SOLUCIONARIO TERMODINAMICA 8 EDICION Chap03
SOLUCIONARIO TERMODINAMICA 8 EDICION Chap03
SOLUCIONARIO TERMODINAMICA 8 EDICION Chap03
Chapter 3
PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
This Manual is the proprietary property of McGraw-Hill Education and protected by copyright and
other state and federal laws. By opening and using this Manual the user agrees to the following
restrictions, and if the recipient does not agree to these restrictions, the Manual should be promptly
returned unopened to McGraw-Hill Education: This Manual is being provided only to authorized
professors and instructors for use in preparing for the classes using the affiliated textbook. No
other use or distribution of this Manual is permitted. This Manual may not be sold and may not
be distributed to or used by any student or other third party. No part of this Manual may be
reproduced, displayed or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of McGraw-Hill Education.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-2
Pure Substances, Phase Change Processes, Property Diagrams
3-2C A vapor that is about to condense is saturated vapor; otherwise it is superheated vapor.
3-3C No.
3-4C Because one cannot be varied while holding the other constant. In other words, when one changes, so does the other
one.
3-5C Yes. The saturation temperature of a pure substance depends on pressure. The higher the pressure, the higher the
saturation or boiling temperature.
3-6C At critical point the saturated liquid and the saturated vapor states are identical. At triple point the three phases of a
pure substance coexist in equilibrium.
3-7C Yes.
3-8C Case (c) when the pan is covered with a heavy lid. Because the heavier the lid, the greater the pressure in the pan, and
thus the greater the cooking temperature.
Property Tables
3-9C A given volume of water will boil at a higher temperature in a tall and narrow pot since the pressure at the bottom
(and thus the corresponding saturation pressure) will be higher in that case.
3-10C The molar mass of gasoline (C8H18) is 114 kg/kmol, which is much larger than the molar mass of air that is 29
kg/kmol. Therefore, the gasoline vapor will settle down instead of rising even if it is at a much higher temperature than the
surrounding air. As a result, the warm mixture of air and gasoline on top of an open gasoline will most likely settle down
instead of rising in a cooler environment
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-3
3-11C Yes. Otherwise we can create energy by alternately vaporizing and condensing a substance.
3-12C No. Because in the thermodynamic analysis we deal with the changes in properties; and the changes are independent
of the selected reference state.
3-13C The term hfg represents the amount of energy needed to vaporize a unit mass of saturated liquid at a specified
temperature or pressure. It can be determined from hfg = hg - hf .
3-14C Yes. It decreases with increasing pressure and becomes zero at the critical pressure.
3-15C Yes; the higher the temperature the lower the hfg value.
3-16C Quality is the fraction of vapor in a saturated liquid-vapor mixture. It has no meaning in the superheated vapor
region.
3-17C Completely vaporizing 1 kg of saturated liquid at 1 atm pressure since the higher the pressure, the lower the hfg .
3-18C The compressed liquid can be approximated as a saturated liquid at the given temperature. Thus v T , P v f @ T .
3-19C Ice can be made by evacuating the air in a water tank. During evacuation, vapor is also thrown out, and thus the
vapor pressure in the tank drops, causing a difference between the vapor pressures at the water surface and in the tank. This
pressure difference is the driving force of vaporization, and forces the liquid to evaporate. But the liquid must absorb the
heat of vaporization before it can vaporize, and it absorbs it from the liquid and the air in the neighborhood, causing the
temperature in the tank to drop. The process continues until water starts freezing. The process can be made more efficient by
insulating the tank well so that the entire heat of vaporization comes essentially from the water.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-4
3-20 Complete the following table for H2 O:
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-5
3-22 Problem 3-21 is reconsidered. The missing properties of water are to be determined using EES, and the solution
is to be repeated for refrigerant-134a, refrigerant-22, and ammonia.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
"Given"
T[1]=50 [C]
v[1]=7.72 [m^3/kg]
P[2]=400 [kPa]
x[2]=1
T[3]=250 [C]
P[3]=500 [kPa]
T[4]=110 [C]
P[4]=350 [kPa]
"Analysis"
Fluid$='steam_iapws' "Change the Fluid to R134a, R22 and Ammonia and solve"
P[1]=pressure(Fluid$, T=T[1], v=v[1])
x[1]=quality(Fluid$, T=T[1], v=v[1])
T[2]=temperature(Fluid$, P=P[2], x=x[2])
v[2]=volume(Fluid$, P=P[2], x=x[2])
v[3]=volume(Fluid$, P=P[3], T=T[3])
x[3]=quality(Fluid$, P=P[3], T=T[3])
v[4]=volume(Fluid$, P=P[4], T=T[4])
x[4]=quality(Fluid$, P=P[4], T=T[4])
"x = 100 for superheated vapor and x = -100 for compressed liquid"
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-6
SOLUTION for R-22
3
T [C] P [kPa] X v [kg/m ]
50.00 4.02 100 7.72
-6.56 400.00 1 0.05817
250.00 500.00 100 0.09959
110.00 350.00 100 0.103
Steam
700
600
500
400
T [C]
2600 kPa
200
500 kPa
100
45 kPa
0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
s [kJ/kg-K]
Steam
700
600
500
400
T [C]
2600 kPa
200
500 kPa
100
45 kPa
0
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
v [m 3/kg]
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-7
Steam
105
104
250 C
3
10
170 C
P [kPa]
102 110 C
75 C
101
100
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102
3
v [m /kg]
Steam
105
104
250 C
3
10
170 C
P [kPa]
102 110 C
75 C
101
100
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
h [kJ/kg]
Steam
4000
8600 kPa
3500
2600 kPa
2500 45 kPa
h [kJ/kg]
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
s [kJ/kg-K]
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-8
3-23 Complete the following table for H2 O:
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-9
3-25E Problem 3-24E is reconsidered. The missing properties of water are to be determined using EES, and the
solution is to be repeated for refrigerant-134a, refrigerant-22, and ammonia.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
"Given"
T[1]=300 [F]
u[1]=782 [Btu/lbm]
P[2]=40 [psia]
x[2]=0
T[3]=500 [F]
P[3]=120 [psia]
T[4]=400 [F]
P[4]=420 [psia]
"Analysis"
Fluid$='steam_iapws'
P[1]=pressure(Fluid$, T=T[1], u=u[1])
x[1]=quality(Fluid$, T=T[1], u=u[1])
T[2]=temperature(Fluid$, P=P[2], x=x[2])
u[2]=intenergy(Fluid$, P=P[2], x=x[2])
u[3]=intenergy(Fluid$, P=P[3], T=T[3])
x[3]=quality(Fluid$, P=P[3], T=T[3])
u[4]=intenergy(Fluid$, P=P[4], T=T[4])
x[4]=quality(Fluid$, P=P[4], T=T[4])
"x = 100 for superheated vapor and x = -100 for compressed liquid"
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-10
Solution for R22
T, ºF P, psia x u, Btu/lbm
300 - - 782
1.534 40 0 78.08
500 120 100 240.1
400 400 100 218.7
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-11
3-26 Complete the following table for Refrigerant-134a:
T, C P, kPa v, m3 / kg Phase description
-4 320 0.000764 Compressed liquid
10 414.89 0.0065 Saturated mixture
33.45 850 0.02409 Saturated vapor
60 600 0.04632 Superheated vapor
3-28 A rigid tank contains steam at a specified state. The pressure, quality, and density of steam are to be determined.
Properties At 220C vf = 0.001190 m3/kg and vg = 0.08609 m3/kg (Table A-4).
Analysis (a) Two phases coexist in equilibrium, thus we have a saturated liquid-vapor mixture. The pressure of the steam is
the saturation pressure at the given temperature. Then the pressure in the tank must be the saturation pressure at the specified
temperature,
P Tsat@220C 2320kPa
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-12
3-29 A piston-cylinder device contains R-134a at a specified state. Heat is transferred to R-134a. The final pressure, the
volume change of the cylinder, and the enthalpy change are to be determined.
Analysis (a) The final pressure is equal to the initial pressure, which is determined from
3-31 A rigid container that is filled with R-134a is heated. The final temperature and initial pressure are to be determined.
Analysis This is a constant volume process. The specific volume is
V 1.348 m 3 R-134a
v1 v 2 0.1348 m 3 /kg -40°C
m 10 kg 10 kg
The initial state is determined to be a mixture, and thus the pressure is the 1.348 m3
saturation pressure at the given temperature
P
P1 Psat @ -40C 51.25kPa (Table A -11)
P2 200 kPa
T2 66.3C (Table A - 13) 1
v 2 0.1348 m 3 /kg v
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-13
3-32 The enthalpy of R-134a at a specified state is to be determined.
Analysis The specific volume is
V 9 m3
v 0.03 m 3 /kg
m 300 kg
Inspection of Table A-11 indicates that this is a mixture of liquid and vapor. Using the properties at 10°C line, the quality
and the enthalpy are determined to be
v v f (0.03 0.0007929) m 3 /kg
x 0.6001
v fg (0.049466 0.0007929) m 3 /kg
3-34 The average atmospheric pressure in Denver is 83.4 kPa. The boiling temperature of water in Denver is to be
determined.
Analysis The boiling temperature of water in Denver is the saturation temperature corresponding to the atmospheric pressure
in Denver, which is 83.4 kPa:
T [email protected] kPa 94.6C (Table A-5)
3-35E The temperature in a pressure cooker during cooking at sea level is measured to be 250F. The absolute pressure
inside the cooker and the effect of elevation on the answer are to be determined.
Assumptions Properties of pure water can be used to approximate the properties of juicy water in the cooker.
Properties The saturation pressure of water at 250F is 29.84 psia (Table A-4E). The standard atmospheric pressure at sea
level is 1 atm = 14.7 psia.
Analysis The absolute pressure in the cooker is simply the saturation pressure at the cooking temperature,
Pabs Psat@250F 29.84 psia
H2O
It is equivalent to
250F
1 atm
Pabs 29.84 psia 2.03 atm
14.7 psia
The elevation has no effect on the absolute pressure inside when the temperature is maintained constant at 250F.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-14
3-36E A spring-loaded piston-cylinder device is filled with R-134a. The water now undergoes a process until its volume
increases by 50%. The final temperature and the enthalpy are to be determined.
Analysis From Table A-11E, the initial specific volume is
V2 0.6813 ft 3
v2 5.318 ft 3 /lbm
m 0.13 lbm
At this final state, the temperature and enthalpy are
Note that it is very difficult to get the temperature and enthalpy readings from Table A-13E accurately.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-15
3-37E A piston-cylinder device that is filled with water is cooled. The final pressure and volume of the water are to be
determined.
