FORMAT OF LL.M.

DISSERTATION
to be submitted to

Law College Dehradun

Uttaranchal University, Uttarakhand
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

LL.M. (Master of Laws)

Compiled by:

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna

Principal & Dean
Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University , Uttarakhand
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: 09412975564

1
 SEQUENCE OF PAGES
1. Cover Page
2. CERTIFICATE
3. Declaration
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
5. PREFACE
6. ABBREVIATIONS
7. TABLE OF CASES
8. CONTENTS
9. MAIN TEXT
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
11. APPENDIXES

NOTE -- You are advised to refer to the samples but in no

case it should limit your creativity in writing. All the sample
pages are based on the minimum requirements of a
standard dissertation as well as imaginary particulars. Every
innovation under the guidance and supervision of your
supervisor is welcomed.

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 2

 LEGAL AID AND AWARENESS IN INDIA:
A CRITICAL STUDY
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO
LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN, UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF
LL.M. (Master of Laws)

Submitted by: Supervised by:

ASMITA SHARMA PROF. (DR.) RAJESH BAHUGUNA
Roll No. 131500001 LL.M., NET, PH.D. (Law)
Enrollment No. Principal & Dean
UU131500001 Law College Dehradun
Uttaranchal University

LAW COLLEGE DEHRADUN

Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand
2015

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 3

 DECLARATION
I, Asmita Sharma, a student of LL.M. of Law
College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University,
Uttarakhand with roll no. 131500001 and
enrollment no. UU131500001, do hereby declare
that this dissertation paper is an original work of
mine and is result of my own intellectual efforts. I
have quoted titles of all original sources i.e. original
documents and name of the authors whose work
has helped me in writing this research paper have
been placed at appropriate places. I have not
infringed copy rights of any other author.

S/d xxxxxxx
Date ------------- ( Asmita Sharma )
Place – Dehradun

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 4

 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that dissertation entitled “ LEGAL AID
AND AWARENESS IN INDIA: A CRITICAL STUDY“ which is
being submitted by Miss Asmita Sharma for the award
of the degree of Master of Laws is an independent and
original research work carried out by her.

The dissertation is worthy of consideration for the award

of LL.M. Degree of Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal
University, Uttarakhand.

Miss Asmita Sharma has worked under my guidance and

supervision to fulfill all requirements for the submission
of this dissertation.

The conduct of research scholar remained excellent

during the period of research.

Date ------------- S/d xxxxxxxxx

Place – Dehradun Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 5

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel proud to acknowledge the able guidance of our

esteemed (supervisor to be acknowledged)

I acknowledge with pleasure unparallel infrastructural support

that I have received from Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal
University, Uttarakhand. In fact this work is the outcome of
outstanding support that I have received from the faculty
members of the college, in particular……..

I find this opportunity to thank the library staff of the Law

College Dehradun.

This research work bears testimony to the active

encouragement and guidance of a host of friends and
wellwishers. In particular mention must be made of (optional)

It would never have been possible to complete this study

without an untiring support from my family (optional)

I am greatly indebted to the various writers, jurists and all

others from whose writings and work I have taken help to
complete this dissertation.

Date…………. S/d xxxxxxxx

Place: Dehradun (Asmita Sharma)

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 6

 PREFACE

Four to five paragraphs of this page must be devoted to the

historical backgrounds of your topic, your especial attempts
to highlight the topic, your attempts to analyze the topic,
what made you to research on this topic and finally your
finding in one separate paragraph. After this you should
give brief note of every chapter of your dissertation e.g.

The subject research work has been divided in six major

chapters and further divided into various sub topics and sub
to sub topics. The first topic which is named as Introduction
consists of………

The second chapter of this work attempts to………..

The third chapter deals with ……

The fourth chapter of this research work is an endeavour

to…….

Chapter fifth attempts to….

The sixth chapter of this dissertation gives conclusion of the

research work and certain valuable suggestions to…………..

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 7

 ABBREVIATIONS

AIR All India Reports

Cr L J Criminal Law Journal
ICA International Centre for Arbitration
ICADR International Centre for Alternative
Dispute Resolution
LL.M. Master of Laws
NALSA National Legal Services Authority
SCC Supreme Court Cases
UNCITRAL The United Nation Commission on
International Trade Laws Versus
v. Versus
WLR Weekly Law Reports

That abbreviations used by you are approved abbreviations

whether by traditions, statute or otherwise.

That you do not invent your own abbreviation.

That abbreviations listed on this are in alphabetical order.

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 8

 Table of Cases

AIMS Students Union v. AIMS 9, 27

Delhi Transport Corporation v. D.T.C. Mazdoor 37,47, 123
Sangh
H.N.B. Garhwal Central University v. Vijay 42
Sharma
Keshwanand Bharti v. State of Kerala 65
Marbury v. Madison 107, 111
Kerala Education Bill 128

Please note

That You should list out all the cases referred by you in your
dissertation in strict alphabetical order.

