Trinity Training 2011 Power of a Point Yufei Zhao

Power of a Point
Solutions
Yufei Zhao
Trinity College, Cambridge
[email protected]
April 2011

Practice problems:

1. Let Γ1 and Γ2 be two intersecting circles. Let a common tangent to Γ1 and Γ2 touch Γ1
at A and Γ2 at B. Show that the common chord of Γ1 and Γ2 , when extended, bisects
segment AB.

B
A

Solution. Let the common chord extended meet AB at M . Since M lies on the radical
axis of Γ1 and Γ2 , it has equal powers with respect to the two circles, so M A2 = M B 2 .
Hence M A = M B.

2. Let C be a point on a semicircle of diameter AB and let D be the midpoint of arc AC.
Let E be the projection of D onto the line BC and F the intersection of line AE with
the semicircle. Prove that BF bisects the line segment DE.

Solution.

E
D
F C

A B

Let Γ denote the circle with diameter AB, and Γ1 denote the circle with diameter BE.
Since ∠AF B = 90◦ , Γ1 passes through F . Also since ∠DEB = 90◦ , Γ1 is tangent to
DE. From Problem 1, we deduce that the common chord BF of Γ and Γ1 bisects their
common tangent DE.

3. Let A, B, C be three points on a circle Γ with AB = BC. Let the tangents at A and B
meet at D. Let DC meet Γ again at E. Prove that the line AE bisects segment BD.

Solution.

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Trinity Training 2011 Power of a Point Yufei Zhao

A C

D B

Let Γ1 denote the circumcircle of ADE. By Problem 1 it suffices to show that Γ1 is

tangent to DB. Indeed, we have

∠ADB = 180◦ − 2∠ABD = ∠ABC = ∠AEC,

which implies that Γ1 is tangent to D.

4. (IMO 2000) Two circles Γ1 and Γ2 intersect at M and N . Let ` be the common tangent
to Γ1 and Γ2 so that M is closer to ` than N is. Let ` touch Γ1 at A and Γ2 at B. Let
the line through M parallel to ` meet the circle Γ1 again at C and the circle Γ2 again at
D. Lines CA and DB meet at E; lines AN and CD meet at P ; lines BN and CD meet
at Q. Show that EP = EQ.

Solution.

Γ2
N

Γ1

P M Q
C D
A B ℓ
E

Extend N M to meet AB at X. Then by Problem 1, X is the midpoint of AB. Since P Q

is parallel to AB, it follows that M is the midpoint of P Q. Since ∠M AB = ∠M CE =
∠BAE and ∠M BA = ∠M DE = ∠ABE, we see that E is the reflection of M across AB.
So EM the perpendicular bisector of P Q, and hence EP = EQ.

5. Let ABC be an acute triangle. Let the line through B perpendicular to AC meet the
circle with diameter AC at points P and Q, and let the line through C perpendicular
to AB meet the circle with diameter AB at points R and S. Prove that P, Q, R, S are
concyclic.

Solution.

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Trinity Training 2011 Power of a Point Yufei Zhao

Q
A

H
R
P

B D C

Let D be the foot of the perpendicular from A to BC, and let H be the orthocenter of
ABC. Since ∠ADB = 90◦ , the circle with diameter AB passes through D, so HS · HR =
HA · HD by power of a point. Similarly the circle with diameter AC passes through D
as well, so HP · HQ = HA · HD as well. Hence HP · HQ = HR · HS, and therefore by
the converse of power of a point, P, Q, R, S are concyclic.
6. Let ABC be an acute triangle with orthocenter H. The points M and N are taken on
the sides AB and AC, respectively. The circles with diameters BN and CM intersect at
points P and Q. Prove that P , Q, and H are collinear.

Solution.
A

E
P
F
H N
M

B C

We want to show that H lies on the radical axis of the two circles, so it suffices to show
that H has equal powers with respect to the two circles.
Let BE and CF be two altitudes of ABC. Since ∠BEN = 90◦ , E lies the circle with
diameter BN . Hence the power of H with respect to the circle with diameter BN is
HB · HE. Similarly, the power of H with respect to the the circle with diameter CM is
HC · HF .
Since ∠BEC = ∠BF C = 90◦ , B, C, E, F are concyclic, hence HB · HE = HC · HF by
power of a point. It follows that H has equal powers with respect to the two circles with
diameter AB and BC.
7. (Euler’s relation) In a triangle with circumcenter O, incenter I, circumradius R, and
inradius r, prove that
OI 2 = R(R − 2r).