Analysis The initial specific volume is
V1 2.4264 ft 3
v1 2.4264 ft 3 /lbm H2O
m 1 lbm
600°F
This is a constant-pressure process. The initial state is determined to be superheated 1 lbm
vapor and thus the pressure is determined to be 2.4264 ft3
T1 600F
P P2 250 psia (Table A - 6E)
v 1 2.4264 ft /lbm 1
3
P
The saturation temperature at 250 psia is 400.1°F. Since the final temperature
is less than this temperature, the final state is compressed liquid. Using the 2 1
incompressible liquid approximation,
3-38 The volume of a container that contains water at a specified state is to be determined.
Analysis The specific volume is determined from steam tables by interpolation to be
P 100 kPa
v 1.9367 m /kg (Table A - 6)
3
T 150C Water
3 kg
The volume of the container is then 100 kPa
150C
V mv (3 kg)(1.9367 m 3 /kg) 5.81m3
3-39 Water is boiled at sea level (1 atm pressure) in a pan placed on top of a 3-kW electric burner that transfers 60% of the
heat generated to the water. The rate of evaporation of water is to be determined.
Properties The properties of water at 1 atm and thus at the saturation temperature of 100C are hfg = 2256.4 kJ/kg (Table A-
4).
Analysis The net rate of heat transfer to the water is
Q& 0.60 3 kW 1.8 kW H2O
100C
Noting that it takes 2256.4 kJ of energy to vaporize 1 kg of saturated liquid water, the rate of
evaporation of water is determined to be
Q& 1.8 kJ/s
m& evaporation = 0.80 10 3 kg/s 2.872kg/h
hfg 2256.4 kJ/kg
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-16
3-40 Water is boiled at 1500 m (84.5 kPa pressure) in a pan placed on top of a 3-kW electric burner that transfers 60% of
the heat generated to the water. The rate of evaporation of water is to be determined.
Properties The properties of water at 84.5 kPa and thus at the saturation temperature of 95C are hfg = 2269.6 kJ/kg (Table
A-4).
Analysis The net rate of heat transfer to the water is
H2O
Q& 0.60 3 kW 18
. kW
95C
Noting that it takes 2269.6 kJ of energy to vaporize 1 kg of saturated liquid water, the
rate of evaporation of water is determined to be
Q& 1.8 kJ/s
m& evaporation = 0.793 10 3 kg/s 2.855 kg/h
h fg 2269.6 kJ/kg
3-41 A rigid container that is filled with R-134a is heated. The temperature and total enthalpy are to be determined at the
initial and final states.
Analysis This is a constant volume process. The specific volume is
R-134a
V
0.014 m 3
v1 v 2 0.0014 m 3 /kg 300 kPa
m 10 kg 10 kg
14 L
The initial state is determined to be a mixture, and thus the temperature is the
saturation temperature at the given pressure. From Table A-12 by interpolation
T1 Tsat @ 300kPa 0.61C P
The final state is also saturated mixture. Repeating the calculations at this state,
T2 Tsat @ 600kPa 21.55C
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-17
3-42 A piston-cylinder device that is filled with R-134a is cooled at constant pressure. The final temperature and the change
of total internal energy are to be determined.
Analysis The initial specific volume is
V 12.322 m 3
v1 0.12322 m 3 /kg R-134a
m 100 kg
200 kPa
The initial state is superheated and the internal energy at this state is 100 kg
12.322 m3
P1 200 kPa
u1 263.08 kJ/kg (Table A - 13)
v 1 0.12322 m 3 /kg
P
The final specific volume is
v1 0.12322 m 3 / kg 2 1
v2 0.06161 m 3 /kg
2 2
This is a constant pressure process. The final state is determined to be saturated v
mixture whose temperature is
T2 Tsat @ 200kPa 10.09C (Table A -12)
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-18
3-43 A piston-cylinder device fitted with stops contains water at a specified state. Now the water is cooled until a final
pressure. The process is to be indicated on the T-v diagram and the change in internal energy is to be determined.
Analysis The process is shown on T-v diagram. The internal
energy at the initial state is
P1 200 kPa
u1 2808.8 kJ/kg (Table A - 6)
T1 300C
Water
State 2 is saturated vapor at the initial pressure. Then, 200 kPa Q
300C
P2 200 kPa
v 2 0.8858 m /kg (Table A - 5)
3
x 2 1 (sat. vapor)
T
200 kPa
Process 2-3 is a constant-volume process. Thus,
1
300C
P3 100 kPa 100 kPa
u 1508.6 kJ/kg (Table A - 5) 2
v 3 v 2 0.8858 m /kg 3
3
3-44 Saturated steam at Tsat = 40C condenses on the outer surface of a cooling tube at a rate of 130 kg/h. The rate of heat
transfer from the steam to the cooling water is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The condensate leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid at 30C.
Properties The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 40C are hfg = 2406.0 kJ/kg (Table A-4).
Analysis Noting that 2406.0 kJ of heat is released as 1 kg of saturated
vapor at 40C condenses, the rate of heat transfer from the steam to the 40C
cooling water in the tube is determined directly from
Q& m& evap h fg L = 35 m
D = 3 cm
(130 kg/h)(2406.0 kJ/kg) 312,780 kJ/h
= 86.9 kW
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-19
3-45 The boiling temperature of water in a 5-cm deep pan is given. The boiling temperature in a 40-cm deep pan is to be
determined.
Assumptions Both pans are full of water.
Properties The density of liquid water is approximately = 1000 kg/m3.
Analysis The pressure at the bottom of the 5-cm pan is the saturation
40 cm
pressure corresponding to the boiling temperature of 98C:
5 cm
P Psat@98 C 94.39 kPa (Table A-4)
1 kPa
P g h (1000 kg/m 3 )(9.807 m/s 2 )(0.35 m) 3.43 kPa
1000 kg/m s 2
Then the pressure at the bottom of the 40-cm deep pan is
P = 94.39 + 3.43 = 97.82 kPa
Then the boiling temperature becomes
Tboiling [email protected] kPa 99.0C (Table A-5)
3-46 A cooking pan is filled with water and covered with a 4-kg lid. The boiling temperature of water is to be determined.
Analysis The pressure in the pan is determined from a force balance on the lid,
PA = PatmA + W
Patm
or,
mg
P Patm
A
(4 kg)(9.81 m/s2 ) 1 kPa P
(101 kPa)
(0.1 m) 2 W = mg
1000 kg/m s
2
102.25 kPa
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-20
3-47 Prob. 3-46 is reconsidered. Using EES (or other) software, the effect of the mass of the lid on the boiling
temperature of water in the pan is to be investigated. The mass is to vary from 1 kg to 10 kg, and the boiling temperature is
to be plotted against the mass of the lid.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
"Given data"
{P_atm=101[kPa]}
D_lid=20 [cm]
{m_lid=4 [kg]}
"Solution"
"The atmospheric pressure in kPa varies with altitude in km by the approximate function:"
P_atm=101.325*(1-0.02256*z)^5.256
"The local acceleration of gravity at 45 degrees latitude as a function of altitude in m is given by:"
g=9.807+3.32*10^(-6)*z*convert(km,m)
100.9
100.8
100.7
100.6
T water [C]
100.5
100.4
100.3
100.2
100.1
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
mlid [kg]
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-21
110
70
60
50
40
30
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
z [km]
Effect of altitude on boiling pre ssure of water in pan with lid
105
mass of lid = 4 kg
100
95
T water [C]
90
85
80
75
70
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
z [km]
Effect of altitude on boiling temperature of wate r in pan with lid
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-22
3-48 A vertical piston-cylinder device is filled with water and covered with a 40-kg piston that serves as the lid. The boiling
temperature of water is to be determined.
Analysis The pressure in the cylinder is determined from a force balance on the piston,
PA = PatmA + W
Patm
or,
mg
P Patm
A
(40 kg)(9.81 m/s 2 ) 1 kPa
(100 kPa) P
1000 kg/m s
2 2
0.0150 m W = mg
126.15 kPa
The boiling temperature is the saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure,
T [email protected] 106.2C (Table A-5)
3-49 Water is boiled in a pan by supplying electrical heat. The local atmospheric pressure is to be estimated.
Assumptions 75 percent of electricity consumed by the heater is transferred to the water.
Analysis The amount of heat transfer to the water during this period is
Q fEelect time (0.75)(2 kJ/s)(30 60 s) 2700 kJ
The enthalpy of vaporization is determined from
Q 2700 kJ
h fg 2269 kJ/kg
mboil 1.19 kg
Using the data by a trial-error approach in saturation table of water (Table A-5) or using EES as we did, the saturation
pressure that corresponds to an enthalpy of vaporization value of 2269 kJ/kg is
Psat = 85.4 kPa
which is the local atmospheric pressure.
3-50 A rigid tank that is filled with saturated liquid-vapor mixture is heated. The temperature at which the liquid in the tank
is completely vaporized is to be determined, and the T-v diagram is to be drawn.
Analysis This is a constant volume process (v = V /m = constant), and
the specific volume is determined to be H2O
90C
V 1.8 m 3
v 0.12 m 3 /kg
m 15 kg
v 2 v g 0.12 m 3 /kg 2
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-23
3-51 A piston-cylinder device contains a saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at 800 kPa pressure. The mixture is
heated at constant pressure until the temperature rises to 200°C. The initial temperature, the total mass of water, the final
volume are to be determined, and the P-v diagram is to be drawn.
Analysis (a) Initially two phases coexist in equilibrium, thus we have a saturated liquid-vapor mixture. Then the temperature
in the tank must be the saturation temperature at the specified pressure,
T Tsat@600 kPa 158.8C
(b) The total mass in this case can easily be determined by adding the mass of each phase,
Vf 0.005 m 3
mf 4.543 kg
vf 0.001101 m 3 /kg P
Vg 0.9 m 3
mg 2.852 kg
vg 0.3156 m 3 /kg
mt m f m g 4.543 2.852 7.395 kg 1 2
(c) At the final state water is superheated vapor, and its specific volume is
v
P2 600 kPa
v 0.3521 m /kg (Table A-6)
3
T2 200 C 2
Then,
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-24
3-52 Prob. 3-51 is reconsidered. The effect of pressure on the total mass of water in the tank as the pressure varies
from 0.1 MPa to 1 MPa is to be investigated. The total mass of water is to be plotted against pressure, and results are to be
discussed.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
P[1]=600 [kPa]
P[2]=P[1]
T[2]=200 [C]
V_f1 = 0.005 [m^3]
V_g1=0.9 [m^3]
spvsat_f1=volume(Steam_iapws, P=P[1],x=0) "sat. liq. specific volume, m^3/kg"
spvsat_g1=volume(Steam_iapws,P=P[1],x=1) "sat. vap. specific volume, m^3/kg"
m_f1=V_f1/spvsat_f1 "sat. liq. mass, kg"
m_g1=V_g1/spvsat_g1 "sat. vap. mass, kg"
m_tot=m_f1+m_g1
V[1]=V_f1+V_g1
spvol[1]=V[1]/m_tot "specific volume1, m^3"
T[1]=temperature(Steam_iapws, P=P[1],v=spvol[1])"C"
"The final volume is calculated from the specific volume at the final T and P"
spvol[2]=volume(Steam_iapws, P=P[2], T=T[2]) "specific volume2, m^3/kg"
V[2]=m_tot*spvol[2]
Steam IAPWS
106
200°C
103 1 2
500 6.978
600 7.395 P=600 kPa
8.5
8
mtot [kg]
7.5
6.5
5.5
5
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
P1 [kPa]
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-25
3-53E A rigid tank contains water at a specified pressure. The temperature, total enthalpy, and the mass of each phase are to
be determined.
