Sant Longowal Institute

of Engineering and
Technology

Report on Multisim Practice

Submitted by:
Gurwinder Singh,
GEC-105151,
[email protected]

Submitted to:
Mrs. Anupama Marwaha,
AP ECE Deptt., SLIET.
Experiment No. :- 01
Aim :- To Study and observe the waveform and specturm of an
Amplitude modulator on CRO and find its modulation index
using Trapezoidal Method in Multisim.
Apparatus :- Multisim Simulator and a PC.
Theory :- Amplitude modulation is a method of modulation, in
which amplitude of a high frequency carrier signal is varied in
accordance with instantaneous value of modulating signal.
Let the carrier voltage and the modulating voltage, Vc and
Vm respectively, be represented by :
Vc = Asin(2 πft )
And, Vm = Bsin(2 πFt )
Vary the amplitude of carrier Vc(t) after adding the modulating
signal Vm(t) to A, We obtain a signal V mod is called amplitude
modulated signal, expressed as :
Vmod =[A + kBsin(2 πft )]sin(2 πFt )
or Vmod =A.[1 + m.sin(2 πft )]sin(2 πFt )
Where k is the constant of proportionality.
Percentage modulation signal or modulation index is defined
as:
kB
m= A
× 100

V max – V min
Also, m = V max+V min
Spectrum of modulated signal :-
Equation of AM modulated wave is given by
mA mA
Vm(t)=Asin(2 πft ) + 2 cos[2
π (F−f )t ] + 2 cos[2
π (F+ f )t ]

In this equation,
Asin(2 πft )  Carrier
mA
2
cos[2 π (F−f )t ]  Lower Side Band
mA
2
cos[2 π (F+ f )t ]  Upper Side Band

Circuit Diagram :-

Circuit – 01 Circuit - 02
Procedure :-
1. Run the MULTISIM Simulator “MULTISIM.EXE” and
opened the new ‘msm’ file.
2. Collected different components from multisim menu bar
into multisim page.
3. Connected them according to the circuit diagram.
4. Saved the file as ‘AM.msm’.
5. Observed the waveform on oscilloscope by double clicking
on the icon of oscilloscope.
 6. After observing this, connected a sinusoidal voltage source
with amplitude and frequency according to given values in
AM source with CRO second channel.
7. Run the simulation and double clicked on the icon CRO
and enabled B/A button on CRO control window.
8. We observed a trapezoid on CRO control screen, from
which we calculated the length of parallel sides and thus
calculated the modulation index of AM wave.

Waveform:- 1. AM Waveform :

2. Trapezoid :
Calculation of modulation index or percentage modulation:
From the trapezoid waveform,
Longer parallel side = Vmax =3.2×5=16 V
Shorter parallel side = Vmin = .6×5=3 V
V max – V min
Therefore, modulation index= m = V max+V min
16−3
i.e. , m = 16+3 = .684≈ .7 = value of m taken in AM source.
Results:-
The Amplitude modulated waveform was analysed and
calculated the modulation index using trapezoidal method and
it comes out to be .684 .
Experiment No. :- 02
Aim :- To Study and observe the waveform of an Frequency
modulator on CRO.

Apparatus :- Multisim Simulator and a PC.

Theory :- Frequecy modulation is a method of modulation, in
which frequecy of a high frequency carrier signal is varied in
accordance with instantaneous value of modulating signal.

Main Aspects: Consider a sine wave signal vm (t) with pulse w

Vm (t) = B · sin (wt)
And Vc = A · sin (Wt).
The signal vm (t) is called modulating signal, the signal vc (t) is
called carrier signal.

