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    Neurons & Synapses: Alard Roebroeck E-Mail: A.roebroeck@maastrichtuniversity - NL

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    Yiping Huang
    This document discusses neurons and synapses at multiple levels of analysis: 1. At the macroscale, it examines the whole human brain and long-range neural connections. 2. At the mesoscale, it analyzes short-range neural circuits and topographic projections. 3. At the microscale and nanoscale, it describes individual neurons, synaptic contacts, and neurotransmitters. The key aspects of neural communication are explained, including neuronal structure, resting potentials, action potentials, synaptic transmission, and common neurotransmitters.

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    Neurons & Synapses: Alard Roebroeck E-Mail: A.roebroeck@maastrichtuniversity - NL

    Uploaded by

    Yiping Huang
    35 views44 pages
    This document discusses neurons and synapses at multiple levels of analysis: 1. At the macroscale, it examines the whole human brain and long-range neural connections. 2. At the mesoscale, it analyzes short-range neural circuits and topographic projections. 3. At the microscale and nanoscale, it describes individual neurons, synaptic contacts, and neurotransmitters. The key aspects of neural communication are explained, including neuronal structure, resting potentials, action potentials, synaptic transmission, and common neurotransmitters.

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    CCN Lecture 3 2018

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    This document discusses neurons and synapses at multiple levels of analysis: 1. At the macroscale, it examines the whole human brain and long-range neural connections. 2. At the mesoscale, it analyzes short-range neural circuits and topographic projections. 3. At the microscale and nanoscale, it describes individual neurons, synaptic contacts, and neurotransmitters. The key aspects of neural communication are explained, including neuronal structure, resting potentials, action potentials, synaptic transmission, and common neurotransmitters.

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    35 views44 pages

    Neurons & Synapses: Alard Roebroeck E-Mail: A.roebroeck@maastrichtuniversity - NL

    Uploaded by

    Yiping Huang
    This document discusses neurons and synapses at multiple levels of analysis: 1. At the macroscale, it examines the whole human brain and long-range neural connections. 2. At the mesoscale, it analyzes short-range neural circuits and topographic projections. 3. At the microscale and nanoscale, it describes individual neurons, synaptic contacts, and neurotransmitters. The key aspects of neural communication are explained, including neuronal structure, resting potentials, action potentials, synaptic transmission, and common neurotransmitters.

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    of 44

    Lecture 3:

    Neurons & synapses


    Alard Roebroeck
    E-mail:
    [email protected] 1
    The Bigger Picture:
    Levels of analysis (Again)
    • Computational level
    • What’s the problem to be solved?
    • Algorithmic level

    2
    • What (abstract) set of rules solves the problem?
    • Implementational level
    • How are those rules physically implemented?
    • At many scales….

    David Marr, Vision, 1982


    The Bigger Picture:
    Scales of analysis
    Macroscale Mesoscale Microscale Nanoscale

    3
    whole Long-range Short-range Topographic Layered Layer of Axonal Synaptic Neuro-
    human association association projection Intra- avg. large density & contacts transmitters
    brain projections projections organization cortical projection diameters Receptors
    circuits termination

    µm3: 1015 1012 109 106 103 100 10-3 10-6 10-9
    µm: 105 104 103 102 101 100 10-1 10-2 10-3
    cm mm µm nm
    Neural systems level: macroscale

    Brodmann’s areas
    Circuit level:
    mesoscale
    Cellular level: Microscale
    Synaptic level: Nanoscale
    Literature
    • Gazzaniga 4th edition
    • Ch 2. Structure and Function of the Nervous System (pages 22-37)
    • The Structure of Neurons
    • Neuronal signaling
    • Synaptic transmission
    • The Role of Glial cells
    • The Bigger picture

    8
    Cells of the brain: neurons
    • Soma

    • Dendrites
    • Many dendrites
    • Input

    • Axon
    • One axon
    • Output

    9
    Cells of the brain: neurons

    • Dendrites
    • Many dendrites
    • Input
    • Dendritic spines

    10
    Cells of the brain: neurons

    • Axon hillock

    • One axon
    • Can branch
    • Axon hillock
    • Axon terminal
    • Myelin
    • Output 11
    Cells of the brain: neurons
    • Many types and kinds of
    neurons

    12
    Cells of the brain: glia cells
    • Astrocytes:
    • Blood Brain Barrier
    • Nutrition
    • Waste management
    • Signaling?