Analysis (a) The specific volume of the water is
V 5 ft 3
v 1.0 ft 3/lbm
m 5 lbm
At 20 psia, vf = 0.01683 ft3/lbm and vg = 20.093 ft3/lbm (Table A-12E). Thus the tank contains saturated liquid-vapor
mixture since vf < v < vg , and the temperature must be the saturation temperature at the specified pressure,
T Tsat@20 psia 227.92F
(b) The quality of the water and its total enthalpy are determined from
H 2O
v v f 1.0 0.01683
x 0.04897 5 lbm
v fg 20.093 0.01683
20 psia
h h f xh fg 196.27 0.04897 959.93 243.28 Btu/lbm
H = mh = (5 lbm)(243.28 Btu/lbm) = 1216.4 Btu
(c) The mass of each phase is determined from
m g xm t 0.04897 5 0.245 lbm
m f mt m g 5 0.245 4.755 lbm
3-54E A rigid tank contains saturated liquid-vapor mixture of R-134a. The quality and total mass of the refrigerant are to be
determined.
Analysis At 50 psia, vf = 0.01252 ft3/lbm and vg = 0.94791 ft3/lbm (Table A-12E). The volume occupied by the liquid and
the vapor phases are
V f 1 ft 3 and V g 4 ft 3
R-134a
Thus the mass of each phase is 5 ft3
Vf 50 psia
1 ft 3
mf 79.88 lbm
vf 0.01252 ft 3 /lbm
Vg 4 ft 3
mg 4.22 lbm
vg 0.94909 ft 3 /lbm
Then the total mass and the quality of the refrigerant are
mt = mf + mg = 79.88 + 4.22 = 84.10 lbm
mg 4.22 lbm
x 0.05018
mt 84.10 lbm
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-26
3-55E Superheated water vapor cools at constant volume until the temperature drops to 250°F. At the final state, the
pressure, the quality, and the enthalpy are to be determined.
Analysis This is a constant volume process (v = V/m = constant), and the initial specific volume is determined to be
P1 180 psia
v 1 3.0433 ft /lbm
3
(Table A-6E)
T1 500 F
H2O
At 250°F, vf = 0.01700 ft3/lbm and vg = 13.816 ft3/lbm. Thus at the 180 psia
final state, the tank will contain saturated liquid-vapor mixture since
vf < v < vg , and the final pressure must be the saturation pressure at 500F
the final temperature,
P Psat@250 F 29.84 psia
T 1
(b) The quality at the final state is determined from
v 2 v f 3.0433 0.01700
x2 0.219
v fg 13.816 0.01700
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-27
3-56E Problem 3-55E is reconsidered. The effect of initial pressure on the quality of water at the final state as the
pressure varies from 100 psi to 300 psi is to be investigated. The quality is to be plotted against initial pressure, and the
results are to be discussed.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
T[1]=500 [F]
P[1]=180 [psia]
T[2]=250 [F]
v[ 1]=volume(steam_iapws,T=T[1],P=P[1])
v[2]=v[1]
P[2]=pressure(steam_iapws,T=T[2],v=v[2])
h[2]=enthalpy(steam_iapws,T=T[2],v=v[2])
x[2]=quality(steam_iapws,T=T[2],v=v[2])
P1 x2 Steam
1400
[psia]
100 0.4037 1200 1.21.31.4 1.5 Btu/lbm-R
122.2 0.3283
144.4 0.2761 1000
166.7 0.2378
T [°F]
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
x[2]
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
100 140 180 220 260 300
P[1] [psia]
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-28
3-57 Superheated steam in a piston-cylinder device is cooled at constant pressure until half of the mass condenses. The final
temperature and the volume change are to be determined, and the process should be shown on a T-v diagram.
Analysis (b) At the final state the cylinder contains saturated liquid-
vapor mixture, and thus the final temperature must be the saturation
temperature at the final pressure,
T [email protected] MPa 151.83C (Table A-5)
H2O
(c) The quality at the final state is specified to be x2 = 0.5. The specific 200C
volumes at the initial and the final states are
0.5 MPa
P1 0.5 MPa
v 0.42503 m /kg
3
(Table A-6)
T1 200 C 1
T
P2 0.5 MPa 1
v 2 v f x 2v fg
x 2 0.5 0.001093 0.5 (0.37483 0.001093)
0.1880 m 3 /kg 2
Thus,
3-58 The water in a rigid tank is cooled until the vapor starts condensing. The initial pressure in the tank is to be
determined.
Analysis This is a constant volume process (v = V /m = constant), and the T C
initial specific volume is equal to the final specific volume that is
1
v 1 v 2 v g @124C 0.79270 m 3 /kg (Table A-4) 25
H2O 0
since the vapor starts condensing at 150C. Then from T1= 250C
Table A-6, 15
P1 = ? 0 2
T1 250C v
P1 0.30 MPa
v 1 0.79270 m 3 /kg
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-29
3-59 Heat is supplied to a piston-cylinder device that contains water at a specified state. The volume of the tank, the final
temperature and pressure, and the internal energy change of water are to be determined.
Properties The saturated liquid properties of water at 200C are: vf = 0.001157 m3/kg and uf = 850.46 kJ/kg (Table A-4).
Analysis (a) The cylinder initially contains saturated liquid water. The volume of the cylinder at the initial state is
V 4(0.001619) 0.006476m3
Water
(b) The final state properties are 1.4 kg, 200°C Q
sat. liq.
V 0.006476 m3 Ethane
v2 0.004626 m3 / kg
m 1.4 kg 10 MPa
100C
T2 371.3C
v 2 0.004626 m3 / kg
P2 21,367kPa (Table A-4 or A-5 or EES)
x2 1
u 2201.5 kJ/kg
2
3-60E The error involved in using the enthalpy of water by the incompressible liquid approximation is to be determined.
Analysis The state of water is compressed liquid. From the steam tables,
P 3000 psia
h 378.41 Btu/lbm (Table A - 7E)
T 400F
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-30
3-61 A piston-cylinder device that is filled with R-134a is heated. The volume change is to be determined.
Analysis The initial specific volume is
P1 60 kPa
v 1 0.33608 m /kg (Table A - 13)
3
T1 20C
R-134a
and the initial volume is 60 kPa
-20C
V1 mv 1 (0.100 kg)(0.33608 m 3 /kg) 0.033608 m 3 100 g
P2 60 kPa P
v 2 0.50410 m /kg (Table A - 13)
3
T2 100C
3-62 A rigid vessel is filled with refrigerant-134a. The total volume and the total internal energy are to be determined.
Properties The properties of R-134a at the given state are (Table A-13).
P 500 kPa u 329.91 kJ/kg
T 120 C
R-134a
v 0.061687 m /kg
3
8 kg
Analysis The total volume and internal energy are determined from 500 kPa
120C
V mv (8 kg)(0.061687 m 3 /kg) 0.494 m 3
U mu (8 kg)(329.91 kJ/kg) 2639 kJ
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-31
3-63 Heat is supplied to a rigid tank that contains water at a specified state. The volume of the tank, the final temperature
and pressure, and the internal energy change of water are to be determined.
Properties The saturated liquid properties of water at 200C are: vf = 0.001157 m3/kg and uf = 850.46 kJ/kg (Table A-4).
Analysis (a) The tank initially contains saturated liquid water and air. The volume occupied by water is
V1 mv 1 (1.4 kg)(0.001157 m 3 /kg) 0.001619 m 3
which is the 25 percent of total volume. Then, the total volume is determined from
1
V (0.001619) 0.006476m3
0.25
(b) Properties after the heat addition process are
V 0.006476 m3
v2 0.004626 m3 / kg
m 1.4 kg
T2 371.3C
v 2 0.004626 m3 / kg
P2 21,367kPa (Table A-4 or A-5 or EES)
x2 1
u 2201.5 kJ/kg
2
3-64 A piston-cylinder device that is initially filled with water is heated at constant pressure until all the liquid has
vaporized. The mass of water, the final temperature, and the total enthalpy change are to be determined, and the T-v diagram
is to be drawn.
Analysis Initially the cylinder contains compressed liquid (since P > Psat@40°C) that can be approximated as a saturated liquid
at the specified temperature (Table A-4),
v 1 v f@40C 0.001008 m 3 /kg
h1 hf@40C 167.53 kJ/kg
H2O
(a) The mass is determined from
40C
V1 0.050 m 3 200 kPa
m 49.61 kg
v 1 0.001008 m 3 /kg
T
(b) At the final state, the cylinder contains saturated vapor and thus
the final temperature must be the saturation temperature at the final
pressure,
2
T Tsat@200 kPa 120.21C
1
(c) The final enthalpy is h2 = hg @ 200 kPa = 2706.3 kJ/kg. Thus,
H m(h2 h1 ) (49.61 kg)(2706.3 167.53)kJ/kg 125,950 kJ v
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-32
Ideal Gas
3-65C A gas can be treated as an ideal gas when it is at a high temperature or low pressure relative to its critical temperature
and pressure.
3-66C Ru is the universal gas constant that is the same for all gases whereas R is the specific gas constant that is different for
different gases. These two are related to each other by R = Ru / M, where M is the molar mass of the gas.
3-67C Propane (molar mass = 44.1 kg/kmol) poses a greater fire danger than methane (molar mass = 16 kg/kmol) since
propane is heavier than air (molar mass = 29 kg/kmol), and it will settle near the floor. Methane, on the other hand, is lighter
than air and thus it will rise and leak out.
3-68 A rigid tank contains air at a specified state. The gage pressure of the gas in the tank is to be determined.
Assumptions At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1).
