Din-Tr Manual PDF

Bridge Checks according to
DIN Technical Reports 101 und 102
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Contents
Contents
Basics
3
Input 4
Type of Structure 4
Load Model 1 for Road Bridges 4
Actions and Action Combinations 6
Definition of an Action 7
Definition of an Action Combination 9
Section Input 10
Analysis Settings 18
Prestressed Structures 19
Internal Prestressing 19
External Prestressing, Mixed Construction 24
Scattering of Prestressing 24
Creep and Shrinkage 25
Relaxation of Prestressing Steel 26
Ultimate Limit State Design 26
Design Combinations 27
Partial Safety Factors for Construction Material 27
Stress-Strain-Curves 27
Design Internal Forces 28
Design for Bending with or without Longitudinal Force and Longitudinal Force
only 30
Minimum Reinforcement against Failure without Warning 31
Minimum Surface Reinforcement for Prestressed Components 31
Design for Lateral Force 32
Design for Torsion and Combined Loads 34
Punching Shear 36
Check against Fatigue 36
Serviceability Limit State Design 39
Design Combinations 39
Stress Determination 39
Limiting the Concrete Compressive Stresses 40
Limiting the Reinforcing and Prestressing Steel Stresses 40
Check of Decompression 41
Concrete Tensile Stresses in Bridge Transverse Direction 41
Minimum Reinforcement for Crack Width Limitation 42
Calculation of the Crack Width 43
Determining the Effective Area Ac,eff 45
Crack Width Check by Limitation of the Bar Distances 46
Limiting Diagonal Principal Tensile Stresses 46
Limiting Deformations 48
Results 49
Examples 51
Road Bridge in Solid Construction 51
Railroad Overpass with Prestressed Concrete Superstructure 61
Bridge Abutment 71
References
80
© InfoGraph GmbH, May 2013 1

Basics
DIN Technical Report Bridge Checks

Basics
The bridge checks as described in DIN Technical Report 101 and 102 (abbreviated in the following as TR 101 and TR 102 or
simply I and II) are designed to supplement the 3D FEM analysis. They can be used for bridges and other engineering
constructions in which actions from street or railway traffic have to be taken into account. Permitted structure models
include beam, area and solid structures. In the calculation settings you can select which version of the standard is decisive:
• Edition 2003-03
• Edition 2009-03
The following procedures can be used for the application of the recalculation guideline for road bridges:
• Traffic load models LM1 according to TR 101:2009 and LMM according to DIN EN 1991-2/NA:2011
• Performing checks at level 1 with the rules of DIN TR 102, Edition 2009-03
• Performing checks at level 2 taking into account additional rules:
- Modification of partial safety factors on the action and resistance side
- Modification of the shear, crack width and decompression check
Differing components can be combined in a structure model:

• Non-prestressed components
• Prestressed components with subsequent bond
• Prestressed components without bond
• Components with external prestressing
• Mixed-construction components
The checks are carried out subsequent to the static calculation. According to TR 101, the calculated load cases and load
model variants must be assigned to action groups. The design situations for the construction stages and final states are then
selected in the desired check combinations. Based on these design situations the program will take into account the preset
safety factors and combination coefficients to automatically calculate the decisive design internal forces for either the entire
system or a group of selected elements.
The dialogs for structure type and check selection as well as for load model variants and actions are grouped in section DIN
Technical Report bridge checks of the database. Detailed check specifications and reinforcement data are entered during
section definition.
As an addition to TR 102, Section 3.1.4, all elements with materials C12/15 to C100/115 and LC12/13 to LC60/66 are
checked. For classes LC12/13 to LC60/66, the guidelines of DIN 1045-1 are applicable; for strength classes above C55/67
and LC55/60, guideline 5.3.3 (9) of DIN 1045-1 is used.
For beams and design objects, all checks are carried out at the polygon section. For general notes on using design objects,
refer to the relevant chapter in the manual.
In the DIN 1045-1 Design folder of the database you can also perform a single design for user-defined polygon sections or
composite sections.

Input
Type of Structure
The dialog for selecting the structure type is opened from the database or the Settings in the Analysis menu. You can
choose either the road or railroad traffic type. The construction type is currently limited to concrete.
Load Model 1 for Road Bridges

Load model 1 consists of two parts according to TR 101, Section 4.3.2:
a) Double-axle (TS tandem system)
b) Uniformly distributed area load (UDL)
These loads should be applied in both the longitudinal and lateral directions of the bridge in the least favorable position. In
the lateral direction, the load positions are determined by dividing the roadway into computational lanes. Since the decisive
lane division is not always known in advance, you can define different load position variants.
Load model 1 can be edited from the DIN Technical Reports Bridge Checks / Load model 1 folder in the database. Select
New from the shortcut menu of load model 1 to create a new variant of load positions and open the corresponding input
dialog.
The adjusted base values of the tandem system (aQi·Qik) and the load ordinates of the UDL loads (aqi·qik) can be set by
clicking Properties in the shortcut menu of load model 1. Therewith the load model LMM of DIN EN 1991-2/NA can be
defined for the application of the recalculation guideline.
Load model LM1 according to DIN TR 101 Load model LMM according to DIN EN 1991-2/NA
During FEM calculation, all load portions of load model 1 are treated as area loads and are calculated in separate load cases
to allow for later determination of the extremal reactions.
Off
Exit the load model 1 screen.
TS New
Enter a new position of the tandem system (see also tandem system). The positions of the tandem system are mutually
exclusive.
4 © InfoGraph GmbH, May 2013

Input
UDL New
Consecutive input of rectangular or triangular load areas of the UDL load. The partial areas of the UDL load can act
simultaneously. The input for UDL2 (lane 2) is preset. You can select a different lane or remaining area from the shortcut
menu.
UDL Gen
Generate new load areas of the UDL load. The rectangular generation area is separated into the same number of load areas
on the opposite edges.
Tandem System of Load Model 1
Lane 1 Load area

(left)
Wheel contact area
Distance Driving direction

of wagons
Load distribution height

Lane 2
Centrifugal load
Input dialog and schematic diagram of the tandem system in load model 1 according to TR 101.
Distance of wagons
Distance of the centroid of the wheel-ground contact area (see figure).
Lanes
Lane arrangement from left to right.
Centrifugal load
Load amount Qt of this tandem system position. It acts perpendicular to the direction of traffic. Its eccentric location is not
considered.
Load distribution height

Yields the load areas of the tandem system in conjunction with the wheel-ground contact area (see figure).
Point
1. Reference point of the tandem system
2. Point of the local x axis (direction of traffic)
3. Point in the local xy plane

Actions and Action Combinations

The design values of the load are calculated based on the internal forces of individual load cases and load case
combinations. For this the existing load cases and load case combinations must be assigned to actions. These actions are
then used to establish the decisive action combinations.
The following dialog is opened from the database or the Settings in the Analysis menu.
Actions
List of defined actions. The following actions can be defined:
• G1 to G9: Permanent actions
• P: Prestressing
• QTS: Traffic, load model 1 tandem system
• QUDL: Traffic, load model 1 area load
• Ql: Traffic, breaking and starting
• Qt: Traffic, centrifugal load
• T: Temperature
• W: Wind
• DS1: Possible support displacement
• DS2: Probable support displacement
• CSR1, CSR2: Creep, shrinkage and relaxation at various times
• A: Accidental action
• E: Earthquake
• Q1 to Q9: Other variable action
• Qfat: Cyclic fatigue action
The load types QTS and QUDL are only available when selecting the Road traffic type.
Action combinations
List of defined action combinations.
Insert a new action or action combination.
Delete the selected action or action combination.

Input
Calculate
Calculate the defined action combinations. Once calculated, the extremal results (internal forces, support reactions) can be
accessed for all combinations in the database. This allows you to evaluate the results without having to execute the
checking module.
Each time you execute the checking module, all results will be automatically recalculated using the currently valid actions
and then stored in the database for the elements to be checked.
The following table demonstrates how the combinations are used in the various checks of Technical Report 102.
Situation Ultimate limit state TR 102 Serviceability limit state TR 102
Permanent & temp. Longitudinal reinf. 4.3.1
Accidental Lateral reinf. 4.3.2
Earthquake Torsional reinf. 4.3.3
Characteristic Crack reinforcement 4.4.2.2
(rare) Crack width Class A 4.4.2.4
Concrete compr. stress 4.4.1.1
Concrete tensile stress 4.4.0.3
Frequent Robustness reinf. 4.3.1.3 Concrete compr. stress 4.4.1.2
Reinforcing steel stress 4.4.1.3
Decompression Class A 4.4.2.1
Crack width Class B 4.4.2.4
Not frequent Fatigue, simplified 4.3.7.4 Principal tensile stress 4.4.0.3
4.3.7.5(101) Decompression Class B 4.4.2.1
Crack width Class C, D 4.4.2.4
Quasi-continuous Concrete compr. stress 4.4.1.2
Prestressing steel stress 4.4.1.4
Decompression Class C 4.4.2.1
Decompression Class D ARS 6/09
Crack width Class E 4.4.2.4
Deformations 4.4.3
Fatigue Fatigue reinf. steel A.106.3.2
Fatigue prestr. steel 4.3.7.5
Fatigue concrete 4.3.7.5
Definition of an Action
The load cases are assigned to the actions after an action is selected or a new one is entered. Depending on the action type,
you have access to a variety of dialogs of which one example is shown below. The available dialog options are explained at
the end.

Load cases
Select load cases or load case combinations to add them to the current action.
Multi-select
Load cases and combinations can be added to the actions more than once.
Label
User-defined label for the action.
Exclusive variants
An exclusive variant consists of both inclusive and exclusive portions. The variants are mutually exclusive. The buttons or
are used to add or delete action variants.
Inclusive load cases

Selected load cases and combinations that can have a simultaneous effect.
Exclusive load cases

Selected load cases and combinations that are mutually exclusive.
Use moving loads

The actions of load model 1 can be recorded using either moving loads or normal load cases. The moving loads are
described in a separate dialog (see load model 1). When using normal load cases, it is assumed for the sake of simplicity
that the vertical (QTS) and horizontal (Qt) actions of the tandem system act independently.
Prestressing loss from relaxation of prestressing steel

The prestressing loss is defined as a constant percentage reduction of prestress.
CS as constant reduction of prestress

As an alternative to defining CS load cases, you can allow for the effect of creep and shrinkage by defining a constant
percentage reduction of prestress.
Internal prestressing
Selected load cases that describe internal prestressing. The reactions of the individual load cases are added together.
External prestressing
Selected load cases that describe external prestressing. The reactions of the individual load cases are added together.

Input
Definition of an Action Combination
Depending on which check is selected, different action combinations are necessary. You can enter them using the following
dialog.
Situations
List of design or check situations. Each situation can be valid for either the construction stage or the final state. For
prestressed components with subsequent bond the tendons can be set ungrouted. The QK action indicates variable actions
based on the table of combination values. The buttons or allow you to add or delete situations. By double-clicking
on a situation it can be modified subsequently.
Partial safety factors

Table of partial safety factors gsup and ginf for the actions. The values are suggested based on TR 101, Table C.1 (road
bridges).
Combination Values
Table of the combination coefficients for the variable actions. The values are suggested analogously to TR 101, Table C.2
(road bridges). The buttons or allow you to add or delete combination variants. For the calculation only the variants
listed here are taken into account.
For the application of the recalculation guideline for road bridges the safety and combination factors according to table
10.8 and section 12.3.2 have to be implemented at level 2.

Section Input
The section inputs contain all of the specific settings made for the checks in the ultimate limit and serviceability state. An
overview of the design specifications can be accessed in the DIN Technical Reports Bridge Checks section of the database.
Checks
The following dialog is used to define which ultimate limit state and serviceability checks are available for the section. Any
check that is selected in this dialog will only be carried out if it is also selected in the analysis settings.
Prestress of component
The type of prestressing can be selected for each section separately:
• not prestressed
• subsequent bond
• without bond
• external
• mixed construction
Reqirement class
The check conditions for the decompression and crack width checks are defined in DIN TR 102, Table 4.118, using the
requirement classes A through E (II-4.4.0.3 (103)). The minimum requirement class is determined based on the prestressing
type according to ARS 11/2003 or 6/2009 for road bridges and Ril 804.4201 for railroad bridges.
Prestressed box section according to ARS

This button allows you to select a special rule for prestressed box sections in requirement class D for road bridges according
to ARS 11/2003 and 6/2009. In this case – and contrary to Table II-4.118 – the decompression check must be carried out for
the quasi-continuous action combination.
Robustness
This check determines the minimum reinforcement against failure without warning as per II-4.3.1.3, which is also referred
to as the robustness reinforcement.

Input
Base Values
The base values apply for all checks in the ultimate limit and serviceability states.
Design mode
• Standard: Standard design mode for bending with normal force throughout the load range. Reinforcement will be
calculated in the tensile section to the greatest degree possible.
• Symmetrical: Design for symmetrical reinforcement. As opposed to the standard mode, all of the reinforcement layers
will be increased if a reinforcement increase is necessary. The predefined relationships between the reinforcement layers
will not be affected.
• Compression member: For compression members, a symmetrical design is carried out taking into account the minimum
reinforcement according to TR 102, Section 5.4.1.2.1.
Alternative concrete
This value is necessary to perform a design according to the standard if the material type Beton is selected.
Effective height
Effective static height for the shear design of area elements [m].
cot Theta, Method

cot Q defines the concrete strut angle according to TR 102, Section 4.3.2.4.4 (1)*P. The program will suggest a value of 1
(45° strut angle). Alternatively, you can select any value between 4/7 and 3 (cf. ARS 11/2003 (11), Recalculation Guideline
12.4.3.3 and Ril 804.4201 (10)). Entering a higher number will normally result in a lower necessary lateral force
reinforcement Asw, a lower absorbable lateral force VRd,max and a larger displacement a1 according to II-5.4.2.1.3 (3)*. In
the case of longitudinal tensile load, cot q should not fall below the value 1 according to edition 2009. Four calculation
methods can be chosen for the check:
• Standard: The input value is limited to the range permitted in accordance with TR 102, Eq. (4.122) for lateral force,
torsion and combined loads (method with load-dependent strut angle).
• Constant: The check is carried out using the chosen value for cot q without further limitations (cf. interpretation No. 24
of NABau for DIN 1045-1).
• Std./45°: For lateral force cot Q is limited according to TR 102, Eq. (4.122). For torsion a constant strut angle of 45° is
assumed for simplification according to TR 102, Chapter 4.3.3.2.2(3)*P.
• Std./30°: For lateral force cot Q is limited according to TR 102, Eq. (4.122). For torsion a constant strut angle of 30° is
assumed for simplification according to the recalculation guideline, Chapter 12.4.3.4(2).
The actual effective angle of the concrete struts is logged for each check location.
Bending reinforcement Asl according to Fig. 4.12

The bending tensile reinforcement to be accounted for as per TR 102, Section 4.3.2.3, Fig. 4.12 [cm²].

Automatic extension of Asl to

You can optionally specify a maximum value for area elements and the program will automatically increase the above input
value until that maximum value is reached in order to avoid stirrup reinforcement [cm²].
Quality of stirrups
• 420S: Reinforcing rods according to DIN 488, Part 1.
• 500S: Reinforcing rods according to DIN 488 Part 1 and DIN 1045-1 Tab. 11.
• 500M: Reinforcing meshes according to DIN 488 Part 1 and DIN 1045-1 Tab. 11.
• General: Freely definable steel quality [MN/m²].
Factor for min rhow

The minimum reinforcement level min rw complies with II-5.4.2.2 (4)*P and is defined using a factor related to the base
values r found in Tab. 5.7. The program will suggest a factor of 1 for beams and design objects and a factor of 0.6 for area
elements as per II-5.4.3.3 (2)*P. The factor can be any number between 0 and 1.6, which is the nominal value for structured
sections with prestressed tension chord.
Design like slabs

Beams or design objects are treated like slabs, which means that a minimum lateral force reinforcement will not be
determined as per II-5.4.3.3 (2)*P if no lateral force reinforcement is required for computation.
Laying measure cv,l

In Section II-4.3.2.4.2(2)* (Edition 2009) and Interpretation No. 24 of the NABau, the internal lever arm z is limited to the
maximum value derived from z = d – cv,l – 30 mm and z = d – 2cv,l. Note that cv,l is the laying measure of the longitudinal
reinforcement in the concrete compressive zone. For cv,l the program will suggest the shortest axis distance of the
longitudinal reinforcement from the section edge d1.
Separate check for x and y direction

For two-axes stressed slabs, the lateral force check can be performed separately in the x and y stress directions as described
in Section II-4.3.2.2(5)* (Edition 2009) and Interpretation No. 76 of the NABau. The user is responsible for properly aligning
the reinforcement directions.
Lever arm from bending design

According to Section II-4.3.2.4.2(2)* the lever arm z for lateral force design of area elements is normally assumed to be
0.9·d. Alternatively, the lever arm from bending design can be used. The program determines the maximum lever arm at
each check location for both reinforcement directions depending on the design situation and limits the value to the range of
0.1·d £ z £ max( d – 2cv,l; d – cv,l – 30 mm). When the check is performed for the resulting force qr the minimum from
zx and zy is used.

Input
Shear Section
For polygon sections, additional section dimensions are required for the lateral force and torsion design according to
TR 102. These are explained in the following.
Width
Section width for calculating the lateral force load-bearing capacity for Qz [m].
Height
Section height for calculating the lateral force load-bearing capacity for Qy [m].
Effective height
Effective static height for calculating the lateral force load-bearing capacity for Qz [m].
Effective width
Effective static width for calculating the lateral force load-bearing capacity for Qy [m].
Nom. width, nom. height

The nominal width or height of internally prestressed components as per TR 102, Section 4.3.2.2 (8)P for including the duct
diameter in the calculation of the design value of the lateral load-bearing capacity VRd,max.
Factor kb, Factor kd

Factor for calculating the inner lever arm z from the effective width bn or effective height d in the lateral load-bearing
capacity check for Qy or Qz.
Lever arm
The lever arm z can be defined in the following ways:
• kd * effective height, kb * effective width: The entered values are used for calculation.
• from bending design: During the bending design the program determines at each check location the largest lever arm
for every design situation. It is defined as the distance between the centroids of the concrete compressive and steel
tensile forces.
• RCG Eq. 12.12: During the bending design a lever arm weighted by the force increase in the tendons is determined
according to Eq. (12.12) of the recalculation guideline (RCG). At the check location, the maximum from the sets of
internal forces with prestressing steel within the tensile zone at cracked state is decisive for each design situation. If the
prestressing steel is positioned within the compressive zone for all sets of internal forces, the lever arm according to
Equation (12.12) is determined by z = zs (cf. Maurer et al. 2012).
• 0.9 * dp: For the Qz check the lever arm is determined with the effective heights dp of the tendons. Thereby dp is
assumed to be the average value weighted by the tendon areas at the check location
(cf. Rossner/Graubner 2005, p. 252).
The decisive lever arm is limited to the range 0.1·d £ z £ max( d – 2cv,l; d – cv,l – 30 mm) according to TR 102, Section

4.3.2.4.2 (2)*, and documented in the detailed listing.
Core section Ak= z1 * z2

Dimensions of the core section for calculating the torsion reinforcement [m].
teff
The effective wall thickness of the torsion section according to TR 102, Fig. 4.15 [m].
Box section
Data for determining the factor ac,red in TR 102; Eq. (4.40), the torsion section utilization according to Eq. (4.47a) or
(4.47b) and for checking the principal compressive stresses as per II-4.3.3.2.2 (2).
Concrete Stress
perm. sigma.c
The concrete compressive stress sc must be limited to 0.60 fck under the infrequent combination in the construction stages
and final states according to II-4.4.1.2 (103)P. The limit may be increased by 10% if the concrete compressive zone is
helically reinforced (e.g., by lateral reinforcement). If serviceability is significantly influenced by creep, the limit 0.45 fck
should also be maintained under the quasi-continuous combination according to II-4.4.1.2 (104)*P.
perm. sigma.c(t)
Permissible concrete stress sc(t) at time t when prestressing is introduced. In this case fc(t) denotes the average value of the
concrete compressive strength at time t when prestressing is introduced according to II-4.4.1.2 (102)P. If the compressive
stress exceed the value 0.45 fc(t), the nonlinearity of the creep should be taken into account according to the standard. The
program assumes that prestressing is introduced in design situation G1+P.
fc(t)
Concrete strength at time t when prestressing is introduced as per II-4.4.1.2 (102)P [MN/m²].
Decompression, Stress
Decisive stress for the decompression check for area elements (s1, sx, sy).
Diagonal tensile stresses only in the zone of longitudinal compressive stresses

With this option you can apply the usage guidelines according to II-4.4.0.3 (6)P of the 2009 Edition. These guidelines allow
you to limit the check to the area of longitudinal compressive stresses for prestressed railway bridges as long as no tensile
stressed chords are connected. The user is responsible for checking the usage requirements.
Av
Area of the full section for calculating the normal stress from the longitudinal force according to II-4.4.1.1 (109) [m²].

