Finite-Burn, Earth Orbit Rendezvous Trajectory Optimization

Program rendezvous_ocs
Finite-Burn, Earth Orbit Rendezvous Trajectory Optimization
This document is the user’s manual for a Fortran computer program called rendezvous_ocs that uses
the Sparse Optimization Suite distributed by Applied Mathematical Analysis to solve the classic Earth
orbit rendezvous trajectory optimization problem. The software models the trajectory as a mission
consisting of one or more maneuvers separated by coasting periods. The propulsive phases are
simulated as variable thrust, finite-burn propulsive maneuvers. This computer program attempts to
maximize the spacecraft mass at the end of the propulsive maneuvers.
The important features of this scientific simulation are as follows:

 finite-burn orbital maneuvers
 variable attitude steering during all maneuvers
 user-defined throttle bounds
 modified equinoctial equations of motion with oblate Earth gravity model
 user-specified flyby or rendezvous final orbit constraints
 fixed or free final flyby or rendezvous time
The Sparse Optimization Suite is a direct transcription method that can be used to solve a variety of
trajectory optimization problems using the following combination of numerical methods:
 collocation and implicit integration
 adaptive mesh refinement
 sparse nonlinear programming
Additional information about the mathematical techniques and numerical methods used in the Sparse
Optimization Suite can be found in the book, Practical Methods for Optimal Control and Estimation
Using Nonlinear Programming by John. T. Betts, SIAM, 2010 (www.siam.org).
The rendezvous_ocs software consists of Fortran routines that perform the following tasks:
 set algorithm control parameters and call the transcription/optimal control subroutine
 define the problem structure and perform initialization related to scaling, lower and upper
bounds, initial conditions, etc.
 compute the right-hand-side differential equations

 evaluate any point and path constraints
 display the optimal solution results and create an output file
The Sparse Optimization Suite will use this information to automatically transcribe the user’s optimal
control problem and perform the optimization using a sparse nonlinear programming (NLP) method.
The rendezvous_ocs software allows the user to select the type of initial guess, collocation method,
and other important algorithm control parameters.
page 1
Program execution
An input file created by the user can be run from the command line or a simple batch file with a
statement similar to the following:
rendezvous_ocs leo2meo_10k.in
If the software is executed without an input file on the command line, the computer program will display
the following information screen and file name prompt:
************************************
* program rendezvous_ocs *
* *
* finite burn earth orbit *
* rendezvous optimization *
* *
* April 10, 2012 *
************************************
please input the name of the simulation definition file
The user should respond to this prompt with the name of a compatible input data file including the
filename extension.
The screen output created by the rendezvous_ocs computer program can be re-directed to a text file
with a command line similar to
rendezvous_ocs leo2meo_10k.in >leo2meo_10k.txt
To create a DOS command window in Windows 7, select start, then All Programs, then Accessories
and finally Command Prompt. The size, font and other characteristics of the screen can be controlled
by the user with the c:\ icon in the upper left corner of the window. To log into the subdirectory created
during the installation of the Fortran executable and support files, type root:\ and then cd subdirectory
from the DOS command line where root is the name of the root directory, usually c:, and subdirectory is
the name of the subdirectory created by the user.
The DOS command line prompt looks similar to C:\rendezvous_ocs>_.
Input file format and contents
The rendezvous_ocs software is “data-driven” by a user-created text file. The following is a typical
input file used by this computer program. In the following discussion the actual input file contents are
in courier font and all explanations are in times italic font. This example attempts to optimize the
maneuvers required to perform a rendezvous between a spacecraft in a circular low Earth orbit (LEO)
and a second spacecraft in a typical medium altitude Earth orbit (MEO).
Each data item within an input file is preceded by one or more lines of annotation text. Do not delete
any of these annotation lines or increase or decrease the number of lines reserved for each comment.
However, you may change them to reflect your own explanation. The annotation line also includes the
correct units and when appropriate, the valid range of the input. ASCII text input is not case sensitive
but must be spelled correctly.
page 2
The first six lines of any input file are reserved for user comments. These lines are ignored by the
software. However the input file must begin with six and only six initial text lines.
*************************************
** finite-burn earth-orbit rendezvous
** trajectory optimization
** program rendezvous_ocs
** leo2meo_10k.in - April 10, 2012
*************************************
The first input is an integer that tells the simulation what type of trajectory to model.
trajectory type (1 = flyby, 2 = rendezvous)
2
The next three inputs define an initial guess, lower bound and upper bound for the total simulation
duration in minutes. Identical values for the lower and upper bounds will create a fixed time mission.
initial guess for total simulation duration (minutes)
85.0
lower bound for total simulation duration (minutes)

88.0
upper bound for total simulation duration (minutes)

88.0
The next input is the initial mass of the entire spacecraft in kilograms.
initial spacecraft mass (kilograms)
8000.0
This next integer input defines the type of initial guess for the propulsive maneuver.
********************************
type of propulsive initial guess
********************************
1 = thrust duration
2 = delta-v magnitude
---------------------
2
The next four inputs define the thrust magnitude and the specific impulse of the upper stage or
spacecraft propulsion system, and the user’s initial guess for either the delta-v or thrust duration for the
first maneuver.
-------------------------
first propulsive maneuver
-------------------------
thrust magnitude (newtons)
10000.0
specific impulse (seconds)

350.0
initial guess for delta-v (meters/second)

2925.0
initial guess for thrust duration (seconds)

170.0
page 3
The next six inputs define the classical orbital elements of the initial park orbit. These elements are
defined with respect to an Earth-centered-inertial (ECI) coordinate system.
*****************
* INITIAL ORBIT *
*****************
semimajor axis (kilometers)

