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    Physics of The Universe

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    sbhagwat9211
    The document discusses Einstein's theories of cosmology, including his attempts to create static models of the universe by introducing a cosmological constant term, as well as Friedmann's expanding cosmological models derived from general relativity without needing additional forces. It explores the implications of Friedmann models with different curvature parameters, such as having a singularity at the beginning of expansion in the standard Einstein-de Sitter model of the Big Bang.

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    Physics of The Universe

    Uploaded by

    sbhagwat9211
    49 views10 pages
    The document discusses Einstein's theories of cosmology, including his attempts to create static models of the universe by introducing a cosmological constant term, as well as Friedmann's expanding cosmological models derived from general relativity without needing additional forces. It explores the implications of Friedmann models with different curvature parameters, such as having a singularity at the beginning of expansion in the standard Einstein-de Sitter model of the Big Bang.

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    physics of universe

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    1836053680000_PH332-22

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    The document discusses Einstein's theories of cosmology, including his attempts to create static models of the universe by introducing a cosmological constant term, as well as Friedmann's expanding cosmological models derived from general relativity without needing additional forces. It explores the implications of Friedmann models with different curvature parameters, such as having a singularity at the beginning of expansion in the standard Einstein-de Sitter model of the Big Bang.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    49 views10 pages

    Physics of The Universe

    Uploaded by

    sbhagwat9211
    The document discusses Einstein's theories of cosmology, including his attempts to create static models of the universe by introducing a cosmological constant term, as well as Friedmann's expanding cosmological models derived from general relativity without needing additional forces. It explores the implications of Friedmann models with different curvature parameters, such as having a singularity at the beginning of expansion in the standard Einstein-de Sitter model of the Big Bang.

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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    Physics

    of the
    Universe
    PH: 332
    Autumn
    Physics of the Universe
    Semester
    2018-19 Biplab Ganguli
    Cosmology:
    Theories of the
    Universe Department of Physics & Astronomy
    Einstein
    Cosmology
    National Institute of Technology, Rourkela

    Lecture-XXII
    Einstein Cosmology

    Physics
    of the Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity (G.T.R.)
    Universe
    It gives correct picture and removes instantaneous influence
    PH: 332
    problem.
    Autumn
    Semester It provided more conceptual picture of space and time.
    2018-19 He tried to construct a static Universe model.
    Cosmology: Like Newtonian cosmology his general theoory of relativity
    Theories of the
    Universe
    did not give static model.
    Einstein To give static model he introduced a repulsive force between
    Cosmology
    objects at cosmological distances.
    It is known as λ−term.
    It appears in the equations of G.T.R.
    Einstein Cosmology (cont.)

    Physics In Newtonian framework, this term is,


    of the
    Universe d2 S 4πGA
    2
    = λS −
    PH: 332 dt 3S2
    Autumn For static Universe,
    4πGA
    Semester λS0 − = 0
    2018-19 3S02
    4πGA 1/3
     
    Cosmology:
    Theories of the
    ⇒ S0 =
    Universe 3λ
    Einstein
    Cosmology This is equivalent to Einstein Universe in Newtonian
    cosmology.
    In Einstein Universe, in the relativistic framework, universe
    with constant S(= S0 ) has space-time curvature parameter
    k = −1.
    Einstein Cosmology (cont.)

    Physics
    of the Thus Universe has finite volume but unbounded.
    Universe In Einstein Universe, curvature of space is related to the
    PH: 332 density of matter filling up the space. This is the central
    Autumn theme of G.T.R.
    Semester
    The De-Sitter Universe
    2018-19
    Cosmology:
    Subsequently De-Sitter found an alternative and equally
    Theories of the
    Universe
    simple solution of G.T.R. in which the Universe is empty but
    Einstein
    expanding.
    Cosmology
    In his Universe, k = 0 and S = exp Ht, where H 2 = 13 λ.
    There is no matter in this picture but test particles obey
    Weyl’s postulate.
    Einstein Cosmology (cont.)

    Physics
    of the All these static model were proven false after the discovery of red
    Universe shift and background micro-wave.
    PH: 332
    Autumn Friedmann Models(1920)
    Semester Friedmann gave solution to G.T.R. under Weyl’s postulate
    2018-19 and cosmological principle without adding any repulsive
    Cosmology: force.
    Theories of the
    Universe He assume matter in the Universe has a density ρ(t).
    Einstein
    Cosmology
    ρS2 = constant = A
     2
    dS 8πAG
    + kc2 =
    dt 3S
    Einstein Cosmology (cont.)

    Physics Though there is a remarkable similarity between this and


    of the Newtonian cosmology but it is free from conceptual
    Universe problems.
    PH: 332 Here, k = +1, −1, 0
    Autumn
    Semester
    2018-19
    Cosmology:
    Theories of the
    Universe

    Einstein
    Cosmology
    Einstein Cosmology (cont.)

    Physics Two dimensional examples of surfaces of constant


    of the curvature.
    Universe
    PH: 332
    Autumn
    Semester
    2018-19
    Cosmology:
    Theories of the
    Universe

    Einstein
    Cosmology

    Figure : The scale factor S(t) as a function of time for


    k = +1, 0, −1.
    Einstein Cosmology (cont.)

    Physics
    For k = −1, 0, S(t) increases steadily for t = 0 to ∞.
    of the
    Universe For k = +1, it reaches a maximum and decreases back to
    zero.
    PH: 332
    Autumn For k = 0, the model is known as the Einstein- de sitter
    Semester model. In this case, S(t) = (6πGA)1/3 t2/3
    2018-19 (This different from Einstein Universe or de sitter Universe)
    dS
    H(t) = Sdt
    Cosmology:
    Theories of the
    Universe
    In Einstein-de-sitter model H(t) = 3t2
    Einstein
    ⇒ If H0 is the present value then the age of the Universe is
    Cosmology given by,
    t = 3H2 0 ' 13 × 109 years.
    At t = 0, S = 0.
    What is the meaning of S = 0?
    Einstein Cosmology (cont.)

    Physics Mathematically it is a singularity


    of the ⇒ All mathematical equations break down at S = 0 because
    Universe certain quantities become zero.
    PH: 332 Physically density of matter and energy become infinity at
    Autumn S = 0 and so the velocities of particles become infinity.
    Semester This state of the Universe is characterize by “Big-Bang”.
    2018-19 At t = 0, the universe with infinite matter and energy
    Cosmology: explode into existence. The debris of explosion flies apart at
    Theories of the
    Universe tremendous speeds.
    Einstein
    Cosmology
    After that gravitational pull puts a break on the motion.
    If k = +1, if the pull succeeds to stop the expansion and
    changing it into contraction.
    If k = −1 or 0 expansion slows down but never stops.
    The epoch t = 0 is taken as the event of creation.
    Einstein Cosmology (cont.)

    Physics
    of the
    Universe
    PH: 332
    Autumn
    Semester Prior to this there existed no universe, no observers, no
    2018-19 physical laws. Everything suddenly appeared at t = 0.
    Cosmology:
    Theories of the
    Universe

    Einstein
    Cosmology

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