Fast Track Revision on

Servlet Introduction & Life Cycle

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 Prerequisites
„ For this section you are expected to
know Java programming including:
„ while and for loops (vital)
„ if (vital)
„ Passing parameters to methods (vital)
„ Arrays and Strings (important)
„ The Enumeration class (important)
„ Threads and synchronized (useful)
„ Exceptions try and catch (useful)

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 Serving Static HTML
„ Web servers where designed to provide
web browsers with HTML.
„ The HTML was read from text files by
the server and sent to the client using
HTTP. The web server does not modify
the HTML. This is now termed static
HTML serving
HTML doGet or doPost Server Machine
HTML
Client Web Web Page
Machine Server on disk
HTML
Web Browser
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 Static HTML the Problem
•Modern uses of web pages often require pages to be
dynamically generated.
•For example a chat system would display any new
messages each time you hit refresh. This requires
the web page the browser requests to be modified
each time someone adds a new message.
•Until recently there was no easy way to do this
because
• web browsers were not designed to rewrite web
pages
• web browsers are stateless so they process each
request in isolation without reference or memory
of what request came before it.
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 Why servlets over CGI
script?
A Servlet does not run in a separate process.
This removes the overhead of creating a new Perl 1
process for each request.
Browser 1
Browser 2 Web Perl 2
A Servlet stays in memory between requests. A Server
CGI program (and probably also an extensive Browser N
runtime system or interpreter) needs to be
loaded and started for each CGI request. Perl N

There is only a single instance which answers all

requests concurrently. This saves memory and allows a
Servlet to easily manage persistent data.

Browser 1 A Servlet can be run by a Servlet Engine in a restrictive

Browser 2 Web Servlet Sandbox (just like an Applet runs in a Web Browser's
Server Sandbox) which allows secure use of untrusted and
Browser N
potentially harmful Servlets.

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 What can you build with Servlets?

Search Engines
Personalization Systems
E-Commerce Applications
Shopping Carts
Product Catalogs
Intranet Applications
Groupware Applications: bulletin boards, file
sharing, etc.

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 Servlets - a solution for
dynamically generating
„
HTML
Servlets are programs written in Java which run
on the web server and communicate using with
the web browser using HTTP and HTML
„ Servlets are compatible with all web browsers
because servlets communicate with the browser
using only HTML and HTTP
„ Servlets are simple to write because they are
written in standard Java
„ Most of the communication is done for you by
the Servlet class. No need to mess around with
Sockets, TCP/IP or Java serialisation.

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 What is a Servlet
„ Java technology for Common Gateway Interface
(CGI)
„ Servlets are Java programs that serve as an
intermediating layer between an HTTP request
of a client and applications in the Web server

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„ A Servlet is a Java class that extends the web server's
service capabilities.
„ When the client sends a request to the server the.
Server can forward the request to a Servlet and let it
handle the request.
„ Servlets provide open, cross-server and OS APIs.
„ Servlets have a clean design; This leads to simplicity.
„ Servlets live inside a Servlet Container.

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 What Is a Servlet Container
„ Sometimes called a Servlet Engine.
„ The Servlet Container provides Servlets
with the environment, configuration
and runtime needed to support the
Servlet APIs:
„ Load the Servlets.
„ Initialize the Servlets.
„ Execute the Servlets.
„ Destroy the Servlets.

„ Servlets do not have a main… The

container have it…www.interviewDuniya.com
 A Java Servlet

Sending a
request and
receiving a
response

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 Who Backs Servlets?

„ Servlets are backed by "anybody but Microsoft."

„ There is Servlets support for virtually all common
servers (including Microsoft's).
„ Supporting Servlets can be done in one of two ways:
„ Supporting the Servlet APIs in the web-server level

„ Adding a Servlet-Container add-on to the web-server.

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 Function Cycle of a Servlet

1.) A user clicks submit of a

form using a servlet
2.) The data in the form is sent
to the server
3.) The server finds the
appropriate servlet
4.) The servlet creates the
HTML page based on the
user’s supplied information

5.) The created HTML page is then transmitted back to the user
6.) The requested information is displayed in the user’s web
browser

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 Servlet Life Cycle

Loaded in memory of the web server

Servlet resides in memory until called by the server

Computes requested information

Returns to idle state in memory

Servlet is destroyed

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 The Basic Structure of an HttpServlet

„ There are several methods that you commonly

override when you write an HttpServlet. These
methods are

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void init(ServletConfig sc) throws ServletException;

void service(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse

response)

throws ServletException, IOException;

void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse

response)

throws ServletException, IOException;

void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse

response)
throws ServletException, IOException;

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The Servlet Lifecycle

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„ The Servlet life-cycle defines:
„ How a Servlet is initialized.
„ How a Servlet is serving users and how many times.