Input
Crack Width
These specifications apply to the minimum reinforcement calculation and the crack width check.
wk,per
Calculated value of the crack width as per II-4.4.0.3 (103), Table 4.118 [mm]. The program will suggest a tabular value
based on the selected requirement class and the prestressing of the component. This value can be modified after the input
field is enabled, for example to consider reduced requirements according to the recalculation guideline, section 12.6.
max. ds
Largest available bar diameter of the reinforcing steel reinforcement according to II-4.4.2.2 (6)* [mm].
Coefficient Xi1
The bond coefficient x1 according to TR 102, Eq. (4.197) defines the extent to which prestressing steel as per II-4.4.2.2 (7)*
can be added to the minimum crack reinforcement. It is also used in the calculation of the effective reinforcement level
according to Eq. (4.200a) and thus the direct calculation of the crack width. Data input is blocked for area elements since
prestressing steel is normally not taken into account here.
Determ. of the tensile zone

You can specify the tensile zone where the minimum crack reinforcement described in II-4.4.2.2 will be placed by selecting
either an action combination (AC) or a restraint (bending, centrical tension).
Thick component
Based on section II-4.4.2.2(9) of edition 2009, the minimum reinforcement for the crack width limitation in the case of
thicker components under centrical restraint can be determined to Equation (4.197a). Therewith a reduction compared to
the calculation with Equation (4.194) can be achieved.
Coefficient k
Coefficient used to take into account nonlinear distributed concrete tensile stress in the section according to II-4.4.2.2 (5)*.
Concrete age
The age of the concrete is used to determine the effective concrete tensile strength fct,eff as per II-4.4.2.2 (5)*. This is done
separately for the minimum reinforcement calculation and the crack width calculation.
Check method
The crack width check can be performed either through direct calculation according to Section II-4.4.2.4 or by simply
limiting the bar distances based on the information provided in Table II-4.121. According to Zilch and Rogge (2002, p. 277),
the simplified method only yields definitive results for single-layer tensile reinforcement with d1 = 4 cm. The user is
responsible for the evaluation of these requirements.

sr,max
When calculating the crack width, by default the crack distance is determined according to TR 102 Eq. (4.203). Alternatively,
you can preset an upper limit for sr,max [mm] so that, for example, the special conditions of Equation (4.204) are taken into
account.
max. s
Largest existing bar distance of the reinforcing steel reinforcement for the simplified crack width check [mm].
Fatigue
dSigma.Rsk,s, dSigma.Rsk,b
The permissible characteristic stress range DsRsk (N*) of the longitudinal reinforcement and shear reinforcement at N* load
cycles according to the Wöhler curves specified in II-4.3.7.8 [MN/m²]. The value found in Table 4.117, Row 1, is suggested
in the dialog. For the shear reinforcement, the mandrel diameter is taken to be dbr = 4 ds.
dSigma.Rsk,p
The permissible characteristic stress range DsRsk (N*) of the prestressing steel at N* load cycles according to the Wöhler
curves specified in II-4.3.7.7 [MN/m²]. The value found in Table 4.116, Row 4, is suggested in the dialog.
Lambda.s, Lambda.b, Lambda.p

Correction coefficient ls for determining the damage-equivalent stress range Dss,equ from the stress range Dss of the steel
according to II-A.106.2 (102)P and II-A.106.3.1 (101)P for longitudinal reinforcement, shear reinforcement and prestressing
steel.
Lambda.c
Correction coefficient lc for determining the damage-equivalent concrete stress according to II-A.106.3.2 (102) for railroad
bridges.
Eta
Increase factor h for the reinforcing steel stress of the longitudinal reinforcement. This factor is used to take into account
the varying bonding behavior of reinforcing and prestressing steel as per II-4.3.7.3 (3)P.
fcd,fat
Concrete compressive strength before onset of cyclic load according to II-4.3.7.4 (101)P and (102)P [MN/m²]. In general, the
following applies:

Input
æ f ö
f cd,fat = ßcc (t 0 ) × f cd × ç1- ck ÷
è 250 ø
with
0.2 (1- 28 / t0 )
ßcc (t 0 ) = e , t0 = time of the initial stressing of the concrete.
fcd,fat for t0 = 28 and fcd = 0.85 · fck / gc,fat is suggested in the dialog.
k0
The statically determined share of prestressing must be reduced in the case of beams and design objects. A base value of
0.9 as specified in II-4.3.7.2 (103) P is suggested in the dialog. For prestressing tendon couplers a further reduction of the
base value is required.
Simplified check
The simplified check according to II-4.3.7.2 (103)P bases on the frequent action combination including the traffic loads used
for the serviceability checks. The method for concrete is defined in II-4.3.7.4, the permissible stress ranges for steel are
suggested according to II-4.3.7.5(101) in the dialog. For shear reinforcement this value is reduced analogous to Table 4.117.
Limit design variants

For area elements, the variants for determining the stress range can be limited to the corresponding sets of design internal
forces. For more information see section 'Fatigue Checks / Special Characteristic for Shell Structures'.
Factor for Qfat

Increase factor for the cyclic fatigue action defined as Qfat which is taken into account during the calculation of the damage
equivalent stress range Dss.equ of the reinforcing and prestressing steel. With it, e.g. the rules for the fatigue check for road
bridges according to II-A.106.2 (101)P can be applied.
Scattering Coefficients
The coefficients for taking the scattering of prestressing force into account are defined in II-2.5.4.2 (4) for the final state.
They vary depending on the prestressing type. Smaller scatterings can be assumed in the construction stage according to II
4.4.2.1 (107)P. The values for garland-shaped guided tendons with subsequent bond are suggested in the dialog. When
applying the recalculation guideline for road bridges the values rsup = 1.00 and rinf = 0.95 have to be used at level 2
according to section 12.5.3(1).
The defined scattering coefficients are taken into account for the effects from internal prestressing in the following checks:
• Minimum reinforcement for crack width limitation
• Crack width check
• Decompression check
Regarding the effects from external prestressing, the scattering coefficients correspond to rsup = rinf = 1 according to
II-2.5.4.2 (4).

Analysis Settings
The DIN TR 102 dialog page can be opened using the Settings function of the Analysis menu.
Edition of the standard

The edition you select will be used for all subsequent calculations.
Check selection
The checks that are normally carried out for the entire structure are defined in this dialog. A selected check will only be
carried out for those elements for which that check has also been activated in the section description (see section inputs).
Concrete curve fatigue

For the fatigue checks, the curve to determine the concrete compressive stresses can be selected.
Type of structure...
Open the dialog for selecting the structure type.
Actions...
Open the dialog for describing actions.
Partial safety factors...

Open the dialog for modifying partial safety factors.
Listing
• No: No log is generated by the checking program.
• Standard: Log with tabular output of results.
• Detailed: Additional output of the decisive combination internal forces at the check locations.
• Standard > permissible: Standard log limited to check locations where the permissible limit values are exceeded.
• Detailed > permissible: Detailed log limited to check locations where the permissible limit values are exceeded.

Prestressed Structures
Internal Prestressing
For internal prestressing, the tendon groups as well as the prestressing system and procedures are entered using the
Prestressing function of the Structure menu. To include them in the FEM calculation, you then need to define a load case of
the Prestressing load type. For more information, refer to the Prestressed Concrete section of the manual.
Prestressing with bond and prestressing without bond are differentiated in the section inputs and the specifications for the
Creep and shrinkage load case.
Prestressing System
The prestressing system combines typical properties that are then assigned to the tendon groups using a number.
Number, Label
Number and name of the prestressing system. The option <Database> enables to load or to store properties by use of the
file Igraph.dat.
Certification
• DIN 1045-1
• DIN 4227
• EC2
• OENORM
By selection of the certification, the prestressing force Pm0 is determined according to the standard.
Area Ap
Section area Ap of a tendon [mm²].
ßs, ß02
Yield strength or ß0.2 limit of the prestressing steel according to DIN 4227 [MN/m²].
fp0,1k
Characteristic value of the 0.1% strain limit of the prestressing steel according to DIN 1045-1, OENORM and EC2 [MN/m²].
E-Modulus
E-modulus of the prestressing steel [MN/m²].
ßz
Tensile strength of the prestressing steel according to DIN 4227 [MN/m²].

fpk
Characteristic value of the tensile strength of the prestressing steel according to DIN 1045-1, OENORM and EC2 [MN/m²].
Pm0
The permissible prestressing force of a tendon [kN] that corresponds to the selected certification is displayed where the
minimum of the two possible values is decisive. After releasing the input field, a different prestressing force can be defined.
Certification as per DIN 1045-1:

Pm0 = Ap · 0.85 fp0,1k or Ap · 0.75 fpk according to DIN 1045-1, Eq. (49).
Certification as per DIN 4227:

Pm0 = Ap · 0.75 ßs or Ap · 0.55 ßz according to DIN 4227, Tab. 9, Row 65.
Certification as per EC2:

Pm0 = Ap · 0.85 fp0,1k or Ap · 0.75 fpk according to EN 1992-1-1, Eq. (5.43).
Certification as per OENORM:

Pm0 = Ap · 0.80 fp0,1k or Ap · 0.70 fpk according to OENORM B 4750, Eq. (4) and (5),
and OENORM B 1992-1-1, Chapter 8.9.6.
Duct diameter
Is only used for beam tendons to calculate the net and ideal section values [mm].
Friction coefficients
Friction coefficients m for prestressing and release.
Slippage
Slippage at the prestressing anchor [mm].
Unintentional deviation angle ß'

Unintentional deviation angle of a tendon [°/m].
Prestressing Procedure
The prestressing procedure differentiates between the start and end of the tendon group. The size of the maximum
prestressing force is determined by factors regarding the permissible prestressing. In general, this is Pm0 (see prestressing
system). Using the factor specified for the release, the maximum prestressing force remaining in the tendon group is
defined with respect to Pm0. The prestressing force that remains at the prestressing anchor is calculated from this by the
program. Each prestressing anchor can be prestressed and released twice. The prestressing procedures are numbered.

Number, Label
Number and name of the prestressing procedure.
Tensioning with Pmax

Selecting this check box causes the factors for tensioning correspond to the maximim force Pmax for tendons certified
according to DIN 1045-1 or EC2 (see the following example).
Kappa
If tensioning with Pmax is selected, the permissible maximum force is calculated using the allowance value k to ensure there
is an overstressing reserve.
1. Tensioning
Factor relating to Pm0 or Pmax for the prestressing force at the tie at the 1st instance of tensioning.
1. Release
Factor relating to Pm0 for the maximum remaining prestressing force at the 1st release. '0': no release!
2. Tensioning
Factor relating to Pm0 or Pmax for the prestressing force at the tie for the 2nd tensioning. '0': no 2nd tensioning!
2. Release
Factor relating to Pm0 for the maximum remaining prestressing force at the 2nd release. '0': no 2nd release!
The prestressing force curve is determined in the following sequence:
- Tensioning and release at the start,
- Tensioning and release at the end,
- Slippage at the start,
- Slippage at the end.
The differences between tensioning with Pm0 and Pmax are described in the following examples.
The user is responsible for checking the permissibility of the maximum force during the stressing process.
Examples for Prestressing Procedures

Tensioning with Pm0
The mode of action of the factors Tensioning and Release can be clarified using the example of an St 1570 / 1770 single
tendon with prestressing anchor at the tendon start certified according to EC2.

The permissible prestressing forces ar defined by:

Pmax = min(Ap · 0.80 fpk , Ap · 0.90 fp0.1k ) = 3591.0 kN
Pm0 = min(Ap · 0.75 fpk , Ap · 0.85 fp0.1k ) = 3391.5 kN
The first prestressing force curve of the following illustration results after overstressing with 5% using a factor of 1.05
relating to Pm0, i.e., the maximum prestressing force is 3561.1 kN < Pmax.
The second prestressing force curve results after tensioning and release with the factors 1.05 and 1.0, i.e., the maximum
prestressing force that remains in the tendon after it is fixed into place is 3389.3 kN < Pm0.
Single tendon, 10 times superelevated
Prestressing force curve after the 1st tensioning with a factor of 1.05
Prestressing force curve after the 1st release with a factor of 1.0
Potential slippage was not taken into account here to illustrate the effects described above. Slippage would result in an
additional variation of the prestressing force curve. A second prestressing and release procedure would have similar effects.
The same holds true for prestressing and release at the tendon end.
Tensioning with Pmax

For tendons with certification as per DIN 1045-1 and EC2 the maximum force applied to the tendon during the stressing
process may not exceed the smaller value from the following:
DIN 1045-1 rep. Book 525, Chapter 8.7.2
Pmax = Ap · 0.80 fpk e-mg(k-1) or Ap · 0.90 fp0.1k e-mg(k-1) DIN TR 102, Chapter 4.2.3.5.4(2)*P
DIN EN 1992-1-1, Chapter 5.10.2.1(NA.3)
with
m Friction coefficient according to the general certification from the building authorities.
g F + k·x
F = sum of planned deviation angle over the length x,
k = unintentional deviation angle per unit of length (ß’ in the dialog),
x = the distance between the prestressed anchor and the fixed anchor in the case of one-sided prestressing or the
influence length of the respective anchor in the case of two-sided prestressing.
k Allowance value for ensuring an overstressing reserve with 1.5 £ k £ 2 for tendons with supplemental bond and
k = 1 for all other cases.
The program uses the specified allowance value k to determine the maximum permissible value Pmax. The influence length
x is assumed to be the tendon length for one-sided prestressing or simply half of the tendon length for two-sided

prestressing.
In this setting the overstressing factor refers to Pmax, which means the value 1.0 is used to select the maximum
force permitted by the standard.
The release factor continues to refer to Pm0. Setting the value to 1.0 also assures that the force remaining in the tendon
after it fixed into place is within the permissible range.
Using an St 1570 / 1770 single tendon prestressed on both sides with certification as per EC2, the prestressing force curve
is illustrated for a value of k = 1.5. Slippage is ignored for the sake of simplicity.
The program will determine the permissible prestressing forces as follows:

Pmax = e-mg(k-1) · min(Ap · 0.80 fpk , Ap · 0.90 fp0.1k ) = 0.9457 · 3591 = 3395.9 kN
Pm0 = min(Ap · 0.75 fpk , Ap · 0.85 fp0.1k ) = 3391.5 kN

The maximum force Pmax is automatically maintained with a tensioning factor of 1.0. As shown in the following force
curve, 3391.2 kN remain in the tendon after it is fixed into place. Thus the limit Pm0 is also observed.
Single tendon, 10 times superelevated
Prestressing force curve after tensioning and release
If the force calculated during prestressing is less than the value during release, then the program will make sure that the
smaller value is not exceeded after the component is fixed into place.

External Prestressing, Mixed Construction

External prestressing can be taken into account by entering the external forces directly in the program. For mixed
construction, the additional tendons with bond must be entered as described above.
Scattering of Prestressing
The consideration of possible prestressing force scattering is defined in II-2.5.4. For checks in the ultimate limit state, the
following applies to the prestressing force design value according to II-2.5.4.2 (6) P:
Pd = gP · Pm,t
with
Pm,t Average value of prestressing force at time t including prestressing losses from friction, slippage, creep and
shrinkage as well as relaxation.
gP Partial safety factor of the prestressing force, gP = 1 as specified in II-2.3.3.1 (101)P.
In the serviceability limit state, two characteristic values for the prestressing force are defined in II-2.5.4.2 (3)P:
Pk,sup = rsup · Pm,t Upper characteristic value.
Pk,inf = rinf · Pm,t Lower characteristic value.
The scattering coefficients for internal prestressing are defined separately for construction stages and final states. They are
used in the following checks:
• Minimum reinforcement for crack width limitation.
• Crack width check.
• Decompression check.
Regarding the effects from external prestressing, the scattering coefficients correspond to rsup = rinf = 1 as specified in II
2.5.4.2 (4).

Creep and Shrinkage

Similar to prestressing, creep and shrinkage are taken into account by defining the appropriate load case (Creep and
shrinkage load type) in the FEM calculation. Besides the creep-generating permanent load case, you also need to specify
whether the internal forces relocation between concrete and prestressing steel is to be taken into account. This option is
only useful in the case of tendons with bond.
The decisive creep and shrinkage coefficients for calculating the Creep and shrinkage load case are entered in the Section
dialog. Alternatively, you can also use this dialog to calculate the coefficients according to Book 525, Section 9.1.4.
The program determines concrete creep and shrinkage based on a time-dependent stress-strain law developed by Trost.
Eb
s b (t) =
1+r × j
(
e b (t) - j × e b,0 - e b,S )
In this case:
sb(t) Concrete stress from creep and shrinkage at time t.
Eb E-modulus of the concrete.
r Relaxation coefficient according to Trost for time t (normally r = 0.80).

j Creep coefficient for time t.
eb(t) Concrete strain from creep and shrinkage at time t.
eb,0 Concrete strain from creep-generating continuous load.
eb,s Concrete strain from shrinkage.
Under consideration of these relationships, a time-dependent global stiffness matrix and the associated load vectors are
constructed which, in turn, yield the internal forces and deformations of the concrete. The resulting stress changes in the
prestressing steel are also determined provided they are selected in the load case. Any influence from the relaxation of the
prestressing steel will be ignored in this case. According to Zilch/Rogge (2002, p. 256), this influence can be calculated
separately (see following section) and combined with the changes from creep and shrinkage for all time-dependent
prestressing losses:
Dsp,csr = Dspr + Ep · Decpt
with
Dspr Prestressing loss from relaxation of the prestressing steel.
Decpt
Concrete strain change from creep and shrinkage.
Ep E-modulus of the prestressing steel.

