal elements are 0. Properties of matrices include that the transpose of the sum of matrices is the sum of the transposes, and the product of matrices follows certain rules depending on their dimensions and order. A singular matrix has a determinant of 0 while a non-singular matrix has a non-zero determinant.

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49 views3 pages

BS06Notes 1

A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in rows and columns. There are several types of matrices including upper triangular matrices where elements below the diagonal are zero, lower triangular matrices where elements above the diagonal are zero, diagonal matrices where off-diagonal elements are zero, and unit matrices where the diagonal elements are 1 and off-diagonal elements are 0. Properties of matrices include that the transpose of the sum of matrices is the sum of the transposes, and the product of matrices follows certain rules depending on their dimensions and order. A singular matrix has a determinant of 0 while a non-singular matrix has a non-zero determinant.

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gopalchalumuri83
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MATRICES AND LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS

Matrix:
A matrix is a rectangular array of m.n elements arranged in m rows(horizontal
lines) and n columns(vertical lines). These numbers are known as elements or entries
and are enclosed in brackets [ ] or ( ).
The order of such a matrix is m.n and is said to be rectangular matrix.
General form of a Matrix is:

 a11 a12 a13 K a1n 


a a 22 a 23 K a 2 n 
A = 
21

 M 
 
 a n1 a n 2 K a mn 

Here aij denotes the element in the ith row and jth column.

Upper Triangular Matrix:

A square matrix Am×n = a ij [ ] is said to be upper triangular if a ij = 0 if i > j

1 − 1 2
A = 0 2 3 is an upper triangular matrix
0 0 3

Lower Triangular Matrix:

A square matrix An×m = a ij [ ] is said to be lower triangular if a ij = 0 if i< j

 1 0 0
A=  2 −2 0 is an lower triangular matrix

− 1 3 − 3
Diagonal Matrix:
A square matrix is said to be diagonal if a ij = o if i ≠ j

 1 0 0
A = 0 − 1 0 is a diagonal matrix
0 0 2

Unit Matrix:
A square matrix An×n is said to be unit matrix if a ij = 0 if i ≠ j and a ij = 1 if

i=j
1 0 0
0 1 0 is a unit matrix of order 3.
 
0 0 1 

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
 unit matrix of order 4.
0 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 0

we write I for unit matrix

Nilpotent Matrix:
A square matrix is said to be idempotent if there exists n(least positive integer)
such that A n =A
Idempotent matrix:
A square matrix A is said to be idempotent if A2 = 1

Scalar Multiple:
If A is matrix of order m × n A = a ij [ ] the kA = ka ij i.e., each element should

be multiplied by k
1 2 − 1   4 8 − 4
If A = 5 4 − 2 then 4 A = 20 16 − 8 
 
3 0 2  12 0 8 

Properties of Matrices:

if AT is the transpose of A then AT ( ) T


=A

1. If A is order m × n and B is of order n × P ( AB ) = B T AT which is of order p ×


T

m.
2. ( A + B )T = AT + B T where A and B are of same order.
3. If A and B are two matrices of same order then A+B = B+A.
4. If A, B and C are matrices of same order then A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C.
5. A+(-A) = 0
6. if A is of order m × n, B is of order n × p = and C is of order P × 1 then (AB)C =
A(BC).

7. if AT is the transpose of A then AT ( ) T


=A

Singular Matrix:
A square matrix A is said to be singular if the determinant of A is O i.e. A = 0.

Otherwise A is said to be non Singular

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