„ How a Servlet is destroyed.

„ Concurrency management (multi-threading

considerations).

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In brief…the sequence of events..
„ The sequence of events starts with a browser sending a request
to a Web server.
„ The server hands the request to a Servlet Container.
„ The container loads the servlet (if it isn't already loaded),
instantiates a request and response objects, and then hands these
objects to the servlet by calling first its init() method, then its
service() method, and lastly the destroy() method.
„ The service() method will typically call one of the doXXX()
methods such as doGet().

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 Servlet Instantiation
„ The container instantiates a new Servlet in two
occasions:
„ A user request service from a Servlet that was not
instantiated yet.
„ The Servlet is in the list of startup Servlets and the
container is starting.

„ A Servlet is instantiated in the following manner:

„ The container loads the Servlet’s class.
„ Using Class.newInstance() the container instantiates a
new instance of the Servlet.

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 Servlet Initialization
„ After the instantiation, the container
initializes the Servlet.
„ The container casts the new instance to a
Servlet object and initializes it by calling an
init() method.
„ If
initialization fail the Servlet creation fail and
the new instance is garbage collected.

„ The Servlet initialization is done in a

single threaded manner.
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 Init()
„ The init method is called when the servlet is first
created;
„ init(ServletConfig) or init()
„ it is not called again for each user request.
„ So, it is used for one-time initializations, just as with
the init method of applets.

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 Init() …
„ A code for initialization that is called only once (e.g., creating
the tables of the database)
„ Initialization parameters are server specific
„ Many times these parameters are used to specify the
maximum or minimum number for your Servlet.
„ For example, if you have a banking account, there is typically
a minimum amount required to maintain the account. The
initial parameter could be set to this minimum number and
then your Servlet could access it to check the object's value

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 Service Phase
„ After the Servlet initialization, the container can ask the
Servlet to serve incoming requests.
„ The container will call the Servlet’s service() method.
„ A Servlet may handle many concurrent requests.
„ By different threads, all of them running in the same
service methods.
„ The service method should be thread safe.

„ Multithreading
„ By default the servlet need to be multithread safe!

„ One may instruct the container to make the servlet

“multithread safe” by insuring that no two thread will
execute on a single servlet instance
„ By making the Servlet class implement the
SingleThreadModel interface (deprecated)

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 singlethreadmodel
„ javax.servlet

When we implement singlethreadmodel it means

that only one thread can access the service
method at a time

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 Http Methods
„ when u click on Submit on your JSP page...you
will be directed to the method either
„ doGet() or doPost() in the servlet

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 HTTP Methods
„ POST:
„ Data sent in two steps
„ Designed for Posting information
„ Browser contacts server
„ Sends data
„ GET:
„ Contacts server and sends data in single step
„ Appends data to action URL separated by question mark
„ Designed to get information
„ The amount of query information is usually limited
to 1KB.

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 The main diff in these methods
„ When you select GET as method in your form the data you
pass from that JSP, will be appended to the URL with your
servlet address.......
„ where if you select POST then, any kind of data will not be
appended to the URL........it will be passed directly(but u
can not see appended data on the URL)

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 Other Methods
„ HEAD: Client sees only header of response to
determine size, etc…
„ PUT: Place documents directly on server
„ DELETE: Opposite of PUT
„ TRACE: Debugging aid returns to client
contents of its request
„ OPTIONS: what options available on server

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HttpServlet Request Handling

Web HttpServlet subclass

GET request Server
doGet()
response
service()
POST request
doPost()
response

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 Destroying Servlets
„ Destroying:
„ destroy() is a servlet life-cycle method called by
servlet container to kill the instance of the servlet.

„ destroy() method
„ make sure all service threads complete

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End of servlet life cycle

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 Servlet Architecture

A servlet is an object of the javax.servlet class.

It runs inside a Java Virtual Machine on a server host.

A servlet is an object. It is loaded and runs in an object called

a servlet engine, or a servlet container.