Mathematical Expression Of The Frequency Modulated Signal:

The instantaneous pulse W (t) of the FM signal by definition:
W (t) = W + K · vm (t)
with hW = carrier pulse K= modulation sensitivity The
instantaneous angle W (t) to be used as subject of the sine to
obtain the mathematical operation of the FM signal is detected
by integrating
W (t): q (t) = òW (t) dt
In the case of modulating sine wave signal
[vm (t) = B.sin (w.t)]
it results: q (t) = W (t) – (K · B/w) · cos(wt).
The expression of the frequency modulated signal vm (t)
becomes:
vm (t) = A · sin[W(t)- (K · B/w) · cos (wt)].
 Frequency Deviation DF And Modulation Index mf : The
instantaneous frequency F(t) of the carrier modulated by a sine
wave, results:
F(t) = W (t) = W + K · B · sin(wt)
And oscillates between a minimum Fmin and a maximum
value F max:
Fmin = W - K·B Fmax = W + K·B
The frequency deviation DF represents the maximum shift
between the modulated signal frequency, over and under the
frequency of the carrier:
Fmax−Fmin
DF =
2
We define as modulation index mf the ratio between DF and the
modulating frequency f:
DF
mf =
f
Theoretical Spectrum Of The Modulating Signal: Using the
modulation index mf, the modulated signal is expressed by the
relation:
vm (t) = A · sin [W(t) + cos (wt)]
Which, with trigonometric relations, can be transformed into:
vm (t) = A · {sin (Wt) · sin [mf · cos(wt)]-cos(Wt) · cos[mf · in(wt)]}
Using the Bessel function, the last relation becomes:
vm (t) = A · {Jo · sin (Wt)- J1 · [sin (W-w)t – sin (W+w)t] + + J2 ·
[sin (W-2w)t + sin (W+2w)t] + -J3 · [sin (W-3w)t + sin (W+3w)t] +
…}
-With J3 (mf) Bessel function of the first kind, with order n and
subject mf.
Circuit Diagram :-

Procedure :-
1. Run the MULTISIM Simulator “MULTISIM.EXE” and
opened the new ‘msm’ file.
2. Collected different components from multisim menu bar
into multisim page.
3. Connected them according to the circuit diagram.
4. Saved the file as ‘FM.msm’.
5. Observed the waveform on oscilloscope by double clicking
on the icon of oscilloscope.
6. After observing this, connected a sinusoidal voltage source
with amplitude and frequency according to given values in
FM source with CRO second channel.
7. Run the simulation and double clicked on the icon CRO
and enabled B/A button on CRO control window.
Waveform:- FM Waveform :

Results:-
The Frequency modulated waveform was analysed.
Experiment No. :- 03
Aim :- To Design an amplitude modulator circuit and observe
its output modulated waveform on CRO in MULTISIM
simulating software.
Apparatus :- Multisim Simulator and a PC.
Theory :- Amplitude modulation is a method of modulation, in
which amplitude of a high frequency carrier signal is varied in
accordance with instantaneous value of modulating signal.
Let the carrier voltage and the modulating voltage, Vc and
Vm respectively, be represented by :
Vc = Asin(2 πft )
And, Vm = Bsin(2 πFt )
Vary the amplitude of carrier Vc(t) after adding the modulating
signal Vm(t) to A, We obtain a signal V mod is called amplitude
modulated signal, expressed as :
Vmod =[A + kBsin(2 πft )]sin(2 πFt )
or Vmod =A.[1 + m.sin(2 πft )]sin(2 πFt )
Where k is the constant of proportionality.
Percentage modulation signal or modulation index is defined
as:
kB
m= A
× 100

