Edith Cowan University

Research Online
Australian Information Security Management
Conferences, Symposia and Campus Events
Conference

2017

Financial fraud risk management and corporate

governance
Raymond Lutui
Auckland University of Technology

Tau'aho 'Ahokovi
Christ's University in Pacifc

DOI: 10.4225/75/5a84f10795b47
Originally published as: Lutui, R., & 'Ahokovi, T. (2017). Financial fraud risk management and corporate governance. In Valli, C. (Ed.). (2017). The
Proceedings of 15th Australian Information Security Management Conference, 5-6 December, 2017, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia.
(pp.5-13).
This Conference Proceeding is posted at Research Online.
http://ro.ecu.edu.au/ism/200
 FINANCIAL FRAUD RISK MANAGEMENT AND CORPORATE
GOVERNANCE

Raymond Lutui1, Tau’aho ‘Ahokovi2

Auckland University of Technology1, Christ’s University in Pacific2
School of Engineering, Computer & Mathematical Sciences1, School of Business & Law2
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract
Risk management is important so that risk is assessed, understood and appropriately managed. This is important
both for conformance and performance. It is essential that strategic planning and management decisions are
made appropriately in the context of the risk appetite of the corporation and its various stakeholders – especially
its shareholders. If a company does not have a good understanding of risk, the likelihood of conformance and
performance failure is high, this implies good internal and external corporate intelligence. Large global
corporations have a significant impact on economies around the world. These entities are subject to intense
competition and require investor and customer confidence to underpin their activities. Poor governance
adversely affects customers and investors, and makes corporation uncompetitive. This can also affect entire
economies. In the context of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), the collapse of the US investment bank Lehman
brothers demonstrates that corporate failure can hurt economies globally. The failure of Lehman Brothers to
properly manage and understand risk is a clear example of the failure of good governance.

Keywords: Fraud Risk Management, Corporate Governance, Good Governance, Fraud,

INTRODUCTION
The upsurge of financial scandals in the era of the 21st century raised awareness of deep-seated fraudulent activities
(Kerr and Murthy 2013). Financial statement fraud has cast an increasingly adverse impact on the individual
investors and the stability of global economies (Zhou and Kapoor 2011). The failure of Enron has caused about a
$70 billion lost in the capital market. The Computer Security Institute reported a significant increase in financial
fraud cases recently (Reddy et al. 2012). The rise of many fraudulent occurrences is a serious inhibitor for
potential investors because fraudulent financial reports have created a substantial negative impact on company
reputations and market value (Hogan et al., 2008).

Financial statements are basic documents to reflect a company's financial status (Beaver 1966). Fraudulent
financial reports are perpetrated to increase stock prices or to get loans from banks (Ravisankar et al., 2011).
Financial statement fraud detection is vital because of the devastating consequences of financial statement frauds
(Ngai et al. 2011). Fraud behaviours are often subtle in the beginning (Chivers et al., 2013), therefore, it is
difficult to detect them. Regulations play an important role to emphasize the responsibility of auditors to assess the
risk of fraudulent financial reporting adequately (Srivastava et al. 2009). However, detecting frauds remains difficult
because of the lack of a commonly accepted definition of reasonable assurance, limitations of audit methods and the
cost constraints (Spathis, 2002; Hogan et al., 2008).

The board of directors is the body that oversees the activities of an organisation. The board has a wide range of
roles and functions that address both performance and conformance. It is preferable that the roles and
responsibilities of the board be explicitly set out in a written chatter or constitution. The board must ensure
appropriate procedures are in place for risk management and internal controls, and it must also ensure that it is
informed of anything untoward or inappropriate in the operation of those procedures. Any major operation
issues will also be brought to the attention of the board for appropriate consideration and decision making.

