2018

CHEMISTRY
PROJECT

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STERILIZATION OF WATER USING BLEACHING POWDER 

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A CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROGECT

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Name Of The Student

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Clas
lass - XII
Session
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Table of contents 
 Certificate of Authenticit
Authenticity
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 Acknowledgement

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 Introduction

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 -Need of Water

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 -Purification of Water
-Need for a stable purification
purification technique

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

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 Theory

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 -History of Water purification
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 -Bleaching powder and its preparation
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 -Use of Bleaching powder in Sterilization of water

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 Experiment
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-Aim
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 -Pre-Requisite
-Pre-Requisite Knowledge
 -Requirements
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 -Procedure
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 -Result
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 Bibliography

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Need of water
Water is an important and essential ingredient in our quest for
survival on this planet. It is very essential for carrying out various
metabolic processes in our body and also to carry out Hemoglobin
throughout the body.
A daily average of 1 gallon per man is sufficient for drinking and
cooking purposes. A horse, bullock, or mule drinks about 11

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gallons at a time. standing up, an average allowance of 5 gallons

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should be given for a man, and 10 gallons for a horse or a camel.

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An elephant drinks 25 gallons, each mule or ox drinks 6 to 8

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gallons, each sheep or pig 6 to 8 pints. These are minimum
quantities.

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One cubic foot of water = 6 gallons (a gallon = 10 lbs.).

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In order to fulfill such a huge demand of water, it needs to be
purified and supplied in a orderly and
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a nd systematic way.
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But with the increasing world population, the demand for drinking
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water has also increased dramatically and therefore it is very

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essential to identify resources of water from which we can use

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water for drinking purposes. Many available resources of water do

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not have it in drinkable form. Either the water contains excess of 
Calcium or Magnesium salts or any other organic impurity or it
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simply contains foreign particles which make it unfit and unsafe

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for Drinking.
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Purification of Water 

There are many methods for the purification of water. Some of 
them are
1. Boiling
2. Filtration
3. Bleaching powder treatment

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4. SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection) ,etc

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Boiling is perhaps the most commonly used water purification
technique in use today. While in normal households
households it is an

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efficient technique; it cannot be used for industrial and large scale

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purposes. It is because in normal households, the water to be
purified is very small in quantity and hence the water loss due to

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evaporation is almost negligible. But in Industrial or large
la rge scale
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purification of water the water loss due to evaporation will be
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quite high and the amount of purified water obtained will be very
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less.
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Filtration is also used for removing foreign particles from water.

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One major drawback of this purification process is that it cannot

be used for removing foreign chemicals and impurities that are
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miscible with water.

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SODIS or Solar Water Disinfection is recommended by the

United Nations for disinfection of water using soft drink
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bottles, sunlight, and a black surface at least in hot

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nations with regularly intense sunlight.

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Water-filled transparent bottles placed in a horizontal position

atop a flat surface in strong sunlight for around five hours will kill
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microbes in the water. The process is made even more safe and
effective if the bottom half of the bottle or the surface it‟s lying on
is blackened, and/or the flat surface is made of plastic or metal.
It‟ s the combination of heat and ultraviolet light which kills the
organisms.

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The major drawback of this purification technique is that it cannot

be used in countries with cold weather. Also, the time consumed
for Purification process is more and it also needs
needs a „blackened‟ 
surface, much like solar cookers.

Need for a stable purification technique

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Therefore we need a purification technique
technique which can be used

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anytime and anywhere, does not require the use of any third party

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content and which is also economically feasible on both normal
scale and large scale.

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Hence we look at the method of purification of water using the

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technique of treatment by bleaching powder commonly known as
 “Chlorination”.
 “Chlorination”.
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THEORY
History of water purification in different parts of the world.

In 1854 it was discovered that a cholera epidemic spread through

through
water. The outbreak seemed less severe in areas where sand

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filters were installed. British scientist John Snow found that the

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direct cause of the outbreak was water pump contaminatio
contaminationn by

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sewage water. He applied chlorine to purify the water, and this

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paved the way for water disinfection.
disinfection. Since the water in the pump

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had tasted and smelled normal, the conclusion was finally drawn
that good taste and smell alone do not guarantee safe drinking

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water. This discovery led to governments starting to install
municipal water filters (sand filters and chlorination),
chlorination), and hence
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the first government regulation of public water.
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In the 1890s America started building large sand filters to protect
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public health. These turned out to be a success. Instead of slow

sand filtration, rapid sand filtration was now applied. Filter
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capacity was improved by cleaning it with powerful jet steam.

