Lecture 4: Third class

Electrical Engineering Department

College of Engineering
University of Kerbala

2018/2019
By
Assist Prof. Dr. Ali Altahir
 Lecture Objectives

Determining Circuit Model Parameters of a three – phase

Induction motor
1- DC Test: Determine R1

2- No-Load Test: Determine XM

3- Locked-Rotor Test:
_ Determine X1 and X2
– Determine R2 when combined with data from the DC Test
4- Load Test ( Torque – speed characteristics)
 Determination of Induction Motor Parameters

 Due to the similarity between the induction motor equivalent

circuit and the transformer equivalent circuit, same tests are used
to determine and extract the values of motor parameters.
1- DC test: That is used to determine the stator resistance , R1
2- No-load test: That is used to determine the rotational losses
and magnetization current (like no-load test in transformers).
3- Locked-rotor test: That is used to determine the rotor and
stator impedances, i.e., Z1 and Z2 (similar to short-circuit test in
power transformers). Locked test ≡ blocked test in meaning.
4- Load Test ( Torque – Speed characteristics) The load test on
three - induction motor is performed to compute its complete
performance i.e. torque, slip, efficiency, power factor etc. During
this test, the induction motor is operated at rated voltage, supply
frequency and normally loaded mechanically
 1- DC Test
 The purpose of the DC test is to determine stator resistance, R1.
A variable DC voltage source is connected between two stator
terminals.
– Connect any two stator leads to a variable DC supply.
– Adjust the power supply to provide rated stator current.
– Determine the stator resistance from the voltmeter and
ammeter readings.
 1- DC test
Then V DC
R DC 
I DC

 If the stator is Y-connected, the per phase stator resistance is:

RDC  2 R1, wye
R DC V DC
R1   RDC
2 2 * I DC R1, wye 
2
 If the stator is delta-connected, per phase stator resistance is:

R1  2 R1 2
3 3*V DC RDC   R1
R1  R DC  R1  2 R1 3
2 2 * I DC R1  1.5RDC
 2- No-load test

1. The motor is allowed to spin, freely

2. The only load on the motor, L  0 is the friction
and windage losses, so all Pconv is consumed by
rotational losses ( core + mechanical losses)
3. The slip is very small, S 0
 2- No-load test

Ignore

4. At this small slip, s ≪ 1

R 2 (1  s )
R2
s
R 2 (1  s )
X2
s
Note: At no-load, the speed is very close to
synchronous speed – the slip is =0, causing the
current in R2/s to be very small, and will be
ignored i the calculations.
IM>>Ife, so I0 = IM.
 2- No-load test

5. Combining Rc & RF+W we get……

 2- No-load test
6. At no-load conditions, the input power measured by 2
wattmeters method for balanced system must equal the
rotational losses in a three – phase induction motor.
7. The PRCL is negligible because I2 is extremely very small,
I ≅ 0, because R2 (1-s)/s is very large.
8. The three – phase input power measured in kW is:

Pinput  PSCL  Pcore  PF &W

 3I 12 R1  Protational
Where,
Protational loss Pcore  PF &W
 2- No-load test
9. The equivalent input impedance at no – load is thus,
approximately:

V
Z eq  X1X M
I 1,nl

 If the stator reactance, X1 is found from the blocked-rotor

test to determine the value of XM based on rotor design,
the magnetizing impedance, XM will be known
 No- Load Calculations
S NL  3*V NL I NL
S NL  2
PNL  Q NL
2

Q NL  2
S NL  PNL
2

Q NL  3* I NL
2
X NL

Q NL
X NL  2
3* I NL
X NL X1X M

 Substitute X1 from the blocked-rotor test to determine the value

of XM.
11
 3- Blocked-Rotor Test
 In this test, the rotor is locked or blocked so that I.M cannot move in this
state, a reduced voltage is applied to the motor, and the resulting
voltage, current and power are measured.
 Block the rotor so that it will not turn
 Connect to a variable-voltage AC supply and adjust until the blocked-rotor
current is equal to the rated current
 3- Blocked-rotor test
 The AC voltage applied to the stator is adjusted such that
the current flow is approximately full-load or rated value.
 The locked-rotor power factor can be found as fallows:
Pinput
PF  cos   , PF  cos   0.5
3V locked I locked
 The magnitude of the total impedance per phase is:

