THEATRE PROJECTS

Credit: Scott Frances

Types & Forms

of Theatres
 THEATRE PROJECTS

Contents
Types and forms of theatres 3

Spaces for drama 4

Small drama theatres 4
Arena 4
Thrust 5
Endstage 5
Flexible theatres 6
Environmental theatre 6
Promenade theatre 6
Black box theatre 7
Studio theatre 7
Courtyard theatre 8
Large drama theatres 9
Proscenium theatre 9
Thrust and open stage 10

Spaces for acoustic music (unamplified)

11
Recital hall 11
Concert halls 12
Shoebox concert hall 12
Vineyard concert hall, surround hall 13

Spaces for opera and dance
14
Opera house 14
Dance theatre 15

Spaces for multiple uses

16
Multipurpose theatre 16
Multiform theatre 17

Spaces for entertainment 18

Multi-use commercial theatre 18
Showroom 19

Spaces for media interaction 20

Spaces for meeting and worship

21
Conference center 21
House of worship 21

Spaces for teaching 22

Single-purpose spaces 22
Instructional spaces 22
Stage technology 22

 THEATRE PROJECTS

Credit: Anton Grassl on behalf of Wilson Architects

At the very core of human nature is an instinct to musicals, ballet, modern dance, spoken word, circus,
gather together with one another and share our or any activity where an artist communicates with an
experiences and perspectives—to tell and hear stories. audience. How could any one kind of building work for
And ever since the first humans huddled around a all these different types of performance?
fire to share these stories, there has been theatre.
As people evolved, so did the stories they told and There is no ideal theatre size. The scale of a theatre
the settings where they told them. Modern theatre depends on the size of the staging required, the type
may have sophisticated audiences, highly trained of performance, and the size of the audience, with
actors, and state-of-the-art theatre equipment, but each variable influencing the others as they change.
the essence of the storytelling experience—the With that kind of nuance, no one-size-fits-all formula
shared energy between audience and performer—is works.
unchanged from our earliest history. The biggest
difference is the building where theatre happens. A theatre is not simply a space for watching a
performance. A successful theatre supports the
Theatre buildings evolved from the open-air emotional exchange between the performer and
amphitheatres of the Greeks and Romans to the the audience, and the exchange audience members
incredible array of forms we see today. Though some create between one another.
forms work better for particular types of performance,
there is no ideal shape for a theatre. A theatre may All that said, we’ve outlined the typical theatre forms
house drama, classical or popular music, opera, for different performance types.
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Spaces for drama

Drama—comedy or tragedy—can be performed in many different types of theatres, as well as outdoors, and
in warehouses, stairwells, and other unusual places. Many of these spaces and forms also support musical
theatre, which is discussed separately under “Spaces for entertainment.”

For simplicity, we’ve divided this discussion into smaller drama theatres—which include flexible and
courtyard theatres—and larger drama theatres, which include thrust, open, and proscenium stages. But
keep in mind, no discussion like this can fully describe the many types of spaces where theatre happens.

Small drama theatres

A small drama theatre usually seats between 50 and 300, with an upper limit of perhaps 400. It often
doesn’t have a separate stagehouse—meaning the stage is within the same architectural space as the
audience. These small theatres often feature a unique or especially intimate actor/audience relationship.
This may be defined by a fixed seating arrangement, or the relationship may be created by temporary
seating set up in a found space or in a flexible, purpose-built space. We’ve described popular forms below.

Arena

A theatre in which the audience

completely surrounds the stage or
playing area. Actor entrances to the
playing area are provided through
vomitories or gaps in the seating
arrangement.
Credit: Carlton Studios, Courtesy of the Royal Exchange Theatre

• Bingham Theatre, Actors Theatre of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA

• The Space Theatre, Helen Bonfils Theatre Complex, Denver Center for the Performing Arts, Denver, CO, USA
• Orange Tree Theatre, Richmond, Surrey, UK
• Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester, UK (image shown)
• St. James Cavalier Center of Creativity, Valletta, Malta