Despite these expectations, in many high-profile corporate collapses it is apparent that the board was informed
about key business decisions or simply chose to comply with management. For example, in the case of a former
prominent Australian company, HIH Insurance, it was apparent that the major takeover of another company, FAI

Proceedings of the 15th Australian Information Security Management Conference 5

Insurance, was undertaken without rigorous debate at board level or due diligence being carried out before the
transaction was finalised (CPA, 2016).
Companies that can demonstrate good corporate governance practices have advantages. With the increasing
globalisation of business and competition for capital, companies that can provided assurances that the company is
being appropriately managed the cost of capital. Furthermore, the expansion of company shareholdings to a
broader base (in many countries, small shareholders are becoming increasingly common, either by direct
investment or indirectly through their superannuation plans), combined with more organised and active
shareholders lobby groups, is placing more scrutiny on company management (Drever et al., 2007, p. 153). In
this paper, a review of the risk management and corporate governance principles is made in order to identify
weaknesses in corporate governance and also to identify how to improve. It then proposes a focus on
improvement for risk management and the corporate governance benefit.

RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk management is defined as the “process of understanding and managing risks that the entity is inevitably
subject to in attempting to achieve its corporate objectives (CIMA, 2005). For an organisation risks are potential
events that could influence the achievement of the organisation’s objectives. Risk management is about
understanding the nature of such events and where they represent threats, making positive plans to mitigate them.
Fraud is a major risk that threatens the business, not only in terms of financial health but also its image and
reputation.
Risk management is also an increasing important process in many businesses and the process fits in well with the
precepts of good corporate governance. In recent years, the issue of corporate governance has been a major area
for concern in many countries. In the UK, the first corporate governance report and code of best practice is
considered to be the Cadbury Report in 1992, which was produced in response to a string of corporate collapses.
There have been a number of reports since, covering provisions around area such as executive remuneration, non-
executive directors, and audit committees. The principles of these various report have been brought together to
form the Combined Code on Corporate Governance (Combined Code).

The Need for Governance

Governance describes the overall guidance of organisations and focuses on achieving strong performance while
ensuring compliance with obligations. Effective governance is very important and poor governance has often led
financial disasters for individual companies, and even whole economies. Governance is the system by which
companies are directed and controlled, and accountability is assured. While the concept is usually associated
with corporate governance, that is the governance of large listed corporations, similar governance principles
should apply to all enterprises. Governance relates to the responsibilities of the board of directors towards
investors and other stakeholders, and involves setting the objectives and direction of the company and is
distinguished from the management of the enterprise on a daily basis, which is the job of full-time executives.
The governance of enterprises is broadly structured by the law, not just corporate law but also employment law
and so forth. It is the first duty of directors to ensure that the enterprise operates with in the law. However,
beyond requiring a board of director’s exercise certain duties such as the duty of care and diligence, corporation
law gives considerable scope for directors to exercise decision-making in the best interests of the company. It is
here where the skills of governance become critical: the capacity to understand and interpret the strengths and
weaknesses of the enterprise, and how to direct the enterprise towards business success while maintaining
accountability and good relationships with all stakeholders. Good governance is a hallmark of enterprises that
achieve improving and sustainable performance even in changing and unpredictable environments.
Good governance aims to ensure that organisations are properly run in the best interests of their shareholders,
including the optimal performance of national and international economies. At an organisational level, the
behavioural styles and business management practices of managers (and other employees) or directors can result
in outcomes that are not in the best interests of shareholders and other stakeholders. These situations can range
from relatively minor technical breaches of policies or practices, to more serious cases where excessive risk-
taking or poor controls place the ongoing survival of the organisation at risk (CPA, 2016)
Many other countries have also produced reports on corporate governance, usually accompanied by codes of
best practices. For example, South Africa has had the King Report (version I and now II) since 1994, Malaysia has
had its Code of Corporate Governance in place since 2000 and Sri Lanka issued the Rules on Corporate

Proceedings of the 15th Australian Information Security Management Conference 6

Governance as part of its Listing Rules in January 2007 (CPA, 2016)

Corporate governance requirements in the US are now largely set out within the Sarbox legislation, as previously
mentioned (US Congress 2002, Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002); these requirements extend beyond the US, capturing
any company that is SEC listed and its subsidiaries. Some other countries have also introduced a statutory
approach to corporate governance, such as that in the US, although none are currently as comprehensive. A
number of international organisations have also launched guidelines and initiatives on corporate governance,
including the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European
Commission.