8000.0
orbital eccentricity (non-dimensional)

0.015
orbital inclination (degrees)

28.5
argument of perigee (degrees)

100.0
right ascension of the ascending node (degrees)

20.0
true anomaly (degrees)

30.0
The next six inputs define the classical orbital elements of the final mission orbit. These elements are
defined with respect to an Earth-centered-inertial (ECI) coordinate system.
***************
* FINAL ORBIT *
***************
semimajor axis (kilometers)

10000.0
orbital eccentricity (non-dimensional)

0.05
orbital inclination (degrees)

40.0
argument of perigee (degrees)

200.0
right ascension of the ascending node (degrees)

55.0
true anomaly (degrees)

120.0
This integer input specifies the type of gravity model to use during the simulation. Option 2 will use a
J 2 gravity model in the spacecraft equations of motion.
*************************
* type of gravity model *
-------------------------
1 = spherical Earth
2 = oblate gravity model
------------------------
2
This next input defines the type of initial guess to use. Please see the technical discussion section for
information about how the first option is modeled. Option 2 requires either a binary restart file created
page 4
from a previous run using either initial guess option 1 or an updated binary restart file. This feature is
described in the next two sections.
*************************
* initial guess options *
*************************
1 = numerical integration
2 = binary data file
---------------------
1
If the user elects to use a binary data file (option 2 above) for the initial guess, the following text input
specifies the name of the file to use.
name of binary initial guess data file
leo2meo_10k.rsbin
The following input can be used to create or update an initial guess binary file. The creation or update
process uses the filename defined above. For initial guess option 1, the software will create a binary
restart file. For initial guess option 2, an input of yes to this item will update the binary file used to
initialize the simulation.
******************************
* binary restart file option *
******************************
create/update binary data file (yes or no)

no
This next input specifies the type of solution data file to create.
**********************************************
* type of comma-delimited solution data file *
**********************************************
1 = OC-defined nodes
2 = user-defined nodes
3 = user-defined step size
---------------------------
1
For options 2 or 3, this input defines either the number of data points or the time step size of the data
output in the solution file.
number of user-defined nodes or print step size in solution data file
25
The name of the comma-separated-variable solution data file is defined in this next line.
name of solution output file
leo2heo_10k.csv
The next series of program inputs are algorithm control options and parameters for the Sparse
Optimization Suite. The first input is an integer that specifies the type of collocation method to use
during the solution process. For most simulations, the trapezoidal method is recommended.
********************************
* algorithm control parameters *
********************************
discretization/collocation method
---------------------------------
page 5
1 = trapezoidal
2 = separated Hermite-Simpson
3 = compressed Hermite-Simpson
-------------------------------
1
The next input defines the relative error in the objective function.
relative error in the objective function (performance index)
1.0d-5
The next input defines the relative error in the solution of the differential equations.
relative error in the solution of the differential equations
1.0d-7
The next input is an integer that defines the maximum number of mesh refinement iterations.
maximum number of mesh refinement iterations
20
The next input is an integer that defines the maximum number of function evaluations.
maximum number of function evaluations
10000
The next input is an integer that defines the maximum number of algorithm iterations.
maximum number of algorithm iterations
10000
The level of output from the NLP algorithm is controlled with the following integer input.
***************************
sparse NLP iteration output
---------------------------
1 = none
2 = terse
3 = standard
4 = interpretive
5 = diagnostic
---------------
2
The level of output from the optimal control algorithm is controlled with the following integer input.
Please note that option 4 will create lots of information.
**********************
optimal control output
----------------------
1 = none
2 = terse
3 = standard
4 = interpretive
-----------------
1
The level of output from the Sparse Optimization Suite differential equations algorithm is controlled
with the following integer input. Please note that option 5 will create lots of information.
****************************
differential equation output
----------------------------
page 6
1 = none
2 = terse
3 = standard
4 = interpretive
5 = diagnostic
---------------
1
The level of output can be further controlled by the user with this final text input. This program option
sets the value of the SOCOUT character variable described in the Sparse Optimization Suite user’s
manual. To ignore this special output control, input the simple character string no.
*******************
user-defined output
-------------------
input no to ignore
------------------
a0b0c0d0e0f0g0h0i0j2k0l0m0n0o0p0q0r0
The last series of inputs allow the reading and writing of configuration input files. The user should
create a configuration file before attempting to read one. These configuration files are simple text files
which can be edited external to the rendezvous_ocs software. Please consult Appendix C.
***************************************
* optimal control configuration options
***************************************
read an optimal control configuration file (yes or no)

no
name of optimal control configuration file

leo2meo_10k_config.txt
create an optimal control configuration file (yes or no)

no
name of optimal control configuration file

leo2meo_10k_config1.txt
Optimal control solution
The following is the optimal control solution for this example. The output includes the time and orbital
characteristics at the beginning and end of each mission phase.
program rendezvous_ocs
======================
input file ==> leo2meo_10k.in
rendezvous trajectory
oblate earth gravity model
---------------------------
beginning of maneuver phase
---------------------------
mission elapsed time 00:00:00.000
sma (km) eccentricity inclination (deg) argper (deg)

0.800000000000D+04 0.150000000000D-01 0.285000000000D+02 0.100000000000D+03
page 7
raan (deg) true anomaly (deg) arglat (deg) period (min)
0.200000000000D+02 0.300000000000D+02 0.130000000000D+03 0.118684693004D+03
rx (km) ry (km) rz (km) rmag (km)

-.658713032027D+04 0.325905620287D+04 0.288604970418D+04 0.789563272225D+04
vx (kps) vy (kps) vz (kps) vmag (kps)