**indicates venues that weren’t designed by Theatre Projects

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Thrust

A theatre in which the stage is

extended so that the audience
surrounds it on three sides. The thrust
stage may be backed by an enclosed
proscenium stage, providing a place
for background scenery, but audience
views into the proscenium opening
are usually limited. Actor entrances
are usually provided to the front of the
thrust through vomitories or gaps in
the seating.
Credit: Tom Kessler Photography

• Byrne Theater, Northern Stage, Barrette Center for the Arts, White River Junction, VT, USA
• Everyman Theatre, Baltimore, MD, USA
• Jentes Family Courtyard Theater, Chicago Shakespeare Theater, Chicago, IL, USA
• Ruth Caplin Theatre, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
• Teaching Theatre, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, IN, USA (image shown)
• The Playhouse, Overture Center for the Arts, Madison, WI, USA

Endstage

A theatre in which the audience

seating and stage occupy the same
architectural space, with the stage at
one end and the audience seated in
front facing the stage.
Credit: Tim Crocker

• Hess Theater, Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, NY, USA
• Kirk Douglas Theatre, Center Theatre Group, Culver City, CA, USA
• New School, New York, NY, USA
• Playwrights Horizons, New York, NY, USA**
• Pullman Stage, Pegasus Theatre, Oxford, UK (image shown)
• Studio Space, Beacon Arts Centre, Greenock, UK
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Flexible theatres
Flexible theatre is a generic term for a theatre in which the playing space and audience seating can be
configured as desired for each production. Often, the theatre can be configured into the arena, thrust, and
endstage forms described above. Environmental, promenade, black box, and studio theatre are other terms
for this type of space, suggesting particular features or qualities.

Environmental theatre

A found space in which the

architecture of the space is intrinsic
to the performance, or a theatre
space that is transformed into a
complete environment for the
performance. The audience space
and performance space are
sometimes intermingled, and the
action may be single-focus or
multiple-focus. In environmental
theatre, the physical space is an
essential part of the performance.
Credit: Theatre Projects

• The Mysteries productions at the Cottesloe Theatre, Royal National Theatre, London, UK (image shown)

Promenade theatre

A theatre without fixed seating in the main part of the auditorium—this allows the standing audience to intermingle
with the performance and to follow the focal point of the action to different parts of the room. Multiple-focus
action and a moving audience are the primary characteristics of the promenade theatre.

• De La Guarda and Fuerza Bruta productions at the Daryl Roth Theatre, New York, NY, USA**
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Black box theatre

A flexible theatre usually without

character or embellishment—a “void”
space that may indeed be black, but
isn’t always. Usually, audience seating
is on the main floor, with no audience
galleries, though a technical gallery
may be provided.
Photo: Robert Benson Photography

• Black Box Theatre, Fine Arts Instructional Center, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, CT, USA (image shown)
• Black Box Theatre, Performing Arts & Humanities Building, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
• Kogod Theatre, Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
• Regis Philbin Studio Theatre, Marie P. DeBartolo Center for the Performing Arts, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
• Studio Theatre, Milton Court, Guildhall School of Music & Drama, London, UK

Studio theatre

A flexible theatre with one or more

audience galleries on three or four
sides of a rectangular room. The main
floor can usually be reconfigured into
arena, thrust, endstage, and flat floor
configurations. The room usually has
some architectural character.
Caption: John Edward Linden Photography

• BRIC House Ballroom, BRIC Arts Media House, Brooklyn, NY, USA
• Centerstage, ’62 Center for Theatre and Dance, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA
• Clore Theatre, Unicorn Children’s Centre, London, UK
• Stratford Circus, London, UK
• Studio Theatre, Conjunto de Artes Escénicas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
• Studio Theatre, Rubenstein Arts Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
• Studio, Tempe Center for the Arts, Tempe, AZ, USA (image shown)
• Studio Theatre, Woodman Family Community and Performance Center, Moses Brown School, Providence, RI, USA
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Courtyard theatre

The term courtyard theatre embraces

a range of theatre forms, all with the
common characteristic of at least one
raised seating gallery surrounding a
central area. Often this central area is
flexible, and can be configured into
arena, thrust, endstage, and flat floor
configurations. Sometimes the central
area has fixed seating that faces a
proscenium opening and stage.
Credit: Francis Dzikowski/Esto

Inspired by the Shakespearean theatres of Elizabethan times and English Georgian theatres, the much loved Cottesloe
Theatre at the National Theatre in London is the granddaddy of contemporary courtyard theatres. Interestingly, a courtyard
theatre does not need to be rectangular. Hall Two at The Sage is a striking example of a 16-sided courtyard theatre.