Relaxation of Prestressing Steel

According to TR 102, Section 4.2.3.5.5, the stress change Dspr in the tendons at position x caused by relaxation must be
taken into account in addition to the stress loss from concrete creep and shrinkage. The relaxation can be defined by a ratio
of initial stress to characteristic tensile stress (sp/fpk) from the building inspection certification with an initial stress of
sp = spg0 - 0.3 Dsp,csr (4.11)
with
Dsp,csr Stress change in the tendons due to creep, shrinkage and relaxation at position x at time t .
spg0 Initial stress in the tendons from prestressing and permanent actions.
Since the entire stress loss cannot be known in advance, the input value Dsp,csr for Eq. (4.11) must be estimated and, if
necessary, iteratively corrected (cf. König et al. 2003, p. 38). Alternatively, you may ignore the second expression in Eq.
(4.11) according to the Technical Report for the sake of simplicity and to be on the safe side.
The following table shows an example of stress loss due to relaxation.
Characteristic values of the stress losses Dspr in % of the initial tension sp0
for prestressing steel strand St 1570 / 1770 with very low relaxation
sp0/fpk Time interval after prestressing in hours
1 10 200 1000 5000 5 · 105 106
0.45
0.50
0.55 1.0 1.2
0.60 1.2 2.5 2.8
0.65 1.3 2.0 4.5 5.0
0.70 1.0 2.0 3.0 6.5 7.0
0.75 1.2 2.5 3.0 4.5 9.0 10.0
0.80 1.0 2.0 4.0 5.0 6.5 13.0 14.0
For tendons with DIN 4227 certification, the example of t = ¥ with a permissible utilization of 0.55 according to DIN 4227,
Tab. 9, Row 65, results in a stress loss of around 1%, which generally can be ignored.
Tendons with new certification may be utilized by up to 0.65 according to Technical Report 102, Section 4.4.1.4. This
results in significantly higher stress losses that must be accounted for.
You can define the stress losses in the actions CSR1 and CSR2 of the DIN Technical Report 101 Actions dialog.
Ultimate Limit State Design

The following checks are available:
• Bending with or without longitudinal force or longitudinal force only (TR 102, Section 4.3.1).
• Failure without warning (Section 4.3.1.3).
• Lateral force (Section 4.3.2).
• Torsion and combined stressing (Section 4.3.3).
• Punching shear (Section 4.3.4).
• Fatigue check (Section 4.3.7).

Design Combinations
According to TR 101, Section 9.4.2, the following combinations are taken into account in the ultimate limit states:
• Combination for permanent and temporary design situations

å g Gj ×Gkj "+" g P × Pk "+" g Q1 ×Qk1 "+" å g Qi × y 0i ×Qki (9.10)
j³1 i>1
• Combination for accidental design situations

å g GAj ×Gkj "+" g PA × Pk "+" Ad "+" y11 ×Qk1 "+" å y 2i ×Qki (9.11)
j³1 i>1
• Combination for design situations resulting from earthquakes (AE)
å Gkj "+" Pk "+" g1 × AEd "+" å y 2i × Qki (9.12)

j³1 i³1
The weighting factor for the earthquake action is assumed as g1 = 1 according to DIN 4149, Eq. (37).
For the check against fatigue two alternative action combinations can be used:
• Frequent combination for simplified checks according to TR 101, Section 9.5.2, Equation (9.17), in conjunction with
TR 102, Sections 4.3.7.4 and 4.3.7.5 (101).
å Gkj "+" Pk "+" y11 ×Qk1 "+" å y 2i ×Qki (9.17)
j³1 i>1
• Fatigue combination according to DIN EN 1992-1-1, Chapter 6.8.3, Equation (6.69), for checks with damage equivalent
stress ranges based on TR 102, Section 4.3.7.5 (102) and Annex 106.
æ ö
ç G "+" P "+" y ×Q "+" y ×Q ÷"+"Q
ç å kj k 11 k1 å 2i ki ÷ fat (6.69)
è j³1 i>1 ø
In this equation Qk,1 and Qk,i are non-cyclic, non-permanent actions, whereas Qfat defines the action of the relevant
fatigue load.
For each combination you can define different design situations for the construction stages and final states. When
conducting the check, the extreme value deriving from all combinations and situations is decisive.
Partial Safety Factors for Construction Material

The partial safety factors for the construction material properties are preset with the values specified in TR 102, Section
2.3.3.2, Table 2.3. If necessary, they can be adjusted to the recalculation guideline for road bridges. In design situations
resulting from earthquakes, the factors of the permanent and temporary design situation apply as specified in DIN
4149:2005-04, Chapter 8.1.3 (3). Guideline 5.3.3 (9) of DIN 1045-1 applies for strength classes C55/67 and LC55/60 or
higher.
Stress-Strain-Curves
The following characteristics are used for section design:
• Concrete: Parabola-rectangle diagram according to TR 102, Fig. 4.2.
• Reinforcing steel: Stress-strain curve according to Fig. 4.5b) with rising upper branch.
• Prestressing steel: Stress-strain curve according to Fig. 4.6b) with horizontal upper branch as per 4.2.3.3.3(6)*.
For the fatigue checks, the user defines one of the following curves to determine the concrete compressive stresses:
• Stress-strain curve according to Fig. 4.1 with fc = fcm.
• Parabola-rectangle diagram according to Fig. 4.2.
• Linear curve with the gradient arctan Ecm.

Design Internal Forces

The design internal forces are derived from the action combinations and are separate for the variants defined in the
construction stages and final states.
With area elements, the design internal forces correspond to the plasticity approach from Wolfensberger and Thürlimann.
This approach takes into account how much the reinforcement deviates from the crack direction. Due to the current lack of
precise data regarding the combined load of reinforced concrete shell structures from bending and normal force, the design
internal forces for bending and normal force are calculated independently according to the static limit theorem of the
plasticity theory and then used together as the basis for the design. This approach should always yield an upper limit for the
load-bearing capacity.
For 3D stressed beams and design objects, the shear design is performed separately for the Qy and Qz lateral forces. The
simultaneous effect of shear and torsion stress is taken into account according to TR 102, Section 4.3.3.
Depending on the section type and reinforcement configuration, the variants of design internal forces listed below are taken
into account.
Beam reinforcement
Design for m, n Shear and torsion design
min Nx, corresp. My, corresp. Mz min Qy min Qy, corresp. Mx
max Nx, corresp. My, corresp. Mz max Qy max Qy, corresp. Mx
min My, corresp. Mz, corresp. Nx min Qz min Qz, corresp. Mx
max My, corresp. Mz, corresp. Nx max Qz max Qz, corresp. Mx
min Mz, corresp. Nx, corresp. My min Mx min Mx, corresp. Qy
max Mz, corresp. Nx, corresp. My max Mx max Mx, corresp. Qy
min Mx, corresp. Qz
max Mx, corresp. Qz
Orthogonal area reinforcement
Slabs min mx - |corresp. mxy|; max mx + |corresp. mxy|

min my - |corresp. mxy|; max my + |corresp. mxy|
corresp. mx ± |min mxy|; corresp. mx ± |max mxy|
corresp. my ± |min mxy|; corresp. my ± |max mxy|
Plain stress min nx - |corresp. nxy|; max nx + |corresp. nxy|

elements min ny - |corresp. nxy|; max ny + |corresp. nxy|
corresp. nx ± |min nxy|; corresp. nx ± |max nxy|
corresp. ny ± |min nxy|; corresp. ny ± |max nxy|
Shells min mx - |corresp. mxy|, corresp. nx ± |corresp. nxy|

max mx + |corresp. mxy|, corresp. nx ± |corresp. nxy|
min my - |corresp. mxy|, corresp. ny ± |corresp. nxy|
max my + |corresp. mxy|, corresp. ny ± |corresp. nxy|
corresp. mx ± |min mxy|, corresp. nx ± |corresp. nxy|
corresp. mx ± |max mxy|, corresp. nx ± |corresp. nxy|
corresp. my ± |min mxy|, corresp. ny ± |corresp. nxy|
corresp. my ± |max mxy|, corresp. ny ± |corresp. nxy|
min nx - |corresp. nxy|, corresp. mx ± |corresp. mxy|

max nx + |corresp. nxy|, corresp. mx ± |corresp. mxy|

min ny - |corresp. nxy|, corresp. my ± |corresp. mxy|
max ny + |corresp. nxy|, corresp. my ± |corresp. mxy|
corresp. nx ± |min nxy|, corresp. mx ± |corresp. mxy|
corresp. nx ± |max nxy|, corresp. mx ± |corresp. mxy|
corresp. ny ± |min nxy|, corresp. my ± |corresp. mxy|
corresp. ny ± |max nxy|, corresp. my ± |corresp. mxy|
Oblique area reinforcement

The bending design of slabs with oblique reinforcement assemblies is carried out based on Kuyt/Rüsch. The design
moments are calculated with the help of principal moments m1, m2 based on the equations outlined in Book 166 of the
DAfStB (German Committee of Reinforced Concrete).
For load case combinations, the calculation is based on the extreme values of m1, m2. For combined loads (bending and
longitudinal force), both the design moments and the normal design forces are independently derived from n1, n2. The
normal design forces are then used together as the basis for the design. This should also result in an upper limit for the
load.
Extreme values (principal bending moments):
m1,2 = 12 × (mx + m y )
± 12 (mx - m y ) 2 + 4mxy
2
with m1 ³ m2
The angle d assigned to m1 is:
2 ×mxy
tan d =
(mx - m y ) + (mx - m y ) 2 + 4 × mxy
2
Coordinate Systems
Design moments:
mh =
sin
1
2
y
[m sin (d + y) + m
1
2
2 cos
2
(d + y) ± m1 sin d sin(d + y) + m2 cos d cos(d + y) ]
mx =
sin
1
2
y
[m sin
1
2
d+m2 cos 2 d ± m1 sin d sin(d + y) + m2 cos d cos(d + y) ]
The formulas apply accordingly for the normal design forces.
Shear design for slabs and shells

The shear design of slabs or shells is carried out for the maximum resulting lateral force of a design point. Consequently, the
size of the stirrup reinforcement is independent of the internal force direction and has the dimension [cm²/m²]. The
following design variants are derived:
min q x2 + corresp. q y2 max q x2 + corresp. q y2

,
min q y2 + corresp. q x2 max q y2 + corresp. q x2
,
For two-axes stressed slabs, the lateral force check can be performed separately in the x and y stress directions as described
in TR 102, Edition 2009, Section 4.3.2.2(5)*. Consequently, the design is carried out for the following variants:
min qx, max qx
min qy, max qy

Design for Bending with or without Longitudinal Force and Longitudinal

Force only
The design for normal force and bending moment is carried out according to TR 102, Section 4.3.1.The reinforcement
required for each internal force combination at the reinforced concrete section is determined iteratively based on the
formulation of equilibrium conditions as well as the limit strain curve depicted in the illustration below. The final result is
derived from the extreme value of all calculated reinforcements.
Strain areas for the design

You can control the result of the design by specifying the reinforcement geometry and choosing one of three design
modes:
Mode Standard
This is the standard design mode for bending with longitudinal force throughout the entire load area. Reinforcement will be
calculated in the tensile section to the greatest degree possible. For reasons of economy and to limit the compression zone
height according to TR 102, Section 2.5.3.4.2 (5), the compression reinforcement in strain area 3 will be determined such
that the following applies for the steel strain es1:
æ e ö
e s1 ³ maxç e yd , c 2 u - e c 2 u ÷ [‰].
è x / d ø
with
eyd The steel strain associated with the design value for strength fyd.
x / d Corresponding compression zone height.
£ 0.45 for concrete strength classes up to C50/60.
£ 0.35 for concrete strength class C55/67 or higher and for lightweight concrete according to DIN 1045-1,
Section 8.2 (3).
The procedure in strain areas 4 and 5 is the same as with symmetrical design.
Mode Symmetrical
In contrast to the standard design, the reinforcement will be applied at all predefined locations in all strain areas, if
necessary. The specified relationships between the reinforcement layers will not be affected.
Mode Compression member

The design is performed symmetrically. In addition, the minimum reinforcement required by II-5.4.1.2.1 (1)*P is determined:
As,min = 0.15 | NEd | / fyd ³ 0.003 Ac
with
NEd Design value of the longitudinal force to be absorbed.
fyd Design value for the reinforcing steel strength at the yield strength.
Concrete compression according to II-4.3.1.2(1)P(X) cannot be checked.
Inclusion of tendons with bond

When designing beams and design objects, the internal forces of the concrete section is reduced by the statically
determined portions which result from prestressing minus the losses from creep, shrinkage and prestressing steel relaxation
(CSR). Situations prior to the grouting of the tendons are excluded. So only the restraint portions from P+CSR and the
external loads are contained in the remaining internal forces for the composite section. If necessary, the reinforcing steel
positioned by the user will be increased until the composite internal forces can be absorbed.
The position of the tendon groups in the section, the prestressing losses from CSR, the statically determined portions and
the internal forces of the concrete section and the composite section are written to the detailed log.

As a separation into statically determined and undetermined shares of the internal forces from prestressing is not possible
for shell structures, the prestressing is taken into account fully on the action side when designing the longitudinal
reinforcement. As a result, on the resistance side only mild steel and concrete are considered whereas the strain reserves of
the tendons with bond are not used.
Minimum Reinforcement against Failure without Warning

According to TR 102, Section 4.3.1.3, brittle failure of the section that occurs without warning must be prevented. In most
cases, the minimum reinforcement for crack width limitation as per Section II-4.4.2 is enough to prevent such failure
according to II-4.3.1.3 (3). If necessary, the failure can be prevented by applying robustness reinforcement as per II
4.3.1.3 (105)P, Item (b):
As = Mr,ep / (fyk · zs)
with
Mr,ep Crack moment by which a tensile stress of fctk;0.05 = 0.7 · fctm occurs without the effect of prestressing at the
section edge.
zs Lever arm of internal forces.
The robustness reinforcement As should be applied to areas where tensile stresses occur in the concrete under the
infrequent action combination. According to II-4.3.1.3 (108), the statically undetermined prestressing effect should be taken
into account in this combination rather than the statically determined prestressing effect.
The program determines all stresses at the gross section. The statically determined prestressing effect can only be subtracted
for beams and design objects. The crack moment results in Mr,ep = Wy · fctk;0.05, the lever arm zs of the internal forces is
assumed to be 0.9 · d for the sake of simplicity. The calculated reinforcement is evenly distributed to the reinforcement
layers in the tensile zone. In the design mode symmetrical reinforcement is also applied to the remaining layers. This will not
affect the predefined relationships between the individual reinforcement layers. For sections with mode compression
member the robustness reinforcement is not checked because minimum reinforcement is already determined during the
design for bending with longitudinal force.
Minimum Surface Reinforcement for Prestressed Components

A minimum surface reinforcement must always be specified for prestressed components in accordance with TR 102, Section
5.4.0 (Edition 2009), and Ref. No. 002 of the Knowledge Base of the Building and Civil Engineering Standards Committee
(NABau), regardless of the guidelines for robustness or crack reinforcement. The reinforcement determined according to
Table 5.7 and 5.7.a can be entered into the program by specifying a base reinforcement in the reinforcing steel description.

Design for Lateral Force

Lateral force design involves determining the lateral force reinforcement and includes a concrete strut check as per TR 102,
Section 4.3.2. The following special conditions apply:
• The angle of the lateral force reinforcement is assumed to be 90°.
• In the calculation, the value for cot Q is limited to the range permitted in accordance with Eq. (4.122) (method with
variable or load-dependent strut angle), unless the check with a constant value is selected in the section dialog. The
actual effective angle of the concrete struts is logged for each check location. Edition 2009: For perpendicular stirrups
or longitudinal tensile load, cot Q should not fall below the limit value of 1.0 as per II-4.3.2.4.4(1)*P. This is
guaranteed by the program provided the user does not specify a smaller value.
• The minimum reinforcement is maintained in the calculated stirrup reinforcement as described in II-5.4.2.2 (3)*P and
(4)*P while the reinforcement level r specified in Table II-5.7 is weighted with a user-defined factor. For areas, the
minimum reinforcement will only be determined if a lateral force reinforcement is required for computation (cf.
Building and Civil Engineering Standards Committee (NABau) No. 131).
• Slab and shell elements are designed for lateral force qr = Ö(qx² + qy²). Depending on which has a negative effect,
either the principal compressive force or principal tensile force is used for the associated longitudinal force. If selected,
the check will be carried out separately for the reinforcement directions x and y in accordance with Section II-4.3.2.2(5)
* (Edition 2009). If lateral force reinforcement is necessary, it must be added from both directions.
• There is no reduction of the action from loads near supports as specified in II-4.3.2.2, Sections (10) and (11).
• For beams and design objects, the decisive values of the equivalent rectangle are determined by the user independently
of the normal section geometry. The coefficients for calculating the inner lever arm z based on the effective width and
effective height must also be specified. Alternatively, the lever arm from bending design or a weighted lever arm
according to Equation (12.12) of the Recalculation Guideline can be used.
• For area elements, the calculation is normally performed with the lever arm z = 0.9 d. If selected, the lever arm from
bending design is used alternatively.
• As described in II-4.3.2.4.2(2)*, the internal lever arm is limited to the maximum value derived from z = d – cv,l – 30
mm and z = d – 2cv,l (Edition 2009 and Interpretation No. 24 of the NABau). Note that cv,l is the laying measure of the
longitudinal reinforcement in the concrete compressive zone. If cv,l is not specified, the program will use the shortest
axis distance of the longitudinal reinforcement from the section edge d1 in its place.
• For sections with internal prestressing, the design value of lateral load-bearing capacity VRd,max is determined using the
nominal value bw,nom of the section width as per II-4.3.2.2 (8)*P.
• Edition 2009: The lateral load-bearing capacity VRd,max is only checked for lateral forces VEd > VRd,ct as per II-4.3.2.2
(4)P .
• The necessity of a lateral force reinforcement is checked according to II-4.3.2.3. As in the previous case, no reduction
of the action from loads near supports occurs.
The formulas from TR 102 that are used are listed below.
Components without computationally necessary lateral force reinforcement
Edition 2003
[ ]
VRd,ct = 0.10 × k × h1 × (100r l × f ck )1/ 3 - 0.12 × s cd × bw × d (4.118a:2003)
with a minimum value of
VRd,ct,min = [h1 · vmin – 0.12 scd ] · bw · d
v min = 0.035 × k 3 / 2 × f ck 1/ 2 (4.118b:2003)
In the accidental design situation, the following applies as per II-4.3.2.3 (101)
[ ]
VRd,ct = 0.115× k × h1 × (100r l × f ck )1/ 3 - 0.12 × s cd × bw × d (4.118c:2003)
with a minimum value of
v min = 0.040 × k 3 / 2 × f ck 1/ 2 (4.118d:2003)

Edition 2009
[ ]
VRd,ct = 0.15 / g c × k × h1 × (100r l × f ck )1/ 3 - 0.12 × s cd ×bw × d (4.118a:2009)
with at least
k
vmin = 1 × k 3 × f ck (4.118b:2009)
gc
where
gc is the partial safety factor for reinforced concrete as per II-2.3.3.2 (1)P, Table 2.3.
k1 = 0.0525 for d £ 600 mm

= 0.0375 for d ³ 800 mm
For 600 mm < d < 800 mm, k1 can be interpolated linearly.
200
k = 1+ £ 2.0
d
VRd,ct is the design value of the absorbable lateral force in a component without lateral force reinforcement.
h1 = 1.0 for normal concrete; for lightweight concrete according to DIN 1045-1, Table 10.
rl is the longitudinal reinforcement level with

Asl
rl = £ 0.02
bw × d
Asl is the area of the tensile reinforcement that extends beyond the section being considered by at least measure d
and is effectively fixed into place there (see Fig. II-4.12). For prestressing with immediate bond, the entire
prestressing steel area can be taken into account for Asl.
bw is the smallest section width in the tensile zone of the section in mm.
d is the effective static height of the bending reinforcement in the viewed section in mm.
fck is the characteristic value of the concrete compressive strength in N/mm².
scd is the design value of the concrete longitudinal stress at the level of the section's centroid with
sdc = NEd / Ac in N/mm².
NEd is the design value of the longitudinal force in the section as a result of external actions or prestressing
(NEd < 0 as the longitudinal compressive force).
Components with computationally necessary lateral force reinforcement

A
VRd,sy = sw × f yd × z × cot Q (4.27)
sw
Where
VRd,sy is the design value of the absorbable lateral force that is limited by the load-bearing capacity of the lateral force
reinforcement.
Asw is the section area of the lateral force reinforcement.
s w is the distance of the reinforcement perpendicular to the component axis measured in the direction of the
component axis.
z is the inner lever arm.
cot Q is the strut angle of the truss:
1.2 -1.4s cd / f cd (4.122)
4 / 7 £ cot Q £ £ 7 / 4
1-VRd,c /VEd
(see ARS 11/2003 (11) resp. Ril 804.4201 (10))
Edition 2009: cot Q < 1 should only be used as an exception. In the case of longitudinal tensile stress this lower
limit applies basically (ref. also Book 525, Corr. 1:2005-05). The program takes the limit into account as long as
the user does not enter a smaller value.
Recalculation Guideline: Section 12.4.3.3 allows to increase cot Q to a value of 3.0.