V max – V min
Also, m = V max+V min
Circuit Diagram :-

Procedure :-
1. Run the MULTISIM Simulator “MULTISIM.EXE” and
opened the new ‘msm’ file.
2. Collected different components from multisim menu bar
into multisim page.
3. Connected them according to the circuit diagram.
4. Saved the file as ‘AM.msm’.
5. Run the simulation and double clicked on the icon CRO
and observed the waveform.
Waveform Obtained from circuit on CRO:-
Result :- An Amplitude modulator circuit was designed and
analysed its waveform on CRO in MULTISIM.
Experiment No. :- 04
Aim :- To Study and observe the specturm of an Amplitude
modulator on spectrum analyser in Multisim.
Apparatus :- Multisim Simulator and a PC.
Theory :- Amplitude modulation is a method of modulation, in
which amplitude of a high frequency carrier signal is varied in
accordance with instantaneous value of modulating signal.
Let the carrier voltage and the modulating voltage, Vc and
Vm respectively, be represented by :
Vc = Asin(2 πft )
And, Vm = Bsin(2 πFt )
Vary the amplitude of carrier Vc(t) after adding the modulating
signal Vm(t) to A, We obtain a signal V mod is called amplitude
modulated signal, expressed as :
Vmod =[A + kBsin(2 πft )]sin(2 πFt )
or Vmod =A.[1 + m.sin(2 πft )]sin(2 πFt )
Where k is the constant of proportionality.
Spectrum of modulated signal :-
Equation of AM modulated wave is given by
mA mA
Vm(t)=Asin(2 πft ) + 2 cos[2
π (F−f )t ] + 2 cos[2
π (F+ f )t ]

In this equation,
Asin(2 πft )  Carrier
mA
2
cos[2 π (F−f )t ]  Lower Side Band
mA
2
cos[2 π (F+ f )t ]  Upper Side Band

Circuit Diagram :-

Procedure :-
1. Run the MULTISIM Simulator “MULTISIM.EXE” and
opened the new ‘msm’ file.
2. Collected different components from multisim menu bar
into multisim page.
3. Connected them according to the circuit diagram.
4. Saved the file as ‘AM.msm’.
5. Apply a spectrum analyser to the AM source and observed
spectrum of an AM signal.
Waveform:-
Spectrum Analyser :

Results:-
An AM wave is observed with the help of a Spectrum analyser.
Experiment No. :- 05
Aim :- To Study and observe the Frequency Spectrum on
Spectrum analyser.
Apparatus :- Multisim Simulator and a PC.
Theory :- Frequecy modulation is a method of modulation, in
which frequecy of a high frequency carrier signal is varied in
accordance with instantaneous value of modulating signal.
Main Aspects: Consider a sine wave signal vm (t) with pulse w
Vm (t) = B · sin (wt)
And Vc = A · sin (Wt).
The signal vm (t) is called modulating signal, the signal vc (t) is
called carrier signal.
Mathematical Expression Of The Frequency Modulated Signal:
The instantaneous pulse W (t) of the FM signal by definition:
W (t) = W + K · vm (t)
with hW = carrier pulse K= modulation sensitivity The
instantaneous angle W (t) to be used as subject of the sine to
obtain the mathematical operation of the FM signal is detected
by integrating
W (t): q (t) = òW (t) dt
In the case of modulating sine wave signal
[vm (t) = B.sin (w.t)]
it results: q (t) = W (t) – (K · B/w) · cos(wt).
The expression of the frequency modulated signal vm (t)
becomes:
vm (t) = A · sin[W(t)- (K · B/w) · cos (wt)].
Theoretical Spectrum Of The Modulating Signal: Using the
modulation index mf, the modulated signal is expressed by the
relation:
vm (t) = A · sin [W(t) + cos (wt)]
Which, with trigonometric relations, can be transformed into:
vm (t) = A · {sin (Wt) · sin [mf · cos(wt)]-cos(Wt) · cos[mf · in(wt)]}
Using the Bessel function, the last relation becomes:
vm (t) = A · {Jo · sin (Wt)- J1 · [sin (W-w)t – sin (W+w)t] + + J2 ·
[sin (W-2w)t + sin (W+2w)t] + -J3 · [sin (W-3w)t + sin (W+3w)t] +
…}
-With J3 (mf) Bessel function of the first kind, with order n and
subject mf.
Circuit Diagram :-

Procedure :-
1. Run the MULTISIM Simulator “MULTISIM.EXE” and
opened the new ‘msm’ file.
2. Collected different components from multisim menu bar
into multisim page.
3. Connected them according to the circuit diagram.
4. Saved the file as ‘FM.msm’.
5. Apply a spectrum analyser to the FM source and observed
spectrum of an FM signal.
Waveform:-
Spectrum Analyser :

Results:-
The Frequency Spectrum was analysed.