-.381028378016D+01 -.564780744839D+01 -.217399960475D+01 0.715138208606D+01
---------------------
end of maneuver phase
---------------------

0.999778599805D+04 0.500760702724D-01 0.399921786418D+02 0.199752487246D+03

0.550628877938D+02 0.467623343061D+02 0.246514821552D+03 0.165811819507D+03

0.335362513193D+04 -.702990130399D+04 -.568340909816D+04 0.964196312202D+04

0.515138258024D+01 0.360501455968D+01 -.181069217135D+01 0.654304811253D+01
spacecraft mass 3339.96227073119 kilograms
propellant mass 4660.03772926881 kilograms
phase duration 3277.53953053337 seconds

54.6256588422229 minutes
delta-v 2998.07572342380 meters/second
The following program output is the spacecraft mass, the propellant mass consumed, the actual thrust
duration for all the maneuvers, and the accumulated delta-v for the mission.

54.6256588422229 minutes
This section of the numeric results summarizes the time and orbital conditions at the beginning and end
of the transfer orbit coast.
------------------------
beginning of coast phase
------------------------

0.999778599805D+04 0.500760702724D-01 0.399921786418D+02 0.199752487246D+03
page 8
0.550628877938D+02 0.467623343061D+02 0.246514821552D+03 0.165811819507D+03

0.335362513193D+04 -.702990130399D+04 -.568340909816D+04 0.964196312202D+04

0.515138258024D+01 0.360501455968D+01 -.181069217135D+01 0.654304811253D+01
------------------
end of coast phase
------------------

0.100000000000D+05 0.500000000000D-01 0.400000000000D+02 0.200000000000D+03

0.550000000000D+02 0.120000000000D+03 0.320000000000D+03 0.165866900904D+03

0.862186499607D+04 0.353038894193D+04 -.422710739886D+04 0.102307692308D+05

-.459681283666D+00 0.541422590670D+01 0.292176275871D+01 0.616942839083D+01
coast duration 2002.46046946663 seconds

33.3743411577771 minutes
After the simulation is complete, the software will display a simulation summary similar to the
following;
SIMULATION SUMMARY
==================
initial mass 8000.00000000000 kilograms
total propellant mass 4660.03772926881 kilograms
final spacecraft mass 3339.96227073119 kilograms
total delta-v 2998.07572342380 meters/second
total sim duration 5280.00000000000 seconds

88.0000000000000 minutes
The rendezvous_ocs computer program will also create an output file called orbits.csv. This file
contains the Earth-centered inertial position and velocity vectors of the park orbit and final mission
orbit. The rendezvous_ocs software package includes a MATLAB script called oplot.m that can be
used to create trajectory graphic displays using this data file. The interactive graphic features of
MATLAB allow the user to rotate and zoom the displays. These capabilities allow the user to
interactively find the best viewpoint as well as verify basic orbital geometry of the orbital transfer.
The following is the graphics display for this example. The initial orbit trace is red, the final orbit is
blue and the transfer orbit is black. The dimensions are Earth radii (ER) and the plot is labeled with an
ECI coordinate system where green is the x-axis, red is the y-axis and blue is the z-axis.
page 9
The following two plots illustrate the evolution of the pitch and yaw steering angles and the throttle
setting during the two propulsive maneuvers determined by the software.
page 10
The next two plots illustrate the behavior of the inertial right ascension and declination, and the
accumulated delta-v and throttle setting during the simulation.
The next pair of plots illustrate the behavior of the semimajor axis, eccentricity, inclination and the right
ascension of the ascending node (RAAN) during the simulation.
Verification of the optimal control solution
The optimal control solution determined by the Sparse Optimization Suite can be verified by
numerically integrating the orbital equations of motion with the OC-computed optimal control solution.
This is equivalent to solving an initial value problem (IVP) that uses the optimal unit thrust vector
solution. This part of the rendezvous_ocs computer program uses a Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg 7(8)
variable step size method to integrate the orbital equations of motion.
The following is a display of the final solution computed using this explicit numerical integration
method.
page 11
verification of optimal control solution
========================================
final mass 3339.96216840498 kilograms
final mission orbit

-------------------

0.100000037673D+05 0.500000524679D-01 0.400000018124D+02 0.199999582004D+03

0.549999947879D+02 0.120000292543D+03 0.319999874547D+03 0.165866994633D+03

0.862187310660D+04 0.353037110635D+04 -.422712123100D+04 0.102307756263D+05

-.459669452953D+00 0.541422750064D+01 0.292175590011D+01 0.616942566002D+01
Creating an initial guess
The software allows the user to input either a delta-v or thrust duration initial guess. For a delta-v initial
guess, the software estimates the thrust duration using the rocket equation. An estimate of the thrust
duration can be determined from the following expression:
I sp m p g m pVex
td  
F F
The propellant mass required for a given V is a function of the initial (or final) mass of the spacecraft
and the exhaust velocity as follows:
 V
  VV 
m p  mi  1  e Vex   m f  e ex  1

   
In these equations
mi  initial mass
m f  final mass
m p  propellant mass
Vex  exhaust velocity  g I sp
I sp  specific impulse
V  impulsive velocity increment
F  thrust
g  acceleration of gravity
page 12
The software uses a tangential thrusting steering method to generate an initial guess for the optimal
trajectory. For tangential thrusting, the unit thrust vector in the modified equinoctial frame at all times is
simply uT  0 1 0 .
T
The dynamic variables and control variables at each grid point are determined by the Sparse
Optimization Suite by setting the initial guess option INIT(1) = 6 with INIT(2) = 2. These
program options create an initial guess from the numerical integration of the equations programmed in
the oderhs subroutine. The number and location of the initial collocation nodes are determined from
the variable step-size numerical integration. The INIT(2) = 2 option tells the program to use a
Dormand-Prince numerical integration method.
Please note that this algorithm creates a coplanar initial guess.
If the software cannot find a feasible solution, try increasing the guess for the thrust duration or the
value for the magnitude of the delta-v.
Binary restart data files can also be used to initialize a rendezvous_ocs simulation. A typical
scenario is
1. Create a binary restart file from a converged and optimized simulation