1/ 3 s
VRd,c = ßct × 0.10 × h1 × f ck (1+1.2 cd ) × bw × z (4.123:2003)
f cd
1/ 3 s
VRd,c = c j × 0.48 × h1 × f ck (1+1.2 cd ) × bw × z (4.123:2009)
f cd
Where
ßct = 2.4
cj = 0.5
h1 = 1.0 for normal concrete; for lightweight concrete according to DIN 1045-1, Table 10.
scd is the design value of the concrete longitudinal stress at the level of the section's centroid with
scd = NEd / Ac in N/mm².
NEd is the design value of the longitudinal force in the section as a result of external actions or prestressing
(NEd as longitudinal compressive force).
VEd is the design value of the acting lateral force.
b × z × a c × f cd
VRd,max = w (4.26)
cot Q + tan Q
With
VRd,max Design value of the absorbable lateral force that is limited by the strut strength. The stresses in the struts must be
limited to the value
sc £ ac×fcd (4.21)
ac
Reduction factor for the strut strength.
ac = 0.75 h1 with h1 = 1.0 for normal concrete; for lightweight concrete according to DIN 1045-1, Tab. 10.
Lateral force reinforcement
Asw
rw = (5.16)
s w × bw × sin a
Where
rw is the reinforcement level of the lateral force reinforcement.
a is the angle between the lateral force reinforcement and the beam axis.
min rw is minimum value of rw
according to II-5.4.2.2 (4)*P
In general: rw
= 1.0 r
Slabs: rw = 0.6 r
Structured sections with prestressed tension chord: rw = 1.6 r
r is the value according to TR 102, Table 5.7.
Design for Torsion and Combined Loads

The design for torsion is carried out in accordance with TR 102, Section 4.3.3. This design involves determining the diagonal
tensile reinforcement and the longitudinal reinforcement and includes a concrete strut check under maximum torsion stress
and a concrete strut check under simultaneously acting lateral force. The strut angle is determined according to Equation
(4.122) with the lateral force according to Equation (4.242). Alternatively a strut angle of 45° or 30° for torsion (TR 102,
Chapter 4.3.3.2.2(3)*P or recalculation guideline, Chapter 12.4.3.4(2)) or a constant value cot Q for lateral force and
torsion (cf. interpretation No. 24 of NABau for DIN 1045-1) can be chosen in the section dialog.
For hollow box girders, an additional check is carried out as per 4.3.3.2.2 (2) to ensure that the principal compressive stress
s2 from bending, longitudinal force and torsion in state I does not exceed the value fcd = a·fck / gc. For this purpose the
longitudinal compressive stress sEd is calculated with a distance of teff / 2 from the cross-section edge and the shear stress
from torsion is assumed as tEd = TEd / (2 · Ak · teff ).

The equivalent section on which this design is based is defined by the user independently of the normal section geometry.
Relevant formulas from TR 102:

V ×b
TEd £ Ed w (4.48)
4.5
é 4.5TEd ù
VEd ê1+ ú £ VRd,ct (4.49)
ë VEd × bw û
T ×z
VEd,T = Ed (4.142)
2Ak
where
VEd,T is the shear force in a wall of the check section as a result of a torsion moment.
Ak is the area enclosed by the center lines of the walls.
z is the height of the wall, which is defined by the distance of the intersection points of the wall center line to the
center lines of the adjacent walls.
V ×t
VEd,T+V = VEd,T + Ed eff (4.242)
bw
where
VEd is the design value of the acting lateral force according to II-4.3.2.
teff is the effective thickness of a wall; teff is twice the distance from the center line to the exterior but not greater
than the thickness of the existing wall (see Fig. 4.15).
A
TRd,sy = sw × f yd × 2Ak × cot Q (4.43)
sw
A
TRd,sy = sl × f yd × 2Ak × tan Q (4.44)
uk
where
TRd,sy
is the design value of the absorbable torsion moment of the section.
Asw is the section area of the torsion reinforcement perpendicular to the component axis.
s w is the distance of the torsion reinforcement measured in the direction of the component axis.
Asl is the section area of the torsion longitudinal reinforcement.
uk is the perimeter of area Ak.
Q is the strut angle of the truss.
a c,red × f cd × 2Ak ×t eff

TRd,max = (4.40)
cot Q + tan Q
where
TRd,max is the design value of the maximum absorbable torsion moment of the section.
ac,red = 0.7 ac in general (with ac = 0.75 h1 with h1 = 1.0 for normal concrete; for lightweight concrete according to
DIN 1045-1, Table 10).
ac,red = ac for box sections with reinforcement at the inner and outer sides of the walls.
2 2
é TEd ù é VEd ù
ê ú +ê ú £ 1 for compact sections (4.47a)
êë TRd,max úû êëVRd,max úû
T Ed V
+ Ed £ 1 for box sections (4.47b)
T Rd,max VRd,max
where
VRd,max is the design value of the absorbable lateral force according to Eq. (4.26).

Note
In accordance with DIN TR 102, Chapter 4.3.3.1(7)*P, the torsion longitudinal reinforcement in compression chords can be
reduced according to the existing compression forces. In tension chords it is to be added to the remaining longitudinal
reinforcement. With the help of the graphical representation of the prestressing steel stresses for the permanent and
temporary combination, the region and the amount of prestressing steel that can be taken into account for the torsion
longitudinal reinforcement according to Chapter 4.3.3.1(8)P can be evaluated. For the recalculation of existing road bridges
it should be observed that taking into account prestressing steel is to be rated as a level 4 check according to Reg No. 004
of the knowledge base on the recalculation guideline.
Punching Shear
The punching shear check based on DIN Technical Report 102, Section 4.3.4, is essentially the same as the check based on
DIN 1045-1. For more information on this, refer to section DIN 1045-1 of the manual. This check is accessed from the
Structure menu.
Check against Fatigue

The user can select two alternative methods for design:
• Simplified check for the frequent action combination according to DIN TR 102, Sections 4.3.7.4 and 4.3.7.5(101),
taking the relevant traffic loads at serviceability limit state into account.
• Check with damage equivalent stress ranges for the fatigue combination according to TR 102, Section 4.3.7.5(102) and
Annex 106, considering the specific fatigue load Qfat analogous to DIN EN 1992-1-1:2005, Chapter 6.8.3.
For road bridges, Qfat is the fatigue load model 3 according to DIN TR 101, Section 4.6. The increase factors according to I
4.6.1 (7) must be taken into account when entering the load ordinates while the factors according to II-A.106.2 (101)P are
defined in the section dialog.
According to TR 101, Section 6.9 in conjunction with TR 102, Annex A.106.3, the traffic model 71 in the infrequent action
combination including the dynamic factor as per TR 101 plays the determinant role in calculating the stress range for
railroad bridges.
According to Section II-4.3.7.2 (103)P, the 0.9-fold statically determined portion of the prestressing force is to be used in
the check. For construction joints with tendon couplers, this value is to be further reduced by an appropriate factor. The
decisive reduction factor is defined in the Section dialog.
The curve to determine the concrete compressive stresses in state II is selected in the settings dialog.
Fatigue of longitudinal reinforcement, shear reinforcement and prestressing steel

The fatigue check is carried out according to Section II-4.3.7.5. The steel stresses are calculated for longitudinal
reinforcement from bending and longitudinal force as well as for prestressing steel in beams and design objects under the
assumption of a cracked concrete section. For shear and longitudinal reinforcement from lateral force and torsion, the
stresses are calculated as per II-4.3.7.3 (4)*P based on a truss model with the strut angle tan Qfat = Ö tan Q according to
Eq. (4.187). The prestressing steel stresses in area elements are determined at the uncracked concrete section. Tendons
without bond and external tendons are not checked.
Simplified check
According to Section II-4.3.7.5 (101), adequate fatigue resistance may be assumed if the stress range under the frequent
action combination does not exceed 70 MN/m² for unwelded reinforcing bars.
Check with damage equivalent stress ranges

The check is considered completed if the following applies for reinforcing steel and prestressing steel:
gF,fat · gEd,fat · Dss,equ £ DsRsk(N*) / gs,fat (4.191)
with
gF,fat = gEd,fat =1
gs,fat = 1.15 for reinforcing steel and prestressing steel with new certification.
= 1.25 for prestressing steel with DIN 4227-1 certification according to ARS 11/03 (13).
DsRsk(N*) Permissible characteristic stress range at N* load cycles based on the Wöhler curves according to II
4.3.7.7 for prestressing steel or II-4.3.7.8 for reinforcing steel.

Dss,equ Damage equivalent stress range with Dss,equ = ls · Dss according to Eq. (A.106.1) or Eq. (A.106.6).
ls Correction coefficient according to Annex II-A.106.2 or II-A.106.3.
Dss Calculated stress range of the cyclic fatgue action Qfat for longitudinal reinforcement from bending and
longitudinal force including increase factor h as per 4.3.7.3 (3)*P Eq. (4.193) to take into account the
varying bond behavior of reinforcing and prestressing steel.
The values for DsRsk(N*), h and ls are specified by the user in the Section dialog.
Calculation method
The maximum from the robustness, crack and bending reinforcement is assumed as the existing bending reinforcement. If
as a result the load from the fatigue combination in state II cannot be absorbed, the design will be repeated using the
existing reinforcement and the check internal forces.
The maximum stress range per steel layer that results from the strain state in state II or the truss model is determined
separately for each check situation. Multiplying the coefficients h and ls yields the damage equivalent stress range Dss,equ.
If this range exceeds the permitted stress range, the relevant steel layer will be iteratively increased until the check succeeds
for all situations. In the design modes Symmetrical and Compression member, the remaining layers also obtain longitudinal
reinforcement. This will not affect the predefined relationships between the individual reinforcement layers.
The decisive reinforcement used for the check, which may have been increased, is recorded in the check log and saved for
graphical representation.
Fatigue of concrete under compressive stress

The fatigue check for concrete subject to compressive stress is performed for bending and longitudinal force at the cracked
section. This check takes into account the final longitudinal reinforcement and may include an increase applied during the
fatigue check for reinforcing steel. In the case of road bridges, the check specified in II-4.3.7.1 (102), Item (g), is not
necessary if the concrete compressive stress as per II-4.4.1.2 (103)P is limited to 0.6 fck in the serviceability state. The struts
of components subject to lateral force stress are not analyzed.
Simplified check
The check according to II-4.3.7.4 (101)P is considered successful if compliance with TR 102 Eq. (4.188) or DIN 1045-1
Eq. (123) is maintained.
max s cd min s cd
£ 0.5 + 0.45 × £ 0.9 for concrete up to C50/60 or LC50/55 (4.188)
f cd,fat f cd,fat
max s cd min s cd
£ 0.5 + 0.45 × £ 0.8 for concrete from C55/67 or LC55/60 (123)
f cd,fat f cd,fat
with
max |scd|, min |scd| Design values of the maximum and minimum concrete compressive stress under the frequent action
combination. In the case of tensile stresses, min |scd| is to be assumed as zero.
fcd,fat Design value of the concrete compressive strength before cyclic load is applied. You can specify this
value in the Section dialog.
Check with damage equivalent concrete compressive stresses

The check for railroad bridges according to TR 102, Section A.106.3.2 is proved, if following equation is fulfilled:
Ecd,max,equ + 0.43 1 - Requ £ 1 (A.106.12)
with
Requ = min | scd,equ | / max | scd,equ |
Ecd,max,equ = gEd,fat×max | scd,equ | / fcd,fat
In that max | scd,equ | and min | scd,equ | are the upper and lower compressive stress of the damage equivalent stress range
for N = 106 cycles.

The upper and lower stress of the damage equivalent stress range shall be calculated with the equation (A.106.13).
max| scd,equ | = | sc,perm | + lc (max| sc,71 | - | sc,perm |)
(A.106.13)
min| scd,equ |
= | sc,perm | - lc (| sc,perm | - min| sc,71 |)
with
| sc,perm | Absolute value of the compressive stress under the fatigue combination without load model 71.
max| sc,71 |, Absolute minimum and maximum compressive stress under the fatigue combination with load model 71 and
the dynamic coefficient F2 according to DIN TR 101.
min| sc,71 |
lc Correction coefficient for the calculation of the stresses caused by load model 71.
Special characteristic of shell structures

In shell structures the strain state at the cracked concrete section under general stress cannot be determined
unambiguously. The design is therefore carried out separately for the reinforcement directions x and y with the design
internal forces from Wolfensberger/Thürlimann or Rüsch as described above. The reinforcement calculated in this manner
yields a reliable load-bearing capacity.
When calculating the stress range for reinforcing steel and concrete, this method can lead to unrealistic results in the case
of torsional or shear stresses as shown in the following example:
Assume two identical sets of slab internal forces:

Set mx [kNm/m] my [kNm/m] mxy [kNm/m]
1 300 200 100
2 300 200 100
According to Wolfensberger/Thürlimann, this results in design variants for the x direction:

Set Variant m [kNm/m]
1 1 mx + |mxy| = 400
2 mx - |mxy| = 200
2 1 mx + |mxy| = 400
2 mx - |mxy| = 200
The torsional moments generate a variation of the design moments and thus a calculatory stress range. This may lead to a
necessary reinforcement increase in the fatigue check due to apparent overstressing. For design normal forces, this applies
for the shear forces in a corresponding manner.
Selecting Limit design variants in the Section dialog allows you to avoid the described effect. In this case only the
corresponding variants are compared when determining the stress range, i.e. only the first and second variants of both sets
in this example. Assuming constant stress, the stress range is thus correctly determined to be zero.
This alternative, however, does not ensure that all conceivable stress fluctuations are analyzed. You should
therefore be particularly careful when assessing the results. For this purpose the detailed log indicates the main
variants and design internal forces used for the check.
When determining the design internal forces according to Rüsch for inclined reinforcement, the described relationships
apply accordingly.

Serviceability Limit State Design

The following checks are performed:
• Limiting of concrete compressive stresses (TR 102, Section 4.4.1.2).
• Limiting of reinforcing steel stresses (Section 4.4.1.3).
• Limiting of prestressing steel stresses (Section 4.4.1.4).
• Decompression check (Section 4.4.2.1).
• Minimum reinforcement for crack width limitation (Section 4.4.2.2).
• Crack width check (Section 4.4.2.3 and 4.4.2.4).
• Limiting of diagonal principal tensile stresses (Section 4.4.0.3, Edition 2009).
• Limiting of deformations (Section 4.4.3).
Design Combinations
According to TR 101, Section 9.5.2, the following combinations are taken into account in the serviceability limit states:
• Combination for characteristic (rare) situations
å Gkj "+" Pk "+" Qk1 "+" å y 0i ×Qki (9.16)

j³1 i>1
• Combination for frequent situations
å Gkj "+" Pk "+" y11 ×Qk1 "+" å y 2i ×Qki (9.17)

j³1 i>1
• Combination for quasi-continuous situations
å Gkj "+" Pk "+" å y 2i ×Qki (9.18)

j³1 i³1
• Combination for infrequent situations
å Gkj "+" Pk "+" y'1×Qk1 "+" å y1i ×Qki (9.19)

j³1 i>1
For each combination you can define different design situations for the construction stages and final states. If necessary, the
combination required by the check will automatically be determined from the section specifications. Each check is carried
out for all the situations of a combination.
Stress Determination
At the uncracked concrete section, the program assumes an elastic behavior of the concrete and steel under tensile and
compressive stress according to TR 102, Section 4.4.1.1 (6). As for cracked concrete sections, the concrete compressive
stresses defined by Reg. No. 098 of the NABau Knowledge Base (Building and Civil Engineering Standards Committee) are
determined according to Figure 4.1 with fc = fcm. Note here that a horizontal curve is assumed for strains of ec1 or higher.
Area elements
For area elements the concrete stresses are calculated at the gross section. The steel stress check is carried out for
reinforcing steel by determining the strain state at the cracked concrete section and for the prestressing steel at the
uncracked concrete section.
Beams and design objects

The action combination stresses that can be determined without checks are always calculated at the gross section without
considering the specified full section.
Conversely, in the checks the stresses are determined as follows and are graphically displayed or logged:
• When checking the crack reinforcement and crack width, the concrete stress is calculated at the gross section. The
longitudinal force according to II-4.4.1.1 (109) is based on the specified area Av of the full section.