Pg
Analysis Treating air as an ideal gas, the absolute pressure in the tank is determined from
mRT (5 kg)(0.287 kPa m 3 /kg K)(298 K)
P 1069.1 kPa Air
V 0.4 m 3 400 L
Thus the gage pressure is 25C
Pg P Patm 1069.1 97 972.1 kPa
V 3 ft 3
v 1.5 ft 3 /lbm
m 2 lbm
Using the ideal gas equation of state, the temperature is
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-33
3-70 The volume of a container that is filled with helium at a specified state is to be determined.
Assumptions At specified conditions, helium behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of helium is R = 2.0769 kJ/kgK (Table A-1).
Analysis According to the ideal gas equation of state,
3-71 The pressure and temperature of oxygen gas in a storage tank are given. The mass of oxygen in the tank is to be
determined.
Assumptions At specified conditions, oxygen behaves as an ideal gas Pg = 500 kPa
Properties The gas constant of oxygen is R = 0.2598 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1).
Analysis The absolute pressure of O2 is
P = Pg + Patm = 500 + 97 = 597 kPa O2
V = 2.5 m3
Treating O2 as an ideal gas, the mass of O2 in tank is determined to be
T = 28C
PV (597 kPa)(2.5 m 3 )
m 19.08 kg
RT (0.2598 kPa m 3 /kg K)(28 273)K
3-72 A balloon is filled with helium gas. The mole number and the mass of helium in the balloon are to be determined.
Assumptions At specified conditions, helium behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties The universal gas constant is Ru = 8.314 kPa.m3/kmol.K. The molar mass of helium is 4.0 kg/kmol (Table A-1).
Analysis The volume of the sphere is
4 4
V r 3 (4.5 m)3 381.7 m 3
3 3
He
Assuming ideal gas behavior, the mole numbers of He is determined from
D=9m
PV (200 kPa)(381.7 m 3 ) 27C
N 30.61 kmol
Ru T (8.314 kPa m 3 /kmol K)(300 K) 200 kPa
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-34
3-73 Problem 3-72 is to be reconsidered. The effect of the balloon diameter on the mass of helium contained in the
balloon is to be determined for the pressures of (a) 100 kPa and (b) 200 kPa as the diameter varies from 5 m to 15 m. The
mass of helium is to be plotted against the diameter for both cases.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
"Given Data"
{D=9 [m]}
T=27 [C]
P=200 [kPa]
R_u=8.314 [kJ/kmol-K]
"Solution"
P*V=N*R_u*(T+273)
V=4*pi*(D/2)^3/3
m=N*MOLARMASS(Helium)
0
5 7 9 11 13 15
D [m]
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-35
3-74E An automobile tire is under inflated with air. The amount of air that needs to be added to the tire to raise its pressure
to the recommended value is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas. 2 The volume of the tire remains constant.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.3704 psia.ft3/lbm.R (Table A-1E).
Tire
Analysis The initial and final absolute pressures in the tire are
0.53 ft3
P1 = Pg1 + Patm = 20 + 14.6 = 34.6 psia 90F
P2 = Pg2 + Patm = 30 + 14.6 = 44.6 psia 20 psig
Treating air as an ideal gas, the initial mass in the tire is
P1V (34.6 psia)(0.53 ft 3 )
m1 0.0900 lbm
RT1 (0.3704 psia ft 3/lbm R)(550 R)
Noting that the temperature and the volume of the tire remain constant, the final mass in the tire becomes
P2V (44.6 psia)(0.53 ft 3 )
m2 0.1160 lbm
RT2 (0.3704 psia ft 3/lbm R)(550 R)
Thus the amount of air that needs to be added is
m m2 m1 0.1160 0.0900 0.0260 lbm
3-75 Two rigid tanks connected by a valve to each other contain air at specified conditions. The volume of the second tank
and the final equilibrium pressure when the valve is opened are to be determined.
Assumptions At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1).
Analysis Let's call the first and the second tanks A and B. Treating air as an ideal gas, the volume of the second tank and the
mass of air in the first tank are determined to be
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-36
3-76 One side of a two-sided tank contains an ideal gas while the other side is evacuated. The partition is removed and the
gas fills the entire tank. The gas is also heated to a final pressure. The final temperature is to be determined.
Assumptions The gas is specified as an ideal gas so that ideal gas relation can be used.
Analysis According to the ideal gas equation of state,
P2 P1
V 2 V1 2V1 3V1 Evacuated
Ideal gas
Applying these, 927°C 2V1
V1 Q
m1 m1
P1V1 P2V 2
T1 T2
V1 V2
T1 T2
V2 3V
T2 T1 T1 1 3T1 3927 273) K 3600 K 3327C
V1 V1
3-77 A piston-cylinder device containing argon undergoes an isothermal process. The final pressure is to be determined.
Assumptions At specified conditions, argon behaves as an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of argon is R = 0.2081 kJ/kgK (Table A-1).
Analysis Since the temperature remains constant, the ideal gas equation gives
Argon
PV PV 1.5 kg
m 1 1 2 2
P1V1 P2V 2
RT RT 0.04 m3
550 kPa
which when solved for final pressure becomes
V1 V 100 g
P2 P1 P1 1 0.5P1 0.5(550 kPa) 275 kPa
V2 2V1
3-78E A rigid tank contains slightly pressurized air. The amount of air that needs to be added to the tank to raise its
pressure and temperature to the recommended values is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas. 2 The volume of the tank remains constant.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.3704 psia.ft3/lbm.R (Table A-1E).
Analysis Treating air as an ideal gas, the initial volume and the final mass in the tank are determined to be
m1 RT1 (20 lbm)(0.3704 psia ft 3 /lbm R)(530 R)
V 196.3 ft 3
P1 20 psia
Air, 20 lbm
P2V (35 psia)(196. 3 ft 3 )
m2 33.73 lbm 20 psia
RT2 (0.3704 psia ft 3 /lbm R)(550 R)
70F
Thus the amount of air added is
m m2 m1 33.73 20.0 13.73 lbm
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-37
Compressibility Factor
3-79C All gases have the same compressibility factor Z at the same reduced temperature and pressure.
3-80C Reduced pressure is the pressure normalized with respect to the critical pressure; and reduced temperature is the
temperature normalized with respect to the critical temperature.
3-81E The temperature of R-134a is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, and the R-134a
tables.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of refrigerant-134a are, from Table A-1E,
R = 0.10517 psia·ft3/lbm·R, Tcr = 673.6 R, Pcr = 588.7 psia
Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state,
Pv (400 psia)(0.1384 ft 3 /lbm)
T 526 R
R (0.10517 psia ft 3 /lbm R)
(b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-15a),
P 400 psia
PR 0.679
Pcr 588.7 psia
TR 1.03
v actual 3
1.15
(0.1384 ft /lbm)(588.7 psia)
vR
RTcr / Pcr (0.10517 psia ft 3 /lbm R)(673.6 R)
Thus,
T TRTcr 1.03 673.6 694 R
(c) From the superheated refrigerant table (Table A-13E),
P 400 psia
T 240F (700 R)
v 0.1384 ft 3 /lbm
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-38
3-82 The specific volume of steam is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, and the steam
tables. The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A-1,
R = 0.4615 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 647.1 K, Pcr = 22.06 MPa
Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state,
Thus,
P 15 MPa v 0.01148 m 3 /kg
T 350C
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-39
3-83 Problem 3-82 is reconsidered. The problem is to be solved using the general compressibility factor feature of
EES (or other) software. The specific volume of water for the three cases at 15 MPa over the temperature range of 350°C to
600°C in 25°C intervals is to be compared, and the % error involved in the ideal gas approximation is to be plotted against
temperature.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
P=15 [MPa]*Convert(MPa,kPa)
{T_Celsius= 350 [C]}
T=T_Celsius+273 "[K]"
T_critical=T_CRIT(Steam_iapws)
P_critical=P_CRIT(Steam_iapws)
{v=Vol/m}
P_table=P; P_comp=P;P_idealgas=P
T_table=T; T_comp=T;T_idealgas=T
v_table=volume(Steam_iapws,P=P_table,T=T_table) "EES data for steam as a real gas"
{P_table=pressure(Steam_iapws, T=T_table,v=v)}
{T_sat=temperature(Steam_iapws,P=P_table,v=v)}
MM=MOLARMASS(water)
R_u=8.314 [kJ/kmol-K] "Universal gas constant"
R=R_u/MM "[kJ/kg-K], Particular gas constant"
P_idealgas*v_idealgas=R*T_idealgas "Ideal gas equation"
z = COMPRESS(T_comp/T_critical,P_comp/P_critical)
P_comp*v_comp=z*R*T_comp "generalized Compressibility factor"
Error_idealgas=Abs(v_table-v_idealgas)/v_table*Convert(, %)
Error_comp=Abs(v_table-v_comp)/v_table*Convert(, %)
70
60 Ideal Gas
Percent Error [%]
50 Compressibility Factor
Specific Volume
40
Steam at 15 MPa
30
20
10
0
300 350 400 450 500 550 600
TCe lsius [C]
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-40
3-84 The specific volume of steam is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, and the steam
tables. The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A-1,
R = 0.4615 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 647.1 K, Pcr = 22.06 MPa
Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state,
Thus,
P 3.5 MPa v 0.09196 m3 /kg
T 450C
3-85 Somebody claims that oxygen gas at a specified state can be treated as an ideal gas with an error less than 10%. The
validity of this claim is to be determined.
Properties The critical pressure, and the critical temperature of oxygen are, from Table A-1,
Tcr 154.8 K and Pcr 5.08 MPa
Analysis From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-15),
P 3 MPa
PR 0.591 O2
Pcr 5.08 MPa
Z 0.79 3 MPa
T 160 K
TR 1.034 160 K
Tcr 154.8 K
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-41
3-86E Ethane in a rigid vessel is heated. The final pressure is to be determined using the compressibility chart.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of ethane are, from Table A-1E,
R = 0.3574 psia·ft3/lbm·R, Tcr = 549.8 R, Pcr = 708 psia
Analysis From the compressibility chart at the initial state (from Fig. A-15 or EES. We used EES throughout the solution.),
T1 560 R
TR1 1.019
Tcr 549.8 R
Z1 0.977
P1 50 psia
PR1 0.0706 Ethane
Pcr 708 psia 50 psia Q
The specific volume does not change during the process. Then, 100F
Thus,
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-42
3-87 Ethylene is heated at constant pressure. The specific volume change of ethylene is to be determined using the
compressibility chart.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of ethane are, from Table A-1,
R = 0.2964 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 282.4 K, Pcr = 5.12 MPa
Analysis From the compressibility chart at the initial and final states (Fig. A-15),
T1 293 K
TR1 1.038
Tcr 282.4 K
Z1 0.56
P1
0.977
5 MPa
PR1
Pcr 5.12 MPa
Ethylene
T2 473 K Q
TR 2 1.675 5 MPa
Tcr 282.4 KR Z1 0.961 20C
PR1 0.977
PR 2
The specific volume change is
R
v ( Z 2 T2 Z 1T1 )
P
0.2964 kPa m 3 /kg K
(0.961)( 473 K) (0.56)( 293 K)
5000 kPa
0.0172m 3 /kg
3-88 The % error involved in treating CO2 at a specified state as an ideal gas is to be determined.