2. Modify the original input file with slightly different spacecraft characteristics, propulsive
parameters or perhaps final mission targets and/or constraints
3. Use the previously created binary restart file as the initial guess for the new simulation
This techniques works well provided the two simulations are not dramatically different. Sometimes it
may be necessary to make successive small changes in the mission definition and run multiples
simulations to eventually reach the final desired solution.
Problem setup
This section provides additional details about the software implementation. It explains such things as
point and path constraints, the performance index and the numerical technique used to create an initial
guess for the software.
(1) Point functions – initial orbit constraints
For this two-point boundary value problem (TPBVP), both lower and upper bounds for all modified
equinoctial elements are set equal to the user-defined initial modified equinoctial orbital elements as
follows:
pL  pU  pi f L  fU  f i
g L  gU  gi hL  hU  hi
k L  kU  ki LL  LU  Li
In Sparse Optimization Suite terminology, these constraints or boundary conditions are called point
functions.
page 13
(2) Performance index – maximize final spacecraft mass
The objective function or performance index J for this simulation is the mass of the spacecraft at the end
of the mission. This is simply
J  mf
The value of the maxmin indicator tells the software whether the user is minimizing or maximizing the
performance index. The spacecraft mass at the initial time is fixed to the user-defined initial value.
(3) Path constraint – unit thrust vector scalar magnitude
For variable attitude steering, the scalar magnitude of the components of the unit thrust vector at any
time during the simulation is constrained as follows:
uT  uT2r  uT2t  uT2n  1
(4) Point functions – final mission orbit constraints
The final mission constraints enforced by the software are determined by the trajectory type. For the
flyby trajectory option, the final orbit position vector is constrained to the values corresponding to the
user-defined final orbit. The rendezvous trajectory option adds the final three components of the inertial
velocity vector to this constraint set.
The computation of inertial position and velocity vectors from the modified equinoctial orbital elements
in described in the Technical Discussion section later in this document.
Bounds on the dynamic variables
The following lower and upper bounds are applied to the spacecraft mass and the modified equinoctial
dynamic variables during the orbital transfer.
0.05msci  msc  1.05msci 100 p f  p  0.8 pi
1  f  1  1  g  1
1  h  1  1  k  1
where msci is the initial spacecraft mass.
For variable attitude steering, the three components of the unit thrust vector are constrained as follows:
1.1  ur  1.1
1.1  ut  1.1
1.1  un  1.1
page 14
Technical Discussion
The modified equinoctial orbital elements are a set of orbital elements that are useful for trajectory
analysis and optimization. They are valid for circular, elliptic, and hyperbolic orbits. These equations
exhibit no singularity for zero eccentricity and orbital inclinations equal to 0 and 90 degrees. However,
two components of the orbital element set are singular for an orbital inclination of 180 degrees.
The relationship between direct modified equinoctial and classical orbital elements is defined by the
following definitions
p  a 1  e2  f  e cos     g  e sin    
h  tan  i 2  cos  k  tan  i 2  sin  L    
where
p  semiparameter
a  semimajor axis
e  orbital eccentricity
i  orbital inclination
  argument of periapsis
  right ascension of the ascending node
  true anomaly
L  true longitude
The relationship between classical and modified equinoctial orbital elements is summarized as follows:
semimajor axis
p
a
1  f 2  g2
orbital eccentricity
e f 2  g2
orbital inclination
i  2 tan 1  h2  k 2 
argument of periapsis
  tan 1  g f   tan 1  k h 
right ascension of the ascending node
  tan 1  k h 
page 15
true anomaly
  L        L  tan 1  g f 
The mathematical relationships between an inertial state vector and the corresponding modified
equinoctial elements are summarized as follows:
position vector
r 
 s 2  cos L   cos L  2hk sin L  
2
 
r  2  sin L   sin L  2hk cos L  
 r 2
s 
 2r 
  h sin L k cos L  
 s2 
velocity vector
 1  
  2  sin L   2 sin L  2hk cos L  g  2 f h k   2 g  
 s p 
 1  
v   2   cos L   2 cos L  2hk sin L  f  2 gh k   2 f  
 s p 
 
 2  

 h cos L  k sin L  f h  gk  
s2 p
where
 2  h2  k 2
s2  1  h2  k 2
p
r
w
w  1  f cos L  g sin L
The system of first-order modified equinoctial equations of orbital motion are given by
dp 2 p p
p  t
dt w 
df p  g 
f     r sin L   w  1 cos L  f  t   h sin L  k cos L  n 
dt  w w 
page 16
dg p  f n 
g    r cos L   w  1 sin L  g  t   h sin L  k cos L 
dt  w w 
dh p s2n
h  cos L
dt  2w
dk p s 2n
k  sin L
dt  2w
2
dL  w 1 p
L  p    h sin L  k cos L   n
dt  p w 
where  r , t , n are non-two-body perturbations in the radial, tangential and normal directions,
respectively. The radial direction is along the radius vector of the spacecraft measured positive in a
direction away from the gravitational center, the tangential direction is perpendicular to this radius
vector measured positive in the direction of orbital motion, and the normal direction is positive along the
angular momentum vector of the spacecraft’s orbit.
The equations of orbital motion can also be expressed in vector form as follows:
dy
y  A y P  b
dt
where
 2p p 
 0 0 
 w  
 