    13
    Cells of the brain: glia cells
    • Oligodendrocytes:
    • Myelinisation
    • CNS
    • Schwann cells:
    • Myelinisation
    • PNS

    14
    Cells of the brain: glia cells
    • Microglia:
    • Brains immune system
    • Eat up pathogens

    15
    Neurons: communicating cells
    • Brain is a large parallel computer

    • Each neuron is pre-synaptic and post-synaptic to many


    (thousands of) other neurons

    • There is communication/information massing:


    • Within neurons: electrical (membrane potentials)
    • Resting potential
    • Action potentials
    • Post-synaptic potentials
    • Between neurons: chemical (synaptic transmission) 16
    Neurons: resting potential
    • Inside is more
    negative:
    -70 mV at rest

    17
    Neurons: resting potential

    • Charged particles
    • Around the cell:
    • Sodium (Na+)
    • Chloride (Cl-)
    • Potassium (K+)
    18
    • Negatively charged proteins (A-)
    • Found primarily within the neuron
    Neurons: resting potential
    • Two forces act on all ions:
    • Concentration gradient (concentration force):
    • particles move down concentration gradient,
    • Force/pressure from high concentration to low
    • E.g. : Concentration pressure on Na+ is inward
    • Electrostatic pressure: particles move to opposite charge
    • E.g. : Electrostatic pressure on Na+ is inward

    19
    Neurons: resting potential
    Neurons: resting potential
    • Summary:
    • K+ wants to leave cell, but is pumped in
    • Na+ wants to enter cell, but is pumped out
    • Consequences?
    • Neuron = biological circuit
    • Neuron is in constant ready state to…
    • … fire an action potential!
    • Enabled by
    • selective permeability
    • voltage-gated channels

    21
    Neurons: ion channels & pump
    • Membrane is selectively permeable
    • Sodium-potassium pump Inside is more
    • Channels/pores for specific ions negative:
    • Non-gated -70 mV at rest
    • Gated
    Neurons: resting potential
    • Membrane is selectively permeable
    • Sodium-potassium pump Inside is more
    • Channels/pores for specific ions negative:
    • Non-gated -70 mV at rest
    • Gated
    • Open/close based on Voltage
    • Change conductance

    -70mV -60mV
    Neurons: action potential
    • Neurons transmit output signals
    internally through the action
    potential…
    • …If the right input us received at the
    dendrites
    • Integrate incoming signals from
    dendrites
    • When threshold is reached: transmit signal
    via axon
    • EPSP: Excitatory PostSynaptic Potential
    • IPSP: Inhibitory PostSynaptic Potential 24
    The Action Potential
    • Multiple input signals are needed at the dendrites to produce an
    AP
    • EPSPs depolarize (e.g. -65mV)
    • IPSPs hyperpolarize (e.g. -75mV)

    25
    The Action Potential
    • EPSPs must sum
    • Spatially
    • Temporally
    • To reach threshold at the axon hillock

    26
    The Action Potential

    27
    • Can think of opening (voltage gated channels) in terms of changing
    ionic conductance

    28
    The Action Potential
    • The AP is an all-or-nothing response
    • Refractory period:
    • Absolute
    • Relative
    • An AP travels slow
    • Can be made faster by myelination of axon
    • Saltatory conduction
    • Regenerate AP at nodes of Ranvier

    29
    PSP vs AP
    EPSPs/IPSPs Action Potentials
     Dendrites/Soma  Axon

     Decremental  Nondecremental

     Fast  Conducted more


    slowly than PSPs
     But much faster

     Passive (energy is not when saltatory


    used)  Passive and active
    30
    (energy is used)
    Synaptic transmission
    • AP
    • in pre-synaptic neuron
    • Leads to PSP
    • in post-synaptic neuron

    (E/I)PSP

    31
    32
    33
    34
    35
    Receptor =
    Neurotransmitter-activated
    Ion-channel

    • E.g. Cl-
    • IPSP
    • E.g. Na+
    • EPSP

    36
    Synaptic transmission: summary
    • AP
    • in pre-synaptic neuron
    • Leads to PSP
    • in post-synaptic neuron

    37
    (E/I)PSP
    Ending synaptic transmission

    38
    Gap-junctions
    • Between neurons
    • But electrically

    39
    Neurotransmitters
    • Synthesized in neuron or present in it
    • Released when activated and produce post-synaptic response
    • Must be removed after action has been completed
    • Effect depends on post-synaptic receptor!

    40
    Neurotransmitters: Many!

    41
    Neurotransmitters:
    amino acids
    • Usually found at fast-acting directed synapses in the CNS
    • Glutamate – Most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter in the
    CNS
    • GABA
    • Synthesized from glutamate
    • Most prevalent inhibitory NT in the CNS

    42
    Neurotransmitters:
    monoamines
    • Dopamine: pleasure, addiction
    • Norepinephrine: arousal, wakefullness 去甲肾上腺素

    • Epinephrine: periphery
    • Serotonin: sleep, eating ⾎血清素

    43
    Neurotransmitters:
    acetylcholine
    • Acetylcholine (Ach)
    • Operates
    • In the brain
    • At neuromuscular junction

    44

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