SECTION 1000 – GENERAL 1

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
IMPORTANT NOTICE
All maintenance and repair operations described in this manual should be carried out exclusively by authorised
workshops. All instructions should be carefully observed and special equipment where indicated should be used.
Anyone who carries out service operations described without carefully observing these instructions will be
directly responsible for any damage caused.

NOTES FOR EQUIPMENT

Equipment shown in this manual is:
– designed expressly for use on these tractors;
– necessary to make a reliable repair;
– accurately built and strictly tested to offer efficient and long–lasting working life.

NOTICES
The words “front”, “rear”, “right hand”, and “left hand” refer to the different parts as seen from the operator’s seat
oriented to the normal direction of movement of the tractor.

SAFETY RULES
PAY ATTENTION TO THIS SYMBOL
This warning symbol points out important messages involving personal safety.
Carefully read the safety rules contained herein and follow advised precautions to
avoid potential hazards and safeguard your safety.
In this manual you will find this symbol together with the following key–words:
WARNING – it gives warning about improper repair operations and potential
consequences affecting the service technician’s personal safety.
DANGER – it gives specific warning about potential dangers for personal safety of the
operator or other persons directly or indirectly involved in the operation.

TO PREVENT ACCIDENTS A wise and careful service technician is the best

Most accidents and personal injuries taking place in precautions against accidents.
workshops are due from non–observance of some
essential rules and safety precautions. Careful observance of this basic precaution would be
enough to avoid many severe accidents.
The possibility that an accident might occur with any DANGER
type of machines should not be disregarded, no Never carry out any cleaning, lubrication or
matter how well the machine in question was maintenance operations when the engine is running.
designed and built.

6–66000 – 06 – 2002
2 SECTION 1000 – GENERAL

SAFETY RULES ensure that all pressure is relieved from hydraulic

circuits before removing caps, covers, valves,
Generalities etc.
• Carefully follow specified repair and
maintenance procedures. • All repair and maintenance operations should be
carried out with the greatest care and attention.
• Do not wear rings, wristwatches, jewels, • Disconnect the batteries and label all controls to
unbuttoned or flapping clothing such as ties, torn warn that the tractor is being serviced. Block the
clothes, scarves, open jackets or shirts with open machine and all equipment which should be
zips which could get caught on moving parts. Use raised.
approved safety clothing such as anti–slipping • Never check or fill fuel tanks or batteries, nor use
footwear, gloves, safety goggles, helmets, etc. starting liquid if you are smoking or near open
flames as such fluids are flammable.
• Wear safety glasses with side guards when • The fuel filling gun should always remain in
cleaning parts using compressed air. contact with the filler neck. Maintain this contact
until the fuel stops flowing into the tank to avoid
possible sparks due to static electricity build–up.
• Damaged or frayed wires and chains are • To transfer a failed tractor, use a trailer or a low
unreliable. Do not use them for lifting or towing. loading platform trolley if available.
• To load and unload the machine from the
• Wear suitable protection such as approved eye transportation means, select a flat area providing
protection, helmets, special clothing, gloves and a firm support to the trailer or truck wheels. Firmly
footwear whenever welding. All persons tie the machine to the truck or trailer platform and
standing in the vicinity of the welding process block wheels as required by the transporter.
should wear approved eye protection. NEVER • Always use lifting equipment of appropriate
LOOK AT THE WELDING ARC IF YOUR EYES capacity to lift or move heavy components.
ARE NOT SUITABLY PROTECTED.
• Chains should always be safely fastened.
Ensure that fastening device is strong enough to
• Never carry out any repair on the machine if hold the load foreseen. No persons should stand
someone is sitting on the operator’s seat, except near the fastening point.
if they are qualified operators assisting in the • The working area should be always kept CLEAN
operation to be carried out. and DRY. Immediately clean any spillage of
water or oil.
• Never operate the machine or use attachments • Never use gasoline, diesel oil or other flammable
from a place other than sitting at the operator’s liquids as cleaning agents. Use non–flammable
seat or at the side of the machine when operating non–toxic proprietary solvents.
the fender switches.
• Do not pile up grease or oil soaked rags, as they
• Never carry out any operation on the machine constitute a great fire hazard. Always place them
when the engine is running, except when into a metal container.
specifically indicated. Stop the engine and

6–66000 – 06 – 2002
 SECTION 1000 – GENERAL 3

START UP medical attention may result in serious infections

• Never run the engine in confined spaces which or dermatitis.
are not equipped with adequate ventilation for
exhaust gas extraction. • Always take system pressure readings using the
• Never bring your head, body, arms, legs, feet, appropriate gauges.
hands, fingers near fans or rotating belts.