• Alexis & Jim Pugh Theater, Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts, Orlando, FL, USA
• Arthur Miller Theatre, Charles R. Walgreen Jr. Drama Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
• Cottesloe Theatre, Royal National Theatre, London, UK
• Courtyard Theatre, Plano , TX, USA
• Hall Two, Sage Gateshead, Gateshead, UK
• Jarson-Kaplan Theatre, Aronoff Center for the Arts, Cincinnati, OH, USA
• Jerwood Vanbrugh Theatre, Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, London, UK
• Martha Cohen Theatre, Arts Commons, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
• Samuel H. Scripps Mainstage, Polonsky Shakespeare Center, Theatre for a New Audience, New York, NY, USA (image shown)
• Tricycle Theatre, London, UK
• Wilde Theatre, South Hill Park Arts Centre, Bracknell, UK
• Woolly Mammoth Theatre, Washington, DC, USA
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Large drama theatres

Large drama theatres seat audiences in the range of 300 to 900 with an upper limit of about 1,100. Larger
drama theatres are usually some variant of the proscenium form, but some feature a thrust or open stage.

Proscenium theatre

In a proscenium theatre, the stage is

located at one end of the auditorium
and is physically separated from the
audience space by a proscenium wall.
This is sometimes called a “two-box”
arrangement—the auditorium and stage
occupy two separate “boxes” or rooms.
The stage box (stagehouse) provides fly
space and wings and permits a wide
variety of scenic and lighting effects.
The auditorium box is the audience
chamber, which may take many forms—
fan-shaped, courtyard, lyric, etc.
Credit: Alan Karchmer/Esto

The opening between the auditorium and stage is called the proscenium frame, proscenium opening, proscenium arch,
or simply the proscenium. In its earliest forms, the heart of the proscenium theatre was the forestage in front of the
proscenium. It wasn’t until the middle part of the nineteenth century that performers were confined with the scenery
behind the proscenium arch. Contemporary proscenium theatres try to provide a flexible transition zone between stage
and audience, adaptable to suit the needs of each performance.

• Albert Ivar Theatre, Goodman Theatre, Chicago, IL, USA

• American Airlines Theatre, Roundabout Theatre Company, New York, NY, USA
• Argyros Stage, South Coast Repertory, Costa Mesa, CA, USA
• Bærum Kulturhus, Sandvika, Norway
• Centerpoint Theatre, Dubai Community Theatre & Arts Centre, Dubai, UAE
• Downstairs Theatre, Steppenwolf Theatre, Chicago, IL, USA
• Douglas L. Manship, Sr. Theater for the Visual and Performing Arts, Shaw Center for the Arts, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
• Kay Theatre, Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center, College Park, MD, USA (image shown)
• Mainstage, ’62 Center for Theatre and Dance, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA
• Mainstage Theatre, Forbes Center for the Performing Arts, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
• Mark and Stephanie Medoff Auditorium, New Mexico State University Center for the Arts, Las Cruces, NM, USA
• Max Bell Theatre, Arts Commons, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
• Multipurpose Theatre, Performing Arts & Humanities Building, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
• Paul R. Cramer Center for the Arts, Steward School, Richmond, VA, USA
• Royal Court Theatre, London, UK
• Sobrato Auditorium, Hammer Theatre Center, San Jose Repertory Theatre, San Jose, CA, USA
• Théâtre 900, Le Quai, Angers, France
• Thomas B. and Kathleen M. Donnell Theatre, Wolfe Center for the Arts, Bowling Green University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
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Thrust and open stage

Some larger drama theatres take the

form of a thrust stage, with the audience
surrounding three sides of the
performance platform. The term open
stage can be used interchangeably with
thrust, but implies a more frontal
arrangement. These and similar forms
can accommodate a high seat count
within an acceptable distance to the
stage. Audience balconies can increase
the intimacy of the room.
Credit: Richard Einzig, Arcaid

Tyrone Guthie’s thrust spaces in Stratford, Ontario, and Minneapolis, Minnesota are notable examples of the thrust stage.
The Olivier Theatre in the National Theatre in London is a modified thrust, with the audience arrayed in a 110° arc around
the front of the stage.