Properties The critical pressure, and the critical temperature of CO2 are, from Table A-1,
Tcr 304.2 K and Pcr 7.39 MPa
Analysis From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-15),
P 7 MPa
PR 0.947
Pcr 7.39 MPa CO2
Z 0.84
T 380 K 7 MPa
TR 1.25
Tcr 304.2 K 380 K
Then the error involved in treating CO2 as an ideal gas is
v v ideal 1 1
Error 1 1 0.190 or 19.0%
v Z 0.84
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-43
3-89 Water vapor is heated at constant pressure. The final temperature is to be determined using ideal gas equation, the
compressibility charts, and the steam tables.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A-1,
R = 0.4615 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 647.1 K, Pcr = 22.06 MPa
Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation,
v2
T2 T1 (350 273 K)( 2) 1246 K
v1
(b) The pressure of the steam is Water
Q
350C
P1 P2 Psat@350C 16,529 kPa
sat. vapor
From the compressibility chart at the initial state (Fig. A-15),
T1 623 K
TR1 0.963
Tcr 647.1 KR
Z1 0.593, v R1 0.75
P
0.749
16.529 MPa
PR1 1
Pcr 22.06 MPa
At the final state,
PR 2 PR1 0.749
Z 2 0.88
v R 2 2v R1 2(0.75) 1.50
Thus,
P2v 2 P2 v R 2Tcr 16,529 kPa (1.50)(647.1 K)
T2 826 K
Z 2 R Z 2 Pcr 0.88 22,060 kPa
T1 350C
v 1 0.008806 m /kg
3
(Table A-4)
x1 1
P2 16,529 kPa
T 477C 750 K (from Table A-6 or EES)
v 2 2v 1 0.01761 m /kg 2
3
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-44
3-90 Methane is heated at constant pressure. The final temperature is to be determined using ideal gas equation and the
compressibility charts.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of methane are, from Table A-1,
R = 0.5182 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 191.1 K, Pcr = 4.64 MPa
Analysis From the ideal gas equation,
v2
T2 T1 (300 K)(1.8) 540 K
v1
From the compressibility chart at the initial state (Fig. A-15),
Methane
T 300 K Q
TR1 1 1.57
10 MPa
Tcr 191.1 K 300 K
Z1 0.86, v R1 0.63
P1
2.16
10 MPa
PR1
Pcr 4.64 MPa
PR 2 PR1 2.16
Z 2 0.42 (Fig. A-15)
v R2 1.8v R1 1.8(0.63) 1.134
Thus,
P2v 2 P2 v R 2Tcr 10,000 kPa (1.134)(191.1 K)
T2 1112 K
Z 2 R Z 2 Pcr 0.42 4640 kPa
Of these two results, the accuracy of the second result is limited by the accuracy with which the charts may be read.
Accepting the error associated with reading charts, the second temperature is the more accurate.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-45
3-91 CO2 gas flows through a pipe. The volume flow rate and the density at the inlet and the volume flow rate at the exit of
the pipe are to be determined.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of CO2 are (Table A-1)
R = 0.1889 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 304.2 K, Pcr = 7.39 MPa
Analysis
3 MPa
500 K CO2 450 K
2 kg/s
P1 (3000 kPa)
1 31.76 kg/m3 (2.1% error)
RT1 (0.1889 kPa m 3 /kg K)(500 K)
(b) From the compressibility chart (EES function for compressibility factor is used)
P1 3 MPa
PR 0.407
Pcr 7.39 MPa
Z1 0.9791
T 500 K
TR ,1 1 1.64
Tcr 304.2 K
P2 3 MPa
PR 0.407
Pcr 7.39 MPa
Z 2 0.9656
T2 450 K
TR , 2 1.48
Tcr 304.2 K
P1 (3000 kPa)
1 32.44 kg/m3
Z1 RT1 (0.9791)(0.1889 kPa m /kg K)(500 K)
3
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-46
3-92 The pressure of R-134a is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, and the R-134a
tables.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of refrigerant-134a are, from Table A-1,
R = 0.08149 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 374.2 K, Pcr = 4.059 MPa
Analysis The specific volume of the refrigerant is
V 0.016773 m 3
v 0.016773 m 3 /kg
m 1 kg
R-134a
(a) From the ideal gas equation of state,
0.016773 m3/kg
RT (0.08149 kPa m3/kg K)(383 K) 110C
P 1861 kPa
v 0.016773 m3/kg
(b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-15),
T 383 K
TR 1.023
Tcr 374.2 K
PR 0.39
v actual 0.016773 m3/kg
vR 2.24
RTcr /Pcr (0.08149 kPa m3/kg K)(374.2 K)/(4059 kPa)
Thus,
P PR Pcr (0.39)(4059 kPa) 1583 kPa
(c) From the superheated refrigerant table (Table A-13),
T 110C
P 1600 kPa
v 0.016773 m 3 /kg
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-47
Other Equations of State
3-93C The constant a represents the increase in pressure as a result of intermolecular forces; the constant b represents the
volume occupied by the molecules. They are determined from the requirement that the critical isotherm has an inflection
point at the critical point.
3-94 The pressure of nitrogen in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas, van der Waals, and
Beattie-Bridgeman equations. The error involved in each case is to be determined.
Properties The gas constant, molar mass, critical pressure, and critical temperature of nitrogen are (Table A-1)
R = 0.2968 kPa·m3/kg·K, M = 28.013 kg/kmol, Tcr = 126.2 K, Pcr = 3.39 MPa
Analysis The specific volume of nitrogen is
V 3.27 m3
v 0.0327 m3/kg N2
m 100 kg
0.0327 m3/kg
(a) From the ideal gas equation of state,
175 K
RT (0.2968 kPa m 3 /kg K)(175 K)
P 1588 kPa (5.5% error)
v 0.0327 m 3 /kg
(b) The van der Waals constants for nitrogen are determined from
27 R 2 Tcr2 (27)(0.2968 kPa m 3 / kg K) 2 (126.2 K) 2
a 0.175 m 6 kPa / kg 2
64 Pcr (64)(3390 kPa)
RTcr (0.2968 kPa m 3 / kg K)(126.2 K)
b 0.00138 m 3 / kg
8 Pcr 8 3390 kPa
Then,
RT a 0.2968175 0.175
P 2 1495 kPa (0.7% error)
v b v 0.0327 0.00138 (0.0327) 2
(c) The constants in the Beattie-Bridgeman equation are
a 0.02617
A Ao 1 136.23151 132.339
v 0.9160
b 0.00691
B Bo 1 0.050461 0.05084
v 0.9160
c 4.2 10 4 m 3 K 3 /kmol
RuT c
1 3 v B 2
A
P 2
v vT v
8.314 175 4.2 104
2
1 3
0.9160 0.05084 132.3392
(0.9160) 0.9160 175 0.9160
1504 kPa (0.07% error)
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-48
3-95 Methane is heated in a rigid container. The final pressure of the methane is to be determined using the ideal gas
equation and the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state.
Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state,
T2 573 K Methane
P2 P1 (80 kPa) 156.5kPa
T1 293 K 80 kPa Q
Using the coefficients of Table 3-4 for methane and the given data, the Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state for state 2
gives
RuT2 C 1 bR T a a c
P2 B0 RuT2 A0 02 2 u 23 6 3 2 1 2 exp( / v 2 )
v2 T2 v v v v T2 v
(8.314)(573) 2.286 106 1 0.003380 8.314 573 5.00
0.04260 8.314 573 187.91
30.45 2 2
30.453
573 30.45
5.00 1.244 10 4 2.578 105 0.0060
1 exp( 0.0060 / 30.45 )
2
30.456 30.453 (573)2 30.452
156.5 kPa
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-49
3-96E The temperature of R-134a in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the van der
Waals equation, and the refrigerant tables.
Properties The gas constant, critical pressure, and critical temperature of R-134a are (Table A-1E)
R = 0.1052 psia·ft3/lbm·R, Tcr = 673.6 R, Pcr = 588.7 psia
Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state,
(b) The van der Waals constants for the refrigerant are determined from
1 a 1
P 2 v b 0.1144 0.01504 638 R
3.591
T 400
R v
0.1052 (0.3479) 2
(c) From the superheated refrigerant table (Table A-13E),
P 400 psia
T 100F (660 R)
v 0.1144 ft 3 /lbm
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-50
3-97 The pressure of nitrogen in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation and the
Beattie-Bridgeman equation. The error involved in each case is to be determined.
Properties The gas constant and molar mass of nitrogen are (Table A-1)
R = 0.2968 kPa·m3/kg·K and M = 28.013 kg/kmol
N2
Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, 0.041884 m3/kg
RT (0.2968 kPa m3/kg K)(150 K) 150 K
P 1063 kPa (6.3% error )
v 0.041884 m3/kg
(b) The constants in the Beattie-Bridgeman equation are
a 0.02617
A Ao 1 136.23151 133.193
v 1.1733
b 0.00691
B Bo 1 0.050461 0.05076
v 1.1733
c 4.2 10 4 m 3 K 3 /kmol
since
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-51
3-98 Problem 3-97 is reconsidered. Using EES (or other) software, the pressure results of the ideal gas and Beattie-
Bridgeman equations with nitrogen data supplied by EES are to be compared. The temperature is to be plotted versus
specific volume for a pressure of 1000 kPa with respect to the saturated liquid and saturated vapor lines of nitrogen over the
range of 110 K < T < 150 K.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
Function BeattBridg(T,v,M,R_u)
v_bar=v*M "Conversion from m^3/kg to m^3/kmol"
"The constants for the Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state are found in text"
Ao=136.2315; aa=0.02617; Bo=0.05046; bb=-0.00691; cc=4.20*1E4
B=Bo*(1-bb/v_bar)
A=Ao*(1-aa/v_bar)
"The Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state is"
BeattBridg:=R_u*T/(v_bar**2)*(1-cc/(v_bar*T**3))*(v_bar+B)-A/v_bar**2
End
T=150 [K]
v=0.041884 [m^3/kg]
P_exper=1000 [kPa]
T_table=T; T_BB=T;T_idealgas=T
P_table=PRESSURE(Nitrogen,T=T_table,v=v) "EES data for nitrogen as a real gas"
{T_table=temperature(Nitrogen, P=P_table,v=v)}
M=MOLARMASS(Nitrogen)
R_u=8.314 [kJ/kmol-K] "Universal gas constant"
R=R_u/M "Particular gas constant"
P_idealgas=R*T_idealgas/v "Ideal gas equation"
P_BB=BeattBridg(T_BB,v,M,R_u) "Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state Function"
PBB [kPa] Ptable [kPa] Pidealgas [kPa] v [m3/kg] TBB [K] Tideal gas [K] Ttable [K]
1000 1000 1000 0.01 91.23 33.69 103.8
1000 1000 1000 0.02 95.52 67.39 103.8
1000 1000 1000 0.025 105 84.23 106.1
1000 1000 1000 0.03 116.8 101.1 117.2
1000 1000 1000 0.035 130.1 117.9 130.1
1000 1000 1000 0.04 144.4 134.8 144.3
1000 1000 1000 0.05 174.6 168.5 174.5
120
T [K]
110
1000 kPa
100
90
80
70
10-3 10-2 10-1
v [m3/kg]
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-52
3-99 Carbon dioxide is compressed in a piston-cylinder device in a polytropic process. The final temperature is to be
determined using the ideal gas and van der Waals equations.
