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Communication Systems: Types of Signals

The document discusses different types of signals used in communication systems. It describes analog signals as continuous waves that change smoothly over time, while digital signals have a limited number of defined values. Periodic signals repeat in a measurable pattern, while aperiodic signals change constantly without repeating. Any signal can be decomposed into a sum of sine waves using Fourier analysis. The time domain represents a signal's amplitude over time, while the frequency domain shows its amplitude by frequency through techniques like Fourier transforms.

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Mubashir Ghaffar
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© © All Rights Reserved
29 views

Communication Systems: Types of Signals

The document discusses different types of signals used in communication systems. It describes analog signals as continuous waves that change smoothly over time, while digital signals have a limited number of defined values. Periodic signals repeat in a measurable pattern, while aperiodic signals change constantly without repeating. Any signal can be decomposed into a sum of sine waves using Fourier analysis. The time domain represents a signal's amplitude over time, while the frequency domain shows its amplitude by frequency through techniques like Fourier transforms.

Uploaded by

Mubashir Ghaffar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Communication

Systems

Types of
Signals
By
Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad

1
Today’s Goal
 Analog Vs Digital

 Continuous Vs Discrete

 Periodic Vs Aperiodic

 Composite Signals

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 2


Basic Communication Model

Tx Media
Transmitter Receiver

Tx Rx Information
Information

Sender Sinker

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 3


Introduction
 Information can be in the form of data ,voice, picture and so on –
anything that is readable by and has meaning to the destination
user ,whether human or machine.

 Transmission media work by conducting energy along a physical


path. So a stream of 1s and 0s must be turned into energy.

 To be transmitted information must be transformed into


electromagnetic signals.

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 4


Signal Propagation
 Information – Encode-energy
 Exp: Steel Rod
 Exp: Telephone
 Electrical signals – conductor
 Optical signals- optic
 Electromagnetic signals – radio, infrared

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 5


Signals
 Analog signal is a continuous wave that changes smoothly over
time. It includes an infinite number of values along its path.

 A digital signal have a limited number of defined values

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 6


Signals
 Amplitude: value at any point.
 Period: amount of time to complete one cycle – sec, milli sec,
micro sec, nano sec
 Frequency: number of periods in one second –Hz. KHz, MHz,
GHz

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 7


Signals

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 8


A=Amplitude
g(t)=Asin(2ft+) Signals Half Amplitude
1.0 1.0
0.5 0.5
-0.0 -0.0
-0.5 -0.5
-1.0 -1.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5ms 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5ms
A=1, f=1, =0 A=0.5, f=1, =0
Double Frequency p/4 out of Phase
1.0 1.0

0.5 0.5

-0.0 -0.0

-0.5 -0.5

-1.0 -1.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5ms 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5ms
A=1, f=2, =0 Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad A=1, f=1, = p/4 9
Signals
 Periodic- A signal is periodic if it completes a pattern within a
measurable time frame, called a period and repeats the pattern over
identical subsequent periods.

 Period- amount of time required to complete one full cycle. The


duration of period represented by T may be different for each
period, but it is constant for a given periodic signal.

 Aperiodic- Signal changes constantly without exhibiting a


pattern or cycle that repeats over time.

 A technique called Fourier Transform stated as: any aperiodic


signal can be decomposed in an infinite number of periodic
signals.
Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 10
Periodic Signals

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 11


Aperiodic Signals

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 12


Composite Signals
 Many periodic signals are
not sine waves.

 Any periodic signals can be


decomposed into a collection
of sine waves using Fourier
analysis.

 For an exact digital signal,


we need infinite number of
odd harmonics f, 3f, 5f, 7f,
9f,…,each with a different
amplitude .

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 13


Composite Signals

We can add
g1(t)
sines together
to make new

+ g2(t)
functions...

= g3(t)
Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 14
Time Vs. Frequency Domain
 Time domain plot- changes in amplitude with respect to time
 A sine wave can also be shown using a frequency-domain plot
i.e. amplitude with respect to frequency

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 15


Time Vs. Frequency Domain

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 16


Complex Waveform

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 17


Complex Waveform

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 18


Thank you

Engr. Dr. Jawwad Ahmad 19

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