• Angus Bowmer Theatre, Oregon Shakespeare Festival, Ashland, OR, USA**

• Birmingham Repertory Theatre, Birmingham, UK
• Festival Theatre, Stratford Shakespeare Festival, Stratford, Ontario, Canada**
• Olivier Theatre, Royal National Theatre, London, UK (image shown)
• Original 1963 thrust stage and new Wurtele Thrust Stage, Guthrie Theater, Minneapolis, MN, USA**
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Spaces for acoustic music

(unamplified)
Concert and recital halls are theatres for the performance of music. The requirements of acoustic (non-
amplified) music determine the volume, shape, and even the architectural detailing of the hall. At the same
time, the hall must support the visual presentation of the performance and provide an intimate patron
experience. A universal characteristic of these buildings is that performers and audience share the same
space—there is no architectural separation between stage and auditorium. Today, concert halls aren’t used
exclusively for acoustic music. A new hall must have enough flexibility to allow other uses, like popular
(amplified) and ethnic music, dance, lectures, meetings, and film presentations.

Recital hall

A space designed for soloists and small

ensembles (up to chamber orchestra
size), with a seat count typically in the
range of 150 to 800. This form is a
descendant of the court music rooms
of the Renaissance. It is often
rectangular in plan, with an open
concert platform at one end of the
room and seating galleries on the other
three walls.
Credit: Scott Frances

• Blue Hall, The Arts Center at NYU Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
• Chamber Hall, Shanghai Symphony Hall, Shanghai, China
• Fenway Center, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
• Gildenhorn Recital Hall, Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center, College Park, MD, USA
• Legacy Hall, RiverCenter for the Performing Arts, Columbus, GA, USA
• Mixon Hall, Cleveland Institute of Music, Cleveland, OH, USA (image shown)
• Musée Yves Saint Laurent – Marrakech, Marrakech, Morocco
• Performance Hall, Douglas and Beatrice Covington Center for Visual and Performing Arts, Radford University, Radford, VA, USA
• Recital Hall, Amerding Center for Music and the Arts, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL, USA
• Recital Hall, Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay, Singapore
• Recital Hall, University Hall, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
• Reyes Organ and Choral Hall, DeBartolo Performing Arts Center, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
• Robert and Gertrude L. Shuck Music Recital Hall, Southeast Missouri State University - River Campus, Cape Girardeau, MO, USA
• Robert J. Werner Recital Hall, Mary Emery Hall, College-Conservatory of Music, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
• Studzinski Recital Hall, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
• Weber Music Hall, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, USA
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Concert halls

A space designed primarily for symphonic music, with a seat count typically in the range of 1,100 to 2,000.
The upper limit for a successfully intimate room is about 2,200 seats.

Shoebox concert hall

The classic concert hall form is the

shoebox, named after the rectangular
shape and approximate proportions of
a tennis-shoe box. The shoebox form
has high volume, limited width, and
multiple audience levels, usually with
relatively narrow side seating ledges.
The Musikvereinsaal in Vienna, the
Concertgebouw in Amsterdam, and
Symphony Hall in Boston are classic
examples of this form.
Credit: Tim Griffith, courtesy of The Esplanade Co. Ltd.

• Chan Shun Concert Hall, Chan Centre for the Performing Arts, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
• Concert Hall, Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay, Singapore (image shown)
• Concert Hall, Fine Arts Instructional Center, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, CT, USA
• Concert Hall, Forbes Center for the Performing Arts, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
• Concert Hall, Kilden Performing Arts Centre, Kristiansand, Norway
• Concert Hall, Milton Court, Guildhall School of Music & Drama, London, UK
• Concertgebouw, Amsterdam, Netherlands**
• Dekelboum Concert Hall, Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
• Dewan Filharmonik Petronas Concert Hall, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
• Dora Stoutzker Hall, Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama, Cardiff, UK
• Glazer Music Performance Center, Nazareth College, Rochester, NY, USA
• Hall One, Sage Gateshead, Gateshead, UK
• Jack Singer Concert Hall, Arts Commons, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
• Leighton Concert Hall, DeBartolo Performing Arts Center, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
• Milton and Tamar Maltz Performing Arts Center, Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA
• Musikvereinsaal, Vienna, Austria**
• Performance Hall, Isabel Bader Center for the Performing Arts, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
• Royal Concert Hall, Nottingham, UK
• Stavanger Konserthus, Stavanger, Norway
• The Music Center at Strathmore, Bethesda, MD, USA
• The Stoller Hall, Chetham’s School of Music, Manchester, UK
• Verizon Hall, Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Vineyard concert hall, surround hall