Properties The gas constant, molar mass, critical pressure, and critical temperature of carbon dioxide are (Table A-1)
R = 0.1889 kPa·m3/kg·K, M = 44.01 kg/kmol, Tcr = 304.2 K, Pcr = 7.39 MPa
Analysis (a) The specific volume at the initial state is
(b) The van der Waals constants for carbon dioxide are determined from
a
P 2 (v b) RT
v
0.1885
1000 (v 0.0009720) (0.1889)( 473)
v2
Solving this equation by trial-error or by EES gives
v 1 0.08821 m 3 /kg
According to process specification,
1/ n
P1
1 / 1.2
1000 kPa
v 2 v 1 (0.08821 m 3 /kg) 0.03531 m 3 /kg
P2 3000 kPa
a
P 2 (v b) RT
v
0.1885
3000 (0.03531 0.0009720) (0.1889)T
0.035312
Solving for the final temperature gives
T2 573 K
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-53
3-100 The temperature of steam in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, van der Waals
equation, and the steam tables.
Properties The gas constant, critical pressure, and critical temperature of steam are (Table A-1)
R = 0.4615 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 647.1 K, Pcr = 22.06 MPa
Analysis The specific volume of steam is
V 1 m3
v 0.3520 m 3 /kg H2O
m 2.841 kg
1 m3
(a) From the ideal gas equation of state, 2.841 kg
Pv (600 kPa)(0.352 m3/kg) 0.6 MPa
T 457.6 K
R 0.4615 kPa m3/kg K
(b) The van der Waals constants for steam are determined from
27 R 2Tcr2 (27)(0.4615 kPa m 3 /kg K) 2 (647.1 K) 2
a 1.705 m 6 kPa/kg 2
64 Pcr (64)(22,060 kPa)
RTcr (0.4615 kPa m 3 /kg K)(647.1 K)
b 0.00169 m 3 /kg
8Pcr 8 22,060 kPa
Then,
1 a 1
P 2 v b 0.352 0.00169 465.9 K
1.705
T 600
R v 0.4615 (0.3520) 2
(c) From the superheated steam table (Tables A-6),
P 0.6 MPa
T 200C ( 473 K)
v 0.3520 m 3 /kg
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-54
3-101 Problem 3-100 is reconsidered. The problem is to be solved using EES (or other) software. The temperature of
water is to be compared for the three cases at constant specific volume over the pressure range of 0.1 MPa to 1 MPa in 0.1
MPa increments. The %error involved in the ideal gas approximation is to be plotted against pressure.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
Function vanderWaals(T,v,M,R_u,T_cr,P_cr)
v_bar=v*M "Conversion from m^3/kg to m^3/kmol"
"The constants for the van der Waals equation of state are given by equation 3-24"
a=27*R_u^2*T_cr^2/(64*P_cr)
b=R_u*T_cr/(8*P_cr)
"The van der Waals equation of state gives the pressure as"
vanderWaals:=R_u*T/(v_bar-b)-a/v_bar**2
End
m=2.841[kg]
Vol=1 [m^3]
{P=6*convert(MPa,kPa)}
T_cr=T_CRIT(Steam_iapws)
P_cr=P_CRIT(Steam_iapws)
v=Vol/m
P_table=P; P_vdW=P;P_idealgas=P
T_table=temperature(Steam_iapws,P=P_table,v=v) "EES data for steam as a real gas"
{P_table=pressure(Steam_iapws, T=T_table,v=v)}
{T_sat=temperature(Steam_iapws,P=P_table,v=v)}
MM=MOLARMASS(water)
R_u=8.314 [kJ/kmol-K] "Universal gas constant"
R=R_u/MM "Particular gas constant"
P_idealgas=R*T_idealgas/v "Ideal gas equation"
"The value of P_vdW is found from van der Waals equation of state Function"
P_vdW=vanderWaals(T_vdW,v,MM,R_u,T_cr,P_cr)
Error_idealgas=Abs(T_table-T_idealgas)/T_table*Convert(, %)
Error_vdW=Abs(T_table-T_vdW)/T_table*Convert(, %)
P [kPa] Tideal gas [K] Ttable [K] TvdW [K] Errorideal gas [K]
100 76.27 372.8 86.35 79.54
200 152.5 393.4 162.3 61.22
300 228.8 406.7 238.2 43.74
400 305.1 416.8 314.1 26.8
500 381.4 425 390 10.27
600 457.6 473 465.9 3.249
700 533.9 545.3 541.8 2.087
800 610.2 619.1 617.7 1.442
900 686.4 693.7 693.6 1.041
1000 762.7 768.6 769.5 0.7725
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-55
100
90
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
P [kPa]
900
800
Steam Table
700
Ideal Gas
T [K]
500
600 kPa
400
200
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
v [m3/kg]
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-56
T vs v for Steam at 6000 kPa
1000
900
Steam Table
800
600
van der Waals
400
300
200
10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103
v [m3/kg]
800
750
700 Steam table
650 van der Waals
600 Ideal gas
550
T table [K]
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
P [kPa]
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-57
Special Topic: Vapor Pressure and Phase Equilibrium
3-102 The vapor pressure in the air at the beach when the air temperature is 30C is claimed to be 5.2 kPa. The validity of
this claim is to be evaluated.
Properties The saturation pressure of water at 30C is 4.247 kPa (Table A-4). 30C
Analysis The maximum vapor pressure in the air is the saturation pressure of water
at the given temperature, which is
WATER
Pv, max Psat @Tair Psat@30C 4.247 kPa
which is less than the claimed value of 5.2 kPa. Therefore, the claim is false.
3-103 A glass of water is left in a room. The vapor pressures at the free surface of the water and in the room far from the
glass are to be determined.
Assumptions The water in the glass is at a uniform temperature.
Properties The saturation pressure of water is 2.339 kPa at 20C, and 1.706 kPa at 15C (Table A-4).
Analysis The vapor pressure at the water surface is the saturation pressure of water at the
water temperature,
Pv, water surface Psat @Twater Psat@15C 1.706 kPa
H2O
Noting that the air in the room is not saturated, the vapor pressure in the room far from the
15C
glass is
Pv, air Psat @Tair Psat@20C (0.4)( 2.339 kPa) 0.936 kPa
3-104 The temperature and relative humidity of air over a swimming pool are given. The water temperature of the swimming
pool when phase equilibrium conditions are established is to be determined.
Assumptions The temperature and relative humidity of air over the pool remain constant.
Properties The saturation pressure of water at 25C is 3.17 kPa (Table A-4).
Analysis The vapor pressure of air over the swimming pool is Patm, 25C
Discussion Note that the water temperature drops to 16.7C in an environment at 25C when phase equilibrium is
established.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-58
3-105 A person buys a supposedly cold drink in a hot and humid summer day, yet no condensation occurs on the drink. The
claim that the temperature of the drink is below 10C is to be evaluated.
Properties The saturation pressure of water at 35C is 5.629 kPa (Table A-4).
Analysis The vapor pressure of air is
35C
Pv, air Psat @ Tair Psat@35C (0.7)(5.629 kPa) 3.940 kPa 70%
The saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure (called the dew-point
temperature) is
Tsat Tsat @ Pv [email protected] kPa 28.7C
That is, the vapor in the air will condense at temperatures below 28.7C. Noting that no condensation is observed on the can,
the claim that the drink is at 10C is false.
3-106 Two rooms are identical except that they are maintained at different temperatures and relative humidities. The room
that contains more moisture is to be determined.
Properties The saturation pressure of water is 2.339 kPa at 20C, and 3.17 kPa at 25C (Table A-4).
Analysis The vapor pressures in the two rooms are
Room 1: Pv1 1 Psat @T1 1 Psat@25C (0.4)(3.17 kPa) 1.27 kPa
Therefore, room 1 at 30C and 40% relative humidity contains more moisture.
3-107E A thermos bottle half-filled with water is left open to air in a room at a specified temperature and pressure. The
temperature of water when phase equilibrium is established is to be determined.
Assumptions The temperature and relative humidity of air over the bottle remain constant.
Properties The saturation pressure of water at 60F is 0.2564 psia (Table A-4E).
Analysis The vapor pressure of air in the room is Thermos
Pv, air Psat @Tair Psat@70F (0.35)(0.2564 psia) 0.08973 psia bottle
Phase equilibrium will be established when the vapor pressure at the water surface
equals the vapor pressure of air far from the surface. Therefore, 60F
35%
Pv, water surface Pv, air 0.08973 psia
and
Twater Tsat @ Pv Tsat @ 0.08973psia 32.3F
Discussion Note that the water temperature drops to 32.3F in an environment at 60F when phase equilibrium is
established.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-59
Review Problems
3-108E Water in a pressure cooker boils at 260F. The absolute pressure in the pressure cooker is to be determined.
Analysis The absolute pressure in the pressure cooker is the saturation
pressure that corresponds to the boiling temperature,
H2O
P Psat@260 F 35.45 psia 260F
3-109 Carbon dioxide flows through a pipe at a given state. The volume and mass flow rates and the density of CO 2 at the
given state and the volume flow rate at the exit of the pipe are to be determined.
Analysis
3 MPa
500 K CO2 450 K
0.4 kmol/s
(a) The volume and mass flow rates may be determined from ideal gas relation as
The density is
m& 1 (17.60 kg/s)
1 31.76kg/m3
&
V1 (0.5543 m /s)3
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-60
3-110 A tank contains argon at a specified state. Heat is transferred from argon until it reaches a specified temperature. The
final gage pressure of the argon is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Argon is an ideal gas.