WHEELS AND TYRES

ENGINE • Check that the tyres are correctly inflated at the
• Always loosen the radiator cap very slowly pressure specified by the manufacturer.
before removing it to allow pressure in the Periodically check for possible damage to the
system to dissipate. Coolant should be topped up rims and tyres.
only when the engine is stopped.
• Do not fill up fuel tank when the engine is running. • Stay at the tyre side when inflating.
• Never adjust the fuel injection pump when the
tractor is moving. • Check the pressure only when the tractor is
• Never lubricate the tractor when the engine is unloaded and tyres are cold to avoid wrong
running. readings due to over–pressure.

• Never cut, nor weld a rim with the inflated tyre

ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS assembled.
• If it is necessary to use auxiliary batteries, cables
must be connected at both sides as follows: (+) • To remove the wheels, block both front and rear
to (+) and (–) to (–). Avoid short–circuiting the tractor wheels. Raise the tractor and install safe
terminals. GAS RELEASED FROM BATTERIES and stable supports under the tractor in
IS HIGHLY FLAMMABLE. During charging, accordance with regulations in force.
leave the battery compartment uncovered to
improve ventilation. Avoid sparks or flames near
the battery area. Do no smoke. • Deflate the tyre before removing any object
caught into the tyre tread.
• Do not charge batteries in confined spaces.
• Always disconnect the batteries before
performing any type of service on the electrical • Never inflate tyres using flammable gases as
system. they may originate explosions and cause injuries
to bystanders.

HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
REMOVAL AND INSTALLATION
• Some fluid coming out from a very small port can
be almost invisible and be strong enough to • Lift and handle all heavy components using lifting
penetrate the skin. For this reason, NEVER USE equipment of adequate capacity. Ensure that
YOUR HANDS TO CHECK FOR LEAKS, but use parts are supported by appropriate slings and
a piece of cardboard or a piece of wood for this hooks. Use lifting eyes provided to this purpose.
purpose. If any fluid is injected into the skin, seek Take care of the persons near the loads to be
medical aid immediately. Lack of immediate lifted.

6–66000 – 06 – 2002
4 SECTION 1000 – GENERAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY

CONTENT
Description Page
HEALTH AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
ACIDS AND ALKALIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ADHESIVES AND SEALERS – see Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ANTIFREEZE – see Fire, Solvents e.g. Isopropanol, Ethylene Glycol, Methanol. . . . . . . . . 5
ARC WELDING – see Welding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
BATTERY ACIDS – see Acids and Alkalis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
BRAKE AND CLUTCH FLUIDS (Polyalkylene Glycols) – see Fire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
BRAZING – see Welding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
CHEMICAL MATERIALS – GENERAL – see Legal Aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
DO’S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
DO NOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
CORROSION PROTECTION MATERIALS – see Solvents, Fire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
DUSTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
ELECTRIC SHOCK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
EXHAUST FUMES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
FIBRE INSULATION – see Dusts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
FIRE – see Welding, Foams, Legal Aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
FIRST AID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
FOAMS – Polyurethane – see Fire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
FUELS – see Fire, Legal Aspects, Chemicals – General, Solvents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
GAS CYLINDERS – see Fire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
GENERAL WORKSHOP TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
LEGAL ASPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
LUBRICANTS AND GREASES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
PAINTS – see Solvents and Chemical Materials – General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
SOLDER – see Welding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
SOLVENTS – see Chemical Materials – General Fuels (Kerosene), Fire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
SUSPENDED LOADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
WELDING – see Fire, Electric Shock, Gas Cylinders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

HEALTH AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS them. The precautions necessary to avoid these
Many of the procedures associated with vehicle hazards are identified.
maintenance and repair involve physical hazards or The list is not exhaustive and all operations and
other risks to health. This section lists, procedures and the handling of materials, should be
alphabetically, some of these hazardous operations carried out with health and safety in mind.
and the materials and equipment associated with