V
Z LR 
IL
 Blocked Rotor Test Calculations

Z LR  R LR  jX LR
'

 Z LR cos   j Z LR sin 

R LR  R1  R 2 and '
X LR  X 1'  X 2'

'
Where X 1 and X 2' are the stator and rotor reactance measured in
ohm per phase at the test frequency, respectively

R 2  R LR  R1 (calculated from DC test )

f rated '
X LR  X LR  X1  X 2
ftest
 How the Blocked-Rotor Impedance is Divided?

X LR , rated frequency X1X 2

 If the NEMA (Abbreviated: National Electrical Manufacturers Association) -

design letter of the motor is known, and using Table listed below to divide
the total impedances.
 Otherwise, divide the total impedances equally, i.e., 50%.
Table I
X1 and X2 as function of XLR
Rotor Design
X1 X2
Type
WRIM 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

IM Design A 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

IM Design B 0.4 XLR 0.6 XLR

IM Design C 0.3 XLR 0.7 XLR

IM Design D 0.5 XLR 0.5 XLR

 NEMA DESIGN FEATURES
NEMA design A NEMA design C
 Maximum 5% slip  Maximum 5% slip
 High to medium starting current  Low starting current
 Normal locked rotor torque  High locked rotor torque
 Normal breakdown torque  Normal breakdown torque
 Suited for a broad variety of applications  suited for equipment with high inertia
 Like fans and pumps and high starting torques, ex: positive
displacement pumps, conveyors.

NEMA design B NEMA design D

 Maximum 5% slip  Maximum 5-13% slip
 Low starting current  Low starting current
 High locked rotor torque  Very high locked rotor torque
 Normal breakdown torque.  Suited for equipment with very high
 Suited for a broad variety of applications inertia starts - like cranes, hoists etc.
with normal starting torques - common
in HVAC application with fans, blowers
and pumps
 4 - Load - Test Calculations
 The object of this test is to perform a load test of a three - induction motor,
compute mechanical load torque, output power, input power, motor efficiency,
power factor and slip factor for every load setting.
 A belt around the air-cooled pulley has its end attached to the spring balance S1 and S2. Using
belt-tightening hand wheels H1 and H2, the load of the motor is adjusted to its rated value.
Assuming the spring balance to be calibrated in a kilogram, then rated load on the I.M is:

Motor Output Power = Torque x Angular Speed = (Force x Radius) x Angular Speed / 0.746
 Mechanical loading is the most common type of method employed in laboratories. By
tightening the belt, if the reading of first spring balance is T1 and that of the second one is T2
then the overall load torque using spring balanced system is:
𝑻𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 = 𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 = 𝑺𝟏 − 𝑺𝟐 ∗ 𝒓 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖 (N.m)
 As the load torque because of the spring force S1 and S2 are
opposing each other, therefore net torque will be the subtraction
of torque because of S1 and S2.
 4 - Load - Test Calculations
 Output power measured by the motor is :
2π
Motor output power, 𝑃𝑜 = T𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑁𝑟 ( ) (kW)
60

 Electrical Input Power:-

Input power can be measured using two wattmeters method, properly connected to the circuit
Input power, 𝑃𝑖𝑛 = W1 + W2

 Input power factor can also be calculated from the readings of two wattmeters, for a balanced
load. If, θ is the power factor angle, then
W1–W2
tan θ = 3 W1+W2

 Motor Efficiency:-
Output power
Motor efficiency, η = × 100 %
Input power

Full load efficiency of a three - phase induction motor lies in the range of 82% (for small
scale) up to 92% (for large scale of induction motor)
 Academic Example
The following data were obtained from no-load, blocked-rotor,
and DC tests of a three-phase, wye-connected, 40hp, 60Hz,
460V, design B induction motor whose rated current is
57.8A. The blocked-rotor test was made at 15 Hz.

