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The Layers of The OSI Model Illustrated

The document describes the 7 layers of the OSI model: 1) The Physical layer deals with electrical signals and transmission of raw data bits. 2) The Data Link layer packages bits into frames, detects errors, and manages addressing like MAC addresses. 3) The Network layer adds routing and maintains logical addresses like IP addresses, mapping them to physical addresses.

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Ranveer Kumar
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56 views3 pages

The Layers of The OSI Model Illustrated

The document describes the 7 layers of the OSI model: 1) The Physical layer deals with electrical signals and transmission of raw data bits. 2) The Data Link layer packages bits into frames, detects errors, and manages addressing like MAC addresses. 3) The Network layer adds routing and maintains logical addresses like IP addresses, mapping them to physical addresses.

Uploaded by

Ranveer Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Layers of the OSI Model Illustrated

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model defines a networking framework to implement
protocols in layers, with control passed from one layer to the next. It is primarily used today as a
teaching tool. It conceptually divides computer network architecture into 7 layers in a logical
progression. The lower layers deal with electrical signals, chunks of binary data, and routing of
these data across networks. Higher levels cover network requests and responses, representation
of data, and network protocols as seen from a user's point of view.

The OSI model was originally conceived as a standard architecture for building network systems
and indeed, many popular network technologies today reflect the layered design of OSI.

Physical Layer

At Layer 1, the Physical layer of the OSI model is responsible for ultimate transmission of digital
data bits from the Physical layer of the sending (source) device over network communications
media to the Physical layer of the receiving (destination) device. Examples of Layer 1
technologies include Ethernet cables and Token Ring networks. Additionally, hubs and other
repeaters are standard network devices that function at the Physical layer, as are cable
connectors.

At the Physical layer, data are transmitted using the type of signaling supported by the physical
medium: electric voltages, radio frequencies, or pulses of infrared or ordinary light.

Data Link Layer

When obtaining data from the Physical layer, the Data Link layer checks for physical
transmission errors and packages bits into data "frames". The Data Link layer also manages
physical addressing schemes such as MAC addresses for Ethernet networks, controlling access
of any various network devices to the physical medium. Because the Data Link layer is the single
most complex layer in the OSI model, it is often divided into two parts, the "Media Access
Control" sublayer and the "Logical Link Control" sublayer.

Network Layer

The Network layer adds the concept of routing above the Data Link layer. When data arrives at
the Network layer, the source and destination addresses contained inside each frame are
examined to determine if the data has reached its final destination. If the data has reached the
final destination, this Layer 3 formats the data into packets delivered up to the Transport layer.
Otherwise, the Network layer updates the destination address and pushes the frame back down to
the lower layers.

To support routing, the Network layer maintains logical addresses such as IP addresses for
devices on the network. The Network layer also manages the mapping between these logical
addresses and physical addresses. In IP networking, this mapping is accomplished through the
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).

Transport Layer

The Transport Layer delivers data across network connections. TCP is the most common
example of a Transport Layer 4 network protocol. Different transport protocols may support a
range of optional capabilities including error recovery, flow control, and support for re-
transmission.
Session Layer

The Session Layer manages the sequence and flow of events that initiate and tear down network
connections. At Layer 5, it is built to support multiple types of connections that can be created
dynamically and run over individual networks.

Presentation Layer

The Presentation layer is the simplest in function of any piece of the OSI model. At Layer 6, it
handles syntax processing of message data such as format conversions and encryption /
decryption needed to support the Application layer above it.

Application Layer

The Application layer supplies network services to end-user applications. Network services are
typically protocols that work with user's data. For example, in a Web browser application, the
Application layer protocol HTTP packages the data needed to send and receive Web page
content. This Layer 7 provides data to (and obtains data from) the Presentation layer.

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