• When checking the decompression, the concrete compressive stresses and the diagonal principal tensile stresses, the
bending stress is calculated
- without internal tendons at the gross section,
- with internal tendons without bond at the net section,
- with internal tendons with bond for situations for situations before grouting at the net section or else at the ideal
section.
The longitudinal force according to II-4.4.1.1 (109) is based on the specified area Av of the full section.
• The reinforcing and prestressing steel stresses are checked by determining the strain state at the cracked concrete
section.
Limiting the Concrete Compressive Stresses

The concrete compressive stress check is carried out according to TR 102, Section 4.4.1.2. Based on II-4.4.1.1 (5), the
cracked state is assumed if the tensile stress calculated in the uncracked state under the rare action combination exceeds the
value fctm.
The calculation in the cracked state is performed by determining the strain state with the final longitudinal reinforcement
(maximum from robustness, crack and bending reinforcement including a possible increase from the fatigue check). For
beams and design objects, the tendons with bond are taken into account on the resistance side provided that they are
grouted in the check situation. For area elements, the compressive stress for both reinforcement directions is determined
separately and the extreme value is checked since the general strain state cannot be determined unambiguously.
For beams and design objects, the stresses from longitudinal force according to II-4.4.1.1 (109) are calculated with the full
section Av that is defined in the Section dialog. In all other cases, the rules for stress analysis indicated above apply.
In prestressed concrete components as per II-4.4.1.2 (102)P, the maximum concrete compressive stress must be limited to
0.60 fc(t) when entering the average prestressing value. If the concrete compressive stress exceeds the value 0.45 fc(t), the
nonlinearity of the creep must be taken into account. fc(t) indicates the average value of the concrete compressive strength
at time t when the prestressing is entered.
The program assumes the time of introducing the prestressing to coincide with situation G1+P. If a situation G1+P is
defined in the combination selected above, the concrete stress is checked against the limit value 0.45 fc(t) or 0.60 fc(t) for
this situation depending on the user's specification. The value for fc(t) is also defined in the dialog.
In the other construction stages and final states, the concrete compressive stress sc must be limited to 0.60 fck under the
rare combination according to II-4.4.1.2 (103)P. The limit may be increased by 10% if the concrete compressive zone is
helically reinforced (e.g., by lateral reinforcement). If serviceability is significantly impacted by the effect of creep, the limit
0.45 fck should also be maintained under the quasi-continuous combination as per II-4.4.1.2 (104)*P. Both options are
considered based on the user's specifications.
Limiting the Reinforcing and Prestressing Steel Stresses

Reinforcing steel
For reinforcing steel, the limitation of steel stress under the infrequent combination to 0.80 fyk is checked in accordance
with II-4.4.1.3. In this check the reinforcement corresponds to the maximum value from the robustness, crack and bending
reinforcement, including a possible increase as a result of the fatigue check. The determination of the strain state is
performed at the cracked concrete section. Beam tendons with bond are taken into account on the resistance side provided
they are grouted.
Prestressing steel
For tendons with bond, the limitation of steel stress under the quasi-continuous combination is checked at the cracked
concrete section for beams and design objects and at the uncracked concrete section for area elements. In either case the
following limits apply:
• 0.65 fpk as per II-4.4.1.4 for tendons with DIN 1045-1 and EC2 certification
• 0.75 ßs or 0.55 ßz as per DIN 4227, Tab. 9, Row 65, for tendons with DIN 4227 certification
For situations prior to stressing and for tendons without bond, the stress spm0 is checked in accordance with TR 102, Eq.
(4.6) or DIN 4227, Tab. 9, Row 65. External tendons are not checked.

Note
In addition to the check in the serviceability limit state the prestressing steel stresses for the permanent and temporary
combination for situations after grouting are calculated with the average value of the prestress. The strain state of beams
and design objects is determined at the cracked concrete cross-section with the stress-strain curves which are decisive for
the ultimate limit state. For the reinforcement the maximum from robustness, crack and bending reinforcement including a
possible increase from the fatigue check is assumed. For area elements an uncracked concrete cross-section is assumed. The
graphical stress representation allows for estimating the region and amount of chargeable prestressing steel reserves. The
utilization of a tendon is defined as the quotient of the determined stress and the limit value fp0,1k / gs.
Check of Decompression
This check is carried out for prestressed components of requirement classes A-C with the combinations found in TR 102,
Table 4.118.
For prestressed concrete bridges with box section in requirement class D, a decompression check must be carried out as per
ARS 11/2003 (4) and ARS 6/2009 (4) for a special quasi-continuous action combination that you can include in the program
by defining a corresponding situation.
For beams and design objects, the stresses from longitudinal force according to II-4.4.1.1 (109) are calculated with the full
section Av that is defined in the Section dialog. For area elements, the principal tensile stress s1 or one of the longitudinal
tensile stresses sx or sy is checked depending on the user's selection. The latter can be used to limit the check to the
direction of the prestressing if the internal force systems are appropriately aligned (cf. Reg. No. 069 in the Knowledge Base
of the Building and Civil Engineering Standards Committee, NABau). In all other cases, the rules for stress analysis indicated
above apply.
The stress limits must be specified separately for different construction stages and structure types.
Construction stage according to II-4.4.0.3 (102)P and II-4.4.2.1 (107)P

Edition 2003:
• Class A-C buildings: The tensile stresses sc £ 0.85 fctk;0.05 are permissible at the upper and lower section edges (cf. Ril
804.4201 (15) and Reg. No. 006 in the Knowledge Base of the Building and Civil Engineering Standards Committee,
NABau).
• Class D box bridges: The tensile stresses sc £ 0.85 fctk;0.95 are permissible at the upper and lower section edges (cf.
ARS 11/2003 (4)).
Edition 2009:
• For exclusively bondless prestressing, the tensile stresses on the edge closest to the tendon must be limited to the value
found in Table 4.118a or to 0.85 fctk;0.05 in all other cases.
• Class D box bridges: The tensile stresses sc £ 0.85 fctk;0.95 are permissible at the upper and lower section edges (cf.
ARS 6/2009 (4)).
Final state according to II-4.4.2.1 (106)P

Tensile stresses in class A-C buildings and class D box bridges are not permitted to occur at the edge that is directly adjacent
to the tendon. The program determines the above section edge as follows:
• Beams and design objects: If the edge point next to the tendon is above the centroid, the stress on the upper side of
the section will be checked. If not, the lower side of the section will be checked.
• Area elements: The check will be carried out for the upper or lower section edge if the tendon next to the check point
is located above or below the centroid level of the element in question. Tendons outside of the element are taken into
account at a distance of up to five times the section height.
If the tendon guide is ambiguous, the check will be carried out for both sides.
Concrete Tensile Stresses in Bridge Transverse Direction

If prestressing occurs in the bridge longitudinal direction and the bridge lateral direction is designed as a non-prestressed
construction, a check must be carried out as per TR 102, Section 4.4.0.3 (4)P, to ensure that the concrete tensile stresses in
the bridge lateral direction determined in state I under the rare action combination do not exceed the values found in Table
4.118a.
If necessary, the check can be carried out in the graphical user interface by controlling the edge stresses from the rare
combination.

Minimum Reinforcement for Crack Width Limitation

The minimum reinforcement for crack width limitation is defined in TR 102, Section 4.4.2.2. According to 4.4.2.2(5)*, the
minimum reinforcement is to be applied in areas where tensile forces are expected. Areas under tension can be defined in
the section dialog by choosing either an action combination or a restraint (bending, centrical tension). Reinforcing steel
layers that are not under tension are also provided with reinforcement in the symmetrical and compression member design
modes. This will not affect the predefined relationships between the individual reinforcement layers.
For profiled sections, each subsection (web or flange) should be checked individually in accordance with Section 4.4.2.2(4)
*P. This cannot be done if any polygonal section geometries are taken into consideration. For this reason, the program
always determines the minimum reinforcement based on the entire section. For rectangular full sections, Equation (4.195) is
used. In all other cases, Equation (4.195a) applies.
Determining the minimum reinforcement

The minimum reinforcement As is determined based on Equation (4.194) of TR 102:
As = kc · k · fct,eff ·Act / ss (4.194)
where
kc is the coefficient for consideration of stress distribution prior to crack formation.
For rectangular sections and webs of T-beams and box girders:
kc= 0.4 (1 + s
c / (k1 · fct,eff )) £1 (4.195)
For tension flanges of T-beams and box girders:
kc = 0.9 · Fcr / Act / fct,eff ³ 0.5 (cf. Zilch/Rogge 2002, p. 277) (4.195a)
with tensile force Fcr in the tension chord in state I immediately before crack formation with edge
stress fct,eff. The tensile force is calculated by integrating the tensile stresses over the area Act.
sc is the concrete stress at the level of the centroidal axis of the section or subsection, which, in an uncracked state,
is subject to the action combination on the entire section that leads to the initial crack formation.
(sc
< 0 for compressive stress).
k1 = 1.5 h/h' for compressive normal force,
= 2/3 for tensile normal force.

h is the height of the section or subsection.
h' = min(h; 1 m).
k is the coefficient for taking into account nonlinearly distributed tensile stresses entered by the user.
Act is the area of the concrete tensile zone during initial crack formation in state I. To determine the value, the
program scales the bending moment of the action combination until the maximum edge stress in state I
corresponds to the value fct,eff.
fct,eff is the effective concrete tensile strength in relation to age of concrete as per II-4.4.2.2 (5)*:
fct,eff = 0.5 fctm at an age of 3-5 days,
fct,eff = fctm at an age of 6-28 days,
fct,eff = fctm but not less than 3 MN/m², if older than 28 days.
s s is the maximum permitted stress in the reinforcing steel reinforcement in relation to the limit diameter of the
reinforcing steel.
The largest existing bar diameter ds is specified in the section dialog. Equation (4.196) provides a modified limiting diameter
ds* to be used as an input value for Table II-4.120:
ds = ds* · kc · k · ht / (4(h-d)) · fct,eff / fct0 ³ d s* · fct,eff / fct0 (4.196)
where
ds* is the limit diameter of the reinforcement according to Table II-4.120.
h is the component height.
d is the effective static height.
h t is the height of the tensile zone in the section or subsection before initial crack formation.

fct0 is the tensile strength of the concrete from which the values in Table II-4.120 are derived (fct0 = 3.0 MN/m²).
According to Zilch/Rogge (2002, p. 277), the expression kc · k · ht / (4(h-d)) is generalized to 0,6 · kc · k · Act / Ac,eff with
effective tensile zone Ac,eff as shown in Fig. II-4.137. The modified limit diameter ds* and the permissible crack width wk
are used based on Table II-4.120 to determine the permissible reinforcing steel stress ss for Eq. (4.194).
If the crack width check is to be carried out at the same time, the program will determine whether the specified crack width
according to Section II-4.4.2.4 is maintained by inserting the calculated minimum reinforcement. If necessary, the minimum
reinforcement is increased iteratively until the check limit is reached. The increased reinforcement is indicated by an
exclamation mark "!" in the log.
The guideline defined in ARS 11/2003 (14) or Section II-4.4.2.2(106) of Edition 2009, which specifies that minimum crack
reinforcement must always be applied for construction joints, can be taken into account by manually specifying a base
reinforcement. The same applies for Section (107).
Edition 2009: Based on Section II-4.4.2.2(9), the minimum reinforcement for the crack width limitation in the case of thicker
components under centrical restraint can be determined to Equation (4.197a), but the value may not fall below the value in
Equation (4.197b). It is not necessary to insert more reinforcing steel as results from Equation (4.194). The rules specified
before will be used, if the option is selected by the user, whereas the possibility of lower reinforcement for slowly hardening
concrete according to Section (10) will not be used.
Special characteristic of prestressed concrete structures

According to Chapter II-4.4.2.2(7)*, for a 300 mm square section around a tendon with immediate or subsequent bond,
the minimum reinforcement required for this region may be reduced by x1 · Ap.
Where
Ap is the section area of the prestressing steel in the tendon.
x1 is the ratio of the prestressing and reinforcing steel bond strengths.
For beams and design objects, the tendons with bond can be added using the x1 value specified in the section dialog as
long as they are grouted in the check situation. Note that prestressed steel cannot be taken into account for area elements.
According to Paragraph (3)* of Section II-4.4.2.2, the minimum reinforcement for prestressed components with bond is not
necessary in areas in which compressive concrete stresses larger than 1 MN/m² occur at the section edge under the rare
(characteristic) action combination and the characteristic prestress values. This condition is automatically checked by the
program.
Calculation of the Crack Width

The crack width check is performed by means of direct calculation as per TR 102, Section 4.4.2.4, with the action
combination that is based on the requirement class specified in Tab. II-4.118. Enter the limit diameter and the age of the
concrete in the Section dialog to determine the effective tensile strength.
The stresses from longitudinal force according to II-4.4.1.1 (109) are calculated with the full section Av that is defined in the
Section dialog.
Depending on concrete edge stress sc in state I, the following crack states must be differentiated (cf. Book 525, p. 191 and
Guide to DIN TR 102, p. 24):
sc £ fct,eff Stage of single crack formation
sc > fct,eff Stage of completed crack formation

with
fct,eff Effective concrete tensile strength in relation to age of concrete as per II-4.4.2.2 (5)*.
Edition 2009: In this case a minimum concrete tensile strength is not included.
By limiting the maximum crack distance and the difference of the strains, the formulas in TR 102, Section 4.4.2.4, of the
standard as specified in Book 525, p. 104, can be used for both the single crack formation and the completed crack

formation stages. This is why the program checks the crack width for all cases where sc > 0.
The program performs the check according to the following steps:

• Determine strain state II under the check combination defined by the requirement class with the stress-strain curve
according to TR 102, Fig. 4.1. For beams and design objects, all tendons in a bond are considered on the resistance
side.
• Define effective tensile zone Ac,eff (see next section), determine reinforcing steel and prestressing steel layers within Ac,
eff.
• Calculate reinforcement level:
eff r = (As + x1² · A p) / Ac,eff (4.200a)
rtot = (As + Ap) / Ac,eff
(4.200b)
with
x1 Bond coefficient according to user specification.
• Determine individually for each reinforcing steel layer:
Difference of the average strain for concrete and reinforcing steel
e sm - ecm = [ss - 0.4 fct,eff / eff r (1 + aE · eff r)] / Es ³ 0.6 ss / Es

(4.202)
with
aE = Es / E
cm
s s = s2 + 0.4 fct,eff (1/eff r - 1/rtot)
(4.199)
s2 Reinforcing steel stress from strain state II .
fct,eff Effective concrete tensile strength at specified age of concrete.
Maximum crack spacing

sr,max = ds / (3.6 eff r) £ ss · d s / (3.6 fct,eff ) (4.203)
If an upper limit for the crack distance based on Equation (4.203) was specified in the section dialog, then the special
conditions of Equation (4.204) can be taken into account.
Calculated crack width

wk = s r,max · (esm - ecm) (4.201)
The layer with the largest calculated crack width is shown in the log.
• For sections under tension, the check is performed separately for each of the two effective tensile zones. The maximum
value is shown in the log.
If the minimum reinforcement check for limiting the crack width is not selected, the program will automatically determine a
crack reinforcement that is required to maintain the crack width. For that purpose a design is carried out using the decisive
check combination for calculating the crack width. The resulting calculated reinforcement is indicated by an exclamation
mark "!" in the check log.
The crack width is checked for the final longitudinal reinforcement (maximum from the robustness, crack and bending
reinforcement including a possible increase resulting from the fatigue check).
The rules according to ARS 11/2003 (14) resp. II-4.4.2.2(106), (107) and II-4.4.2.3 (5)*P for construction joints are not
included.

Determining the Effective Area Ac,eff

According to DIN TR 102, Figure 4.137, the effective tensile zone Ac,eff defines the area of a rectangular, uniaxially stressed
concrete section in which the model assumptions specified in Book 466 are applicable (cf. Book 525, Explanation of DIN
1045-1, Figure 53). Although the program can apply this model to any section and stress situation, the user has the
responsibility and discretion to do so.
When determining Ac,eff, the following steps are performed by the program:
• Determine tensile zone Act in state I: when calculating the minimum reinforcement, the stress that led to the initial
crack is used; when calculating the crack width, the check combination based on the requirement class is used.
• Define the centroid line of the reinforcement as a regression line through the reinforcing steel layers in the tensile zone.
For area elements, a horizontal line through the centroid of the reinforcement layers under tension is assumed.
• Determine the truncated residual area Ar to the edge and the sum of section lengths ls. The average overlap is then
assumed as d1 = Ar / ls, but not less than the smallest edge distance of the reinforcing steel layers in the tensile zone.
• Shift the centroid line in parallel by 1.5 · d1. For area elements, 2.5 · d1 £ (h-x) / 2 is maintained (x = compression zone
height).
• The resulting polygon is intersected with the tensile zone and then defines the effective tensile zone Ac,eff.
• If all the reinforcing steel layers of the section are under tension, then two zones will be determined; one for the layers
above the centroid and the other for layers below the centroid. The area of each zone is limited to Ac / 2.
• Edition 2009: If the minimum reinforcement for thicker components under central restraint is selected in the
section dialog, the height of Ac,eff is heff ³ 2,5 d1 according to Figure 4.137 d).
The following illustrations show the effective tensile zones determined by the program in typical situations. The last case
(edge beam) deviates from the model assumptions in Book 466 to such a degree that it is questionable as to whether it
should be used.
A c,eff
A ct
2.5 d1
d1
Ar
ls
Effective tensile zones at a rectangular section under uniaxial bending, normal force with double bending and centrical
tension
ls ls
Effective tensile zones at a bridge section under uniaxial bending
ls
d1
1.5
ls
Effective tensile zone at an edge beam under uniaxial bending

Crack Width Check by Limitation of the Bar Distances

As an alternative to the direct crack width calculation described in Section 4.4.2.4, you can choose the basic check
according to TR 102, Section 4.4.2.3(2)* through limitation of the bar distances as shown in Table 4.121 in the selection
dialog.
The program performs the check according to the following steps:

• Determine strain state II under the check combination defined by the requirement class with the stress-strain curve
according to TR 102, Fig. 4.1. For beams and design objects, all tendons in a bond are considered on the resistance
side.
• Determine the reinforcing steel stress ss for each reinforcement layer based on Equation (4.199).
• Compare the value entered in the dialog (max. s) with the table value (perm. s), which is derived from the calculated
steel stress ss and the permissible crack width wk. In the log, the location with the largest quotient (max. s / perm. s) is
checked.
If the minimum reinforcement check for limiting the crack width is not selected, the program will automatically determine a
crack reinforcement that is required to maintain the permissible bar distances. For this purpose, a design is carried out with
the decisive action combination for the check. The resulting calculated reinforcement is indicated by an exclamation mark
"!" in the check log.
The bar distances are then checked for the final longitudinal reinforcement (maximum from the robustness, crack and
bending reinforcement including a possible increase resulting from the fatigue check).
Note
According to Section 4.4.2.3(2)*, the simplified check can only be used in the event of crack formation resulting from
mostly direct actions (restraint). According to Zilch and Rogge (2002, p. 277), this method only yields definitive results for
single-layer tensile reinforcement with d1= 4 cm. The user is responsible for the evaluation of these requirements.
Limiting Diagonal Principal Tensile Stresses

For prestressed road bridges with thin flanges, the formation of shear cracks must be limited in accordance with II-4.4.0.3(5)
P, Edition 2009, or ARS 11/2003 (16). It is to be ensured that the diagonal principal tensile stresses affected by lateral force
and torsion do not exceed the values fctk;0,05. The check is to be carried out in state I for the frequent combination.
For prestressed railway bridges, the principal tensile stresses as per II-4.4.03(6)P, Edition 2009, or Ril 804.4201 (18), must be
limited as well. Note, however, that you can limit the check to the area of longitudinal compressive stresses as long as no
tensile-stressed chords are connected. You can choose this option in the section dialog. The user is responsible for verifying
the usage requirements.
Beams and design objects

The program analyzes the section to determine all shear parameters from lateral force and torsion for the section edge. The
shear stresses from lateral force are determined on the basis of either the theory of thick-walled profiles or an average
across the section width, depending on which option is selected in the Section dialog. The diagonal principal tensile stress
can thus be calculated for each section point:
sx 1
s1 = + s 2x + 4t 2xy + 4t 2xz
2 2
with
sx Longitudinal stress from bending and longitudinal force in accordance with the rules for stress analysis indicated
above.
txy Edge shear stress in the y direction from lateral force and torsion.
txz Edge shear stress in the z direction from lateral force and torsion.