Some modern concert halls have

audience seating in terraces
reminiscent of a vineyard. The seating
may completely or partially encircle
the concert platform. An important
early example of the vineyard form is
the Berlin Philharmonie. A hall with
partial encirclement may be called a
modified vineyard. The Walt Disney
Concert Hall in Los Angeles is a
contemporary example of this form.
Credit: Alex Berliner/BEI/Rex Features

• Helzberg Hall, Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts, Kansas City, MO, USA
• New World Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA
• Philharmonie, Berlin, Germany**
• Shanghai Symphony Hall, Shanghai, China
• Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles Music Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA (image shown)
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Spaces for opera and dance

The opera house developed as a specific theatre form in the late Renaissance and persists to this day.
Historically, opera and ballet performances coexist in these spaces, but beginning in the twentieth century,
dedicated dance spaces began to appear.

Opera house

An opera house is a proscenium

theatre in form. Seat count ranges
from 1,200 to 2,000 with an upper
limit of about 2,400 seats. The
auditorium is almost always multilevel
with side tiers or boxes to enhance
visual and aural intimacy.
Credit: Richard Davies

The stage is usually large, with extensive machinery. It sometimes has separate auxiliary stages in a cruciform, six-square,
or other arrangement to enable the opera company to perform in repertory. European opera houses generally have
smaller auditoriums and more elaborate stages, as compared to opera houses in the United States.

• Glyndebourne, Lewes, Sussex, UK (image shown)

• Margaret McDermott Performance Hall, Winspear Opera House, AT&T Performing Arts Center, Dallas, TX, USA
• Musiktheater am Volksgarten, Linz, Austria
• Ningbo Opera House, Ningbo, China
• Oslo Opera House, Oslo, Norway
• GNO Stavros Niarchos Hall, Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center, Athens, Greece
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Dance theatre

Other than the tradition of ballet

performance in opera houses, there is
no strongly identifiable theatre form for
dance performance. Smaller 100 to
300-seat spaces designed for dance are
usually endstage or proscenium. The
design of the auditorium emphasizes
frontal sightlines and a clear view of the
stage floor. Sometimes the seating is on
telescopic risers that can be retracted to
allow the whole space to be used for
rehearsal or instruction.
Credit: Robert Benson Photography

• Earlynn J. Miller Dance Theatre, Forbes Center for the Performing Arts, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA (image shown)
• Frances Daly Fergusson Dance Theater, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY, USA
• Dance Theatre, Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center, College Park, MD, USA
• Glorya Kaufman Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
• Toronto Ballet School, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

A few spaces seating 300 to 1,200 have been designed specifically for dance. Examples include the Lucent
Danstheater in The Hague and the Joyce Theatre in New York City.

• Lucent Danstheater, The Hague, Netherlands**

• Joyce Theatre, New York, NY, USA **

For larger seat counts, the opera house form generally prevails. For example, the New York State Theatre at Lincoln
Center was initially designed specifically for dance and ballet.

• New York State Theatre, Lincoln Center, New York, NY, USA **
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Spaces for multiple uses

Almost every theatre will be put to many uses, but here we discuss two particular types of multiuse
theatres—the multipurpose theatre and the multiform theatre.

Multipurpose theatre

The contemporary multipurpose

theatre is commonly found in medium
to large US cities and occasionally
elsewhere around the world. These
proscenium theatres are designed to
accommodate a range of activity—
symphonic music, opera, musical
theatre, ballet, and touring productions.
Seat count is in the range of 1,200 to
2,400 with an upper limit of about
2,800 seats.
Credit: Jeff Goldberg/Esto

The auditorium form is heavily influenced by the acoustic requirements for symphony, while the stagehouse is designed
to meet the needs of opera and musicals. These rooms are designed with the ability to change configurations (especially
in the forestage area) and to adjust the room acoustics to the needs of each performance type.

