Pediatri 2
Pediatri 2
Pediatri 2
Gandi A
Febryanto
dr. Anindya K
Zahra
dr. Yuniantika
dr. Denise Utami
P
dr. Yunanda
Mutiara
dr. Helsi Rismiati
Batch August 2018
CONTENT :
Sepsis Neonatal. Pedoman Pelayanan Medis. Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia 2010.
Risk Factor
o
• Maternal fever (≥38 C saat persalinan)
• KPD > 24jam
• Foul smelling amnion
Diagnosis
Antibiotik
Manifestasi Klinis
tetanus neonatorum:
Kontraksi otot
tidak terkendali .
Bayi tetap sadar,
sering menangis
kesakitan
Trismus ,bibir
mencucu (seperti
mulut ikan).
Opistotonus
(kekakuan pada
ekstremitas, perut)
Gerakan tangan
seperti meninju dan
mengepal
Management of Neonatal Tetanus
• Intravenous fluids
• Enteric feeding
• Temperature control
• Respiratory support, including mechanical ventilation and
neuromuscular blockade
• Sedation and muscle relaxation, especially with high-dose
diazepam (20 to 40 mg/kg/day)
• Tetanus immune globulin 500 units, i.m, in divided doses
• Penicillin G 10,000 units/kg/day for 10 days
• Initial tetanus vaksin postponed 4-6 weeks after
antitoksin
Children with Down syndrome have multiple
malformations, medical conditions, and
Down Syndrome cognitive impairment because of the presence
of extra genetic material from chromosome 21
(trisomy 21)
Incidence 1:733
Spina
Bifida
Kurangnya asupan asam folat
295
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Faktor risiko
Gastrointestinal
• Distensi abdomen
• Darah pada feses
• Vomit (bilous) dan diare
• Eritema dinding abdomen
Hallmark of NEC :
pneumatosis intestinalis
Management :
1. Nil per os
2. Total parenteral nutrition
3. Broad spectrum antibiotics
- 3 days for mild symptoms
- 7-10 days if present with ileus symptom and abdominal tenderness
- 14 days if present with abdominal cellulitis and ascites. Usually
cardiorespiratory and metabolic disturbance also present.
4. Cardiorespiratory support
5. Stage III-B (bowel perforation) : Surgery
6. Probiotic prophylaxis in LBW infant
Omphalitis
Chronic (Kernicterus)
Kernicterus
Conjugated –
- Biliary atresia
- Neonatal hepatic
syndrome
Hemolytic disease as a cause of jaundice?
• Family history of hemolytic disease
• Bilirubin rise of >0.5 mg/dL/h
• Failure of phototherapy to lower serum bilirubin levels
• Ethnicity suggestive of inherited disease (e.g., glucose 6-
phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency)
• Onset of jaundice before 24 hours of age
• Reticulocytosis (>8% at birth, >5% during first 2-3 days,
>2% after first week)
• Changes in peripheral smear (microspherocytosis,
anisocytosis, target cells)
• Significant decrease in hemoglobin
• Pallor and hepatosplenomegaly
Definisi Inkompatibilitas
• Terjadi pada bayi golongan darah
A atau B dengan ibu O
ABO
• Isoantibodi pada golongan O
merupakan IgG yang dapat
menembus plasenta
Klinis
• Hemolisis signifikan terjadi <1%
• Jaundice, anemia,
hepatosplenomegaly (jarang)
• Sering muncul 24 jam pertama
Laboratorium
• Peningkatan retikulosit, eritroblast
• Coombs test direct newborn
• Coombs test indirect ibu
Hyperbilirubinemia in breast-fed infants
Breast-feeding Jaundice Breast-milk Jaundice
Onset During the first week of life After the first week of life
(early onset) (late onset)
Etiology Poor caloric intake and/or increased enterohepatic circulation of
bilirubin as a result of the presence of
dehydration
Weight loss >8-10% beta-glucuronidase in human milk and/or
Wet diapers<6x/day by day to the inhibition of the hepatic
3-4 glucuronosyl transferase by a factor such
Stool<4x/day by day 3-4 as free fatty acids in some human milk
Nursing<8x/day
Usual time of 3-6 days 5-15 days
peak bilirubin
Peak TSB >12 mg/dl >10mg/dl
Incidence 12-13% 2-4%
Intrahepatik Ekstrahepatik
• Peningkatan • Peningkatan
SGOT/SGPT >10 kali, SGOT/SGPT <5 kali,
dengan peningkatan dengan peningkatan
gamma GT <5 kali gamma GT >5 kali
• Penyebab : proses • Penyebab tersering :
infeksi hepatoseluler, atresia bilier
kelainan
metabolik/endokrin
Jenis
• Fetal embryonic/Syndromic (10-35%)
• Post/Peri-natal/Non syndromic (65-90%)
Penunjang
• USG 2 fase
• Kolangiografi
Treatment
• Prosedur Kasai sebelum usia 8 minggu
Guideline for Intensive Phototherapy
Guideline for Exchange Transfusion
Penatalaksanaan
Terapi sinar Transfusi Tukar
Usia Bayi sehat Faktor Risiko* Bayi sehat Faktor Risiko*
Erythema Marginatum
Demam rematik akut yang tidak diterapi dengan baik akan menimbulkan gejala sisa
pada jantung yang dikenal sebagai penyakit jantung rematik (PJR). PPM IDAI 2011
Tanda :
• Sianosis/sianosis memburuk
• Sesak nafas
• Iritabel/syncope
• Murmur sistolik berkurang/hilang
klinis
• Cut-of point: > 6 TERAPI
• Adanya skrofuloderma langsung didiagnosis TB
• Cara : Suntikkan
0,1 ml PPD
intrakutan di
bagian volar
lengan bawah.