 w  1 cos L  f 
p p 1 p g
 sin L  h sin L  k cos L
   w  w 
 
 w  1 sin L  g
 p p 1 p f

cos L h sin L  k cos L 
  w  w 
A 
 p s 2 cos L 
0 0
  2w 
 
 2
p s sin L 
 0 0 
  2w 
 p 1 
 0 0 h sin L  k cos L 
  w 
and
T
  w 
2
b  0 0 0 0 0 p  
  p  
page 17
The total non-two-body acceleration vector is given by P   r î r  t ît  n în .
where îr , ît and în are unit vectors in the radial, tangential and normal directions. These unit vectors can
be computed from the inertial position vector r and velocity vector v according to
î  r î  r  v î  î  î   r  v   r
rv rv r
r n t n r
r
For unperturbed two-body motion, P  0 and the first five equations of motion are simply
p  f  g  h  k  0 . Therefore, for two-body motion these modified equinoctial orbital elements are
constant. The true longitude is often called the fast variable of this orbital element set.
Non-spherical Earth Gravity
The non-spherical gravitational acceleration vector can be expressed as
g  g N î N  gr îr
where
î   
eˆ N  eˆ TN î r î r
  eˆ î  î
N
eˆ N T
N r r
and
eˆ N  0 0 1
T
In these equations the north direction component is indicated by subscript N and the radial direction
component is subscript r.
The contributions due to the zonal gravity effects of J 2 , J 3 , J 4 are as follows:
 cos 
k
4
 Re  '
gN  
r2
   Pk J k
k 2  r 

k
4
R 
gr   2   k  1  e  Pk J k
r k 2  r 
where
  gravitational constant
r  geocentric distance of the spacecraft
Re  equatorial radius of the Earth
  geocentric latitude
J k  zonal gravity coefficient
Pk  k th order Legendre polynomial
page 18
For a zonal only Earth gravity model, the east component is identically zero.
Finally, the zonal gravity perturbation contribution is
a g  QT g
where Q   î r ît în  .
For J 2 effects only, the three components are as follows:
3 J 2 Re2  12  h sin L  k cos L  

2
 J2  1
r
2r 4 
 1  h 2
 k  
2 2
12  J 2 Re2   h sin L  k cos L  h cos L  k sin L  

 J2  
t
r4 
 1  h 2
 k 
2 2 

6 J 2 Re2  1  h  k   h sin L  k cos L  

2 2
 J2 
n
r4 
 1  h 2
 k 
2 2 

Propulsive Thrust
The acceleration due to propulsive thrust can be expressed as
T
aT  uˆ T
m t 
T
where T is the thrust magnitude, m is the spacecraft mass and uˆ T  uTr uTt uTn  is the unit pointing
thrust vector expressed in the spacecraft-centered radial-tangential-normal coordinate system. The
components of this unit vector are the control variables.
The propellant mass flow rate is determined from
dm T
m 
dt g I sp
where g is the acceleration of gravity and I sp is the specific impulse of the propulsive system. The
product g I sp is also called the exhaust velocity.
The spacecraft mass at any mission elapsed time t is given by m  t   msci  mt where msci is the initial
mass of the spacecraft and m is the propellant flow rate.
The components of the unit thrust vector can also be defined in terms of the in-plane pitch angle  and
the out-of-plane yaw angle  as follows:
page 19
uTr  sin  uTt  cos cos uTn  cos sin
Finally, the pitch and yaw angles can be determined from the components of the unit thrust vector
according to
  sin 1 uTr  
  tan 1  uT , uT  n t
Both steering angles are defined with respect to a local-vertical, local-horizontal (LVLH) system located
at the spacecraft. The in-plane pitch angle is positive above the “local horizontal” and the out-of-plane
yaw angle is positive in the direction of the angular momentum vector. The inverse tangent calculation
in the second equation is a four quadrant operation.
The rendezvous_ocs software provides the steering angles and the components of the unit thrust
vector in both the inertial and modified equinoctial coordinate systems. The following section
summarizes the inertial-to/from-modified equinoctial coordinate transformations and the calculation of
the inertial unit thrust vector in terms of right ascension and declination angles.
The relationship between a unit thrust vector in the ECI coordinate system uˆ TECI and the corresponding
unit thrust vector in the modified equinoctial system uˆ TMEE is given by
uˆ TECI  îr î
t
î  uˆ
n  TMEE
where
î  r  rˆ î  r  v  hˆ î  î  î   r  v   r
rv rv r
r n t n r
r
This relationship can also be expressed as
rˆ
 x  hˆ  rˆ  x
hˆ x 

uˆ TECI  Q  uˆ TMEE  rˆy
  hˆ  rˆ  y
hˆ y  uˆ TMEE

 
 rˆz  hˆ  rˆ  z
hˆ z 

In these equations, r is the inertial position vector and v is the inertial velocity vector of the spacecraft.
In the rendezvous_ocs computer program, the components of the inertial unit thrust vector are
defined in terms of the right ascension  and the declination angle  as follows:
uTECI  cos  cos  uTECI  sin  cos  uTECI  sin 

x y z
page 20
Finally, the right ascension and declination angles can be determined from the components of the ECI
unit thrust vector according to