Properties The local atmospheric pressure is given to be 100 kPa. Q
Analysis Noting that the specific volume of argon in the tank remains constant, Argon
from ideal gas relation, we have 600ºC
T2 (300 273)K 200 kPa gage
P2 P1 (200 100 kPa) 196.9 kPa
T1 (600 273)K
Then the gage pressure becomes
Pgage,2 P2 Patm 196.9 100 96.9 kPa
3-111 The cylinder conditions before the heat addition process is specified. The pressure after the heat addition process is
to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The contents of cylinder are approximated by the air properties.
2 Air is an ideal gas. Combustion
chamber
Analysis The final pressure may be determined from the ideal gas relation 1.2 MPa
450C
T2 1750 273 K
P2 P1 (1200 kPa) 3358 kPa
T1 450 273 K
3-112 A rigid container that is filled with R-13a is heated. The initial pressure and the final temperature are to be
determined.
Analysis The initial specific volume is 0.090 m3/kg. Using this with R-134a
the initial temperature reveals that the initial state is a mixture. The -40°C
initial pressure is then the saturation pressure, 1 kg
0.090 m3
T1 40C
P Psat @ -40C 51.25kPa (Table A - 11)
v 1 0.090 m /kg 1
3
P
This is a constant volume cooling process (v = V /m = constant). The final
state is superheated vapor and the final temperature is then 2
P2 280 kPa
T 50C (Table A - 13)
v 2 v 1 0.090 m /kg 2
3
1
v
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-61
3-113 The refrigerant in a rigid tank is allowed to cool. The pressure at which the refrigerant starts condensing is to be
determined, and the process is to be shown on a P-v diagram.
Analysis This is a constant volume process (v = V /m = constant), and the specific
volume is determined to be R-134a
240 kPa
V 0.117 m 3
v 0.117 m 3 /kg
m 1 kg
P
When the refrigerant starts condensing, the tank will contain saturated
1
vapor only. Thus,
v 2 v g 0.117 m 3 /kg
2
The pressure at this point is the pressure that corresponds to this vg value,
P2 Psat@v 170 kPa
g 0.117 m
3
/kg
v
3-114E A piston-cylinder device that is filled with water is cooled. The final pressure and volume of the water are to be
determined.
Analysis The initial specific volume is
V1 2.649 ft 3
v1 2.649 ft 3 /lbm H 2O
m 1 lbm
400°F
This is a constant-pressure process. The initial state is determined to be 1 lbm
superheated vapor and thus the pressure is determined to be 2.649 ft3
T1 400F
P1 P2 180 psia (Table A - 6E)
v 1 2.649 ft 3 /lbm P
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-62
3-115 Ethane is heated at constant pressure. The final temperature is to be determined using ideal gas equation and the
compressibility charts.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of ethane are, from Table A-1,
R = 0.2765 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 305.5 K, Pcr = 4.48 MPa
Analysis From the ideal gas equation,
v2
T2 T1 (373 K)(1.6) 596.8K
v1
From the compressibility chart at the initial state (Fig. A-15),
Ethane
T 373 K Q
TR1 1 1.221
10 MPa
Tcr 305.5 K 100C
Z1 0.61, v R1 0.35
P1
2.232
10 MPa
PR1
Pcr 4.48 MPa
PR 2 PR1 2.232
Z 2 0.83
v R 2 1.6v R1 1.6(0.35) 0.56
Thus,
P2v 2 P2 v R 2Tcr 10,000 kPa (0.56)(305.5 K)
T2 460 K
Z 2 R Z 2 Pcr 0.83 4480 kPa
Of these two results, the accuracy of the second result is limited by the accuracy with which the charts may be read.
Accepting the error associated with reading charts, the second temperature is the more accurate.
3-116 A large tank contains nitrogen at a specified temperature and pressure. Now some nitrogen is allowed to escape, and
the temperature and pressure of nitrogen drop to new values. The amount of nitrogen that has escaped is to be determined.
Properties The gas constant for nitrogen is 0.2968 kPa·m3/kg·K (Table A-1).
Analysis Treating N2 as an ideal gas, the initial and the final masses in the tank are determined to be
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-63
3-117 Superheated refrigerant-134a is cooled at constant pressure until it exists as a compressed liquid. The changes in total
volume and internal energy are to be determined, and the process is to be shown on a T-v diagram.
Analysis The refrigerant is a superheated vapor at the initial state and a compressed liquid at the final state. From Tables A-
13 and A-11,
P1 1.2 MPa u 277.23 kJ/kg T
1
v 0.019502 m 3 /kg 1
T1 70C 1
3-118 The rigid tank contains saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water. The mixture is heated until it exists in a single phase.
For a given tank volume, it is to be determined if the final phase is a liquid or a vapor.
Analysis This is a constant volume process (v = V /m = constant), and thus the final specific volume will be equal to the
initial specific volume,
v 2 v1
H2O
The critical specific volume of water is 0.003106 m3/kg. Thus if the final specific V=4L
volume is smaller than this value, the water will exist as a liquid, otherwise as a vapor. m = 2 kg
T = 50C
V 0.004 m3
V 4L
v 0.002 m3/kg v cr Thus, liquid.
m 2 kg
V 0.4 m3
V 400 L
v 0.2 m3/kg v cr . Thus, vapor.
m 2 kg
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-64
3-119 The pressure in an automobile tire increases during a trip while its volume remains constant. The percent increase in
the absolute temperature of the air in the tire is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The volume of the tire remains constant. 2 Air is an ideal gas.
Properties The local atmospheric pressure is 90 kPa. Tire
200 kPa
Analysis The absolute pressures in the tire before and after the trip are 0.035 m3
P1 Pgage,1 Patm 200 90 290 kPa
P2 Pgage,2 Patm 220 90 310 kPa
Noting that air is an ideal gas and the volume is constant, the ratio of absolute
temperatures after and before the trip are
P1V1 P2V 2 T P 310 kPa
2 2 = = 1.069
T1 T2 T1 P1 290 kPa
Therefore, the absolute temperature of air in the tire will increase by 6.9% during this trip.
3-120 A piston-cylinder device contains steam at a specified state. Steam is cooled at constant pressure. The volume change
is to be determined using compressibility factor.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of steam are
R = 0.4615 kPa·m3/kg·K, Tcr = 647.1 K, Pcr = 22.06 MPa
Analysis The exact solution is given by the following:
P 200 kPa
v1 1.31623 m /kg
3
T1 300C Steam
(Table A-6) 0.2 kg
P 200 kPa 200 kPa Q
v 2 0.95986 m /kg
3
T2 150C 300C
P2 0.2 MPa
PR 0.0091
Pcr 22.06 MPa
Z 2 0.9897
T 150 273 K
TR , 2 2 0.65
Tcr 647.1 K
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-65
3-121 The temperature of steam in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the
generalized chart, and the steam tables.
Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A-1,
T 673 K
TR 1.040
Tcr 647.1 K
PR 0.57
v actual (0.02 m3/kg)(22,060 kPa)
vR 1.48
RTcr / Pcr (0.4615 kPa m3/kg K)(647.1 K)
Thus,
P PR Pcr 0.57 22,060 12,574kPa
3-122 One section of a tank is filled with saturated liquid R-134a while the other side is evacuated. The partition is
removed, and the temperature and pressure in the tank are measured. The volume of the tank is to be determined.
Analysis The mass of the refrigerant contained in the tank is
V1 0.03 m 3
m 34.96 kg
v 1 0.0008580 m 3 /kg
R-134a
since
P =0.9 MPa Evacuated
v 1 v f @0.9 MPa 0.0008580 m 3 /kg V =0.03 m3
At the final state (Table A-13),
P2 280 kPa
v 2 0.07997 m /kg
3
T2 20C
Thus,
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-66
3-123 Problem 3-122 is reconsidered. The effect of the initial pressure of refrigerant-134 on the volume of the tank is
to be investigated as the initial pressure varies from 0.5 MPa to 1.5 MPa. The volume of the tank is to be plotted versus the
initial pressure, and the results are to be discussed.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
"Given Data"
x_1=0.0
Vol_1=0.03 [m^3]
P_1=1200 [kPa]
T_2=30 [C]
P_2=400 [kPa]
"Solution"
v_1=volume(R134a,P=P_1,x=x_1)
Vol_1=m*v_1
v_2=volume(R134a,P=P_2,T=T_2)
Vol_2=m*v_2
P1 Vol2 3
3
[kPa] [m ]
500 2.977
600 2.926 2.9
700 2.88
800 2.837
900 2.796
1000 2.8
Vol2 [m3]
2.757
1100 2.721
1200 2.685
1300 2.651 2.7
1400 2.617
1500 2.584
2.6
2.5
500 700 900 1100 1300 1500
P1 [kPa]
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-67
3-124 A propane tank contains 5 L of liquid propane at the ambient temperature. Now a leak develops at the top of the tank
and propane starts to leak out. The temperature of propane when the pressure drops to 1 atm and the amount of heat
transferred to the tank by the time the entire propane in the tank is vaporized are to be determined.
Properties The properties of propane at 1 atm are Tsat = -42.1C, 581 kg / m 3 , and hfg = 427.8 kJ/kg (Table A-3).
3-125 An isobutane tank contains 5 L of liquid isobutane at the ambient temperature. Now a leak develops at the top of the
tank and isobutane starts to leak out. The temperature of isobutane when the pressure drops to 1 atm and the amount of heat
transferred to the tank by the time the entire isobutane in the tank is vaporized are to be determined.
Properties The properties of isobutane at 1 atm are Tsat = -11.7C, 593.8 kg / m 3 , and hfg = 367.1 kJ/kg (Table A-3).
Analysis The temperature of isobutane when the pressure drops to 1 atm is simply the saturation pressure at that
temperature,
T Tsat @1 atm 11.7 C
Isobutane
The initial mass of liquid isobutane is 5L
20C
m V (593.8 kg/m 3 )(0.005 m 3 ) 2.969kg
3-126 A tank contains helium at a specified state. Heat is transferred to helium until it reaches a specified temperature. The
final gage pressure of the helium is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Helium is an ideal gas.
Properties The local atmospheric pressure is given to be 100 kPa.
Analysis Noting that the specific volume of helium in the tank remains
constant, from ideal gas relation, we have Q
Helium
T2 (300 273)K
P2 P1 (140 100 kPa) 366.2 kPa 37ºC
T1 (37 273)K
140 kPa gage
Then the gage pressure becomes
Pgage,2 P2 Patm 366.2 100 266 kPa
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-68
3-127 The table is completed as follows:
P, kPa T, oC v, m3/kg u, kJ/kg Condition description and quality, if
applicable
300 250 0.7921 2728.9 Superheated vapor
*
Approximated as saturated liquid at the given temperature of 180 oC
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-69
3-128 Water at a specified state is contained in a piston-cylinder device fitted with stops. Water is now heated until a final
pressure. The process will be indicated on the P-v and T- v diagrams.