That small ‘v’ is used to indicate versus and followed by full stop.

That page numbers upon which the particular case is referred

/discussed are indicated in sequence against the name of the
case.

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 9

 CONTENTS

CONTENTS DESCRIPTION PAGE No.

Certificate i
Declaration ii
Acknowledgement iii-iv
Abbreviations ix-xii
Table of Cases xiii-xiv
CHAPTER – 1. INTRODUCTION 1-27
1.1 The Concept 1
1.2 Historical backgrounds 4
1.2.1 Ancient India 6
1.2.2 Medieval India 13
1.3 Legal Aid v. Legal 24
Awareness
CHAPTER – 2. SCOPE OF LEGAL AID IN 25
INDIAN 25

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 10

 CONTENTS

CHAPTERS DESCRIPTION PAGE No.

BIBLIOGRAPHY i-vii
Books i
Statutes ii
Reports iii-iv
Articles, Papers and Transcripts v
Websites referred vi
News papers vii
APPENDIXES
I. The Legal Services Authority
Act,1987
II. Code of Criminal
Procedure,1973

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 11

 MAIN TEXT
• The main text will consist all the chapters in which
dissertation is divided.
• Each chapter will consist the following:-
I. Chapter number
II. Name of the Chapter
III. Main Paragraphs
IV. Sub Paragraphs (wherever required)
V. Sub to sub paragraphs (wherever required)
VI. Foot Notes
• Each chapter may be divided into different heading e.g.
Major heading, sub heading and sub to sub heading as
per the requirement.

• The first page of first chapter is the first page numbered in

international numerals.
• That larger size may be used for chapter headings and sub
headings.
• That your chapter headings, sub headings and sub subheadings
should be clearly distinguishable from each other.
• That to distinguish chapter headings from sub headings and sub
subheadings from sub to subheadings, chapter headings may be
made both larger caps and bold in 14 font size whereas sub
headings may be made larger but not bold in 14 font size. If
there are sub subheadings they may be italicized without
making them either large or bold in 12 font size.
Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 12
 CHAPTER – ONE
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Historical Background

The legal aid means providing an arrangement in the

society so that the machinery of administration of justice
becomes easily accessible and is not out of reach of those
who have to resort to it for enforcement of rights given to
them by law…………

1.1.1 Indian Perspective……………………………………………..

1.1.1.Uttarakhand Perspective………………………………

Note: Each chapter may be divided as chapter heading,

sub-heading and sub to sub-heading as per the
requirement in the above manner.

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 13

 General Instructions

• Spine of the dissertation

The spine of the dissertation must be printed with current
year on the top and followed by the title of the dissertation
in the following manner:
2015

LEGAL AID AND AWARENESS IN INDIA:

A CRITICAL STUDY

• Paper size
International standard paper size A4 (297 x 210 mm).
• Typing
On one side of the paper only.
• Margins
Top 1.0”, Bottom 1.0”, Left 1.5”, Right 1.0”.
• Line spacing
1.5 Lines
• Character spacing
Normal.
• Font
Times New Roman or Bookman Old Style
• Font size
12 for main text; 10 for foot notes.

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 14

 FOOT NOTES

• Font
Same as the main text.

• Font size
10 points.

• Line spacing
Single.

• Numbering
Numbering should be in continuation from first chapter
to the last

• Contents prior to the first chapter shall be numbered in

Roman.

• Contents after last chapter should also be numbered in

Roman

• Appendix (if any) should not be numbered at all.

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 15

 MODE OF CITATION FOR BOOKS

A. FOR AN AUTHORED BOOK

(i) By a single author:

Name of the author, Title of the book p.no. (if referring
to specific page or pages) (Publisher, Place of publication,
edition/year of publication).
E.g. M.P.Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 98 (Kamal Law
House, Calcutta, 5th edn., 1998).

(ii) By two authors:

Name of the authors, Title of the book p.no. (if referring
to specific page or pages) (Publisher, Place of
publication, edition/year of publication).
E.g. M.P.Jain and S.N. Jain, Principles of Administrative
Law 38 (Wadhawa, Nagpur, 2001)

(iii) By multiple authors (more than two):

Name of the first two authors, et.al., Title of the book
p.no. (if referring to specific page or pages) (Publisher,
Place of publication, edition/year of publication).
E.g. Jerry L. Mashaw, Richard A. Merrill, et.al., The
American Public Law System
– Cases and Materials 50 (West Group, St. Paul, MN,
1992).