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Subsequently,
Subsequently, Dr. Fuller found that rapid sand filtration worked
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much better when it was preceded by coagulation and

sedimentation techniques. Meanwhile, such waterborne illnesses
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as cholera and typhoid became less and less common as water

chlorination won terrain throughout the world.
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But the victory obtained by the invention of chlorination did not

last long. After some time the negative effects of this element
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were discovered. Chlorine vaporizes much faster than water, and

it was linked to the aggravation and cause of respiratory disease.
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Water experts started looking for alternative water disinfectants.

In 1902 calcium hypo chlorite and ferric chloride were mixed in a
drinking water supply in Belgium, resulting in both coagulation
and disinfection.
The treatment and distribution of water for safe use is one of the
greatest achievements of the twentieth century. Before cities

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began routinely treating drinking water with chlorine (starting with

Chicago and Jersey City in US in 1908), cholera, typhoid fever,
dysentery and hepatitis A killed thousands of U.S. residents
annually. Drinking water chlorination and filtration have helped to
virtually eliminate these diseases in the U.S. and other developed
countries. Meeting the goal of clean, safe drinking water requires
a multi-barrier approach that includes: protecting source water
from contamination, appropriately treating raw water, and

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ensuring safe distribution of treated water to consumers‟ taps.

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During the treatment process, chlorine is added to drinking water

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as elemental chlorine (chlorine gas), sodium hypochlorite solution

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or dry calcium hypochlorite. When applied to water, each of these

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forms “free chlorine,” which destroys pathogenic (disease-
(disease-
causing) organisms.

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Almost all systems that disinfect their water use some type of 

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chlorine-based process, either alone or in combination with other
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disinfectants. In addition to controlling disease-causing organisms,
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chlorination offers a number of benefits including:
including:
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 Reduces many disagreeable tastes and odors;

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 Eliminates slime bacteria, molds and algae that commonly grow in

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water supply reservoirs, on the walls of water mains and in

storage tanks;
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 Removes chemical compounds that have unpleasant tastes and

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hinder disinfection; and

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 Helps remove iron and manganese from raw water.

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As importantly, only chlorine-based

chlorine-based chemicals provide “residual
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disinfectant” levels that prevent microbial re-growth

re -growth and help
protect treated water throughout the distribution system.
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For more than a century, the safety of drinking water supplies has
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been greatly improved by the addition of bleaching powder.

Disinfecting our drinking water ensures
ensures it is free of the
microorganisms that can cause serious and life-threatening
life-threatening
diseases, such as cholera and typhoid fever. To this day, bleaching
powder remains the most commonly used drinking water
disinfectant, and the disinfectant for which we have the

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most scientific information. Bleaching powder is added as part of 

the drinking water treatment process. However, bleaching powder
also reacts with the organic matter, naturally present in water,
such as decaying leaves. This chemical reaction forms a group of 
chemicals known as disinfection by-products. Current scientific
data shows that the benefits of bleaching our drinking water (less
disease) are much greater than any health risks from THMs and
other by-products. Although other disinfectants are available,

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bleaching powder remains the choice of water treatment experts.

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When used with modern water filtration methods, chlorine is

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effective against virtually all microorganisms. Bleaching powder is

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easy to apply and small amounts of the chemical remain in the

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water as it travels in the distribution system from the treatment
plant to the consumer‟s tap, this level of effectiveness ensures

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that microorganisms cannot recontaminate the water after it
leaves the treatment.
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But what is bleaching powder and how is it prepared?
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Bleaching powder or Calcium hypochlorite is a chemical compound

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with formula Ca(ClO) 2. It is widely used for water treatment and

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as a bleaching agent bleaching powder).

powder). This chemical is
considered to be relatively stable and has greater available
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chlorine than sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach).

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It is prepared by either calcium process or sodium process.

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 Calcium Process
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2 Ca(OH)2 + 2 Cl2 = Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O

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 Sodium Process
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2Ca(OH)2 + 3Cl2 + 2NaOH = Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O + 2NaCl

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But how can this chemical be used to sterilize water?

This chemical can be used for sterilizing water by Using 5 drops of 
bleach per each half gallon of water to be purified, and allowing it
to sit undisturbed for half an hour to make it safe for drinking.
Letting it sit several hours more will help reduce the chlorine
taste, as the chlorine will slowly evaporate out. A different
reference advises when using household bleach for purification;

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add a single drop of bleach per quart of water which is visibly

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clear, or three drops per quart of water where the water is NOT

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visibly clear. Then allow the water to sit undisturbed for half an

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hour.

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What are the actual processes involved in disinfecting and 

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 purifying water? 