  tan 1 uT ECI y
, uTECI
x
 
  sin 1 uTECI z

where the calculation for right ascension is a four quadrant inverse tangent operation.
Algorithm Resources
“On the Equinoctial Orbital Elements”, R. A. Brouke and P. J. Cefola, Celestial Mechanics, Vol. 5, pp.
303-310, 1972.
“A Set of Modified Equinoctial Orbital Elements”, M. J. H. Walker, B. Ireland and J. Owens, Celestial
Mechanics, Vol. 36, pp. 409-419, 1985.
“Optimal Interplanetary Orbit Transfers by Direct Transcription”, John T. Betts, The Journal of the
Astronautical Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 3, July-September 1994, pp. 247-268.
“Using Sparse Nonlinear Programming to Compute Low Thrust Orbit Transfers”, John T. Betts, The
Journal of the Astronautical Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 3, July-September 1993, pp. 349-371.
“Equinoctial Orbit Elements: Application to Optimal Transfer Problems”, Jean A. Kechichian, AIAA
90-2976, AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Conference, Portland, OR, 20-22 August 1990.
“Optimal Low Thrust Trajectories to the Moon”, John T. Betts and Sven O. Erb, SIAM Journal on
Applied Dynamical Systems, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 144-170, 2003.
page 21
APPENDIX A
Contents of the Simulation Summary and CSV Files
This appendix is a brief summary of the information contained in the simulation summary screen
displays and the CSV data files produced by the rendezvous_ocs software.
The simulation summary screen display contains the following information:
mission elapsed time = simulation time since beginning of the mission (hh:mm:ss.sss)
sma (km) = semimajor axis in kilometers
eccentricity = orbital eccentricity (non-dimensional)
inclination (deg) = orbital inclination in degrees
argper (deg) = argument of perigee in degrees
raan (deg) = right ascension of the ascending node in degrees
true anomaly (deg) = true anomaly in degrees
arglat (deg) = argument of latitude in degrees. The argument of latitude is the sum of
true anomaly and argument of perigee.
period (min) = orbital period in minutes
rx (km) = x-component of the spacecraft’s position vector in kilometers
ry (km) = y-component of the spacecraft’s position vector in kilometers
rz (km) = z-component of the spacecraft’s position vector in kilometers
rmag (km) = scalar magnitude of the spacecraft’s position vector in kilometers
vx (km/sec) = x-component of the spacecraft’s velocity vector in kilometers per second
vy (km/sec) = y-component of the spacecraft’s velocity vector in kilometers per second
vz (km/sec) = z-component of the spacecraft’s velocity vector in kilometers per second
vmag (km/sec) = scalar magnitude of the spacecraft’s velocity vector in kilometers per
second
spacecraft mass = current spacecraft mass in kilograms
propellant mass = expended propellant mass in kilograms
phase duration = current phase duration in seconds and minutes
thrust duration = maneuver duration in seconds
delta-v = scalar magnitude of the maneuver in meters/seconds
The accumulated delta-v is determined using a cubic spline integration of the thrust acceleration data at
each collocation node.
The comma-separated-variable disk file is created by the odeprt subroutine and contains the following
information:
page 22
time (sec) = simulation time since ignition in seconds
semimajor axis (km) = semimajor axis in kilometers
eccentricity = orbital eccentricity (non-dimensional)
inclination (deg) = orbital inclination in degrees
argument of perigee (deg) = argument of perigee in degrees
raan (deg) = right ascension of the ascending node in degrees
true anomaly (deg) = true anomaly in degrees
period (min) = orbital period in minutes
mass = spacecraft mass in kilograms
thracc = thrust acceleration in meters/second**2
yaw = thrust vector yaw angle in degrees
pitch = thrust vector pitch angle in degrees
perigee altitude = perigee altitude in kilometers
apogee altitude = apogee altitude in kilometers
ut-radial = radial component of unit thrust vector
ut-tangential = tangential component of unit thrust vector
ut-normal = normal component of unit thrust vector
semi-parameter = orbital semiparameter in kilometers
f equinoctial element = modified equinoctial orbital element
g equinoctial element = modified equinoctial orbital element
h equinoctial element = modified equinoctial orbital element
k equinoctial element = modified equinoctial orbital element
true longitude = true longitude in degrees
rx (km) = x-component of the spacecraft’s position vector in kilometers
ry (km) = y-component of the spacecraft’s position vector in kilometers
rz (km) = z-component of the spacecraft’s position vector in kilometers
fpa (deg) = flight path angle in degrees
deltav (mps) = accumulative delta-v in meters per second
The orbits.csv file contains the following information:
time (seconds) = simulation time since ignition in seconds
rp1-x (er) = x-component of the initial orbit position vector in earth radii
rp1-y (er) = y-component of the initial orbit position vector in earth radii
rp1-z (er) = z-component of the initial orbit position vector in earth radii
rp2-x (er) = x-component of the final orbit position vector in earth radii
rp2-y (er) = y-component of the final orbit position vector in earth radii
page 23
rp2-z (er) = z-component of the final orbit position vector in earth radii
page 24
APPENDIX B
Example Flyby Trajectory Analysis
This appendix summarizes a flyby mission from LEO to MEO. This example starts and ends at the
same orbits as the previous example. However, the propulsive thrust is 5000 Newtons and the total
simulation time is fixed to 100 minutes. Furthermore, since this is a flyby trajectory, the orbit transfer
only matches the three components of the position vector of the final mission orbit at the final time.
Here’s the initial part of the simulation definition input file for this example.
*************************************
** finite-burn earth-orbit rendezvous
** trajectory optimization
** program rendezvous_ocs
** leo2meo_flyby.in - April 10, 2012
*************************************
trajectory type (1 = flyby, 2 = rendezvous)

1
initial guess for total simulation duration (minutes)

95.0
lower bound for total simulation duration (minutes)

100.0
upper bound for total simulation duration (minutes)

100.0
initial spacecraft mass (kilograms)