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Trinity Training 2011 Power of a Point Yufei Zhao

Solution.

O
I

B C

Let AI extended meet the circumcircle again at D. The power of I with respect to the
circumcircle is equal to
−IA · ID = IO2 − R2 .
Let us compute the lengths of IA and ID. By consider the right triangle with one vertex A
and the opposite side the radius of the incircle perpendicular to AB, we find IA = r sin A2 .
We have

∠BID = ∠BAD + ∠ABI = ∠DAC + ∠IBC = ∠DBC + ∠IBC = ∠IBD.

2R
Thus ID = BD = sin A
, where the last equality follows from the law of sines on triangle
2
ABD. Hence
A 2R
R2 − IO2 = IA · ID = r sin · = 2Rr.
2 sin A2
The result follows.

8. (USAMO 1998) Let C1 and C2 be concentric circles, with C2 in the interior of C1 . Let A
be a point on C1 and B a point on C2 such that AB is tangent to C2 . Let C be the second
point of intersection of AB and C1 , and let D be the midpoint of AB. A line passing
through A intersects C2 at E and F in such a way that the perpendicular bisectors of DE
and CF intersect at a point M on AB. Find, with proof, the ratio AM/M C.

Solution.

A D B M C

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Trinity Training 2011 Power of a Point Yufei Zhao

Using power of point, we have AE · AF = AB 2 = AD · AC. Therefore, D, C, F, E are

concyclic. The intersection M of the perpendicular bisectors of DE and CF must meet
at the center of the circumcircle of DCF E. Since M is on DC, it follows that DC is the
1 DC 1 3 3
diameter of this circle. Hence M is the midpoint of DC. So M C
AC = 2 AC = 2 · 4 = 8 .
AM 3
Thus M C = 5.

9. Let ABC be a triangle and let D and E be points on the sides AB and AC, respectively,
such that DE is parallel to BC. Let P be any point interior to triangle ADE, and let F
and G be the intersections of DE with the lines BP and CP , respectively. Let Q be the
second intersection point of the circumcircles of triangles P DG and P F E. Prove that the
points A, P , and Q are collinear.

Solution.

N
P
D E
F G
M

B C
Q

Let the circumcircle of DP G meet line AB again at M , and let the circumcircle of EP F
meet line AC again at N . Assume the configuration where M and N lie on sides AB
and AC respectively (the arguments for the other cases are similar). We have ∠ABC =
∠ADG = 180◦ − ∠BDG = 180◦ − ∠M P C, so BM P C is cyclic. Similarly, BP N C is
cyclic as well. So BCN P M is cyclic. Hence ∠AN M = ∠ABC = ∠ADE, so M, N, D, E
are concyclic. By power of a point, AD · AM = AE · AD. Therefore, A has equal power
with respect to the circumcircles of DP G and the EP F , and thus A lies on line P Q, the
radical axis.

10. (IMO 1995) Let A, B, C, and D be four distinct points on a line, in that order. The
circles with diameters AC and BD intersect at X and Y . The line XY meets BC at Z.
Let P be a point on the line XY other than Z. The line CP intersects the circle with
diameter AC at C and M , and the line BP intersects the circle with diameter BD at B
and N . Prove that the lines AM , DN , and XY are concurrent.

Solution.

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Trinity Training 2011 Power of a Point Yufei Zhao

M
X N

P
A B C D

By power of a point, we have P M · P C = P X · P Y = P N · P B, so B, C, M, N are

concyclic. Note that ∠AM C = ∠BN D = 90◦ since they are subtended by diameters AC
ad BD, respectively. Hence ∠M N D = 90◦ + ∠M N B = 90◦ + ∠M CA = 180◦ − ∠M AD.
Therefore A, D, N, M are concyclic. Since AM , DN , XY are the three radical axes for
the circumcircles of AM XC, BXN D, and AM N D, they concur at the radical center.