Every servlet must implement javax.servlet.Servlet interface

Most servlets implement the interface by extending one of

these classes
– javax.servlet.GenericServlet
– javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet

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Working with Servlets

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 Servlet Package
„ javax.servlet
„ The Servlet interface defines methods that
manage servlets and their communication with
clients
„ Client Interaction: when it accepts call, receives
two objects that implements
„ ServletRequest
„ ServletResponse

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Architecture

Servlet

Generic Servlet

HttpServlet

YourOwnServlet

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Generic Servlet & HTTP Servlet

GenericServlet
Client
request

Server service ( )
response

HTTPServlet
Browser

request doGet( )
HTTP service ( )
Server
response doPost( )

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 Difference between GenericServlet
and HttpServlet
„ GenericServlet is for servlets that might not use
HTTP, like for instance FTP servlets.(future
growth specs)
„ GenericServlet is protocol independent, whereas
HttpServlet is protocol dependent
„ In GenericServlets you cannot use Cookies or
HttpSession.

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„ Session tracking is not possible, redirection is not
possible.
„ Http servlets overrides doGet and doPost methods.
Generic servlet overides service method.
„ generic servlet is superclass for HttpServlet.
„ httpservlet class can also have service() method.it's not
necessary that you can only have doGet() and doPost()
method defined.
„ Generic servlet is used for small data transfer whereas
HttpServlet is used for huge data transfer.

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 Writing a Servlet
„ Your servlets will usually extend the HttpServlet
class. Which provides default implementations of
„ init, you only need to override this if you want to
do some initialisation such as open a database
connection.
„ destroy, you only need to override this if you
want to do some cleaning up such as closing a
database connection.
„ service, should not normally be overridden
because it decides which of the doX methods
should be called

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 Writing a Servlet..
„ doGet. HTTP Get is the default way a web
browser makes a request and this causes the
doGet method of the servlet to be invoked so
you would normally override this method
„ doPost. If you don't respond to a Post you
don't need to override this method.

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 HTTP Get or Post?
•The main differences between Get and Post are

* GET:data is sent as a query string client query

is completely embedded in the URL sent to the
server. The amount of query information is
usually limited to 1KB. This information is
stored in the request line. This is the default
method when you click on a href HTML link.
* POST: data is sent as part of the message body.
Data is not visible in the URL and large
amounts of data can be sent to the server.

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 Servlet doGet and doPost
„ doGet and doPost have identical signatures and
receive two parameters from the service method..
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException,
ServletException

public void doPut(HttpServletRequest request,

HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException,
ServletException

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• HttpServletRequest is an Object containing information
about the request from the web browser.
„ Such as the login name of the user and any values in the header field sent
by the web browser.
„ Any parameters sent as part of the request
„ Any initialisation parameters set in the deployment descriptor
„ It also supplies any session and cookies (more on these later)

• HttpServletResponse is an Object which allows you to add

cookies, add header values and redirect to a new URL, write
HTTP to the web browser and send error messages.

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 Client-Server Interaction
HTTP Request (Sending request message to
Server ):

• HTTP is a request-response protocol

• When a client sends a request, it consists of three parts:
• request line:
• HTTP method type (GET or POST)
• resource name (URL)
• protocol/version e.g. POST /im51p/w7.html
HTTP/1/1
• header variables: contains browser information
(optional)
• message body: in POST method request information is
stored here (optional)

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HTTP Response (Sending response message to client):
• The response sent by the server also consists of three parts:
• response line (server protocol and status code)
• header variables (server and response information)
• message body (response, such as HTML)

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 Servlet Output
Request contains Response allows
any parameters, you to add cookies
Cookies and and send data to
Sessions send by the client
the client
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws IOException, ServletException
{ The servlet must get the
response.setContentType("text/html"); communications channel from the
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); response Object and set the
encoding before sending anything to
the client
out.println("<HTML>");
out.println("<HEAD><TITLE>First Servlet
program</TITLE></HEAD>");
out.println("<BODY>");
out.println("<H1>Welcome to Servlets</H1>");
out.println("</BODY>");
out.println("</HTML>"); <HTML>
<HEAD><TITLE>First Servlet Program</TITLE></HEAD>
out.close(); <BODY>
} <H1>Welcome to Servlets</H1>
</BODY>
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</HTML>
 First Servlet Example
Servlets are not part of the
standard SDK, they are part of
the J2EE
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*; Servlets normally extend
import javax.servlet.http.*; HttpServlet

public class ServWelcome extends HttpServlet The response to be sent to the

{ client
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws IOException, ServletException
{ Details of the HTTP request
response.setContentType("text/html"); from the client
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); Set the response type to
text/html (this is normal)
out.println("<HTML>");
out.println("<HEAD><TITLE>First Servlet Program</TITLE></HEAD>");
out.println("<BODY>"); This HTML
out.println("<H1>Welcome to Servlets</H1>"); text is sent to
out.println("</BODY>"); the client
out.println("</HTML>"); Don't forget to
out.close(); close the
} connection
} www.interviewDuniya.com
with the client
Servlet Life Cycle Managed by the Server and Container