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 16

B. FOR EDITED BOOKS

(i) By a single editor:

Name of the editor (ed.), Title of the book p.no. (if
referring to specific page or pages) (Publisher, Place of
publication, edn/year).
E.g. Nilendra Kumar (ed.), Nana Palkhivala: A Tribute
(Universal Publishers, Delhi, 2004).
(ii) By two editors:
Name of the editors (eds.), Title of the book p.no. (if
referring to specific page or pages) (Publisher, Place of
publication, edn/year).
E.g. S.K. Verma and Raman Mittal (eds.), Intellectual
Property Rights: A Global Vision 38-42 (ILI, Delhi, 2004).
(iii) By more than two editors:
Name of the editors, the first two only, et.al. (eds.),
Title of the book p.no. (ifreferring to specific page or
pages) (Publisher, Place of publication, edn/year). E.g.
Chatrapati Singh, P.K. Coudhary, et.al. (eds.), Towards
Energy Conservation Law 78 (ILI, Delhi, 1989).
NOTE: And others ('et al.' is used as an abbreviation of 'et
alii‘ (masculine plural) or 'et aliae' (feminine plural) or
'et alia‘ (neuter plural) when referring to a number of
people)
(iv) By, or an auspices of, an organization/institution:
Indian Law Institute, Index to Indian Legal Periodicals
(ILI, Delhi, 2002)

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 17

 MODE OF CITATION FOR ARTICLES/ESSAYS

(i) Citation of a paper published in a journal/periodical:

Name of author of the article, title of the essay within
inverted commas, volume number of journal, Name of
the journal in abbreviation & page number (year).
E.g. K. Madhusudhana Rao, “Authority to Recommend
President’s Rule under Article 356 of the Constitution”,
46 JILI 125 (2004).
(ii) Citation of a paper published in a case reporter:
P.K. Thakur, “Permissibility of Probation in Offences
Punishable with Minimum Imprisonment” 2 SCJ 26-38
(2002).
(iii) Citation of an essay published in a book edited:
Name of author of the essay, title of the essay within
inverted commas, in Name of the editor(s), title of the
edited book page number (publisher, edition/year).
E.g. R.K. Nayak, “Evolving Global Drugs Law for the 21st
Century” in D.C. Jayasuriya, R.K. Nayak et.at.(eds.), Global
Drugs Law 70 (1997).

(iv) Citation of an essay published as a part of a Survey of Law

(e.g. Annual Survey of Indian Law – [an annual publication
of the Indian Law Institute, New Delhi]: Name of author of
the essay, title of the essay within inverted commas, volume
number name of the survey, page number (year).
E.g.: P.S. Jaswal, “Constitutional Law-I” XXXVIII ASIL
115-150(2002).

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 18

 MODE OF CITATION FOR ARICLES/ESSAYS

(v) Citation of a write up published in a news paper/

periodical:
Name of the writer, Title of the write-up within inverted
commas, Name of the newspaper, date.
Robert I. Freidman, “India’s Shame: Sexual Slavery and
Political Corruption are Leading to an AIDS
Catastrophe”, The Nation, April 8, 1996.
(vi) Citation of an editorial from a newspaper:
Editorial, Title of the Editorial within inverted commas
Name of the newspaper, date.
Editorial, “Short-circuited” The Times of India, August 2,
2004.
vii) Citing a reference form Encyclopedia:
Edwin R.A. Seligman (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Social
Sciences Vol. XV (The Macmillan Co., NY, 1957).
viii) ACTS
[

The Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act 21 of 2000)

ix) REPORTS
(i) Law Commission of India, 144th Report on conflicting
Judicial Decisions Pertaining to the Code of Civil Procedure,
1908 (April, 1992).
(ii) Government of India, Report: Committee on Reforms
of Criminal Justice System (Ministry of Home Affairs, 2003).

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 19

 WEBSITES

If the websites gives information as to when it was Last

modified, that must be cited, if not one must cite the
date of visiting the website in the following manner.

(i) If Last modification date is mentioned:

Information Technology Act 2000, India, available at:
http://www.mit.gov.in/it-bill.asp (Last Modified July
29, 2003).

(ii) If Last modification date is not mentioned:

Information Technology Act 2000, India, available at:
http://www.mit.gov.in/it- bill.asp (Visited on July 29,
2003).

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 20

 UNPUBLISHED WORKS

i. Unpublished Research Work (E. g., Dissertation /Thesis):

Name of the Researcher, Title of the dissertation/thesis
(Year) (Unpublished)
Ph.D. thesis, Name of the University/organization).
Vijay Sharma, xyz (2013) (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation,
Uttaranchal University).

ii. Interviews:
Interview with Mr. Ravi Shankar Prasad, Law Minister of
India, The Hindu, June 25, 2014.

iii. Forthcoming publication of a book:

Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer, J. Rhetoric versus Reality
(In Press, 2014).