8000.0
*****************************************
type of propulsive maneuver initial guess
*****************************************
1 = thrust duration
2 = delta-v magnitude
---------------------
2
-------------------
propulsive maneuver
-------------------
thrust magnitude (newtons)

5000.0
specific impulse (seconds)

350.0
initial guess for delta-v (meters/second)

2925.0
initial guess for thrust duration (seconds)

170.0
lower bound for throttle setting

0.0
upper bound for throttle setting

1.0
page 25
Here’s the program output for this example.
program rendezvous_ocs
======================
input file ==> leo2meo_flyby.in
flyby trajectory
oblate earth gravity model
---------------------------
beginning of maneuver phase
---------------------------

0.800000000000D+04 0.150000000000D-01 0.285000000000D+02 0.100000000000D+03

0.200000000000D+02 0.300000000000D+02 0.130000000000D+03 0.118684693004D+03

-.658713032027D+04 0.325905620287D+04 0.288604970418D+04 0.789563272225D+04

-.381028378016D+01 -.564780744839D+01 -.217399960475D+01 0.715138208606D+01
---------------------
end of maneuver phase
---------------------

0.898711286539D+04 0.235466089640D+00 0.350916114708D+02 0.903365417492D+02

0.625248414158D+02 0.172979511791D+03 0.263316053540D+03 0.141315573076D+03

0.739228594994D+04 -.529738113942D+04 -.632512076131D+04 0.110776934037D+05

0.298144849526D+01 0.430206674637D+01 -.463960881703D+00 0.525471912855D+01

70.1955968736369 minutes
------------------------
beginning of coast phase
------------------------
page 26
0.898711286539D+04 0.235466089640D+00 0.350916114708D+02 0.903365417492D+02

0.625248414158D+02 0.172979511791D+03 0.263316053540D+03 0.141315573076D+03

0.739228594994D+04 -.529738113942D+04 -.632512076131D+04 0.110776934037D+05

0.298144849526D+01 0.430206674637D+01 -.463960881703D+00 0.525471912855D+01
------------------
end of coast phase
------------------

0.898867629134D+04 0.235360368321D+00 0.351008512173D+02 0.903369639672D+02

0.624745498836D+02 0.223728548707D+03 0.314065512674D+03 0.141352450221D+03

0.862186499607D+04 0.353038894193D+04 -.422710739886D+04 0.102307692308D+05

-.192043174636D+01 0.473402281402D+01 0.273461673498D+01 0.579458012140D+01
coast duration 1788.26418758178 seconds

29.8044031263631 minutes
SIMULATION SUMMARY
==================
initial mass 8000.00000000000 kilograms
total propellant mass 4656.40761093290 kilograms
final spacecraft mass 3343.59238906710 kilograms
total delta-v 2994.34791421085 meters/second
total sim duration 6000.00000000000 seconds

100.000000000000 minutes
verification of optimal control solution

========================================
final mass 3343.59248030948 kilograms
final mission orbit

-------------------
page 27
0.898867644662D+04 0.235360359825D+00 0.351008505110D+02 0.903369671277D+02