6–66000 – 06 – 2002
 SECTION 1000 – GENERAL 5

ACIDS AND ALKALIS – see Battery acids, Anaerobic, Cyanoacrylate and other Acrylic
e.g. caustic soda, sulphuric acid. Adhesives
Used in batteries and cleaning materials. Many are irritant, sensitizing or harmful to the skin.
Some are eye irritants.
Skin and eye contact should be avoided and the
Irritant and corrosive to the skin, eyes, nose manufacturers instructions followed.
and throat. Causes burns. Cyanoacrylate adhesives (super–glues) must not
Avoid splashes to the skin, eyes and clothing. Wear contact the skin or eyes. If skin or eye tissue is
suitable protective gloves and goggles. Can destroy bonded cover with a clean moist pad and get medical
ordinary protective clothing. Do not breathe mists. attention. do not attempt to pull tissue apart. Use in
well ventilated areas as vapours can cause irritation
Ensure access to water and soap is readily available of the nose and eyes.
for splashing accidents.
For two–pack systems see Resin based
adhesives/sealers.

Isocyanate (Polyurethane) Adhesives/ Sealers –

ADHESIVES AND SEALERS – see Fire see Resin based Adhesives.
Highly Flammable, Flammable, combustible. Individuals suffering from asthma or respiratory
Generally should be stored in “No Smoking” areas; allergies should not work with or near these materials
cleanliness and tidiness in use should be observed, as sensitivity reactions can occur.
e.g. disposable paper covering benches; should be Any spraying should preferably be carried out in
dispensed from applicators where possible; exhaust ventilated booths removing vapours and
containers, including secondary containers, should spray droplets from the breathing zone. Individuals
be labelled. working with spray applications should wear
supplied air respirators.

Solvent based Adhesives/Sealers – See

Solvents.
Follow manufacturers instructions. ANTIFREEZE – see Fire, Solvents e.g.
Isopropanol, Ethylene Glycol, Methanol.
Highly Flammable, Flammable, Combustible.
Water based Adhesives/Sealers Used in vehicle coolant systems, brake air pressure
Those based on polymer emulsions and rubber systems, screenwash solutions.
lattices may contain small amounts of volatile toxic Vapours given off from coolant antifreeze (glycol)
and harmful chemicals. Skin and eye contact should arise only when heated.
be avoided and adequate ventilation provided during
use. Antifreeze may be absorbed through the skin in toxic
or harmful quantities. Antifreeze if swallowed is fatal
Follow manufacturers instructions. and medical attention must be found immediately.

Resin based Adhesives/Sealers – e.g. epoxide

and formaldehyde resin based.
ARC WELDING – see Welding.
Mixing should only be carried out in well ventilated
areas as harmful or toxic volatile chemicals may be
released.
Skin contact with uncured resins and hardeners can
result in irritation; dermatitis and absorption of toxic BATTERY ACIDS – see Acids and Alkalis.
or harmful chemicals through the skin. Splashes can Gases released during charging are explosive.
damage the eyes. Never use naked flames or allow sparks near
Provide adequate ventilation and avoid skin and eye charging or recently charged batteries.
contact. Follow manufacturers instructions.

6–66000 – 06 – 2002
6 SECTION 1000 – GENERAL

BRAKE AND CLUTCH FLUIDS (Polyalkylene DO NOTS

Glycols) – see Fire. Do Not mix chemical materials except under the
Combustible. manufacturers instructions; some chemicals can
Splashes to the skin and eyes are slightly irritating. form other toxic or harmful chemicals; give off toxic
Avoid skin and eye contact as far as possible. or harmful fumes; be explosive when mixed together.
Inhalation of vapour hazards do not arise at ambient Do Not spray chemical materials, particularly those
temperatures because of the very low vapour based on solvents, in confined spaces e.g. when
pressure. people are inside a vehicle.
Do Not apply heat or flame to chemical materials
except under the manufacturers’ instructions. Some
are highly inflammable and some may release toxic
or harmful fumes.
BRAZING – see Welding.
Do Not leave containers open. Fumes given off can
build up to toxic, harmful or explosive concentrations.
Some fumes are heavier than air and will accumulate
in confined areas, pits etc.
CHEMICAL MATERIALS – GENERAL – see Do Not transfer chemical materials to unlabelled
Legal Aspects. containers.
Chemical materials such as solvents, sealers, Do Not clean hands or clothing with chemical
adhesives, paints, resin foams, battery acids, materials. Chemicals, particularly solvents and fuels
antifreeze, brake fluids, oils and grease should will dry the skin and may cause irritation with
always be used with caution and stored and handled dermatitis. Some can be absorbed through the skin
with care. They may be toxic, harmful, corrosive, in toxic or harmful quantities.
irritant or highly inflammable and give rise to
Do Not use emptied containers for other materials,
hazardous fumes and dusts.
except when they have been cleaned under
The effects of excessive exposure to chemicals may supervised conditions.
be immediate or delayed; briefly experienced or
Do Not sniff or smell chemical materials. Brief
permanent; cumulative; superficial; life threatening;
exposure to high concentrations of fumes can be
or may reduce life–expectancy.
toxic or harmful.

