Lecture 03 : Requirements Engineering –I

CSC210A Software Development Fundamentals

B. Tech. 2017

Course Leader(s):
Ms.Sahana.P.Shankar
[email protected]
Ms. Supriya, M. S.
[email protected]

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 Lecture Objectives

• At the end of this lecture, student will be able to

– Indicate the nature of requirements in software
engineering
– Describe the requirement engineering process
– Discuss the activities and tasks of requirements
engineering
– Identify the functional and non-functional requirements

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 Lecture Contents
• Requirements
• Requirements engineering
• Analysis models
• Stages in requirements engineering

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 Requirement

• Requirement is an expression of desired behavior

• A requirement deals with

– Objects or entities
– The state they can be in
– Functions that are performed to change states or object characteristics

• Requirements focus on the customer’s needs, not on

the solution or implementation
– Designate what behaviour, without saying how that behaviour will be
realised

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 Requirement Process

Figure shows the process of determining the

requirements for a proposed software system

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 Requirement Process contd.

• Performed by
– The requirement analyst or system analyst

• The final outcome is

– A Software Requirements Specification (SRS)
document
• SRS is used to communicate to other software
developers (designer, testers, maintainers)

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 Requirements Engineering

• Requirements Engineering (RE)

– The broad spectrum of tasks and techniques that lead to an
understanding of requirements

• RE lead to an understanding of
– What the business impact of the software will be
– What the customer wants
– How end users will interact with the software

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 Requirements Engineering Tasks
• Inception - Establish a basic understanding of the
problem and the nature of the solution

• Elicitation - Draw out the requirements from

stakeholders

• Elaboration (Highly structured) - Create an analysis

model that represents information, functional, and
behavioral aspects of the requirements

• Negotiation - Agree on a deliverable system that is

realistic for developers and customers
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 Requirements Engineering Tasks

• Specification - Describe the requirements formally or

informally

• Validation - Review the requirement specification for

errors, ambiguities, omissions, and conflicts

• Requirements management - Manage changing

requirements

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 Inception
• At project’s inception software engineers ask a set of
questions that establish
– Basic understanding of the problem
– The people who want a solution
– The nature of the solution that is desired
– The effectiveness of preliminary communication and
collaboration between the customer and the developer

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 Elicitation
• Elicit requirements from customers, users and others
– Find out from customers, users and others what the product
objectives are
– What is to be done
– How the system or product fits into business needs
– How the system or product is used on a day to day basis

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 Requirement Elicitation - Stakeholders
• Clients: pay for the software to be developed
• Customers: buy the software after it is developed
– Sometimes the customer and the user are the
same
• Users: use the system
• Domain experts: familiar with the problem that the
software must automate
• Market Researchers: conduct surveys to determine
future trends and potential customers
• Lawyers or auditors: familiar with government, safety,
or legal requirements
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 Requirement Elicitation - Stakeholders
• Software engineers or other technology experts:
ensure that the product is technically and
economically feasible
• Lawyers or auditors: familiar with government, safety,
or legal requirements
• Software engineers or other technology experts:
ensure that the product is technically and
economically feasible

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 Means of Eliciting Requirements
• Interviewing stake holders
• Reviewing available documentations
• Observing the current system (if one exists)
• Apprenticing with users to learn about user's task in
more details
• Interviewing user or stakeholders in groups
• Brainstorming with current and potential users

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 Resolving Conflicts
• Different stakeholder has different set of
requirements
– potential conflicting ideas

• Need to prioritize requirements

• Prioritization might separate requirements into three
categories
1. essential: absolutely must be met
2. desirable: highly desirable but not necessary
3. optional: possible but could be eliminated

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 Prioritizing Requirements - Example
• A credit card billing system
1. essential: system must be able to list current charges,
sum them and request payment by a certain date
2. desirable: system may separate the charges by
purchase type, to assist the purchaser in
understanding buying patters
3. optional: system may print the credits in black and
the debits in red

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 Why Requirement Elicitation is Difficult?
• Problem of understanding by customers
– Not completely sure of what is needed
– Have a poor understanding of the capabilities and
limitations of the computing environment
– Don’t have a full understanding of their problem domain
– Have trouble communicating needs to the system engineer
– Omit detail that is believed to be obvious
– Specify requirements that conflict with other requirements
– Specify requirements that are ambiguous or not able to
test

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 Why Requirement Elicitation is Difficult?
Contd.
• Problems of scope
– The boundary of the system is ill-defined
– Customers/users specify unnecessary technical detail that may
confuse rather than clarify objectives
• Problems of volatility
– Requirement change over time

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 Types of Requirements
• Functional requirement
– Describes required behavior in terms of required activities, such
as reactions to inputs, and the state of each entity before and
after an activity occurs

• Quality requirement or non-functional requirement

– Describes some quality characteristic that the software must
posses
– Describe the non-functional features such as Reliability,
Performance, availability, and maintainability

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 Functional Requirements
• Functionality
– What will the system do?
– When will the system do it?
– Are there several modes of operation?
– What kind of computation/data transformation must be
performed?
– What are the appropriate reactions to possible stimuli?
• Data
– For both input and output, what should be the format of the
data?
– Must any data be retained for any period of time?

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 Non-functional Requirements

• Performance
• Usability and human factors
• Security
• Reliability and availability
• Maintainability
• Precision and accuracy
• Time to delivery/cost

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 Elaboration
• Focuses on developing a refined technical model of
software functions, features, and constraints using
the information obtained during inception and
elicitation
• Create an analysis model that identifies data,
function and behavioral requirements
• Driven by the creation and refinement of user
scenarios that describe how the end-user will
interact with the system
• End result defines informational, functional and
behavioral domain of the problem
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 Negotiation
• Agree on a deliverable system that is realistic for
developers and customers
• Requirements are categorized and organized into
subsets
• Relations among requirements identified
• Requirements reviewed for correctness
• Requirements prioritized based on customer needs

• Negotiation about requirements, project cost and

project timeline
• There should be no winner and no loser in effective
negotiation
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 Specification
• Specification - Different things to different people
• It can be
– Written Document
– A set of graphical models
– A formal mathematical models
– Collection of usage scenario
– A prototype
– Combination of above
• The formality and format of a specification varies
with the size and the complexity of the software to
be built
– For large systems, written document, language descriptions, and
graphical models may be the best approach
– For small systems or products, usage scenarios 24 24
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 Validation
• Requirements Validation - formal technical review
mechanism that looks for
– Errors in content or interpretation
– Areas where clarification may be required
– Missing information
– Inconsistencies (a major problem when large products or
systems are engineered)
– Conflicting or unrealistic (unachievable) requirements

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 Characteristics of Requirements
• Correct
– Should ensure that they conform to customer’s understanding of
requirements

• Consistent
– Are there any conflicting requirements?

• Clear and Unambiguous

– Has only one possible interpretation
– A reader can easily understand the meaning of the requirement

• Complete
– Specifies required behavior and output for all possible inputs in all
possible states under all possible constraints
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 Characteristics of Requirements contd.
• Feasible
– Does a solution to the customer’s needs even exist?

• Relevant
– Is every requirement relevant?

• Testable
– Suggest acceptance tests that would clearly demonstrate
whether the eventual product meets the requirements

• Traceable
– Are the requirements organized and uniquely labeled for
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easy reference?
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 Summary
• Requirement is an expression of desired behavior

• Requirements analysis is iterative involving domain

understanding, requirements collection, classification,
structuring, prioritization and validation

• Functional requirement describes the required

behavior in terms of required activities

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