// load the servlet class and setup request, response objects

Servlet servlet = …
ServletRequest request = …
ServletResponse response = …

// initialise servlet
ServletConfig config = servlet.getServletConfig();
servlet.init(config);

// service zero or more requests

while ( …more requests… )
Call to methods
// invoke servlet to process request
doGet(), doPost() in the
servlet.service(request, service);
user defined servlet class

// cleanup after service

servlet.destroy();

Unlike CGI a single servlet can service several requests. In CGI,

a separate process for each request. Servlets therefore reduce s
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 Scalability of Servlets
„ There are several costs associated with loading and
executing user supplied code in the web server.
„ Compiling and loading
„ Handling sequential requests
„ Handling concurrent requests
„ The servlet is only recompiled by the web browser if it
has changed otherwise the already compiled .class file is
loaded => Faster response times because the servlet
does not need to be recompiled
„ The servlet can be kept in memory for a long time to
service many sequential requests => Faster response
times because the servlet does not need to be reloaded
„ Only one copy of the servlet is held in memory even if
there are multiple concurrent requests for it => less
memory usage for concurrent requests and no need to
load another copy of the servlet and create a new
process to run it.

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 Compiling

„ In order to compile a servlet, you may need to add to your

CLATHPATH definition the following:
setenv CLASSPATH ${CLASSPATH}:
/usr/local/java/apache/jakarta-tomcat/lib/ant.jar:
/usr/local/java/apache/jakarta-tomcat/lib/jasper.jar:
/usr/local/java/apache/jakarta-tomcat/lib/jaxp.jar:
/usr/local/java/apache/jakarta-tomcat/lib/parser.jar:
/usr/local/java/apache/jakarta-tomcat/lib/servlet.jar:
/usr/local/java/apache/jakarta-tomcat/ lib/webserver.jar

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 Calling the Servlet
„ Calling the servlet is done from the Web
browser:
http://host:port/servlet/ServletName

For servlets that are positioned under

webapps/ROOT/WEB-INF/classes

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 Calling the Servlet

„ Calling the servlet is done from the Web

browser:
http://host:port/dirName/servlet/ServletName

For servlets that are positioned under

dir_path/WEB-INF/classes
and dir_path is mapped to dirName

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 Packages
„ Add packege packageName to the java code to
create a package
„ Put the classes files under
tomcat_home/webapps/ROOT/WEB-
INF/classes/packageName
„ Call the servlet with
http://host:port/servlet/packageName.servletNa
me

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The Servlet API

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 What’s in the APIs
„ The Servlet APIs defines:
„ A servlet lifecycle – how a servlet is created, used
and destroyed.
„ A programmer interface – how a servlet looks like
to the container and how the container looks like to
the servlet.

„ The Servlet APIs is what the programmer

should care about

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 A Destroy Example
public void destroy() {

/* Check to see whether there are still

* service methods running,
* and if there are, tell them to stop.
*/
if (numServices() > 0) {
setShuttingDown(true);
}

/* Wait for the service methods to stop. */

while(numServices() > 0) {
try {
Thread.sleep(interval);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {}
}
}

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 Servlet Destruction
„ A container may destroy the Servlet because:
„ It wants to preserve resources (this is not common).
„ The container is shutting down.

„ In both cases the container will call the Servlet’s destroy()

method.

„ Note that this means that a certain Servlet will usually stay
“alive” for a very long time and is going to serve many users.

„ After the destruction the Servlet is garbage collected.

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 Supporting Servlets
„ The Web server must support servlets:
„ Apache Tomcat
„ Sun’s JavaServer Web Development Kit (JSWDK)

„ Allaire Jrun – an engeine that can be added to IIS,

PWS, old Apache Web servers etc…
„ Sun’s Java Web Server

„…

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 “Listening” to a Shutdown

public void doPost(...) {

...
for(i = 0; ((i < numberOfThingsToDo)
&& !isShuttingDown()); i++) {
try {
partOfLongRunningOperation(i);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {}
}
}

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 Passing Multiple Parameters to Servlets

„ To pass more than one parameter separate each one

with a &

<a href="http:// localhost:8080/ /kingj1/servlet/param?

p1=hello&p2=goodbye"> click here for a parameter example! </a>

The value of the

parameter
The name of the
parameter
The value of the
parameter
The name of the
parameter
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 Getting a list of Parameters

„ You can get a list of all the parameters passed by using

getParameterNames() which returns an Enumeration Object

Enumeration p=request.getParameterNames();
while (p.hasMoreElements())
{
String n=(String)p.nextElement();
String v=request.getParameter(n);
out.println("parameter name is "+n+" parameter value" +v+"<br>");
}