In extreme cases, public organisations may be run more as personal fiefdoms where personal greed is put ahead
of the interests of shareholders and other stakeholders. To reduce undesirable consequences for shareholders and
other stakeholders and to ensure personal accountability, organisations need an appropriate system of checks and
balances in the form of corporate governance framework. This framework emphasises both conformation and
performance as vital elements of the way the companies are run.

The Role of the Board

As corporations grow in size, there is also a separation of the ownership and management. Over time, the legal
duties and responsibilities of directors have evolved to protect the interests of the owners, who are not able to
observe closely the daily occurrences within a corporation. In most jurisdictions, there is a core group of
director’s duties and responsibilities that have arisen from either statue or case law. The key duties are to:
 Avoid conflict of interest and where these exist, ensure they are appropriately declared and as required
by law, otherwise mange correctly
 Act in best interests of the corporation
 Exercise powers with proper purposes
 Retain discretionary powers and avoid delegating the director’s responsibility
 Act with care, skill and diligence
 Be informed about the corporation’s operations, and
 Prevent insolvent trading

Consequently, the board of directors should have implemented a strategy settings design to identify potential
events that may affect the entity (Gelinas, Dull & Wheeler, 2012). These strategy settings reflect in a framework
which is called “Enterprise Risk Management” (ERM).
In formal corporate governance principles, managers are the agents of the board responsible for pursuing the
vision of the company as developed by the board, and fulfilling the strategic direction determined by the board.
The CEO in most companies is also a director and a member of the board (and there are often other executive
directors such as the CFO of the company). These executives’ directors have a full role working with the board
to advance strategic direction and establish the policies and value of the company. Once these are decided, it is
the manager’s duty to actively pursue these, and the board’s role is to monitor the results for the business.
Of course, in reality the interface of governance and management is more complex. Often boards and
management respect and understand the different roles and have a commitment to make the relationship work.
However, sometimes tensions do emerge, for example, in the choice of strategy. Because of rapidly changing
markets and technology, boards often have to be continuously engaged in strategic decisions, unlike in the past.
At times, managers may feel that the board is becoming too involved in the implementation of strategy when it is
the management team who have operational experience required to guide strategy to success. On other
occasions, the board may feel that managers are making significant strategic decisions without properly securing
the approval of the board (CPA, 2016).
Skeet (2015) examines this issue from the perspective of both the board of directors and the management team.
When CEOs are asked what issues contribute to the board and management being at cross purposes, they point
to two main factors: directors acting ‘out of position’ and attempting to play a management role; or a conflict of
interest where, even if disclosed, directors are not able to place the interests of the organisation above their own
or those of the group they are representing.
Often what boards interpret as arrogance of the CEO and the management team can be, in reality, a lack of
experience, strategic direction differences or deceit. These can all lead to the management team withholding
information from the board. Board members should consider what information they do not currently have and
then request this additional information if they feel the CEO and the management team may be concealing

Proceedings of the 15th Australian Information Security Management Conference 7

something. This is a legal right of the board, and the management team is not permitted to suppress this
information, once requested. The board is able to draw on multiple points of view when making decisions, which
is strength of shared governance (Skeet, 2015). For example; there was a tension occurred some years ago at
BHP Billiton when a newly appointed CEO began negotiating for major acquisitions without fully consulting the
board. The board became concerned about the serious risk implication of the CEO’s actions, and the contract of
the CEO was terminated. With the appointment of another CEO, the BHP board was careful to agree on a series
of protocols regarding the scope for independent decision-making by the CEO on financial and other matters,
and the issues that always needed to be brought to the board for consideration. These protocols appear to have
worked well, and in other large corporations, similar, clear understanding exists between board and executive
management on their respective roles and powers (CPA, 2016).
This tension, occurred some years ago at BHP Billiton when a newly appointed CEO began negotiating for
major acquisitions without fully consulting the board. The Board concerned about the serious risk implication of
the CEO’s action, and the contract of the CEO was terminated. With the appointment of another CEO, the BHP
board was careful to agree of protocols regarding the scope for independent decision-making by the CEO on the
financial and other matters, and the issues that always needed to be to the board for consideration. These
protocols appear to have worked well, and in other corporations, similar, clear understanding exist between
board and executive management on their respective roles and powers.
It is certainly the case that it is management at the sharp end of delivering the aspirations of the board for the
company. Boards of directors are often highly skilled at financial analysis, strategic thinking and policy
development, but it is the managers who have to implement all of these, which requires considerable intellectual,
operational and intellectual skills. It is the management who must inspire employees with the goals of the
enterprise, delight customers with the quality of the product or service, convince suppliers and distributors that
the company deserves their full support, and keep stakeholders onside (CPA, 2016).
Ensuring that there is the energetic commitment of managers to their task of realising the vision of the board and
making the success of the company is ultimately the role of the CEO, who is the essential link between the
governance mechanisms and the operational mechanisms of the company.

INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVES ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Globalisation has caused major changes in the way incorporations are run. Inevitable changes in the size and the
structure of companies, including their ownership structures, have had a substantial effect on the way
corporations are controlled. For example, many traditional Australian companies, some listed on ASX, are now
effectively controlled by owners in diverse locations such as the United States, China, Singapore, India, the
United Kingdom and Germany. These owners are subject to governance standard that differ from those in
Australia. Even so, listing in Australia means that they must comply with Australian governance standards in
addition to those of their own country (CPA, 2016)

United Kingdom
In 1991, following a series of high profile corporate collapses, the London Stock Exchange, together with
industry and accounting and finance professionals, established the Cadbury Committee. The Cadbury report,
Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance (CFACG, 1992), gave recommendations to companies that have
been adopted in varying degrees by the European Union, the United States, the World Bank and many other
countries and regions. The recommendations on governance had an important feature that is still used today – the
concept of ‘comply or explain’. This approach meant that if a company chose not to comply with a governance
recommendation, the company had to identify the non-compliance and then explain it to shareholders. This may
also be described as ‘if not, why not’ reporting.

United States
The Committee of Sponsoring Organisation of the Treadway Commission (COSO) was formed in 1985 to
sponsor the National Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting. Its 1994 report, Internal Control-
Integrated Framework (COSO, 1994), provided a detailed definition and discussion of internal control. In 1999,
it reported on fraudulent financial reporting (COSO, 1999). Important findings included the frequent
involvement of the CEO and CFO in frauds, captured boards that were dominated by insiders, and unqualified
opinions by auditors despite the fraud.

Proceedings of the 15th Australian Information Security Management Conference 8

In response to a loss of investor confidence following corporate scandals in the United States, the US Congress
passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002. The purpose of the Act was to protect investors and provide guidelines
for financial reporting.

Australia
The Ramsay Report (Ramsay 2001) examined the adequacy of Australian legislative and professional
requirements regarding the independence of external auditors and made recommendations for changes. Some
parts of the report were concerned directly with audit independence and others were designed generally to
enhance audit independence; for example; establishing audit committees and board to oversee audit
independence issues. In 2002, the Australian Stock Exchange (since renamed Australian Securities Exchange)
responded to calls for it to play a greater role in corporate governance through the establishment of the Corporate
Governance Council. The Council released the first edition of its Principles of Good Corporate Governance and
Best Practice Recommendations (ASX CGC 2003). These were revised in 2007 and titled Corporate Governance
Principles and Recommendations. The 2007 revision was amended in 2010. The third edition was released in
2014.
Again, the Australian government released a discussion paper (CLERP, 2004) in the aftermath of the collapses
of, among others, Enron in the United States and HIH Insurance in Australia. This paper known as Corporate
Law Economic Reform Program (CLERP) outlined proposals for audit and financial reporting reform, as well as
other legislative proposals, to improve corporate governance practices in Australian companies. This report was
passed by the Australian Government, coming into effect on 1 July 2004. There are many other international
organisations that focus on improved corporate governance. Many of them, such as the Business Roundtable, an
association of chief executives of leading US companies, and The International Corporate Governance Network
(ICGN), a not-for-profit body founded in 1995, have produced their own recommended codes and guidelines.