Clutch Fluids – see Brake and Clutch Fluids.

DO’S
Do remove chemical materials from the skin and
clothing as soon as practicable after soiling. Change
Clutch Linings and Pads – see Brake and Clutch
heavily soiled clothing and have it cleaned.
Linings and Pads.
Do carefully read and observe hazard and
precaution warnings given on material containers
(labels) and in any accompanying leaflets, poster or
other instructions. Material health and safety data
sheets can be obtained from Manufacturers. CORROSION PROTECTION MATERIALS – see
Do organise work practices and protective clothing to Solvents, Fire.
avoid soiling of the skin and eyes; breathing Highly flammable, flammable.
vapours/aerosols/dusts/fumes; inadequate These materials are varied and the manufacturers
container labelling; fire and explosion hazards. instructions should be followed. They may contain
Do wash before job breaks; before eating, smoking, solvents, resins, petroleum products etc. Skin and
drinking or using toilet facilities when handling eye contact should be avoided. They should only be
chemical materials. sprayed in conditions of adequate ventilation and not
Do keep work areas clean, uncluttered and free of in confined spaces.
spills.
Do store according to national and local regulations.
Do keep chemical materials out of reach of children. Cutting – see Welding.

De–Waxing – see Solvents and Fuels (Kerosene).

6–66000 – 06 – 2002
 SECTION 1000 – GENERAL 7

DUSTS Diesel Engine

Powder, dusts or clouds may be irritant, harmful or Soot, discomfort and irritation usually give adequate
toxic. Avoid breathing dusts from powdery chemical warning of hazardous fume concentrations.
materials or those arising from dry abrasion
operations. Wear respiratory protection if ventilation
is inadequate.
FIBRE INSULATION – see Dusts.
Used in noise and sound insulation.
The fibrous nature of surfaces and cut edges can
ELECTRIC SHOCK
cause skin irritation. This is usually a physical and
Electric shocks can result from the use of faulty not a chemical effect.
electrical equipment or from the misuse of equipment
Precautions should be taken to avoid excessive skin
even in good condition.
contact through careful organisation of work
Ensure that electrical equipment is maintained in practices and the use of gloves.
good condition and frequently tested.
Ensure that flexes, cables, plugs and sockets are not
frayed, kinked, cut, cracked or otherwise damaged.
Ensure that electric equipment is protected by the
FIRE – see Welding, Foams, Legal Aspects.
correct rated fuse.
Many of the materials found on or associated with the
Never misuse electrical equipment and never use
repair of vehicles are highly flammable. Some give
equipment which is in any way faulty. The results
off toxic or harmful fumes if burnt.
could be fatal.
Observe strict fire safety when storing and handling
Use reduced voltage equipment (110 volt) for
flammable materials or solvents, particularly near
inspection and working lights where possible.
electrical equipment or welding processes.
Ensure that the cables of mobile electrical equipment
Ensure before using electrical or welding equipment
cannot get trapped and damaged, such as in a
but that there is no fire hazard present.
vehicle hoist.
Have a suitable fire extinguisher available when
Use air operated mobile equipment where possible
using welding or heating equipment.
in preference to electrical equipment.
In cases of electrocution:–
– switch off electricity before approaching victim
– if this is not possible, push or drag victim from
FIRST AID
source of electricity using dry non–conductive
material Apart from meeting any legal requirements it is
desirable for someone in the workshop to be trained
– commence resuscitation if trained to do so
in first aid procedures.
– SUMMON MEDICAL ASSISTANCE
Splashes in the eye should be flushed with clean
water for at least ten minutes.
Soiled skin should be washed with soap and water.
Inhalation affected individuals should be removed to
EXHAUST FUMES fresh air immediately.
These contain asphyxiating, harmful and toxic If swallowed or if effects persist consult a doctor with
chemicals and particles such as carbon oxides, information (label) on material used.
nitrogen oxides, aldehydes, lead and aromatic
Do not induce vomiting (unless indicated by
hydrocarbons. Engines should only be run under
manufacturer).
conditions of adequate extraction or general
ventilation and not in confined spaces.