• Anheuser-Busch Performance Hall, Blanche M. Touhill Performing Arts Center, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, USA
• Anne and Ellen Fife Theatre, Virginia Tech, Moss Arts Center, Blacksburg, VA, USA
• Bill Heard Theatre, RiverCenter for the Performing Arts, Columbus, GA, USA
• Chapman University, Marybelle and Sebastian P. Musco Center for the Arts, Orange, CA, USA
• Hancher Auditorium, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
• Linda & Lee Scott Performance Hall, Bicknell Family Center for the Arts, Pittsburg State University. Pittsburg, KS, USA
• Lyric Theatre, The Lowry, Salford, UK
• Mead Hall, Benjamin & Marian Schuster Performing Arts Center, Dayton, OH, USA
• Muriel B Kauffman Theatre, Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts, Kansas City, MO, USA
• Overture Hall, Overture Center for the Arts, Madison, WI, USA (image shown)
• Sala Plácido Domingo, Conjunto de Artes Escenicas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
• Sosnoff Theater, Richard B. Fisher Center for the Performing Arts, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY, USA
• Theater, Tempe Center for the Arts, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Multiform theatre

A multiform theatre can be reconfigured

to change the actor-audience
relationship and the seat count. By
moving large architectural elements, the
one-room form of the concert hall can
be transformed into a two-room
theatre—an auditorium and a stage with
a proscenium. Side wall seating towers
can be positioned to narrow the room or
otherwise change its proportion.
Credit: Royal Estates Affairs and Royal Opera House Muscat

Often the orchestra floor (stalls) can be leveled and the seats removed to create a large, flexible, flat floor area. (Many of the
theatre forms described here can be designed with this flat floor capability. It was a common feature of eighteenth and
nineteenth century opera houses.)

The primary contemporary examples of the multiform theatre are Derngate Auditorium in Northampton, England and Cerritos
Center for the Performing Arts in Cerritos, California. The Cerritos theatre can be reconfigured from a 970-seat drama theatre
to a 1,400-seat multipurpose theatre, an 1,800-seat concert hall, an 1,800-seat arena, and a 6,400 square foot flat floor space
for banquets and exhibits.

• Cerritos Center for the Performing Arts, Cerritos, CA, USA

• Derngate, Northampton, UK (image shown)
• Potter Rose Performance Hall, Wyly Theatre, AT&T Performing Arts Center, Dallas, TX, USA
• Steinmetz Hall, Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts, Orlando, FL, USA
• Royal Opera House Muscat, Muscat, Oman
• Dubai Opera, Dubai UAE
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Spaces for entertainment

Venues for popular entertainment can take many forms. Here we discuss two important types—the
multi-use commercial theatre and the showroom.

Multi-use commercial theatre—

a “Broadway theatre” form

This is a proscenium theatre designed

primarily for amplified sound. The room
acoustics are usually “dry” with little
adjustment available, making these
rooms unsuitable for un-amplified
acoustic music. The seat count typically
ranges between 1,200 to 2,500, with an
upper limit of 10,000 seats.
Credit: Academy of Motion Picture Arts And Sciences

A reasonable degree of intimacy can be achieved with multiple cantilevered balconies, bringing a large portion of the
audience as close to the stage as possible. The stage is usually sized and equipped to receive large-scale touring
musicals. Other uses are headliners, pop music performances, and award ceremonies.

• Auditorio Telmex, Guadalajara, Mexico

• Dolby Theatre (formerly Kodak Theatre), Hollywood, CA, USA (image shown)
• John A. Williams Theatre, Cobb Energy Performing Arts Centre, Atlanta, GA, USA
• Proctor & Gamble Hall, Aronoff Center for the Arts, Cincinnati, OH, USA
• Walt Disney Theater, Dr. Phillips Center for the Performing Arts, Orlando, FL, USA
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Showroom

The term showroom usually implies an

entertainment venue connected with a
casino, hotel, or resort. A showroom
may be designed to accommodate
variety or headliner acts, or it may be
purpose-built for a specific production—
such as a circus show—that will reside in
the space for years or even decades.
Credit: Steve Lee

A smaller room may seat only 600, but seat count is more often in the range of 1,200 to 4,000 seats. The theatre may take
the form of a proscenium, thrust, or arena stage. Showrooms may introduce elaborate stage machinery, including “water
stages” and other specialty mechanics.