19
 Academic Example
Blocked-Rotor Test No-Load Test DC Test
Vline = 36.2V Vline = 460V VDC = 12V
Iline = 58A Iline = 32.7A IDC = 59A
P3-phase = 2573.4W P3-phase = 4664.4W

a) Determine R1, X1, R2, X2, XM, and the combined core,
friction, windage loss per phase.
b) Express the no-load current as a percent of rated current.

c) Express the no-load power as a percentage of rated power.

20
 Academic Example

Note: Convert AC test data to corresponding phase values for star -connected I.M.

2573.4W
PBR ,15 Hz   857.8 W att
3
36.2V
V BR ,15 Hz   20.9 V olt
3
I BR ,15 Hz  58 A mp for star connection
4664.4W
PNL   1554.8 W att
3
460V
V NL   265.581 V olt
3
I NL  32.7 A mp
21
 Academic Example
 Determine stator resistance, R1
V DC 12.0V
R DC    0.2034
I DC 59.0A
R DC
R1,wye   0.102 / phase
2
 Determine rotor resistance, R2
V BR ,15 Hz 20.9 V
Z BR ,15 Hz    0.3603 / phase
I BR ,15 Hz 58 A
PBR ,15 Hz 857.8 W
R BR ,15 Hz  2
 2
 0.255 / phase
I BR ,15 Hz (58A )
R 2  R BR ,15 Hz  R1,wye  0.255  0.102  0.153 / phase
22
 Academic Example
Determination of stator and rotor reactances, X1 and X2

X BR ,15Hz  Z BR
2
,15 Hz  R 2
BR ,15 Hz  (0.3603) 2
 (0.255) 2
 0.2545

f
60Hz
X BR ,60 Hz rated
X BR ,15Hz  (0.2545)  1.0182
f test
15Hz

From Table I, for design B induction motor,

X1 = 0.4*XBR,60Hz = 0.4*(1.0182) = 0.4073Ω/phase
X2 = 0.6*XBR,60Hz = 0.6*(1.0182) = 0.6109/phase

23
 Academic Example
Determination of magnetizing reactance, XM

S NL ,1 phase V NL I NL  (265.581V )(32.7A )  8684.5V A

Q NL  S NL
2
 PNL2  (8684.5) 2  (1554.8) 2  8544.19V AR
Q NL 8544.19
X NL  2  2
 7.99
I NL (32.7)
X NL  X 1  X M , X 1 calculated from blocked rotor test
X M  X NL  X 1  7.99  0.4073  7.58 / phase

24
 Academic Example
Determination of combined friction, windage, and core loss:

PNL  I NL
2
R1,wye  Pcore  Pf ,w
1554.8  (32.7) 2 (0.102)  Pcore  Pf ,w
Pcore  Pf ,w  1446W / phase

b) Express the no-load current as a percent of rated current.

I NL 32.7A
%I NL  100%  100%  56.6%
I rated 57.8A
c) Express the no-load power as a percentage of rated power.
PNL 1.555kW
%PNL  100%  100%  2.9%
Prated 53.619kW
25
 H.W:
The following test data were taken on a 7.5hp, four-poles, 208V, 60Hz,
design A, Y- connected I.M having a rated current of 28 A.

DC Test:
VDC = 13.6 V IDC = 28.0 A
No-load Test:
Vl = 208 V f = 60 Hz
I = 8.17 A Pin = 420 W
Locked-rotor Test:
Vl = 25 V f = 15 Hz
I = 27.9 A Pin = 920 W

(a) Sketch the per-phase equivalent circuit of this motor.

(b) Find the critical slip , and then compute the breakdown torque for a
three – phase induction motor.