Analysis The properties at the three states are
P1 300 kPa
T1 133.5C (Table A - 5)
v 1 0.5 m 3 /kg
Water
P2 300 kPa
v 2 0.6058 m /kg, T2 133.5C (Table A - 5) Q
3
300 kPa
x 2 1 (sat. vap.) 0.5 m3/kg
P2 600 kPa
T 517.8C (Table A - 6)
v 3 0.6058 m /kg 2
3
Using Property Plot feature of EES, and by adding state points we obtain following diagrams.
Steam IAPWS
106
105
104
517.8°C
P [kPa]
101
100
10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 0.5 100 101 102
v [m3/kg]
Steam IAPWS
700
600 kPa
600
517.8C 300 kPa
3
500
400
T [°C]
300
200 158.8C
100 133.5C 1 2
0
10-3 10-2 10-1 0.5 100 101 102
3
v [m /kg]
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-70
3-129E Argon contained in a piston-cylinder device at a given state undergoes a polytropic process. The final temperature is
to be determined using the ideal gas relation and the Beattie-Bridgeman equation.
Analysis (a) The polytropic relations for an ideal gas give
n 1 / n 0.6 / 1.6
P 2000 psia
T2 T1 2 (300 460 R) 986 R
P1 1000 psia
(b) The constants in the Beattie-Bridgeman equation are expressed as
Argon
a 0.02328 1000 psia
A Ao 1 130.78021
v v 300F
b 0
B Bo 1 0.039311
v v
c 5.99 10 4 m 3 K 3 /kmol
Substituting these coefficients into the Beattie-Bridgeman equation and using data in SI units (P = 1000 psia = 6895 kPa,
T=760 R = 422.2 K, Ru = 8.314 kJ/kmol∙K)
Ru T c
v B 2
A
P 1
v 2 vT 3 v
and solving using an equation solver such as EES gives
Substituting this value into the Beattie-Bridgeman equation and using data in SI units (P = 2000 psia = 13790 kPa and Ru =
8.314 kJ/kmol∙K),
Ru T c
v B 2
A
P 1
v 2 vT 3 v
and solving using an equation solver such as EES gives
T2 532.2 K 958 R
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-71
3-130E The specific volume of nitrogen at a given state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the Benedict-Webb-
Rubin equation, and the compressibility factor.
Properties The properties of nitrogen are (Table A-1E)
R = 0.3830 psia·ft3/lbm·R, M = 28.013 lbm/lbmol, Tcr = 227.1 R, Pcr = 492 psia
Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state,
RuT C 1 bR T a a c
P B0 RuT A0 02 u 3 6 3 2 1 2 exp( / v 2 )
v T v v v v T v
(8.314)( 200) 8.164 105 1 0.002328 8.314 200 2.54
2758 0.04074 8.314 200 106.73
v2 2002 v 2 v3
2.54 1.272 10 4 7.379 104 0.0053
1 exp( 0.0053 / v )
2
v6 v 3 (200) 2 v2
The solution of this equation by an equation solver such as EES gives
v 0.5666 m 3 /kmol
Then,
Thus,
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-72
3-131 A hot air balloon with 3 people in its cage is hanging still in the air. The average temperature of the air in the balloon
for two environment temperatures is to be determined.
Assumptions Air is an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1).
Analysis The buoyancy force acting on the balloon is
Hot air balloon
V balloon 4 r / 3 4 (10 m) /3 4189m
3 3 3
D = 20 m
P 90 kPa
cool air 1.089 kg/m3 Patm = 90 kPa
RT (0.287 kPa m3/kg K)(288 K) T = 15C
FB cool air gV balloon
1N
(1.089 kg/m3 )(9.8 m/s2 )(4189 m3 ) 44,700 N
2
1kg m/s
The vertical force balance on the balloon gives
FB Whot air Wcage Wpeople
(mhot air mcage m people) g mcage = 80 kg
Substituting,
1N
44,700 N (mhotair 80 kg 195 kg)(9.8 m/s2 )
2
1 kg m/s
which gives
mhotair 4287 kg
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-73
3-132 Problem 3-131 is to be reconsidered. The effect of the environment temperature on the average air temperature
in the balloon when the balloon is suspended in the air is to be investigated as the environment temperature varies from -
10°C to 30°C. The average air temperature in the balloon is to be plotted versus the environment temperature.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
"Given Data:"
"atm---atmosphere about balloon"
"gas---heated air inside balloon"
g=9.807 [m/s^2]
d_balloon=20 [m]
m_cage = 80 [kg]
m_1person=65 [kg]
NoPeople = 6
{T_atm_Celsius = 15 [C]}
T_atm =T_atm_Celsius+273 "[K]"
P_atm = 90 [kPa]
R=0.287 [kJ/kg-K]
P_gas = P_atm
T_gas_Celsius=T_gas - 273 "[C]"
"Calculated values:"
P_atm= rho_atm*R*T_atm "rho_atm = density of air outside balloon"
P_gas= rho_gas*R*T_gas "rho_gas = density of gas inside balloon"
r_balloon=d_balloon/2
V_balloon=4*pi*r_balloon^3/3
m_people=NoPeople*m_1person
m_gas=rho_gas*V_balloon
m_total=m_gas+m_people+m_cage
"The total weight of balloon, people, and cage is:"
W_total=m_total*g
"The buoyancy force acting on the balloon, F_b, is equal to the weight of the air displaced by the balloon."
F_b=rho_atm*V_balloon*g
"From the free body diagram of the balloon, the balancing vertical forces must equal the product of the total mass
and the vertical acceleration:"
F_b- W_total=m_total*a_up
a_up = 0 "The balloon is hanging still in the air" 100
90
-5 23.42
0 29.55 60 9 people
6 people
5 35.71 50
10 41.89 40 3 people
15 48.09
20 54.31 30
25 60.57 20
30 66.84
10
0
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Tatm,Celsius [C]
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-74
3-133 A hot air balloon with 2 people in its cage is about to take off. The average temperature of the air in the balloon for
two environment temperatures is to be determined.
Assumptions Air is an ideal gas.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K. Hot air balloon
D = 18 m
Analysis The buoyancy force acting on the balloon is
Patm = 93 kPa
V balloon 4 r 3 / 3 4 (9 m) 3 /3 3054 m 3
T = 12C
P 93 kPa
coolair 1.137 kg/m 3
RT (0.287 kPa m 3 /kg K)(285 K)
FB coolair gV balloon
1N
(1.137 kg/m 3 )(9.8 m/s 2 )(3054 m 3 ) 34,029 N
1 kg m/s 2
The vertical force balance on the balloon gives mcage = 120 kg
FB Whotair Wcage Wpeople
(m hotair mcage m people) g
Substituting,
1N
34,029 N (mhotair 120 kg 140 kg)(9.81 m/s2 )
2
1 kg m/s
which gives
mhot air 3212 kg
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-75
Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Exam Problems
3-134 A 300-m3 rigid tank is filled with saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at 200 kPa. If 25% of the mass is liquid
and the 75% of the mass is vapor, the total mass in the tank is
(a) 451 kg (b) 556 kg (c) 300 kg (d) 331 kg (e) 195 kg
3-135 Water is boiled at 1 atm pressure in a coffee maker equipped with an immersion-type electric heating element. The
coffee maker initially contains 1 kg of water. Once boiling started, it is observed that half of the water in the coffee maker
evaporated in 10 minutes. If the heat loss from the coffee maker is negligible, the power rating of the heating element is
(a) 3.8 kW (b) 2.2 kW (c) 1.9 kW (d) 1.6 kW (e) 0.8 kW
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-76
3
3-136 A 1-m rigid tank contains 10 kg of water (in any phase or phases) at 160C. The pressure in the tank is
(a) 738 kPa (b) 618 kPa (c) 370 kPa (d) 2000 kPa (e) 1618 kPa
3-137 Water is boiling at 1 atm pressure in a stainless steel pan on an electric range. It is observed that 2 kg of liquid
water evaporates in 30 minutes. The rate of heat transfer to the water is
(a) 2.51 kW (b) 2.32 kW (c) 2.97 kW (d) 0.47 kW (e) 3.12 kW
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-77
3-138 Water is boiled in a pan on a stove at sea level. During 10 min of boiling, its is observed that 200 g of water has
evaporated. Then the rate of heat transfer to the water is
(a) 0.84 kJ/min (b) 45.1 kJ/min (c) 41.8 kJ/min (d) 53.5 kJ/min (e) 225.7 kJ/min
3-139 A rigid 3-m3 rigid vessel contains steam at 4 MPa and 500C. The mass of the steam is
(a) 3 kg (b) 9 kg (c) 26 kg (d) 35 kg (e) 52 kg
Answer (d) 35 kg
Solution Solved by EES Software. Solutions can be verified by copying-and-pasting the following lines on a blank EES
screen. (Similar problems and their solutions can be obtained easily by modifying numerical values).
V=3 "m^3"
m=V/v1 "m^3/kg"
P1=4000 "kPa"
T1=500 "C"
v1=VOLUME(Steam_IAPWS,T=T1,P=P1)
"Some Wrong Solutions with Common Mistakes:"
R=0.4615 "kJ/kg.K"
P1*V=W1_m*R*(T1+273) "Treating steam as ideal gas"
P1*V=W2_m*R*T1 "Treating steam as ideal gas and using deg.C"
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-78
3-140 Consider a sealed can that is filled with refrigerant-134a. The contents of the can are at the room temperature of
25C. Now a leak developes, and the pressure in the can drops to the local atmospheric pressure of 90 kPa. The
temperature of the refrigerant in the can is expected to drop to (rounded to the nearest integer)
(a) 0C (b) -29C (c) -16C (d) 5C (e) 25C
3-141 A rigid tank contains 2 kg of an ideal gas at 4 atm and 40C. Now a valve is opened, and half of mass of the gas is
allowed to escape. If the final pressure in the tank is 2.2 atm, the final temperature in the tank is
(a) 71C (b) 44C (c) -100C (d) 20C (e) 172C
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
3-79
3-142 The pressure of an automobile tire is measured to be 190 kPa (gage) before a trip and 215 kPa (gage) after the trip at
a location where the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa. If the temperature of air in the tire before the trip is 25C, the air
temperature after the trip is
(a) 51.1C (b) 64.2C (c) 27.2C (d) 28.3C (e) 25.0C
3-145 It is helium.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.