OECD PRINCIPLES OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), with members and funding sources
from countries with major market-oriented economies, has developed international best practice principles of
governance which was first published in 1999 (OECD, 1999) and were updated in 2004 (OECD, 2004) with a
new first principle giving a broad view of governance including performance. A review of these principles
started in 2014 and following an extensive consultation, the updated principles were released in September 2015,
entitled G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance (QECD, 2015). These principles were considered as the
international best practice by referring to specific guidance, codes and recommendations on corporate
governance produced by the OECD and the Financial Reporting Council of the United Kingdom, who were
become global leaders in the development of corporate governance principles. It also considers the ASX
Principles, as they also provide leadership in corporate governance.
The OECD Principles specify six principles:
 Ensuring the basis for an effective corporate governance framework
 The rights and equitable treatment of shareholders and key ownership functions
 Institutional investors, stock markets, and other intermediaries
 The role of stakeholders in corporate governance
 Disclosure and transparency; and
 The responsibilities of the board

DISCUSSION
Although corporate governance is usually linked to management, there is a strong bond between corporate
governance and ethics and/or social responsibility of the business. Corporate governance encourages a
trustworthy, moral, as well as ethical environment. From this point of view governance takes into account the
transparency of the internal and external audit, the sincerity of the managers regarding the company’s financial
results and financial statements, the manager actions towards the small stakeholders and many more (Panfilli
2012). Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) considers that corporate governance
has the role to specify the distribution of rights and of responsibilities between different categories of people
involved in the company like: board of directors, executives, shareholders and others, establishing rules and
procedures for making decisions on the activity of a certain company. OECD also mentions that corporate
governance is at the same time, both a set of relations between management, board of directors, shareholders and

Proceedings of the 15th Australian Information Security Management Conference 9

other interested groups and the structure through which company sets the objectives and the necessary means to
reach those, but also the system of incentives offered to the board of directors and management in order to
increase the objectives in the interests of shareholders and society.
Poor ethical leadership, lack of personal integrity, mismanagement, fraud, corruption, and violation of corporate
governance rules are the main contributors towards bankruptcy and financial failures in large organizations.
Most of these organizations have comprehensive corporate governance codes in place, implemented by the left
brain Big Four accountancy firms (PwC, KPMG, Ernst & Young and Deloitte), McKinsey, America’s Top
Corporate Governance Law Firms, which apparently are not working at all. They made things worse and created
a stable basis for more corruption (Ramperad & Fawumi, 2015). Current approaches to corporate governance are
extremely formal, bureaucratic, cosmetic, not holistic and non-authentic, and therefore provide no protection
from potentially catastrophic ethical failures. A sustainable and innovative solution to this global epidemic is
needed urgently. It is time that awareness that corporate governance cannot be controlled effectively with formal
and exhaustive rules, regulations, guidelines, and procedures only. It is about decency and personal integrity and
this must be cultivated from within. Personal integrity has no need of rules and laws.
It must be a way of life: To quote what Plato said in 340 BC: “Good people do not need laws to tell them to act
responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws”. Research shows that a large percentage of the
world’s population is bad (Rampersad & Fawumi, 2015) For example, America has around 5% of the world’s
population, and 25% of its prisoners. Roughly one in every 107 American adults is behind bars. Among them are
also many Executives, leaders and professionals. Most corporate governance programs make things worse by
creating a stable basis for more corruption and are doomed to fail. Why is the lesson from Plato not learned and
focus on creating a culture of good people, in which personal values are aligned with the laws and embedded in
the mind of the people, instead of focusing on laws (corporate governance) only? An innovative methodology
was launched for creating a culture of good Chairman’s, Presidents, CEOs, CFOs, managers and employees, in
which high ethical values are aligned with their corporate governance rules, regulations and guidelines and
embedded in their mind (Ramperad & Fawumi, 2015).
Many law, accounting and business management professors at the US top schools are blamed for most of the
corporate governance failures. They lack both emotional and spiritual intelligence. This inner process starts with
self-knowledge, or knowing, which leads to wisdom. Between knowing and wisdom lies an enormous distance
which can be reduced by systematic application of the authentic governance system. This will help them to
create balance between the left and right sides of their brain. The left half of their brain has mainly an analytical,
logical and quantitative function, while the right half of their brain has an intuitive and holistic function. They do
not have a proper balance between the left and right sides of their brain. These professors and most of their
graduates use the left side of their brain only; because of this, they miss opportunities that allow them to become
more adept at using the right hemisphere of the brain and to deal with complex corporate governance problems
in an integrated and authentic way. This is also the main reason why Harvard Business School professor
Kaplan’s balanced scorecard implementations fail and lack sustainability (Ramperad & Fawumi, 2015).
Many public company shareholders have been unpleasantly surprised by major accounting charges resulting
from previously undisclosed enterprise risks. These charges typically come without warning in prior audited
financial statements. Public shareholders have a right to wonder why they have not received warnings of these
risks in prior audited financial statements and question the effectiveness of the board of directors in performing
its oversight role (Lipman, 2012). Most directors of public companies focus on the tone at the top of the
organization. However, these same directors do not necessarily know whether that “tone” reaches throughout
the organization and may fail to assess the culture of the organization. Independent directors cannot adequately
perform their oversight role without receiving enterprise risk information from lower-level employees.
Independent directors who rely on independent auditors to disclose unasserted claims arising out of enterprise
risks should be aware of the very limited duties of independent auditors in investigating such risks. Typically,
this issue is handled by the independent auditors by having top management of the company represent in writing
to the independent auditor that they are not aware of unasserted material contingent liabilities and having the
company’s counsel agree to advise management of any such contingent liabilities. However, top management
may not themselves be aware of such unasserted enterprise risks because of silos within the organization or
because of the reluctance of employees to use hotlines. Even if management knows of possible contingent
liabilities they might incorrectly determine that these liabilities are immaterial. Independent auditors currently
are not required to check on the effectiveness of these employee hotlines or the employee culture, including the
willingness of employees to use hotlines to report enterprise risk (Lipman, 2012).