Gasolene (Petrol) Engine FOAMS – Polyurethane – see Fire.

There may not be adequate warning properties of Used in sound and noise insulation. Cured foams
odour or irritation before immediate and delayed used in seat and trim cushioning.
toxic or harmful effects arise. Follow manufacturers instructions.

6–66000 – 06 – 2002
8 SECTION 1000 – GENERAL

Unreacted components are irritating and may be avoid the serious consequences of inhalation in the
harmful to the skin and eyes. Wear gloves and event of vapour build up arising from spillages in
goggles. confined spaces.
Individuals with chronic respiratory diseases, Special precautions apply to cleaning and
asthma, bronchial medical problems or histories of maintenance operations on gasolene storage tanks.
allergic diseases should not work with or near Gasolene should not be used as a cleaning agent.
uncured materials. It must not be siphoned by mouth.
The components, vapours, spray mists can cause
direct irritation, sensitivity reactions and may be toxic
or harmful.
Kerosene (Paraffin)
Vapours and spray mists must not be breathed.
Used also as heating fuel, solvent and cleaning
These materials must be applied with adequate
agent.
ventilation and respiratory protection. Do not remove
respirator immediately after spraying, wait until Flammable.
vapour/ mists have cleared. Irritation of the mouth and throat may result from
Burning of the uncured components and the cured swallowing. The main hazard from swallowing arises
foams can generate toxic and harmful fumes. if liquid aspiration into the lungs occurs. Liquid
contact dries the skin and can cause irritation or
Smoking, open flames or the use of electrical
dermatitis. Splashes in the eye may be slightly
equipment during foaming operations and until
irritating.
vapours/mists have cleared should not be allowed.
Any heat cutting of cured foams or partially cured In normal circumstances the low volatility does not
foams should be conducted with extraction give rise to harmful vapours. Exposure to mists and
ventilation (see Body Section 44 Legal and Safety vapours from kerosene at elevated temperatures
Aspects). should be avoided (mists may arise in de–waxing).
Avoid skin and eye contact and ensure there is
adequate ventilation.

FUELS – see Fire, Legal Aspects, Chemicals –

Gas–Oil (Diesel Fuel) – see Fuels (Kerosene).
General, Solvents.
Combustible.
Used as fuels and cleaning agents.
Gross or prolonged skin contact with high boiling gas
oils may also cause serious skin disorders including
skin cancer.
Gasolene (Petrol).
Highly flammable.
Swallowing can result in mouth and throat irritation
and absorption from the stomach can result in
GAS CYLINDERS – see Fire.
drowsiness and unconsciousness. Small amounts
can be fatal to children. Aspiration of liquid into the Gases such as oxygen, acetylene, carbon dioxide,
lungs, e.g. through vomiting, is a very serious argon and propane are normally stored in cylinders
hazard. at pressures of up to 140 bar (2000 lb/in2) and great
care should be taken in handling these cylinders to
Gasolene dries the skin and can cause irritation and
avoid mechanical damage to them or to the valve
dermatitis on prolonged or repeated contact. Liquid
gear attached. The contents of each cylinder should
in the eye causes severe smarting.
be clearly identified by appropriate markings.
Motor gasolene may contain appreciable quantities
Cylinders should be stored in well ventilated
of benzene, which is toxic upon inhalation and the
enclosures, and protected from ice and snow, or
concentrations of gasolene vapours must be kept
direct sunlight. Fuel gases (e.g. acetylene and
very low. High concentrations will cause eye, nose
propane) should not be stored in close proximity to
and throat irritation, nausea, headache, depression
oxygen cylinders.
and symptoms of drunkenness. Very high
concentrations will result in rapid loss of Care should be exercised to prevent leaks from gas
consciousness. cylinders and lines, and to avoid sources of ignition.
Ensure there is adequate ventilation when handling Only trained personnel should undertake work
and using gasolene. Great care must be taken to involving gas cylinders.