The angle between s1 and sx is derived with:
-2t
tan 2J1 =
sx
with
t = t 2xy + t 2xz as the resulting edge shear stress.
The maximum value for s1 is listed in the log together with the relevant section point.
Area elements
For area elements the check is carried out for principal tensile stresses at the gross section. The 3D stress state is described
by the following stress tensor:
é σx τ xy τ xz ù
ê ú
ê τ yx σy τ y zú
êτ τz y σ z úû
ë zx
with
sx, sy Longitudinal stress from bending and normal force.
sz = 0.
txy = tyx Shear stress from torsional moment and shear force with a linear curve along the section height.
txz = tzx Shear stress from lateral force qx with a parabolic curve along the section height and the maximum value
1.5 · qx / h in the centroid level.
tyz = tzy Shear stress from lateral force qy with a parabolic curve along the section height and the maximum value
1.5 · qy / h in the centroid level.
The maximum principal stress s1 with its height level z in relation to the upper section edge is calculated by determining the
stress tensor for each layer and solving the eigenvalue problem for the three principal stresses. These are shown together
with the associated stress components in the results log.

Limiting Deformations
According to TR 102, Section 4.4.3.1 (1)*P, the deformations of a component or structure may not impair its proper
functioning or appearance. The deformation limit values for railroad bridges are specified in TR 101, Section G3. With
respect to other bridges, the appropriate limit values must be agreed to with the builder.
Bending is to be defined under the quasi-continuous action combination based on II-4.3.3.1 (106). The applied calculation
methods should correspond to the 'actual relationships and boundary conditions of the structure' according to II
4.4.3.2 (103)P. Book 525, Section 11.3.2, makes references to various bibliographic sources.
The InfoCAD program system allows you to perform a realistic check as part of a nonlinear system analysis for beam and
shell structures that takes geometric and physical nonlinearities into account. The resistance of the tendons with bond is
currently not included in the calculation.
Editing is performed in the following steps:

• Define the check situation with the Load group function in the Load dialog by grouping the decisive individual load
cases. The variable loads must first be weighted with the combination coefficients y2 for the quasi-continuous
combination.
• Select the check load cases in the Nonlinear Analysis / Serviceability dialog of the analysis settings for the FEM analysis.
• Set the reinforcement determined in the ultimate limit state in the Start reinforcement selection field (maximum from
bending, robustness, crack check and fatigue).
• Perform the FEM analysis to determine the deformations in state II.
• Check the system deformations displayed graphically or in tabular form.
For a detailed description of the nonlinear system analysis, refer to the relevant chapter of the manual.

Results
Results
The extremal design values for internal forces, support reactions, deformations, soil pressures and stresses are saved for all
check situations.
The log shows the design internal forces and necessary reinforcements, checked stresses or crack widths at each result
location. If the permissible limit values are exceeded, they are reported as warnings and indicated at the check location. If a
compression reinforcement results for primarily bending, this is marked with a "*".
The detailed log also lists the extremal combination internal forces of all design situations for each result location.
Internal forces
Nx, Qy, Qz Extremal normal and lateral forces [kN] for beams and design objects.
Mx, My, Mz Extremal torsional and bending moments [kNm] for beams and design objects.
nx, ny, n xy Extremal normal and shear forces [kN/m] for area elements.
qx, q y Extremal lateral forces [kN/m] for area elements.
q r Maximum resultant lateral force [kN/m] for area elements.
mx, my, m xy Extremal bending and torsional moments [kNm/m] for area elements.
Support reactions
Rx, Ry, Rz Extremal support forces [kN].
Mx, My, Mz Extremal support moments [kNm].
Stresses for beams and design objects

s x Longitudinal stresses in the decompression and concrete compressive stress checks [MN/m²].
s1, sx, tmax Diagonal principal tensile stresses and related longitudinal and shear stresses [MN/m²].
ss, Ds s Stresses and stress ranges for reinforcing steel [MN/m²].
sp, Dsp Stresses and stress ranges for prestressing steel [MN/m²].
scd, Dscd Stresses and stress ranges in the fatigue check for concrete under longitudinal compression [MN/m²].
Dssb,y, Dssb,z Stress ranges for shear reinforcement from Qy and Qz [MN/m²].
Dssb,T, Dssl,T Stress ranges for shear reinforcement from torsion and longitudinal torsion reinforcement [MN/m²].
Stresses for area elements

sx, sy, s1 Longitudinal stress in x or y direction or principal tensile stresses in the decompression check
(depending on user specification) [MN/m²].
s2 Principal compressive stresses [MN/m²].
s1, sx, sy, Diagonal principal tensile stresses and related longitudinal and shear
txy, txz, t yz stresses [MN/m²].
ssx, Ds sx Stresses and stress ranges for reinforcing steel in the x direction [MN/m²].
ssy, Dssy Stresses and stress ranges for reinforcing steel in the y direction [MN/m²].
sp, Dsp Stresses and stress ranges for prestressing steel [MN/m²].
scd,x, Dscd,x Stresses and stress ranges in the concrete fatigue check under longitudinal compression in the x and
y direction [MN/m²].
scd,y, Dscd,y
Dss,b Stress ranges for shear reinforcement [MN/m²].

The maximum bending, robustness and crack reinforcement resulting from the combinations in the ultimate limit state, the
resulting maximum value and the stirrup and torsion reinforcement are saved for the graphical representation.
Bending reinforcement, Robustness reinforcement, Crack reinforcement

As Bending reinforcement [cm²] for beams and design objects.
asx, asy Bending reinforcement [cm²/m] for area elements in the x and y direction.
Reinforcement from lateral force

asb Stirrup reinforcement [cm²/m²] of area elements from qr.
asbx, asbx, Stirrup reinforcement [cm²/m²] of area elements from qx and qy.
Asb.y, Asb.z Stirrup reinforcement of beams and design objects [cm²/m] from Qy and Qz.
Asl for asb=0 Longitudinal reinforcement [cm²] of area elements.
zy, zz Inner lever arm [m] for lateral force Qy and Qz.
DFsd,y, DFsd,z The amount of tensile force [kN] in the longitudinal reinforcement as a result of lateral force Qy and
Qz according to Fig. 4.13.
Torsion reinforcement
Asb.T Torsional stirrup reinforcement of beams and design objects [cm²/m] from Mx.
Asl.T Torsional longitudinal reinforcement of beams and design objects [cm²] from Mx.
Design values
VRd,ct, vRd,ct Absorbable design lateral force without shear reinforcement [kN or kN/m].
vRd,max Absorbable design lateral force of concrete struts for areas [kN/m].
VRd,max Absorbable design lateral force of concrete struts for beams and design objects [kN].

Examples
Examples
Road Bridge in Solid Construction
In this example the features and capabilities of the DIN Technical Report Bridge Checks program module are demonstrated
based on a simple bridge slab.
It was chosen inspired by part 1 of the book

Bauer, Thomas / Müller, Michael
Straßenbrücken in Massivbauweise nach DIN-Fachbericht (Road Bridges in Solid Construction According to DIN
Technical Report)
Beispiele prüffähiger Standsicherheitsnachweise (Examples of Verifiable Stability Safety Checks).
Stahlbeton- und Spannbetonüberbau nach DIN-Fachbericht 101 und 102 (Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed
Concrete Superstructures According to DIN Technical Reports 101 and 102).
2nd Revised Edition. Bauwerk Verlag GmbH, Berlin 2003.
The DIN Technical Reports are divided into the following sections in the program:
• Section-dependent check specifications
• Selection of the structure type
• Load model 1
• Combination of actions
• Performing checks
The Task
The objective is to calculate a road bridge that is to be designed as a single-span, reinforced concrete slab.
Concrete C30/37, slab thickness 0.85 [m]
The depicted FEM system is generated using slab elements. The supports are to be entered without restraint. The load cases
for dead load, additional loads and all loads that do not belong to load model 1 according to DIN Technical Report 101 are
specified as usual.
After that complete the section-dependent check specifications:

Type of structure
Open the DIN Technical Report folder in the database

and select the traffic route and the construction type
under Type of structure.
Load model 1
Load model 1 consists of two parts:
(a) Twin axle (TS tandem system)

(b) Uniformly distributed area loads UDL
These loads should be applied in both the longitudinal and lateral directions of the bridge in the least favorable position. In
the lateral direction, the load positions are determined by dividing the roadway into computational lanes.
Since the decisive lane division is not always known in advance, you can define different load position variants.
In the DIN Technical Report folder right-click Load model 1

and then select New from the shortcut menu.
This creates the 1st variant of the load model and opens an input dialog.

Examples
Click TS New to specify the centroid and the direction of traffic for the 1st tandem system.
The properties of the tandem system position are set in the dialog.
The Lane 1 is defined left of the traffic direction and indicated by a dark hatching pattern. The area resulting from the load
distribution height is shown in dashes.
Once the tandem system is selected, you can either copy

or generate the desired load positions. The usual snap
functions such as Mid-point or Endpoint can be used for
this purpose.
Now click UDL New to define the load areas of the UDL system in consecutive order.
Initially, all the load areas are accepted as UDL2 (lanes 2). Double-click the second UDL area and specify Lane 1 for this.

Completed UDL areas (TS hidden)
This done, the 1st variant of the load model has been defined. To enter the 2nd variant, right-click Load model 1 in the
database again and select New from the shortcut menu.
All of the TS and UDL positions can be copied to the 2nd variant via the clipboard and then modified (in this case: rotated
by 180°).
Load model 1 is now fully described and can be

calculated. This is done in conjunction with the load
cases as part of the FEM calculation. The results of all
load positions are individually saved and grouped in
the
Load model 1 (Mobile loads) folder.
Combination of actions
To describe the actions and their combinations, click the Actions option in the database and then select Insert.
The actions to be considered are selected in the dialog.
You can now assign load cases to them.
For variable actions, you can add

multiple load cases to form
inclusive and exclusive groups. If
required, you can also define
multiple mutually exclusive
variants.

Examples
The variable actions QTS and

QUDL are taken directly from load
model 1.
The Use moving loads option

must be enabled for this to work.
Alternatively, you can also use

freely-definable load cases or
combinations.
Once the respective loads have been assigned to the

actions, you can add the combinations required for the
checks.
The following variants are derived using the

safety factors and combination coefficients
according to Technical Report 101/102.
You can accept the suggestion by clicking OK

in order to continue selecting more
combinations.

To determine the extremal internal forces from the defined combinations, click Calculate.
The program combines the results of the load cases, combinations and load models that are used and then makes them
available in the usual manner:
The calculation of combinations is optional here since it will be performed by the checking program in any case.
Performing checks
Finally, you need to select the checks you want from the Settings dialog in the Analysis menu. The DIN Technical Report
Bridge Checks checking program is then started from the Analysis menu.
The checking program will now execute the combinations and checks.

Examples
Maximum value of the upper and lower longitudinal reinforcement from bending with normal force, crack check and
fatigue.
The summary log for a single element in the midspan is provided below:
Design according to DIN Technical Report 101 and 102 (2009-03)

The actions are combined according to DIN Technical Report 101 using the individual
partial safety and combination factors.

All checks are made for the extreme values of actions.
Type of structure

Traffic route: Road
Construction type: Concrete
Design overview

Se. Class, Prestress Box se. Reinforc. Fatig. Crack- De- Stress checks
of component ARS M R B Q T S P C width comp. Comp. Tens. S P
1 D Not prestressed . x x x x . x . . x . x . x .

(M) Nominal reinforcement to guarantee robustness.
(R) Nominal reinforcement for crack width limitation.
(B) Flexural reinforcement at ultimate limit state.
(Q) (Nominal-)lateral force reinforcement at ultimate limit state.
(T) Torsional reinforcement at ultimate limit state.
(S) Reinforcing steel at stress and fatigue check.
(P) Prestressing steel at stress and fatigue check.
(C) Concrete at fatigue check.
Settings for flexural and shear reinforcement

fyk Quality of stirrups [MN/m²].
Theta Angle of concrete truss. Program-sided, the given value of cot Theta
is limited to the range of values acc. to equ. (II-4.122).
(Method of variable truss angle).
Slabs Beams are designed like slabs.
Asl Given reinforcement according to picture 4.12, increase to maximum.
rhow Minimum reinf. min rhow = Factor * rho with rho according to table 5.7.
x,y Separate lateral force design for reinforcement directions x and y.
cvl Laying measure of the long. reinforcement to limt the lever arm z.

Se. Concr. Den- Design fyk Truss Dsn. Asl [cm²] Fac. Dsn. L.m.
sity for Stirr. cot like Pic. 32 for for cvl
[kg/m³] M and N [MN/m²] Theta Sl. given max rhow x,y [m]
1 C30/37 . Standard 500 1.75 . 0.00 0.00 0.60 . 0.060

Shear sections

bw.nom Nominal width of the prestressed section acc. to II-4.3.2.2 (8)*P.
h.nom Nominal height of the prestressed section acc. to II-4.3.2.2 (8)*P.
kb, kd Factor to calculate the inner lever arm z from the eff. width bn resp.
from the eff. height d. z is limited according to II-4.3.2.4.2(2)*.
z1, z2 Height and width of the core section for torsion.
teff Thickness of the torsion box.
B. Box section.

Se. Width [m] Eff. width Height[m] Eff.height Torsion section [m]
bw bw.nom bn [m] kb h h.nom d [m] kd z1 z2 teff B.
1 1.000 . . . 0.850 . 0.780 0.90 . . . .
Settings for the check of crack widths

ds Maximal given bar diameter of the reinforcing steel.
max.s Maximal given bar spacing of the reinforcing steel.
Xi1 Bond coefficient of prestressing steel for beam sections.
k Coefficient for consideration of non-linear distributed tensile stress.
sr,max Upper limit for the crack spacing from equ. (4.203).
Method Direct calculation of the crack width as per chapt. 4.4.2.4 or
check by limiting the bar spacing according to table 4.121.

TM Thick member according to chapt. 4.4.2.2(9) to determine As,min.

Se. wk,per ds max.s Coeff. sr,max Concr. age Method for Tensile zone TM
[mm] [mm] [mm] Xi1 k [mm] As,min wk crack w. for As,min
1 0.20 28 . . 0.50 . > 28d > 28d Calcul. Rare Comb. .
Settings for the check of concrete stresses

Av Full section area for stress calculation from longitudinal force.
fc(t) Average compressive strength of concrete at the time t of prestressing.
P.Tens. Check principal tensile stress only in the zone of long. compr. stress.
(NK,QK) Not frequent, Quasi-continuous combination.

Se. Av fc(t) per.sigma.c(t) per.sigma.c Dekompression P.Tens. only
[m²] [MN/m²] (NK, QK) (NK) (QK) stress f. compr.zone
1 . . . 0.60 fck 0.45 fck . .
Settings for fatigue check

The concrete compressive stresses are calculated acc. to fig. 4.1 with fc=fcm.

fcd,fat Compr. strength of concrete before beginning of cyclic actions.
dSigma.Rsk,s Permissible charact. stress fatigue range of longitudinal reinf.
dSigma.Rsk,b Permissible charact. stress fatigue range of shear reinf.
dSigma.Rsk,p Permissible charact. stress fatigue range of prestr. steel.
Lambda.s,b,p Corresp. correction coeff. for damage equivalent fatigue range.
Lambda.c Correction coeff. for damage equivalent concrete stresses.
Eta Increase factor for reinf. steel stress acc. to II-4.3.7.3 (3)P.
k0 Reduction factor for the statically determined part of
prestressing acc. to II-4.3.7.2 (103)P.

Fac. Qfat Factor for Qfat while calc. the damage equ. fatigue range (s,b,p).
Ch. SPC Check for (S) reinforcing steel, (P) prestressing steel, (C) concrete.
(x) Check with damage equivalent fatigue ranges - fatigue comb.
(+) Simplified check acc. to II-4.3.7.4/5 - frequent combination.

Se. Ch. fcd,fat dSigma [MN/m²] Lambda Eta k0 Fac.
SPC [MN/m²] Rsk,s Rsk,b Rsk,p s b p c Qfat
1 x.. . 175.00 175.00 . 1.26 1.26 . . . . 1.00 *)

*) For this section, the calculation of the fatigue range is reduced to
corresponding variants of design forces.
Stress calculation for area elements

Stresses of concrete are calculated at gross section.
The design of reinf. steel stresses is examined in the condition of cracked
concrete section.
Partial safety factors for material at ultimate limit state

concrete Reinf.steel Prestr.steel
(gamma.c) (gamma.s) (gamma.s)
Permanent and temporary comb., earthquakes 1.50 1.15 1.15
Accidental combination 1.30 1.00 1.00
Fatigue check 1.50 1.15 1.15

For concrete above the quality classes C55/67 and LC55/60, rule
5.3.3 (9) of DIN 1045-1 (2001, 2008) is applied.
Reinforcing steel of area elements

Se. Lay. Qua. E-Modul dt x db x asx dt y db y asy as
[MN/m²] [m] [m] [cm²/m] [m] [m] [cm²/m] fix
1 1 500M 200000 0.060 . 0.00 0.080 . 0.00 .
2 500M 200000 . 0.060 0.00 . 0.080 0.00 .

Examples
DESIGN FOR AREA ELEMENTS
Design of longitudinal reinforcement

(M) Nominal reinforcement to guarantee robustness (N.frequ. C.).
(R) Nominal or required reinforcement for crack width limitation.
Increase of reinforcement due to crack width check is marked by "!".
(B) Design of reinforement at ultimate limit state.
In case of dominant bending, compression reinforcement is marked with "*".

Element Reiforcem. Reinf. for x-direction Reinf. for y-direction
No. Se. Lo. Lay. Type nsd msd req.asx nsd msd req.asy
124 1 1 1 M 0.00 759.77 0.00 0.00 -46.54 7.05
R 0.00 759.77 0.00 0.00 -47.70 15.90
B 0.00 1680.41 0.00 0.00 -65.27 1.87
2 M 0.00 1114.00 6.88 0.00 12.78 7.05
R 0.00 1053.48 60.52! 0.00 21.95 15.90
B 0.00 1680.41 52.50 0.00 44.86 1.28
124 1 2 1 M 0.00 768.60 0.00 0.00 -39.99 7.05
R 0.00 768.60 0.00 0.00 -41.00 15.90
B 0.00 1679.24 0.00 0.00 -56.11 1.61
2 M 0.00 1112.53 6.88 0.00 4.64 7.05
R 0.00 1052.20 60.48! 0.00 13.24 15.90
B 0.00 1679.24 52.46 0.00 34.76 0.99
124 1 3 1 M 0.00 756.81 0.00 0.00 -24.47 7.05
R 0.00 756.81 0.00 0.00 -24.58 15.90
B 0.00 1653.19 0.00 0.00 -34.83 1.00
2 M 0.00 1095.20 6.88 0.00 27.55 7.05
R 0.00 1035.91 59.90! 0.00 39.03 15.90
B 0.00 1653.19 51.53 0.00 70.72 2.03
124 1 4 1 M 0.00 747.99 0.00 0.00 -30.37 7.05
R 0.00 747.99 0.00 0.00 -30.48 15.90
B 0.00 1654.40 0.00 0.00 -41.28 1.18
2 M 0.00 1096.68 6.88 0.00 35.65 7.05
R 0.00 1037.21 59.95! 0.00 47.67 15.90
B 0.00 1654.40 51.57 0.00 82.24 2.36
Design of shear reinforcement

The percentage of nominal reinforcement acc. to II-5.4.2.2 (4)P is considered.
vRd Resisting design force of concrete struts
Angle Angle cot Theta between the compressive strut and the element plane
Asl Req. longitudinal reinf. acc. to Fig. II-4.12 for req.asb
qr Lateral force for design = (qx²+qy²)½ [kN/m]

req. Asl f. req.
Element qx qy n qr qr/ asb asb=0 Asl
No. Loc. [kN/m] [kN/m] [kN/m] [kN/m] vRd Angle[cm²/m²] [cm²] [cm²]
124 1 66.66 18.43 0.00 69.16 0.02 1.75 0.00 . .
2 66.66 19.56 0.00 69.47 0.02 1.75 0.00 . .
3 67.81 19.56 0.00 70.58 0.02 1.75 0.00 . .
4 67.81 18.43 0.00 70.27 0.02 1.75 0.00 . .
Fatigue check for longitudinal reinforcement

For the check, a cracked concrete section is assumed.