Proceedings of the 15th Australian Information Security Management Conference 10

RECOMMENDATION

After considering risk management and corporate governance principles employed by a different country, it is
clear that all the policies and principles adopted were mainly focussing on how to avoid and minimise risk and
also to maintain good corporate governance. It can also take into account the self-interest characteristics of
individual. This study recommends various contributions in order to improve and effectively enforce the
principles and policies stated.

1. Establishing of a Forensic investigation team

Whenever an allegation arises, it is recommended that the Forensic Investigation Team head by a qualified
Forensic Accountant should handle the investigation. This is to ensure the board and the management are
not acting in any favour or bias.
2. Formulate a response
 The objectives of the investigation should be clearly identified along with resources
required, the scope of the investigation and the timescale.
 The objectives will be driven by the organisation's attitude to fraud and the preferred
outcome for dealing with fraud.
 An action plan should be prepared and roles and responsibilities should be delegated in
accordance with the skills and experience of the individuals involved.
 The individual in overall control of the investigation should be clearly identified, as should
the powers available to team members.
 Reporting procedures as well as protocols for handling and recording evidence should be
clearly understood by everybody.

3. Follow up action
 There are lessons to be learned from every identified incident of fraud.
 The organisation's willingness to learn from experience is as important as any other
response.
 Large organisations may consider establishing a special review to examine the fraud with
a view to recommending improvements to systems and procedures.
 Smaller organisations may consider discussing the issues with some of its more experienced
people, with the same objectives in mind.
 It is important that recommended changes are implemented promptly.

CONCLUSION
The secret of a successful company is the ability of its board and senior management to assess its principles and
policies in order to make decisions that achieve the correct balance over time. While the best corporations do this
well, poorer corporations do it less effectively and those that do it worst almost inevitably cease to exist. The
many rules and expectations confronting corporations, along with the relationships must be understood and
managed. It has been identified that both conformance and performance are central components of corporate
governance. Both aspects of corporate governance must be satisfied so that diverse international societies achieve
effective utilization of the capital resources employed in their enterprises. The United Kingdom is one of the
world’s most important investment locations. This is due to the fact that their corporate governance practices was
deemed to be the best practice which other nations like New Zealand and Australia were willing to follow and
incorporate it to their governance practice. The rules relating to investment in and through the London Stock
Exchange have provided leading-edge practical approaches that have been followed successfully in many
jurisdictions. Without vigilance, good governance is often forgotten in strong economic times, only to be
remembered when financial trouble arises.

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