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The combination of following processes is used for municipal
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drinking water treatment worldwide:
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i. Pre-chlorination – for algae control and arresting any

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biological growth
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ii. Aeration – along with pre-chlorination for removal of 

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dissolved iron and manganese

iii. Coagulation – for flocculation
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iv. Coagulant aids also known as polyelectrolyte‟s

polyelectrolyte‟s – to improve
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coagulation and for thicker floc formation

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v. Sedimentation – for solids separation, that is, removal of 

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suspended solids trapped in the floc

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vi. Filtration – for removal of carried over floc

vii. Disinfection – for killing bacteria
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Out of these processes, the role of Bleaching powder is only in

the last step i.e. for Disinfection of water.

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EXPERIMENT
Aim: To Determine the dosage of bleaching powder required for 
 sterilization or
or disinfection
disinfection of different
different samples
samples of water.
water.

Requirements:

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Burette, titration flask, 100ml graduated cylinder, 250ml

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measuring flask, weight box, glazed tile, glass wool.

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Bleaching Powder, Glass wool, 0.1 N Na2S2O3 solution, 10% KI

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solution, different samples of water, starch solution.

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Pre-Requisite Knowledge: n
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1. A known
known mass
mass of the given sample of bleaching
bleaching powder is
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dissolved in water to
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prepare a solution of known concentration. This solution contains

dissolved chlorine,
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liberated by the action of bleaching powder with water.

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CaOCl2+H20 I >> Ca(OH)2+Cl2

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2. The amount
amount of Chlorine
Chlorine present in the
the above
above solution
solution is
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determined by treating a
known volume of the above solution with excess of 10%
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potassium iodide solution,

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when equivalent amount of Iodine is liberated. The Iodine, thus

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liberated is then
estimated by titrating it against a standard solution of Sodium
thiosulphate, using
starch solution as indicator.
Cl2+2KI i > 2KCl+I2
I2+2Na2S2O3 i > Na2S4O6+2NaI

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1. A known Volume of one of the given samples of water is treated

with a known volume of bleaching powder solution. The amount of 
residual chlorine is determined by adding excess potassium iodide
solution and then titrating against standard sodium thiosulphate
solution.
2. From the readings in 2 and 3, the amount of chlorine and hence
bleaching powder required for the disinfection of a given volume
of the given sample of water can be calculated.

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Procedure:

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1. Preparation of bleaching powder solution. Weigh accurately 2.5g
of the given sample of bleaching powder
powder and transfer it to a

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250ml conical flask. Add about 100-150ml of distilled water.

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Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously. The suspension
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obtained is filtered through glass wool and the filtrate is diluted
with water (in a measuring flask) to make the volume 250ml. The
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solution obtained is 1% bleaching powder solution.

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2. Take 20ml of bleaching

bleaching powder solution in a stoppered conical
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flask and add it to 20ml of 10% KI solution. Stopper the flask and
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shake it vigorously. Titrate this solution against 0.1N

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Na2S2O3 solution taken in the burette. When the solution in the

conical flask becomes light yellow in color, add about 2ml starch
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solution. The solution now becomes blue in color. Continue

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titrating till the blue color just disappears. Repeat the titration to
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get a set of three concordant readings.

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3. Take 100ml of the water sample in a 250ml stoppered conical

flask and add it to 10ml of bleching powder solution. Then add
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20ml of KI solution and stopper the flask. Shake vigorously and

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titrate against 0.1N Na2S2O3 solution using starch solution as

indicator as described in step 2.
4. Repeat the step 3 with other samples of water and record the
observations.

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RESULT

Amount of the given sample of bleaching powder required to

disinfect one litre of water

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Sample I = 0.5 g

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Sample II = 0.41 g

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Sample III = 0.47 g

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

 The Medical front-”Water

front-”Water Supply” 
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camp/water.htm
  “Chemistry Projects”
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 How to live on Very,Very Little-”Clean
Little-”Clean drinking water: How to
develop low cost sources of drinking water just about

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anywhere” 

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http://www.jmooneyham.com/watp.html

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 Calcium Hypochloride

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wik
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i/Bleaching_powder
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 Water Treatment http://en.wikipedia.org/wik
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Treatment:Continuous
Treatment:Continuous Chlorination
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 Chlorination of Drinking Water http://www.water-
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research.net/watertreatment/chlo
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 Chlorination Of Drinking Water (2)

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www.edstrom.com/doclib/mi4174.pdf 
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 Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service,

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Cooperative Extension, Ithaca, N.Y.

 ”Treatment Systems for Household Water Supplies:
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Chlorination,”
Chlorination,” North Dakota State University Extension Service
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 ”Water Treatment Notes: Chlorination of Drinking Water,” 

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Cornell Cooperative Extension, New York State College of 

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Human Ecology,USA
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