6–66000 – 06 – 2002
 SECTION 1000 – GENERAL 9

Gases – see Gas Cylinders. LEGAL ASPECTS

Many laws and regulations make requirements
relating to health and safety in the use of materials
Gas Shielded Welding – see Welding. and equipment in workshops. Always conform to the
laws and regulations applicable to the country in
which you are working.
Workshops should be familiar, in detail, with the
Gas Welding – see Welding.
associated laws and regulations. Consult the local
factory inspectorate or appropriate authority if in any
doubt.

GENERAL WORKSHOP TOOLS AND

EQUIPMENT
It is essential that all tools and equipment are LUBRICANTS AND GREASES
maintained in good condition and the correct safety
Avoid all prolonged and repeated contact with
equipment used where required.
mineral oils, especially used oils. Used oils
Never use tools or equipment for any purpose other contaminated during service (e.g. routine service
than that for which they were designed. change sump oils) are more irritating and more likely
Never overload equipment such as hoists, jacks, to cause serious effects including skin cancer in the
axle and chassis stands or lifting slings. Damage event of gross and prolonged skin contact.
caused by overloading is not always immediately Wash skin thoroughly after work involving oil.
apparent and may result in a fatal failure the next time Proprietary hand cleaners may be of value provided
that the equipment is used. they can be removed from the skin with water. Do not
Do not use damaged or defective tools or equipment, use petrol, paraffin or other solvents to remove oil
particularly high speed equipment such as grinding from the skin.
wheels. A damaged grinding wheel can disintegrate Lubricants and greases may be slightly irritating to
without warning and cause serious injury. the eyes.
Wear suitable eye protection when using grinding, Repeated or prolonged skin contact should be
chiselling or sand blasting equipment. avoided by wearing protective clothing if necessary.
Wear a suitable breathing mask when using sand Particular care should be taken with used oils and
blasting equipment, working with asbestos based greases containing lead. Do not allow work clothing
materials or using spraying equipment. to be contaminated with oil. Dry clean or launder
such clothing at regular intervals. Discard oil soaked
shoes.
Glues – see Adhesives and Sealers. Do not employ used engine oils as lubricants or for
any application where appreciable skin contact is
likely to occur. Used oils may only be disposed of in
accordance with local regulations.
High Pressure Air, Lubrication and Oil Test
Equipment – see Lubricants and Greases.
Always keep high pressure equipment in good
condition and regularly maintained, particularly at Noise Insulation Materials – see Foams, Fibre
joints and unions. Insulation.
Never direct a high pressure nozzle at the skin as the
fluid may penetrate to the underlying tissue etc. and
cause serious injury.