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 Using forms to Pass Parameters

„The second way to pass parameters to an servlet is

to use HTML forms. This will cause the doGet
method in the servlet to
<FORM METHOD="GET" be invoked
ACTION="http://localhost:8080/servlet/param"
>
Enter your Name: <INPUT TYPE=TEXT
NAME="myName">
<INPUT TYPE="SUBMIT" VALUE="Send
Name"> Name of parameter
value of parameter
</FORM> is whatever is typed
into the text box
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 Using Choice boxes
„ The choice box allows one of a set of choices to be
selected

„ Just like a TEXT input the result of the selection is

stored in a parameter and passed to your application

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 Using Choice boxes
„ The code is a little more complex than a TEXT field.
<FORM METHOD="POST"
ACTION="http://localhost:8080/servlet/cw?action=submit">
<br><br>question 0 what grade do you want on this coursework?
<br> F
<input type="radio" name="q0" value=0 > All the choices associated
<br> resit with the same choice box
<input type="radio" name="q0" value=1 > have the same name!
<br> fail
<input type="radio" name="q0" value=2 > Each possible choice should
<br> retake have a different value.
<input type="radio" name="q0" value=3 >
<INPUT TYPE="SUBMIT" VALUE="Mark">
</form>
When the submit button is
pressed the parameter q0 will
have the value 0 or 1 or 2 or 3
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 Using Choice boxes
„ You may have one than one independent choice
box in the same form. The result of each select is
passed as separate parameters.

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 Using Choice boxes
„ In this case one choice is called q0 and the second q1
<FORM METHOD="POST"
ACTION="http://www3.unl.ac.uk:8186/kingj1/servlet/cw?action=submit">
<br><br>question 0 what grade do you want on this coursework?
<br> F
<input type="radio" name="q0" value=0 >
<br> resit
<input type="radio" name="q0" value=1 >
<br><br>question 0 what grade do you want on the exam?
<br> F
<input type="radio" name="q1" value=0 >
<br> resit
<input type="radio" name="q1" value=1 >
<INPUT TYPE="SUBMIT" VALUE="Mark">
</form>

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 Thread Unsafe
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class multi extends HttpServlet {
int count=0;
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws IOException, ServletException {
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
out.println("<HTML>");
out.println("<HEAD><TITLE> Thread UNSAFE example </TITLE>
</HEAD> ");
out.println("<BODY>");
out.println("<H1> old count is "+count+"</H1>");
count=count+1; Read then
try { Thread.sleep(4000); } catch (Exception e) { } modify then
out.println("<H1> new count is "+count+"</H1>"); write
out.println("</BODY>");
out.println("</HTML>");
}
}

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 Thread Safe
„ A good way to make sure servlets are thread safe is to have no
global data. But this is not always practical.
„ A partial solution is to store data on a per client basis. But this
requires sessions or cookies. It does not work if one client
machine has two instances of the web browser accessing the
servlet concurrently
„ The best method is to mark the sections of code that access
global data as synchronized. This allows the sections that do
not access global data to run concurrently

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 Thread Safe
„ Enclose sections that use global data in synchronized sections
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class multi extends HttpServlet {
int count=0;
Object s=new Object();
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws
IOException, ServletException {
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter out = response.getWriter();
out.println("<HTML>");
out.println("<HEAD><TITLE> Thread UNSAFE example </TITLE> </HEAD> ");
out.println("<BODY>");
synchronized (s) {
out.println("<H1> old count is "+count+"</H1>"); Can not be
count=count+1; executed
try { Thread.sleep(4000); } catch (Exception e) { } concurrently
out.println("<H1> new count is "+count+"</H1>"); }
out.println("</BODY>");
out.println("</HTML>");
}
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}
 Servlets vs. JSP

• JSPs
– Look like standard HTML or XHTML
• Normally include HTML or XHTML markup
– Known as fixed-template data
– HTML codes can be written easily
– Used when content is mostly fixed-template data
• Small amounts of content generated dynamically
• Servlets
– HTML codes have to be written to the PrintWriter or
OutputStream
– Used when small amount of content is fixed-template data
• Most content generated dynamically

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 Summary
„ The servlet life cycle?

„ Each servlet has the same life cycle:

„ A server loads and initializes the servlet (init())

„ The servlet handles zero or more client requests (service())

„ The server removes the servlet (destroy()) (some servers do

this step only when they shut down)

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End of Servlets Basics
and
Servlets Life Cycle

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