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 21

 MODE OF CITATION OF CASE LAW

(a) All India Reporter (AIR)

The case title is to be written in the body of the text,
e.g. Keshavananda Bharti v. State of Kerala whereas the
citation of the case is to be written in the footnote as
AIR 1973 SC 1461.

(b) Supreme Court Cases (SCC)

The case title is to be written in the body of the text,
e.g. Keshavananda Bharti v. State of Kerala whereas the
citation of the case is to be written in the footnote as
(1973) 4 SCC 225.

(c) Criminal Law Journal (Cr.L.J)

The case title is to be written in the body of the text,

e.g. Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum whereas the
citation of the case is to be written in the footnote as
1985 Cr L J 1129).

(d) All England Reports (All ER)

The case title is to be written in the body of the text, e.g.
Wilcox v. Jeffery, whereas the citation of the case is to be
written in the footnote as
[1951] 1 All ER 464.

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 22

Footnoting of second hand quotations:

Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company, 2004,

p.23 cited in David Gower, “Rights of the Shareholders”,
27 JILI, 2004, p.39.

Please note-
That there are cases when material at hand (referring
source) makes a reference to some other material
(referred material), such as a book cited in another book
or an article mentioning another article or an article
mentioned in a book or a book mentioned in an article
etc. That if one is referring to what is referred without
confirming that in original, then what is referred
(referred material) and in which that is referred
(referring source), both should be footnoted.

• That referred material should come first and referring

source should come next.

• That referred material and the referring source should

be separated by the expression ‘cited in’.

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University

23
Use of ibid.

Ibid. – This expression commonly refers to ‘same work at

same place’.
For example, if footnote number 7 is:
7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company, 2004,
p.23.
and in immediately succeeding footnote, i.e. number 8,
same page of same book is referred again, then there is no
need to repeat the whole footnote. Writing ibid. in
footnote number 8 shall suffice.
Thus, footnote sequence shall appear as-

7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company, 2004,

p.23.
8. Ibid.

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University

24
Use of id.

Id. – This expression is commonly used when in consecutive

footnotes referred work remains the same but its page
number changes.
For example if footnote number 7 is:
7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company, 2004,
p.23. and in immediately succeeding footnote, i.e. number 8,
page 79 of the same book is referred, then there is no need
to write the whole footnote again. Writing id. with the
changed page number shall suffice.
Thus, footnote sequence shall appear as-

7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company, 2004,

p.23.
8. Id. at p.79.

Please note-
• That the use of ibid. or id. is meaningful only in successive

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 25

Use of supra

Expression ‘supra’ refers to an earlier but not immediately

preceding footnote.

For example if footnote number 7 is:

7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company,
2004, p.23. and footnote number 8 is:
8. David Gower, “Rights of the Shareholders”, 27 JILI, 2004,
p.39.
Now, if in footnote number 9 the same page of the same
book as referred in
footnote number 7 is required to be referred, the
expression
ibid. cannot be used. Instead, expression ‘supra’ shall be
used.

Thus, footnote sequence shall appear as-

7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company,
2004, p.23.
8. David Gower, “Rights of the Shareholders”, 27 JILI, 2004,
p.39.
9. Supra 7.

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 26

Use of supra

And, if in footnote number 9 a different page of the

same book as referred in footnote number 7 is
required to be referred, footnote
sequence shall appear as-

7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book

Company, 2004, p.23.
8. David Gower, “Rights of the Shareholders”, 27 JILI,
2004, p.39.
9. Supra 7 at p. 79.

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 27

 Bibliography
1. Books: To be written in following manner, e.g.
• Jain M.P. : Indian Constitutional Law,
Kamla House, Calcutta, 5th edn., 1998

2. Statutes : To be written in following mannar, e.g.

• Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 (Act No. 2 of 1973)

3. Reports : To be written in following manner, e.g.

• Report of National Commission to review the working
of Indian Constitution, 2002.

4. Articles : To be written in following manner, e.g.

• Prof. Pandey, A.K.; Promise to marry and rape: plea
for constructing non-consent,
Dehradun Law Review: A Journal
of Law college Dehradun
Uttaranchal University, Vol. 5
Issue – 1, 2013

5. Website : To be written in following manner, e.g.

• http//www.wikipedia.com

6. News Paper : To be written in following manner, e.g.

• The Times of India,
• The Hindu

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 28

Please ensure -

• That before submitting even the first draft to the

supervisor all the spellings, grammar, punctuation etc.
are checked thoroughly.

• That at least four copies of the work are prepared.

• That all the copies of dissertation must be well bind

with black leather cover.

• That you must carry one copy of the dissertation with

you on the day of viva voce examination.

• That your work is original in all respects.

-Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna

Principal & Dean
Law College Dehradun,
Uttaranchal University,
Uttarakhand

Prof. (Dr.) Rajesh Bahuguna, Law College Dehradun, Uttaranchal University 29