6–66000 – 06 – 2002
10 SECTION 1000 – GENERAL

PAINTS – see Solvents and Chemical Materials – which can give toxic effects if inhaled. Respiratory
General. protection may be necessary.
Highly Flammable, Flammable. Solder spillage and filing should be collected and
One Pack. Can contain harmful or toxic pigments, removed promptly to prevent general air
driers and other components as well as solvents. contamination by lead.
Spraying should only be carried out with adequate High standards of personal hygiene are necessary in
ventilation. order to avoid indigestion of lead or inhalation of
Two Pack. Can also contain harmful and toxic solder dust from clothing.
unreacted resins and resin hardening agents. The
manufacturers instructions should be followed and
the section of page 5 on resin based adhesives,
isocyanate containing Adhesives and Foams should
SOLVENTS – see Chemical Materials – General
be consulted.
Fuels (Kerosene), Fire.
Spraying should preferably be carried out in
e.g. Acetone, white spirit, toluene, xylene,
exhausted ventilated booths removing vapour and
trichlorethane.
spray mists from the breathing zone. Individuals
working in booths should wear respiratory protection. Used in cleaning materials, de–waxing, paints,
Those doing small scale repair work in the open shop plastics, resins, thinners etc.
should wear supplied air respirators. Highly Inflammable, Flammable.
Skin contact will degrease the skin and may result in
irritation and dermatitis following repeated or
Paint Thinners – see Solvents. prolonged contact. Some can be absorbed through
the skin in toxic or harmful quantities.
Splashes in the eye may cause severe irritation and
could lead to loss of vision.
Petrol – see Fuels (Gasolene).
Brief exposure to high concentrations of vapours or
mists will cause eye and throat irritation, drowsiness,
dizziness, headaches and in the worst
Pressurised Equipment – see High Pressure Air, circumstances, unconsciousness.
Lubrication and Oil Test Equipment.
Repeated or prolonged exposures to excessive but
lower concentrations of vapours or mists, for which
there might not be adequate warning indications, can
Resistance Welding – see Welding. cause more serious toxic or harmful effects.
Aspiration into the lungs (e.g. through vomiting) is the
most serious consequence of swallowing.
Sealers – see Adhesives and Sealers. Avoid splashes to the skin, eyes and clothing. Wear
protective gloves, goggles and clothing if necessary.
Ensure good ventilation when in use, avoid breathing
fumes, vapours and spray mists and keep containers
SOLDER – see Welding. tightly sealed. Do not use in confined spaces.
Solders are mixtures of metals such that the melting When the spraying material contains solvents, e.g.
point of the mixture is below that of the constituent paints, adhesives, coatings, use extraction
metals (normally lead and tin). Solder application ventilation or personal respiratory protection in the
does not normally give rise to toxic lead fumes, absence of adequate general ventilation.
provided a gas/air flame is used. Oxy–acetylene Do not apply heat or flame except under specific and
flames should not be used, as they are much hotter detailed manufacturers instructions.
and will cause lead fumes to be evolved.
Some fumes may be produced by the application of
any flame to surfaces coated with grease etc. and Sound Insulation – see Fibre Insulation, Foams.
inhalation of these should be avoided.
Removal of excess solder should be undertaken with
care, to ensure that fine lead dust is not produced, Spot Welding – see Welding.

6–66000 – 06 – 2002
 SECTION 1000 – GENERAL 11

SUSPENDED LOADS applied coatings or contamination on the surfaces

There is always a danger when loads are lifted or being worked on. These gases and fumes may be
suspended. Never work under an unsupported toxic and inhalation should always be avoided. The
suspended or raised load, e.g. jacked up vehicle, use of extraction ventilation to remove the fumes
suspended engine, etc. from the working area may be necessary, particularly
in cases where the general ventilation is poor, or
Always ensure that lifting equipment such as jacks,
where considerable welding work is anticipated. In
hoists, axle stands, slings, etc. are adequate and
extreme cases where adequate ventilation cannot be
suitable for the job, in good condition and regularly
provided, supplied air respirators may be necessary.
maintained.
Never improvise lifting tackle.

Gas Welding
Oxy–acetylene torches may be used for welding and
Underseal – see Corrosion Protection.
cutting and special care must be taken to prevent
leakage of these gases, with consequent risk of fire
and explosion.
The process will produce metal spatter and eye and
WELDING – see Fire, Electric Shock, Gas skin protection is necessary.
Cylinders. The flame is bright and eye protection should be
Welding processes include Resistance Welding used, but the ultra–violet emission is much less than
(Spot Welding), Arc Welding and Gas Welding. that from arc welding, and lighter filters may be used.
The process itself produces few toxic fumes, but
such fumes and gases may be produced from
Resistance Welding coatings on the work, particularly during cutting away
of damaged body parts and inhalation of the fumes
This process may cause particles of molten metal to
should be avoided.
be emitted at high velocity and the eyes and skin
must be protected. In brazing, toxic fumes may be evolved from the
metals in the brazing rod, and a severe hazard may
arise if brazing rods containing cadmium are used.
In this event particular care must be taken to avoid
Arc Welding inhalation of fumes and expert advice may be
This process emits a high level of ultraviolet radiation required.
which may cause eye and skin burns to the welder SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS MUST BE TAKEN
and to other persons nearby. Gas–shielded welding BEFORE ANY WELDING OR CUTTING TAKES
processes are particularly hazardous in this respect. PLACE ON VESSELS WHICH HAVE CONTAINED
Personal protection must be worn, and screens used COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS, E.G. BOILING OR
to shield other people. STEAMING OUT OF FUEL TANKS.
Metal spatter will also occur and appropriate eye and
skin protection is necessary.
The heat of the welding arc will produce fumes and White Spirit – see Solvents.
gases from the metals being welded and from any

6–66000 – 06 – 2002
12 SECTION 1000 – GENERAL

6–66000 – 06 – 2002