Element Check in x-direction Check in y-direction
No. Lo. Lay. asx [cm²/m] dSigma.s [MN/m²] asy [cm²/m] dSigma.s [MN/m²]
giv. req. equ. per. giv. req. equ. per.
124 1 1 0.00 . . 152.17 15.90 . 24.22 152.17
2 60.52 . 30.52 152.17 15.90 . 1.19 152.17
124 2 1 0.00 . . 152.17 15.90 . 26.73 152.17
2 60.48 . 33.60 152.17 15.90 . 1.31 152.17
124 3 1 0.00 . . 152.17 15.90 . 20.51 152.17
2 59.90 . 33.36 152.17 15.90 . 13.76 152.17
124 4 1 0.00 . . 152.17 15.90 . 14.25 152.17
2 59.95 . 30.18 152.17 15.90 . 16.93 152.17
Fatigue check for shear reinforcement

The stress calculation is based on a framework model.

Element giv. asb requ.asb dSigma.s,equ per.
No. Se. Loc. [cm²/m²] [cm²/m²] [MN/m²] [MN/m²]
124 1 1 0.00 . . 152.17
2 0.00 . . 152.17
3 0.00 . . 152.17
4 0.00 . . 152.17
Check of crack widths

The check calculates the crack width directly.
(CC) Charact. (rare), (TC) Frequent, (QC) Quasi-continuous combination
(NC) Not frequent combination

No. Se. C. Loc. nsd msd wk per. nsd msd wk per.
[kN/m] [kNm/m] [mm] [mm] [kN/m] [kNm/m] [mm] [mm]
124 1 TC 1 0.00 1053.48 0.20 0.20 0.00 -47.30 0.01 0.20
2 0.00 1052.20 0.20 0.20 0.00 -40.96 0.01 0.20
3 0.00 1035.91 0.20 0.20 0.00 -25.74 0.00 0.20
4 0.00 1037.21 0.20 0.20 0.00 -31.82 0.01 0.20

Check of concrete compressive stress

For the check, a cracked concrete section (II) is assumed if the tensile stress
from the decisive c. exceeds the value of fctm. Otherwise, a non-cracked section
(I) is used. If the strain is not treatable on cracked section, (I*) is marked.
On cracked section, the stress min(Sigma.x, Sigma.y) is checked.

(NC) Not frequent combination, (QC) Quasi-continuous combination
(t,b) Upper, lower edge of section

Element Stress min Sigma per. Sigma Side Period Situation
No. Se. Loc. [MN/m²] [MN/m²] t b
124 1 1 Sigma.x(II) -13.91 -18.00 x . Final NC.1
Sigma.x(II) -10.92 -13.50 x . Final QC.1
2 Sigma.x(II) -13.90 -18.00 x . Final NC.1
Check of reinforcing steel stress for the Not frequent combination


No. Se. Lo. Lay. asx Sigma.s per. asy Sigma.s per.
[cm²/m] [MN/m²] [MN/m²] [cm²/m] [MN/m²] [MN/m²]
124 1 1 1 0.00 . 400.00 15.90 40.05 400.00
2 60.52 256.75 400.00 15.90 11.00 400.00
124 1 2 1 0.00 . 400.00 15.90 34.41 400.00
2 60.48 256.60 400.00 15.90 3.99 400.00
124 1 3 1 0.00 . 400.00 15.90 21.06 400.00
2 59.90 254.91 400.00 15.90 23.71 400.00
124 1 4 1 0.00 . 400.00 15.90 26.13 400.00
2 59.95 255.07 400.00 15.90 30.68 400.00

Examples
Railroad Overpass with Prestressed Concrete Superstructure

This example was chosen on the basis of part 2 of the book
Müller, Michael / Bauer, Thomas
Eisenbahnbrückenbau nach DIN-Fachbericht (Railroad Bridge Construction According to DIN Technical Report)
Beispiele prüffähiger Standsicherheitsnachweise.(Examples of Verifiable Stability Safety Checks)
Band 1: Stahlbeton- und Spannbetonüberbau nach DIN-Fachbericht 101 und 102.(Volume 1: Reinforced Concrete
and Prestressed Concrete Superstructures According to DIN Technical Reports 101 and 102)
The construction is a prestressed beam in the longitudinal direction with subsequent bond in requirement class B. The
lateral direction is not analyzed in this example. The support is free floating in the longitudinal direction and fixed in the
lateral direction.
Static system and dimensions
Material
Concrete C40/50
Reinforcing steel BSt 500/550, axis distance from edge 7.5 cm
Section
According to the draft specification the superstructure must be designed for load model 71 with a classification coefficient
of a = 1.0 and for load model SW/2.
The main checks are carried out for the following times:
t0 = 10 days: Time of prestressing
t1 = 100 days: Time of traffic transfer
t¥ = 100 years: Time after conclusion of creep and shrinkage
The following checks are carried out as a part of this example:
Ultimate limit state

• Bending with longitudinal force
• Lateral force
• Failure without warning (robustness)
• Fatigue of longitudinal reinforcement and prestressing steel
• Fatigue of shear reinforcement
• Fatigue of concrete under compressive stress
Serviceability limit state

• Decompression
• Minimum reinforcement for the crack width limitation
• Crack width calculation
• Limiting the concrete compressive stresses
• Limiting the reinforcing and prestressing steel stresses
• Limiting diagonal principal tensile stresses

Because of their low influence on the selected checks, actions arising from centrifugal loads, lateral impacts, wind loads, the
'unloaded train' load model, starting and braking, derailment, actions on rails, traffic loads on service sidewalks and soil
pressure are ignored.
Prestressing steel and prestressing system

Prestressing steel quality St 1500/1770
Certification of the prestressing system SUSPA EC 140
Number of tendons in the bundle 6
Section surface Ap 2660 mm²
E-modulus of the prestressing steel 190000 MN/m²
0.1% strain limit (yield strength) of the prestressing steel fp0.1k 1500 MN/m²
Tensile strength of the prestressing steel fpk 1770 MN/m²
Permissible prestressing force of a tendon Pm0 3391.5 kN
Friction coefficients when prestressing and releasing m 0.21

Unintentional deviation angle of a tendon ß’ 0.3 °/m
Slippage at prestressed tie bolt 6 mm
Duct diameter dh 97 mm
Allowance value for ensuring an overstressing reserve k 1.5
Scattering factors of internal prestressing

Construction stage (rsup / rinf ) 1.1 / 0.95
Final state (rsup / rinf ) 1.1 / 0.9
The tendon guide is shown in the next figure. 2 tendon groups with 6 bundled tendons each are arranged such that they
stretch across the entire girder length and are alternately prestressed at both girder ends. The prestressing systems,
prestressing procedures and prestressing curves for both tendon groups are also shown.
Tendon guide in the longitudinal section
Prestressing curve of tendon group 1 in the longitudinal section

Examples
Prestressing curve of tendon group 2 in the longitudinal section
Loads
Load case 1 Dead load (G1).
Load case 2 Additional loads 103,7 kN/m (G2).
Load case 3 Prestressing (P).
Load case 4 Creep-generating permanent load (G1+G2+P)
Load case 5 Creep and shrinkage (CS, t¥). The specifications
RH=80%, t0=10 d, ts=1 d, cement hardening = normal

result in the following coefficients: jt¥ = 1.57; et¥ = -30.2·10-5; r = 0.8
Creep-generating permanent load case: 4,
The redistribution of internal forces between concrete and prestressing steel are taken into account.
Load case 11-13 Positions of load model 71 (Q1)
Load case 21 Load model SW/2 (Q2)
Load case 31 Temperature Dxneg (T)
Load case 32 Temperature Dxpos (T)
Load model 71
Load case 11: Load model 71, left
The dynamic coefficient F of 1.16 is already considered in the load ordinates.
Load case 12: Load model 71, middle
Load case 13: Load model 71, right
Load model SW/2
Load case 21: The dynamic coefficient F of 1.16 is already considered in the load ordinates.

Temperature
Due to the free-floating support, the temperature loads DTMz and DTN that are to be applied result in support movements
and therefore restoring forces according to Müller, pp. 71-72.
Load case 31: Restoring forces as external support reactions
The actions and action combinations defined for the checks are listed in the following.
DIN Report 101 actions
G1 - Permanent action, dead load
1 G1
G2 - Permanent action, additional dead load

2 G2
P - Prestress, intern
3 P
CSR1 - Creep, shrinkage, relaxation, t1

CS as constant reduction of the prestressing with 4 %.
Prestressing loss from relaxation of prestressed steel: 2.2 %.
CSR2 - Creep, shrinkage, relaxation, too

5 CS,too
Prestressing loss from relaxation of prestressed steel: 6.2 %.
T - Temperature, 1. Variante, exclusive

31 Temperature dTN (dx,neg)
32 Temperature dTN (dx,pos)
Q1 - Load group gr11-gr14 (1 track), 1. Variante, exclusive

11 Qvk LM 71,1
12 Qvk LM 71,2
13 Qvk LM 71,3
Q2 - Load group gr16-gr17 (1 track), 1. Variante, inclusive

21 Qvk LM SW/2
Qfat - Cyclic fatigue action, 1. Variante, exclusive

11 Qvk LM 71,1
12 Qvk LM 71,2
13 Qvk LM 71,3
Permanent and temporary combination, situations

Variant State Actions
1) t1 Final G1 + G2 + P + CSR1 + QK
2) too Final G1 + G2 + P + CSR2 + QK
QK means changeable actions in accordance with the table of the combination coefficients.

Examples
Permanent and temporary combination, safety coefficients

Action Gamma.sup Gamma.inf
G1 1.35 1
G2 1.35 1
P, CSR1, CSR2 1 1
T 1.35 0
Q1 1.45 0
Q2 1.2 0
Permanent and temporary combination, combination coefficients

Variant T Q1 Q2
a) T 1 0.8 0
b) T 1 0 0.8
c) Q1 0.8 1 0
d) Q2 0.8 0 1
Characteristic (rare) combination, situations

Characteristic (rare) combination, safety coefficients

G1 1 1
G2 1 1
P, CSR1, CSR2 1 1
T 1 0
Q1 1 0
Q2 1 0
Characteristic (rare) combination, combination coefficients

Variant T Q1 Q2
a) T 1 0.8 0
b) T 1 0 0.8
c) Q1 0.8 1 0
d) Q2 0.8 0 1
Frequent combination, situations

1) t1 Constr. G1 + P + CSR1
Frequent combination, safety coefficients

G1 1 1
G2 1 1
P, CSR1, CSR2 1 1
T 1 0
Q1 1 0
Q2 1 0
Frequent combination, combination coefficients

Variant T Q1 Q2
a) T 0.6 0 0
b) Q1 0.5 0.8 0
c) Q2 0.5 0 0.8

Quasi-continuous combination, situations

Quasi-continuous combination, safety coefficients

G1 1 1
G2 1 1
P, CSR1, CSR2 1 1
T 1 0
Q1 1 0
Q2 1 0
Quasi-continuous combination, combination coefficients

Variant T Q1 Q2
a) 0.5 0 0
Not frequent combination, situations

1) t0 Constr. - Ungr. G1 + P
Not frequent combination, safety coefficients

G1 1 1
G2 1 1
P, CSR1, CSR2 1 1
T 1 0
Q1 1 0
Q2 1 0
Not frequent combination, combination coefficients

Variant T Q1 Q2
a) T 0.8 0.8 0
b) T 0.8 0 0.8
c) Q1 0.6 1 0
d) Q2 0.6 0 1
Fatigue combination, situations

1) Final G1 + G2 + P + CSR2 + QK + Qfat
Fatigue combination, safety coefficients

G1 1 1
G2 1 1
P, CSR1, CSR2 1 1
T 1 0
Q1 1 0
Q2 1 0
Qfat 1 0

Examples
Fatigue combination, combination coefficients

Variant T Q1 Q2
a) 0.6 0 0
Notes on the check situations:

• For the checks at time t1 the influence of the creep and shrinkage was estimated at 4% of the prestressing.
• For the decompression check in the construction stage, an action variant at time t1 (G1+P+CSR1) was included in the
frequent combination.
• For the concrete compressive stress check at the time when prestressing is transferred, an action variant at time
t0 (G1+P) was included in the infrequent combination.
Below you will find an example of the curve of bending moment My for design situations in the ultimate limit states.
1. Permanent and temporary combination – t1
Bending moment My [kNm]
2. Permanent and temporary combination - too
Bending moment My [kNm]
Design overview DIN report 102 (2009-03)

1 B supplem. bond . x x x x . x x x x x x x x x


Dispersion of prestressing

The dispersion of prestressing is considered at the following checks:
- Check of decompression
- Nominal reinforcement for crack width limitation
- Check of crack width
All other checks are made using the mean value Pm,t of prestressing.

Se. Prestressing of Const.period Final state
component r.sup r.inf r.sup r.inf
1 Subsequent bond 1.10 0.95 1.10 0.90

Settings for flexural and shear reinforcement


1 C40/50 . Standard 500 1.75 . 64.35 . 1.60 . 0.075


Shear sections

B. Box section.

1 4.420 4.129 4.345 0.90 1.250 1.155 1.175 0.90 1.100 4.270 0.150 .




1 0.20 16 . 0.00 0.50 . 3- 5d > 28d Calcul. Rare Comb. .



1 6.39 34.40 0.45 fc(t) 0.60 fck 0.45 fck Sigma.x .

Settings for fatigue check

The concrete compressive stresses are calculated acc. to fig. 4.1 with fc=fcm.

fcd,fat Compr. strength of concrete before beginning of cyclic actions.
dSigma.Rsk,s Permissible charact. stress fatigue range of longitudinal reinf.
dSigma.Rsk,b Permissible charact. stress fatigue range of shear reinf.
dSigma.Rsk,p Permissible charact. stress fatigue range of prestr. steel.
Lambda.s,b,p Corresp. correction coeff. for damage equivalent fatigue range.
Lambda.c Correction coeff. for damage equivalent concrete stresses.
Eta Increase factor for reinf. steel stress acc. to II-4.3.7.3 (3)P.
k0 Reduction factor for the statically determined part of
prestressing acc. to II-4.3.7.2 (103)P.

Fac. Qfat Factor for Qfat while calc. the damage equ. fatigue range (s,b,p).
Ch. SPC Check for (S) reinforcing steel, (P) prestressing steel, (C) concrete.
(x) Check with damage equivalent fatigue ranges - fatigue comb.
(+) Simplified check acc. to II-4.3.7.4/5 - frequent combination.

Se. Ch. fcd,fat dSigma [MN/m²] Lambda Eta k0 Fac.
SPC [MN/m²] Rsk,s Rsk,b Rsk,p s b p c Qfat
1 xxx 20.90 175.00 175.00 120.00 0.75 0.79 0.75 0.74 1.45 0.90 1.00
Results
The following illustrations show the curve of the required longitudinal and shear reinforcement. With respect to design in
the ultimate limit state, the strain reserves of the tendons are enough to perform the check without additional bending
reinforcement. Hence only the robustness and crack reinforcements are necessary.
Minimum reinforcement As for ensuring robustness (ductility) [cm²] (upper reinforcement with dashed lines).
Reinforcement As for limiting the crack width [cm²]
Lateral force reinforcement Asbz in the ultimate limit states [cm²/m]

Examples
Excerpts from the standard check log for beam 3 at location 1 (first cut, x = 0.2 m) and beam 8 at location 1 (midspan) are
provided below.
Design of longitudinal reinforcement

(M) Nominal reinforcement to guarantee robustness (N.frequ. C.).
(R) Nominal or required reinforcement for crack width limitation.
Increase of reinforcement due to crack width check is marked by "!".
Ap' Part of prestr. steel area Xi1*Ap which was used to reduce req.As.
Xi1 Bond coefficient for prestressing steel.
(B) Design of reinforement at ultimate limit state.
In case of dominant bending, compression reinforcement is marked with "*".

Beam Reinforcement Nx My Mz Ap' req.As
No. Se. Lo. Lay. Type [kN] [kNm] [kNm] [cm²] [cm²]
3 1 1 1 M -1.47 265.37 0.00 . 0.00
R 0.00 0.00 0.00 . 0.00
B -32625.50 -2757.51 0.00 . 0.00
2 M -1.47 265.37 0.00 . 0.00
R 0.00 0.00 0.00 . 0.00
B -32625.50 -2757.51 0.00 . 0.00
3 M 72.97 787.69 0.00 . 28.25
R 0.00 0.00 0.00 . 0.00
B -32576.90 -2152.63 0.00 . 0.00
4 M 72.97 787.69 0.00 . 28.25
R 0.00 0.00 0.00 . 0.00
B -32576.90 -2152.63 0.00 . 0.00
8 1 1 1 M 0.00 7936.54 0.00 . 0.00
R -40278.05 -6251.31 0.00 . 0.00
B -36625.23 -4500.13 0.00 . 0.00
2 M 0.00 7936.54 0.00 . 0.00
R -40278.05 -6251.31 0.00 . 0.00
B -36625.23 -4500.13 0.00 . 0.00
3 M 12.00 21797.83 0.00 . 28.25
R -29442.22 7663.75 0.00 . 11.40
B -36576.63 10559.19 0.00 . 0.00
4 M 12.00 21797.83 0.00 . 28.25
R -29442.22 7663.75 0.00 . 11.40
B -36576.63 10559.19 0.00 . 0.00

Design of shear reinforcement

The percentage of nominal reinforcement acc. to II-5.4.2.2 (4)P is considered.

VRd, TRd Resisting lateral force and torsional moment
Angle Angle cot Theta between the compressive strut and the beam axis
Asb,Asl.T Req. stirrup reinf. from lateral force and torsion, torsional reinf.
Asl Req. longitudinal reinf. acc. to Fig. II-4.12 for req. Asb.
S2/fcd Box section, max. principal compressive stress from M,N and torsion

Beam Qy/ Asb.y Qz/ Asb.z Asl Q/VRd+ Asb.T, Asl.T S2/
No. Loc. VRd Angle [cm²/m] VRd Angle[cm²/m] [cm²] Mx/TRd [cm²/m, cm²] fcd
3 1 0.00 1.75 0.00 0.09 1.75 79.21 64.35 . . . .
8 1 0.00 1.75 0.00 0.00 1.75 79.21 64.35 . . . .

