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04 Land Processing

X = 3000 * 3 * ∆t + 3 * 3 * ∆t^2 = 9000∆t + 27∆t^2 So for a given NMO corrected time ∆t, we can calculate the corresponding offset X. Long offsets help in velocity analysis and AVO studies. However, they require good signal to noise ratio.

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66 views12 pages

04 Land Processing

X = 3000 * 3 * ∆t + 3 * 3 * ∆t^2 = 9000∆t + 27∆t^2 So for a given NMO corrected time ∆t, we can calculate the corresponding offset X. Long offsets help in velocity analysis and AVO studies. However, they require good signal to noise ratio.

Uploaded by

Harsh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LAND PROCESSING

DAY - 4
BIN SIZE & FRESNEL ZONE
BIN SIZE:
• BIN-SIZE: It corresponds to the length and breadth
of the bin. The smallest bin dimension is half of the
source and receiver interval (Sy/2 * Sx/2).
• Bin size will affect the lateral resolution of the
survey and its frequency content.
• CMP-BIN: is a square or rectangular area which
contains all midpoints that correspond to same
CMP. Traces that falls in the same bin are stacked,
and their number corresponds to the fold of the
bin.
• Resolution is defined as the ability of a seismic
method to distinguish two events of the sub-
surface that are close to each other.
• Lateral resolution is related to Fresnel zone.
BIN SIZE & FRESNEL ZONE
• As per Sheriff diameter of Fresnel zone is:
 =  20 where t0 is the two way time, is the half period of the dominant frequency,



since,  =  , implies  =  
is for pre-migrated data

 =   / is for post-migrated data

• The above formula suggest that the resolution improves with increasing
frequency, deteriorates with depth (t0) & velocity.
• As per Fresnel zone criteria, the
Bin Size =   / ………………………………(1)
BIN SIZE & SPATIAL SAMPLING
• A proper sampling is given by Nyquist condition, which states that at least
two samples per wavelet is required to reconstruct the signal. Then sampling
interval is:


 ≤ or  ≤


• According to Gijs Vermeer, there is a maximum wavenumber 


corresponding to frequency fmax, such that the energy is nil for frequency
higher than fmax and there is minimum velocity Vmin .

• Thus the spatial sampling for shot and receiver is:


'
∆"($, ) ≤ () ………………..(2)

• Spatial sampling in mid point domain is:
'
∆" ≤ () …………………….(3)
 
BIN SIZE & SPATIAL SAMPLING
• For dipping formation the spatial sampling for shot and receiver is:
'()
∆"($, ) ≤ …………………………..……….(4)
∗+(),
• For Dipping formation the Spatial sampling in mid point domain is:
'()
∆" ≤ ………..………………………………….(5)
 ∗+(),
• The above formula gives the maximum frequency and wave-number recorded, where no aliasing
occurs.
BIN SIZE & DIFFRACTION
DIFFRACTION
• Diffractions are indistinguishable from reflection on the basis of character.
• The amplitude of diffraction is maximum at the point where the reflection is tangent
on it.
• The amplitude decreases rapidly as we go away from this point.
• Its move out is almost double than the move-out for the reflection.

• Consider the given figure:



. "
$ = ' " + . ≅ ' + '. = 0 + ∆)
where 1 is the two-way reflection time.


. "
 = ' {.
+ " + . } ≅ ' + '.
= 0 + ∆)
where d is the two-way diffractiontime.
Bin Size (Fresnel Zone Consideration)

• Resolution & Bin Size: Ideally the bin


size should be equal to the lateral
resolution after migration.

• Lateral resolution depends on the


radius/diameter of First Fresnel zone.

• Different formula has been suggested


by different people, the most common is
from Rayleigh & is called “Quarter
Wavelength” formula.


• According to this, Bin Size = 

(Note:
This formula is applicable only after
migration in CMP domain)
Bin Size (Dip Consideration)

• (Bin Size) Spatial sampling for the source and receiver domain is
'
• So ∆"($, ) ≤ ()

• For the dipping event (with the dip ,) the above formula changes to:
'()
• ∆"($, ) ≤  +(),
'
• ∆" ≤  ∗+(),
()
( in the mid point domain)
• Note: If the Vmin is very small or Fmax is very large then ∆" becomes very
small and difficult to implement. In such scenario, the data gets aliased
specially for the ground roll (low velocity) and high frequency noise.
NOTATIONS or TERMINOLOGY

OFFSET:
• Offset: It is the distance between the source and the geophone or Centre of
group geophone. The concept of offset makes sense in pre-stack world.
• In-Line-Offset: It is the component of offset in inline direction.
• Cross-Line-Offset: It is the component of offset in cross line direction.
• Minimum-Offset: It is the largest minimum offset in the survey (distance of
the nearest geophone of a receiver line from the shot).
NOTATIONS or TERMINOLOGY
OFFSET (Contd..):
• As a rule of thumb, the Xmin should be less than 1-1.2 of the shallowest
depth of interest.
• Maximum-Offset: It is the distance between the actual source and the
farthest receiver of the template, or simply it is the largest recorded offset in
a survey. In orthogonal survey it is the length of the diagonal of the
patch/template.

Xmax = 345 −
∗ 457 + 3+5 −
∗ +57

or,

Xmax = "8$ + "()

Where "8$ is the distance between actual shot and farthest receiver line in
cross line direction & is the distance between actual shot and farthest receiver
in inline direction.
NOTATIONS or TERMINOLOGY
OFFSET (Contd..):
• Rule of Thumb: Xmax is affected by target depth, and it should be ≃
$:; ;<.. In case of higher large offset the primary is interfered by
direct waves.
• The head wave interference starts at a distance:
'$ ∗' { '$>  ' > 0 (' $>' )
Xh = , choose Xmax < Xh
' $ ?'

Where '$ is the rms velocity of the target, ' is the velocity of the head wave,  is the mute time
~.2 sec, 0 is the TWTT to the target.
Long Offset
Long Offset:
• Through algebraic manipulation, the Dix hyperbolic NMO correction can be
reduced to:
" = ') ∗ ∆ + ∗ 0 ∗ ∆

• Vnmo= 3000 m/s, to = 3.0Sec X = ?

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