0.624745489581D+02 0.223728544739D+03 0.314065511867D+03 0.141352453884D+03

0.862186536286D+04 0.353038874660D+04 -.422710749938D+04 0.102307695140D+05

-.192043150637D+01 0.473402286160D+01 0.273461656678D+01 0.579458000135D+01
Here are plots of the behavior of the control variables and throttle setting for this example.
page 28
APPENDIX C
Typical Sparse Optimization Suite Configuration File
The rendezvous_ocs computer progran can read and use a user-defined configuration file. A
description of each element in this file can be found in the INSOCX routine in section 6.2, Subprograms
for Optimal Control, and the INSNLP routine in Section 2.2, Subprograms for Optimization of the
Sparse Optimization Suite user’s manual. Please note that the rendezvous_ocs software can read and
use a subset of the information in this file. For example, a subset configuration file might contain only
the following information;
ODETOL=0.1D-06
INSNLP:IOFLAG=5
SOCOUT=I4K4
The following is a typical “full version” configuration file created during the execution of the
rendezvous_ocs software.
AEQTOL=0.1000000000000000D-02
DTAUX=0.0000000000000000D+00
OBJCTL=0.1000000000000000D-04
ODETOL=0.1000000011686097D-06
PGDCTL=0.1000000000000000D-02
PRTMSD=0.1490116119384766D-07
PRTMXD=0.1000000000000000D-02
PRTSFD=0.1000000000000000D-04
QDRTOL=0.1000000000000000D-02
RESTOL=0.1000000000000000D-04
SMLTOL=0.1490116119384766D-10
TOLJSD=0.1000000000000000D-05
TOLM5A=0.1490116119384766D-07
TOLM5R=0.1490116119384766D-07
IDSCPH=0
IDSCND=0
IDSCVR=0
IDSCFN=0
IDTSFD=-1
IPFAUX=0
IPFSFD=0
IPRSFD=1
IPGRD=0
IPNLP=10
IPODE=0
IPUAUX=0
IPUOCP=6
IRSTRT=2
ISCALE=0
ISFHES=41
ISFINP=42
ISFRST=43
ISFSCL=44
ITSWCH=2
M5DTYP=0
MITODE=20
MTSWCH=-1
MXDATA=0
MXPARM=10
MXPCON=20
MXSTAT=20
MXTERM=50
NPTAUX=100
NSSWCH=-1
SOCOUT=A0B0C0D0E0F0G0H0I0J2K0L0M0N0O0P0Q0R0S1T0U0V0W0X0Y0Z0
SPRTHS=SPARSE
NLPALG=SNLPMN
NLPOMR=M
KEYDPL=.lueiLUE
page 29
RHSTMP=RHSTMPLT
RSTFIL=tlto1.rsbin
SCLFIL=scalewgt.fil
INSNLP:ALFLWR=0.0000000000000000D+00
INSNLP:ALFUPR=0.1000000000000000D+01
INSNLP:CONTOL=0.1490116119384766D-07
INSNLP:EPSRLF=0.1490116119384766D-07
INSNLP:OBJTOL=0.9999999747378752D-05
INSNLP:PGDTOL=0.1000000000000000D-04
INSNLP:SLPTOL=0.9000000000000000D+00
INSNLP:SFZTOL=0.1000000000000000D-01
INSNLP:TOLFIL=0.2000000000000000D+01
INSNLP:TOLKTC=0.1110953834938985D+26
INSNLP:TOLPVT=0.1000000000000000D-02
INSNLP:IHESHN=0
INSNLP:IOFLAG=5
INSNLP:IOFLIN=-1
INSNLP:IOFMFR=0
INSNLP:IOFPAT=0
INSNLP:IOFSHR=0
INSNLP:IOFSRC=0
INSNLP:IPUDRF=0
INSNLP:IPUFZF=0
INSNLP:IPUMF1=11
INSNLP:IPUMF2=12
INSNLP:IPUMF3=13
INSNLP:IPUMF4=14
INSNLP:IPUMF5=15
INSNLP:IPUMF6=16
INSNLP:IPUMF7=17
INSNLP:IPUNLP=6
INSNLP:IPUSTF=0
INSNLP:IRELAX=1
INSNLP:ITDRQP=-1
INSNLP:ITFZQP=-1
INSNLP:IT1MAX=20
INSNLP:JACPRM=0
INSNLP:LYNFNC=0
INSNLP:LYNOUT=0
INSNLP:LYNPLT=0
INSNLP:LYNPNT=101
INSNLP:LYNVAR=0
INSNLP:MAXLYN=5
INSNLP:MAXNFE=50000
INSNLP:MNSAME=2
INSNLP:NEWTON=0
INSNLP:NITMAX=1000
INSNLP:NITMIN=0
INSNLP:NORMAL=0
INSNLP:ALGOPT=FM
INSNLP:KTOPTN=SMALL
INSNLP:QPOPTN=SPARSE
INSNLP:BIGCON=-0.1000000000000000D+01
INSNLP:FEATOL=0.1000000000000000D-01
INSNLP:PMULWR=0.1000000000000000D+00
INSNLP:PTHTOL=0.1000000000000000D+02
INSNLP:RHOLWR=0.1000000000000000D+03
INSNLP:IMAXMU=10
INSNLP:MUCALC=3
INSNLP:MXQPIT=1
page 30

Finite-Burn, Earth Orbit Rendezvous Trajectory Optimization

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Finite-Burn, Earth Orbit Rendezvous Trajectory Optimization

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Program rendezvous_ocs

Finite-Burn, Earth Orbit Rendezvous Trajectory Optimization

The important features of this scientific simulation are as follows:

 compute the right-hand-side differential equations

please input the name of the simulation definition file

rendezvous_ocs leo2meo_10k.in >leo2meo_10k.txt

The DOS command line prompt looks similar to C:\rendezvous_ocs>_.

Input file format and contents

lower bound for total simulation duration (minutes)

upper bound for total simulation duration (minutes)

specific impulse (seconds)

initial guess for delta-v (meters/second)

initial guess for thrust duration (seconds)

semimajor axis (kilometers)

orbital eccentricity (non-dimensional)

orbital inclination (degrees)

argument of perigee (degrees)

right ascension of the ascending node (degrees)

true anomaly (degrees)

semimajor axis (kilometers)

orbital eccentricity (non-dimensional)

orbital inclination (degrees)

argument of perigee (degrees)

right ascension of the ascending node (degrees)

true anomaly (degrees)

create/update binary data file (yes or no)

read an optimal control configuration file (yes or no)

name of optimal control configuration file

create an optimal control configuration file (yes or no)

name of optimal control configuration file

Optimal control solution

input file ==> leo2meo_10k.in

oblate earth gravity model

mission elapsed time 00:00:00.000

sma (km) eccentricity inclination (deg) argper (deg)

rx (km) ry (km) rz (km) rmag (km)

vx (kps) vy (kps) vz (kps) vmag (kps)

mission elapsed time 00:54:37.540

sma (km) eccentricity inclination (deg) argper (deg)

raan (deg) true anomaly (deg) arglat (deg) period (min)

rx (km) ry (km) rz (km) rmag (km)

vx (kps) vy (kps) vz (kps) vmag (kps)

spacecraft mass 3339.96227073119 kilograms

propellant mass 4660.03772926881 kilograms

phase duration 3277.53953053337 seconds

delta-v 2998.07572342380 meters/second

propellant mass 4660.03772926881 kilograms

phase duration 3277.53953053337 seconds

delta-v 2998.07572342380 meters/second

mission elapsed time 00:54:37.540

sma (km) eccentricity inclination (deg) argper (deg)

raan (deg) true anomaly (deg) arglat (deg) period (min)

rx (km) ry (km) rz (km) rmag (km)

vx (kps) vy (kps) vz (kps) vmag (kps)

mission elapsed time 01:27:60.000

sma (km) eccentricity inclination (deg) argper (deg)

raan (deg) true anomaly (deg) arglat (deg) period (min)

rx (km) ry (km) rz (km) rmag (km)

vx (kps) vy (kps) vz (kps) vmag (kps)

coast duration 2002.46046946663 seconds

initial mass 8000.00000000000 kilograms

total propellant mass 4660.03772926881 kilograms

final spacecraft mass 3339.96227073119 kilograms