Fatigue check for longitudinal reinforcement and prestressing steel


Type S Longitudinal reinforcement from N and M, layer number
Type P Prestressing steel, tendon number

Beam Steel giv. As req.As dSigma.s per.
No. Se. Loc. Type No. [cm²] [cm²] [MN/m²] [MN/m²]
3 1 1 S 1 0.00 . . 152.17
S 2 0.00 . . 152.17
S 3 28.25 . 1.17 152.17
S 4 28.25 . 1.17 152.17
P 1 159.60 . 0.19 104.35
P 2 159.60 . 0.40 104.35
8 1 1 S 1 0.00 . . 152.17
S 2 0.00 . . 152.17
S 3 28.25 . 28.09 152.17
S 4 28.25 . 28.09 152.17
P 1 159.60 . 14.24 104.35
P 2 159.60 . 14.24 104.35

Fatigue check for shear reinforcement

The stress calculation is based on a framework model.

Type BY, BZ Shear reinforcement from Qy or Qz [cm²/m]

Beam Rei. giv.Asb req.Asb dSigma.s [MN/m²]
No. Se. Lo. Type [cm²/m] [cm²/m] equ. per.
3 1 1 BY 0.00 . . 152.17
BZ 79.21 . 97.48 152.17
8 1 1 BY 0.00 . . 152.17
BZ 79.21 . 7.92 152.17


Fatigue check for concrete under compressive stress


Sigma.cd,min Absolute value of damage equiv. min. concrete compressive stress
Sigma.cd,max Absolute value of damage equiv. max. concrete compressive stress
Sigma.cd,per = fcd,fat * (1 - 0,43 * (1 - Sigma.cd,min/Sigma.cd,max)½)
t, b Position of the edge point: above, below of centre

Beam Sigma.cd,min Sigma.cd,max Sigma.cd,per Se.- Side
No. Se. Loc. [MN/m²] [MN/m²] [MN/m²] pnt. t b
3 1 1 5.95 6.09 19.51 8 . x
8 1 1 4.01 7.69 14.68 4 x .

Check of crack widths

The check calculates the crack width directly.
(CC) Charact. (rare), (TC) Frequent, (QC) Quasi-continuous combination

Beam Rei. Nx My Mz Sigma.x wk per.
No. Se. C. Lo. Lay. [kN] [kNm] [kNm] [MN/m²] [mm] [mm]
3 1 NC 1 . -42352.0 -3867.34 0.00 -3.77 0.00 0.20
8 1 NC 1 4 -29446.2 7660.59 0.00 1.05 0.00 0.20

Check of decompression

For the check, a non-cracked concrete section is assumed.

(TC) Frequent combination, (QC) Quasi-continuous combination
(t,b) Position of the edge point: above, below of centre

Beam max Sigma.x per. Sigma.x Se.- Side Period Situation
No. Se. Loc. [MN/m²] [MN/m²] Pnt. t b
3 1 1 -2.82 0.00 1 x . Final TC.3
8 1 1 -0.47 0.00 7 . x Final TC.3

Check of concrete compressive stress

For the check, a cracked concrete section (II) is assumed if the tensile stress
from the decisive c. exceeds the value of fctm. Otherwise, a non-cracked section
(I) is used. If the strain is not treatable on cracked section, (I*) is marked.

(NC) Not frequent combination, (QC) Quasi-continuous combination
(t,b) Position of the edge point: above, below of centre

Beam min Sigma.x per. Sigma.x Se.- Side Period Situation
No. Se. Loc. [MN/m²] [MN/m²] Pnt. t b
3 1 1 (I) -8.62 -15.48 7 . x Constr. NC.1
(I) -7.10 -18.00 7 . x Final QC.1
8 1 1 (I) -14.33 -15.48 7 . x Constr. NC.1
(I) -6.96 -18.00 7 . x Final QC.1

Check of diagonal principal tensile stresses for the frequent combination

y, z Edge point of the section with max Sigma1 [m]
t, b Position of the section point: above, below of centre
Theta1 Angle between Sigma1 and the longitudinal stress Sigma.x [°]

Beam max Sigma1 per.Sigma1 Theta1 Section point Side State
No. Se. Loc. [MN/m²] [MN/m²] [°] y[m] z[m] t b
3 1 1 0.40 2.45 16.15 -2.329 0.300 x . Final
8 1 1 1.23 2.45 -0.00 -3.660 -0.130 x . Constr.

Check of steel stress

For tendon groups without bond and/or for situations before grouting,
the prestressing steel stress is checked acc. to Eq. (4.6).

Type S Long. reinf. from N and M, layer number, N.frequ. C. (NC)
Type P Prestressing steel, Tendon number, Q.-cont. C. (QC)

Beam Steel As Sigma.s per. Situation
No. Se. Lo. Type No. [cm²] [MN/m²] [MN/m²]
3 1 1 S 1 0.00 . 400.00 NC.3
S 2 0.00 . 400.00 NC.3
S 3 28.25 -38.06 400.00 NC.3
S 4 28.25 -38.06 400.00 NC.3
P 1 159.60 956.03 1150.50 QC.1
P 2 159.60 1040.47 1150.50 QC.1
8 1 1 S 1 0.00 . 400.00 NC.1
S 2 0.00 . 400.00 NC.1
S 3 28.25 -5.41 400.00 NC.3
S 4 28.25 -5.40 400.00 NC.3
P 1 159.60 969.09 1150.50 QC.1
P 2 159.60 1013.33 1150.50 QC.1

Examples
Bridge Abutment
This example demonstrates how the DIN Technical Report applies to road bridge abutments. The construction consists of
abutment wings, a support block and a pile head plate with piles. The dimensions are shown in the following figures.
Static System
Material
Concrete C 30/37 (areas), C 35/45 (piles)
Reinforcing steel BSt 500/550, axis distance from edge 8 cm
Bedding 50 MN/m³ horizontal bedding module
Section
Wing walls d = 1.2 m (section 1)
Support block d = 1.5 m (section 2)
Pile head plate d = 1.2 m (section 3)
Piles Æ = 1.0 m (section 4)
Requirement class D
The depicted FEM system is generated with shell elements in conjunction with beam elements. A 3D drawing consisting of
edges and model surfaces formed the basis for creating the structure. It was important to position the model objects on the
center lines or centroid levels of the structural components since they are used to describe the elements.

Dimensions
Top view of the pile head plate
View of the long wing wall

Examples
View of the short wing wall and the support block
Checks
The following checks are carried out as a part of this example:
Ultimate limit state

• Bending with longitudinal force
• Lateral force
• Failure without warning (robustness)
Serviceability limit state

• Minimum reinforcement for the crack width limitation
• Crack width calculation
• Limiting the concrete compressive stresses
• Limiting the reinforcing steel stresses
Due to the intersection the checks are not carried out for the pile head plate. The required specifications are listed further
below.
Loads
Due to the scope of the project, the actions were limited to the decisive loads.
Load case 1 G: Dead load
Load case 2 G: Soil pressure
Load case 3 G: Superstructure
Load case 4 Q: UDL (uniformly distributed load)
Load case 5 Q: TS position 1
Load case 6 Q: TS position 2
Load data load case 1: G: Dead load

Dead load (EG) referring to material and cross-section properties
weighting factor in direction
No. X [-] Y [-] Z [-]
1 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000
Load case 1, G: Dead load Load case 3, G: Superstructure

Load case 2, G: Soil pressure Load case 4, Q: UDL
Load case 5, Q: TS position 1 Load case 6, Q: TS position 2
The actions and action combinations defined for the checks are listed in the following.
DIN Report 101 actions

G1 - Permanent action
1 G: Dead load
2 G: Earth pressure
G2 - Superstructure
3 G: Superstructure
QTS - Traffic, load model 1 tandem system

5 Q: TS position 1
6 Q: TS position 2
QUDL - Traffic, load model 1 distributed load, 1. Variante, inclusive

4 Q: Uniformly distributed load
Permanent and temporary combination, situations

1) Constr. G1
2) Final G1 + G2 + QK
Permanent and temporary combination, safety coefficients

G1 1.35 1
G2 1.35 1
QTS, QUDL 1.5 0

Examples
Permanent and temporary combination, combination coefficients

Variant QTS QUDL
a) 1 1
Characteristic (rare) combination, situations

Characteristic (rare) combination, safety coefficients

G1 1 1
G2 1 1
QTS, QUDL 1 0
Characteristic (rare) combination, combination coefficients

Variant QTS QUDL
a) 1 1
Frequent combination, situations

Frequent combination, safety coefficients

G1 1 1
G2 1 1
QTS, QUDL 1 0
Frequent combination, combination coefficients

Variant QTS QUDL
a) 0.75 0.4
Not frequent combination, situations

Not frequent combination, safety coefficients

G1 1 1
G2 1 1
QTS, QUDL 1 0
Not frequent combination, combination coefficients

Variant QTS QUDL
a) 0.8 0.8
Due to the low compressive forces and the high bending moments, the construction stage (G1) is decisive for load-bearing
safety in several areas.

The following shows an example of the support reactions Rz for the characteristic (rare) combination.
1. Characteristic (rare) combination
Support reactions Rz
Design overview DIN report 102 (2009-03)

1 D Not prestressed . x x x x . . . . x . x . x .
2 D Not prestressed . x x x x . . . . x . x . x .
4 D Not prestressed . . x x x . . . . x . x . x .
Settings for flexural and lateral reinforcement

1 C30/37 . Symmetrical 500 1.75 . 0.00 0.00 0.60 . 0.080
2 C30/37 . Symmetrical 500 1.75 . 0.00 0.00 0.60 . 0.080
4 C35/45 . Compression 500 1.75 . 0.00 . 1.00 . 0.080
Shear sections
B. Box section.
1 1.000 . . . 1.200 . 1.120 0.90 . . . .
2 1.000 . . . 1.500 . 1.420 0.90 . . . .
4 0.707 . 0.627 0.90 0.707 . 0.627 0.90 0.547 0.547 0.160 .

Examples


1 0.20 16 . . 0.50 . 3- 5d > 28d Calcul. Cmb. per class .

1 . . . 0.60 fck . . .
2 . . . 0.60 fck . . .
4 0.77 . . 0.60 fck . . .
Results
The following figures show the curve of the required longitudinal reinforcement.
Long wing wall
Support block Short wing wall

Required horizontal internal longitudinal reinforcement for the load-bearing capacity [cm²/m]

Long wing wall
Support block Short wing wall

Maximum required horizontal internal longitudinal reinforcement [cm²/m]
Reinforcement for the load-bearing capacity Maximum required reinforcement

Horizontal longitudinal reinforcement along the upper edge [cm²/m]

Examples
Lateral force reinforcement [cm²/m] Load-bearing capacity reinforcement [cm²]
Crack check reinforcement [cm²] Maximum required reinforcement [cm²]
Concrete compressive stresses sc /sc.perm [MN/m²] Reinforcing steel stresses sc /sc.perm [MN/m²]

References
Allgemeines Rundschreiben Straßenbau 2003 (ARS 2003)
des Bundesministeriums für Verkehr, Bau- und Wohnungswesen
(General Newsletter on Roadworks from the Federal Ministry of Transport, Construction and Housing),
No. 8/2003 – No. 14/2003 from 7 March 2003.
Verkehrsblatt-Verlag, Dortmund 2003.
Allgemeines Rundschreiben Straßenbau 2009 (ARS 2009)
des Bundesministeriums für Verkehr, Bau- und Wohnungswesen
(General Newsletter on Roadworks from the Federal Ministry of Transport, Construction and Housing),
No. 6/2009 from 5 June 2009.
Verkehrsblatt-Verlag, Dortmund 2009.
Auslegungen des Normenausschusses Bauwesen (NABau)
zur DIN 1045-1 (Interpretations from the Building and Civil Engineering Standards Committee on DIN 1045-1).
Date: 1 June 2012.
Bauer, T.; Müller, M.
Straßenbrücken in Massivbauweise nach DIN-Fachbericht - Beispiele prüffähiger Standsicherheitsnachweise
(Road Bridges in Solid Construction According to DIN Technical Report - Examples of Verifiable Stability Safety Checks).
Stahlbeton- und Spannbetonüberbau nach DIN-Fachbericht 101 und 102
(Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Superstructures According to DIN Technical Reports 101 and 102).
DIN 1045-1:2008-08
Concrete, Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures - Part 1: Design and Construction.
New Edition. Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin 2008.
DIN 4149:2005-04
Bauten in deutschen Erdbebengebieten - Lastannahmen, Bemessung und Ausführung üblicher Hochbauten
(Buildings in German Earthquake Areas - Design Loads, Analysis and Structural Design of Buildings).
Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin 2005.
DIN Technical Report 101 - March 2003
Actions on Bridges. Publisher: DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.
2nd Edition. Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin 2003.
Actions on Bridges. Publisher: DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.
Concrete Bridges. Publisher: DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.
2nd Edition. Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin 2003.
Concrete Bridges, Publisher: DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.
Einführungserlasse des Eisenbahnbundesamtes
zu den DIN Fachberichten vom 24. April 2003 (Order of Implementation from the Federal Office for Railroads Regarding
the DIN Technical Reports from 24 April 2003).
Federal Office for Railroads, Bonn 2003.
Erfahrungssammlung des Normenausschusses Bauwesen (NABau)
zu den DIN-Fachberichten 101 und 102 (Knowledge Base of the Building Trade and Civil Engineering Standards
Committee on DIN Technical Reports 101 and 102). Date: 9 September 2011.
Erfahrungssammlung der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt)
zur "Richtlinie zur Nachrechnung von Straßenbrücken im Bestand" (Knowledge Base of the Federal Highway Research
Institute (BASt) on the Guideline for the Recalculation of Existing Road Bridges). Date: 1 June 2012.
Fingerloos, F.
DIN 1045 - Ausgabe 2008, Tragwerke aus Beton und Stahlbeton
(DIN 1045 - Edition 2008, Concrete and Reinforced Concrete Structures).
Teil 1: Bemessung und Konstruktion - Kommentierte Kurzfassung
(Part 1: Design and Construction - Annotated Short Version).
Publisher: Deutscher Beton- und Bautechnikverein e.V.
3rd Completely Reworked Edition. Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin 2008.

References
Heft 525 - Erläuterungen zur DIN 1045-1 (Book 525 - Explanations on DIN 1045-1)
Publisher: Deutscher Ausschuss für Stahlbeton.
1st Edition - September 2003, Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin 2003.
Heft 525 - Berichtigung 1:2005-05 (Book 525 – Correction 1:2005-05)

Heft 466 - Grundlagen und Bemessungshilfen für die Rissbreitenbeschränkung im Stahlbeton und Spannbeton
(Book 466 - Principles and Design Aids for Crack Width Limitation in Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete).
König, G.; Maurer, R.; Kliver, J.; Bornmann, M.
Leitfaden zum DIN-Fachbericht 102 Betonbrücken (Guide for DIN Technical Report 102 Concrete Bridges).
March 2003 Issue
1st Edition - November 2003. Ernst & Sohn Verlag, Berlin 2003.
Müller, M.; Bauer, T.
Eisenbahnbrückenbau nach DIN-Fachbericht (Railroad Bridge Construction According to DIN Technical Report).
Beispiele prüffähiger Standsicherheitsnachweise (Examples of Verifiable Stability Safety Checks).
Band 1: Stahlbeton- und Spannbetonüberbauten nach DIN-Fachbericht 101 und 102 (Volume 1: Reinforced Concrete
and Prestressed Concrete Superstructures According to DIN Technical Report 101 and 102).
2nd Revised and Expanded Edition. Bauwerk Verlag GmbH, Berlin 2003.
Novak, B.; Gabler, M.
Leitfaden zum DIN-Fachbericht 101 Einwirkungen auf Brücken (Guide for DIN Technical Report 101 Actions on Bridges),
March 2003 Issue, 1st Edition - November 2003. Ernst & Sohn Verlag, Berlin 2003.
Richtlinie 804 - Eisenbahnbrücken (Guideline 804 - Railroad Bridges)
Publisher: DB Netz AG. Date: 1 May 2003.
Richtlinie zur Nachrechnung von Straßenbrücken im Bestand (Nachrechnungsrichtlinie)
(Guideline for the recalculation of existing road bridges (Recalculation Guideline)).
Publisher: Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung (BMVBS).
Edition of May 2011.
Rossner, W.; Gaubner, C-A.
Spannbetonbauwerke. Teil 3: Bemessungsbeispiele nach DIN 1045-1 und DIN-Fachbericht 102
(Prestressed concrete buildings. Part 3: Design examples according to DIN 1045-1 and DIN-Technical Report 102).
Ernst & Sohn Verlag, Berlin 2005.
Zilch, K.; Curbach, M. (Eds.)
Einführung in die DIN 1045-1 - Anwendungsbeispiele (Introduction to DIN 1045-1 - Application Examples).
Zilch, K.; Rogge, A.
Bemessung der Stahlbeton- und Spannbetonbauteile nach DIN 1045-1
(Design of Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Components According to DIN 1045-1).
Betonkalender 2002, V. 1, pp. 217-359.
Maurer, R.; Zilch, K.; Hegger, J.; Zichner, T.; Dunkelberg, D.; Karakas, A.; Kolodziejcyk, A.
Erläuterungen und Hintergründe zur Nachrechnungsrichtlinie - Betonbrücken
(Explanations and Backgrounds of the Recalculation Guideline - Concrete Bridges).
Bauingenieur 01-2012, pp. 24-35. Springer-VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 2012.

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Bridge Checks according to

DIN Technical Reports 101 und 102

© 2013 InfoGraph GmbH, Aachen, Germany. All rights reserved.

Load Model 1 for Road Bridges 4

Actions and Action Combinations 6

Definition of an Action Combination 9

External Prestressing, Mixed Construction 24

Creep and Shrinkage 25

Relaxation of Prestressing Steel 26

Ultimate Limit State Design 26

Partial Safety Factors for Construction Material 27

Design Internal Forces 28

Minimum Reinforcement against Failure without Warning 31

Minimum Surface Reinforcement for Prestressed Components 31

Design for Lateral Force 32

Design for Torsion and Combined Loads 34

Check against Fatigue 36

Serviceability Limit State Design 39

Limiting the Concrete Compressive Stresses 40

Limiting the Reinforcing and Prestressing Steel Stresses 40

Concrete Tensile Stresses in Bridge Transverse Direction 41

Minimum Reinforcement for Crack Width Limitation 42

Calculation of the Crack Width 43

Determining the Effective Area Ac,eff 45

Crack Width Check by Limitation of the Bar Distances 46

Limiting Diagonal Principal Tensile Stresses 46

Road Bridge in Solid Construction 51

Railroad Overpass with Prestressed Concrete Superstructure 61

© InfoGraph GmbH, May 2013 1

DIN Technical Report Bridge Checks

Differing components can be combined in a structure model:

© InfoGraph GmbH, May 2013 3

Load Model 1 for Road Bridges

a) Double-axle (TS tandem system)

b) Uniformly distributed area load (UDL)

defined for the application of the recalculation guideline.

4 © InfoGraph GmbH, May 2013

Tandem System of Load Model 1

Lane 1 Load area

Distance Driving direction

Load distribution height

Load distribution height

© InfoGraph GmbH, May 2013 5

Actions and Action Combinations

Insert a new action or action combination.

Delete the selected action or action combination.

6 © InfoGraph GmbH, May 2013

© InfoGraph GmbH, May 2013 7

Inclusive load cases

Exclusive load cases

Use moving loads

Prestressing loss from relaxation of prestressing steel

CS as constant reduction of prestress

8 © InfoGraph GmbH, May 2013

Definition of an Action Combination

Partial safety factors

10.8 and section 12.3.2 have to be implemented at level 2.

© InfoGraph GmbH, May 2013 9

Prestressed box section according to ARS