• City of Dreams, The House of Dancing Water Theater, Macau (image shown)
• Pacific Room at Long Beach Arena, Long Beach, CA, USA
• The Han Show Theater, Wuhan, Hubei, China
• Wynn Resorts, Macau
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Spaces for media interaction

Of course all theatres are spaces

for interaction, but since the late
twentieth century, a new type of
space has developed. Artists and
scientists are using these media-
heavy spaces for performance,
research, and instruction.
Credit: Rui Dias-Aidos

These spaces are highly flexible, usually with no fixed seating, and almost always with a high degree of
acoustic adjustability. Other features may include extensive media recording and playback capability,
immersive environments, and electronic communication with remote spaces for distance learning,
distributed ensembles, remote performance, and other opportunities.

Among the earliest spaces of this type are IRCAM Espace de Projection at Centre Pompidou (1977) and the
Philippe Villers Experimental Media Facility (the “Cube”) at MIT’s Media Lab (1985).

• Espace de Projection, IRCAM, Centre Pompidou, Paris, France**

• George and Ellen Rieveschl Digitorium, Griffin Hall, Northern Kentucky University, Highland, Heights, KY, USA
• Mixon Hall, Cleveland Institute of Music, Cleveland, OH, USA
• New World Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA (image shown)
• Philippe Villers Experimental Media Facility (the “Cube”), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA**
• Sonic Lab, SARC, Queen’s University, Belfast, UK
• The Cube, Moss Arts Center, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Spaces for meeting and worship

Conference center

This is an auditorium, usually

connected with a convention center or
meeting facility, for plenary sessions,
lectures, symposia, product launches,
and simple presentations. The
auditorium is often fan-shaped, facing
an open platform with limited rigging
facilities. The auditorium may be
divisible into smaller spaces to
accommodate simultaneous meetings
with fewer participants.
Credit: Jason Clarke Photography

• Arena & Convention Centre Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

• Emirates Palace, Abu Dhabi, UAE
• Qatar National Convention Centre, Doha, Qatar
• The Convention Centre, Dublin, Dublin, Ireland (image shown)
• The Lennox Suite, Edinburgh International Conference Centre, Edinburgh , UK
• Valencia Congress Centre, Valencia, Spain

House of worship

Recently, theatre forms and

technologies have been used more and
more in the design of houses of
worship. Typically the room is designed
for spoken word, music, drama, and
multimedia presentations. The seating
areas are quite varied in form, with seat
counts ranging from 500 to 5,000 or
more. The worship area may range from
a simple platform to a full stagehouse
with extensive theatre equipment.
Credit: Bruce T Martin Photography

• Case Western Reserve University, Milton and Tamar Maltz Center for the Performing Arts, Cleveland, OH, USA
• Northeastern University, Fenway Center, Boston, MA, USA
• Temple Beth Elohim, Wellesley, MA, USA (image shown)
 THEATRE PROJECTS

22

Spaces for teaching

Almost any of the theatre forms described here might be part of an academic building—excepting maybe
the casino showroom. Additional considerations arise in the design of performance spaces for students,
some of which we discuss below.

Single-purpose spaces

Performing arts venues on a campus are more likely to be single purpose, since it is more likely that the
academic program tied to the space occupies it at least for the full school year. (A college theatre
department, for example, will likely keep their small drama space continuously in rehearsal or performance.)

Instructional spaces

Performing arts venues on campus must be designed as instructional spaces. Auditoriums should be
compact and intimate, scaled to, and supportive of, the student performer. Control rooms and other
support spaces must have appropriate equipment and sufficient room to serve as class labs.

Stage technology

The theatre and stage are also class labs. The theatre equipment must be suitable for the productions, but
also appropriate for teaching. Consideration should be given to who operates and maintains the equipment.
Economical, simple, and safe equipment is usually best.