Pembacaan 48-
72 jam setelah
penyuntikan
0 - 5 mm : negatif
5 - 9 mm :
meragukan
> 10 mm : positif
Bila Negatif:
1. Tidak ada infeksi TB
2. Masa inkubasi
3. Anergi
Diagnosis TB
Anak
Tidak
teratur Pemantauan TB
minum obat Tidak minum obat > 2 minggu
Fase Intensif atau > 2 bulan Fase
Lanjutan dan Gejala TB
Anak
pengobatan ulang
Derajat Serangan
•Ringan-sedang
•Berat
•Serangan asma dengan ancaman henti nafas
Derajat Keparahan Serangan Asma
ancaman henti
ringan sedang berat nafas
• Bicara dalam • Bicara dalam kata • Mengantuk
kalimat • Duduk bertopang • Letargi
• Lebih senang lengan • Suara nafas tidak
duduk daripada • Gelisah terdengar
berbaring
• Retraksi jelas
• Tidak gelisah
• SpO2 <90%
• Retraksi minimal
• PEF ≤50% prediksi
• SpO2 90-95% atau terbaik
• PEF >50% prediksi
atau terbaik
Derajat asma menurut kekerapan
(PNAA 2015)
• Episode <6x/tahun atau
Intermiten Jarak ≥6 minggu
Diagnosis Gejala
Croup - Batuk Menggonggong, Low grade fever
- Suara Serak, Distress pernafasan
Benda Asing - Riwayat tiba-tiba tersedak
- Distres Pernafasan
Difteri - Imunisasi DPT tidak ada/tidak lengkap
- Bull neck
- Tenggorokan merah / faringitis
- Membran putih keabuan di faring/tonsil -> pseudomembran
Laryngomalacia Chronic stridor, anak usia < 2 tahun
Tx:
• Anti Difteri Serum 40.000
IU im/iv Tonsillitis Akut Membranosa:
• Penicillin Prokain 50.000 IU
/ kgBB / im (7 hari); atau
Eritromisin
mg/kgBB/hari tiap enam
40-50 Diphteria
jam (14 hari)
• Tanda tarikan dinding dada
bagian bawah ke dalam
yang berat dan gelisah
merupakan indikasi
dilakukan trakeostomi (atau
intubasi)
Thumb sign
Epiglotitis: Halloween Sign (-)
Epiglotitis
• Komplikasi campak:
– Pneumonia
– Dehidrasi
– Gizi buruk
– Ensefalitis
– OMA
TRIAS RUBELLA CONGENITAL
1. Sensory neural deafness (58%
of patients)
2. Eye abnormalities—
especially retinopathy, cataract and
microphtalmia (43% of patients)
3. Congenital heart disease
Scarlet Fever
Group A Streptococcus
Strawberry tongue
Sandpaper texture,
pastia line
“Slapped cheek”
Parvovirus B19
Mumps: paramyxovirus
Mumps is the classic virus known to cause parotitis. Mumps
parotitis is bilateral in 70% of cases and usually follows a 1-2
day prodrome of fever, headache, emesis, and myalgias
Complications:
Deafness (SNHL), meningitis and/or
encephalitis, painful swelling of the
testicles or ovaries, and rarely sterility.
Mumps
treatment
• Penatalaksanaan Parotitis mumps
• a. Nonmedikamentosa
– Pasien perlu cukup beristirahat
– Hidrasi yang cukup
– Asupan nutrisi yang bergizi
• b. Medikamentosa
– Pengobatan bersifat simptomatik
(antipiretik, analgetik)
PEDIATRIK IMMUNOLOGY
Reaksi Hipersensitivitas
“Non-Toxic Adverse Food Reactions”
• Food Allergy
– Ingestion of food results in hypersensitivity
reactions mediated most commonly by IgE
• Food Intolerance
– Ingestion of food results in symptoms not
immunologically mediated, e.g: digestive
and absorptive limitations of host (e.g.,
lactase deficiency)
Food Allergy
Acute
Alergi Susu Sapi
IgE mediated
• kadar IgE susu sapi yang positif (uji tusuk kulit atau
uji IgE RAST).
• timbul dalam waktu 30 menit sampai 1 jam.
• urtikaria, angioedema, ruam kulit, dermatitis
atopik, muntah, nyeri perut, diare,bronkospasme,
dan anafilaksis.
Jangka panjang/Rumatan
• KDK dengan kelainan neurologis nyata sebelum atau sesudah
kejang (paresis Tod’s, CP, hidrosefalus); Kejang lama > 15 menit;
Kejang fokal
Profilaksis Jangka Panjang/Rumatan
National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence. The diagnosis and management of the epilepsies in adults and
children in primary and secondary care. 2012.
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Appearance Opening Leukosit Dominansi Protein Glucose
Pressure leukosit
NORMAL Clear <18 cmH2O 0-3 (-) 15-45 45-80
sel/mm3
Pyogenic Yellowish, PMN
bacterial turbid
Meningitis
Viral Clear N Limfosit N/ N/
Meningitis
Tuberculous Yellowish N Limfosit
Menigitis and viscous
(N/slightly
cloudy)
Fungal Yellowish Limfosit N/
Meningitis and viscous
(fibrin web)
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
• A number of strains of bacteria can cause
acute bacterial meningitis. The most common
include:
– Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)*
– Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus)*
– Haemophilus influenzae (haemophilus)*
– Listeria monocytogenes (listeria)
*)tersedia vaksin
Meningeal Signs
Nuchal Rigidity
Kernig’s Sign
Brudzinski’s Contralateral Sign