Flud Zed
Flud Zed
Flud Zed
Contents
1 FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR (FBR) ........................................................................................ 2
1.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 2
1.2 Applications A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) ......................................................... 2
2 Advantages ......................................................................................................................... 3
3 BEHAVIOUR OF FLUIDIZED BED......................................................................................... 4
4 Minimum Fluidization Velocity: ....................................................................................... 5
5 Objective .............................................................................................................................. 5
6 Fluidized bed reactor ........................................................................................................ 6
7 Fluidized bed reactor Process......................................................................................... 6
8 Mass Transfer In Fluidized Beds........................................................................................ 6
9 Types of Fluidized bed reactor ....................................................................................... 6
10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Fluidized Bed reactors .............................. 7
11 Design Parameters and Criteria for FBR ................................................................... 8
12 Applications of FBR ......................................................................................................... 9
13 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 10
2 Advantages
Uniform Particle Mixing: Due to the intrinsic fluid-like behavior of the solid material, fluidized
beds do not experience poor mixing as in packed beds. This complete mixing allows for a
uniform product that can often be hard to achieve in other reactor designs. The elimination of
radial and axial concentration gradients also allows for better fluid-solid contact, which is
essential for reaction efficiency and quality.
Uniform Temperature Gradients: Many chemical reactions require the addition or removal of
heat. Local hot or cold spots within the reaction bed, often a problem in packed beds, are
avoided in a fluidized situation such as an FBR. In other reactor types, these local temperature
differences, especially hotspots, can result in product degradation. Thus FBRs are well suited
to exothermic reactions. Also bed-to-surface heat transfer coefficients for FBRs are high.
Ability to Operate Reactor in Continuous State: The fluidized bed nature of these reactors
allows for the ability to continuously withdraw product and introduce new reactants into the
reaction vessel. Operating at a continuous process state allows manufacturers to produce their
various products more efficiently due to the removal of start-up conditions in batch processes.
The fluidized-bed reactor has the ability to process large volumes of fluid. For the catalytic
cracking of petroleum naphthas to form gasoline blends, for example, the virtues of the fluidized-
bed reactor drove its competitors from the market. Fluidization occurs when small solid particles
are suspended in an upward flowing stream of fluid.
The fluid velocity is sufficient to suspend the particles, but it is not large enough to carry them out
of the vessel. The solid particles swirl around the bed rapidly, creating excellent mixing among
them. The material “fluidized” is almost always a solid and the “fluidizing medium” is either a
liquid or gas. The characteristics and behavior of a fluidized bed are strongly dependent on both
the solid and liquid or gas properties. Nearly all the significant commercial applications of
fluidized-bed technology concern gas-solid systems, so these will be treated in this section.
It is a process for destroying fluoride in a gas containing such fluoride by contacting the gas with
a fluidized bed of metal particles capable of reacting with such fluoride wherein the metal particles
have a particle size essentially no greater than approximately 300 microns. The process can be
conducted in parallel connected switching fluidized beds wherein the beds are switched based
upon achieving a predetermined bed height expansion based upon the reaction of the metal
particles with such fluoride
Wastewater treatment process involves the physical, chemical and Biological unit operations. The
chemical and biological unit processes is carried out in vessels or tanks commonly known as
reactors.
Various types of reactors are use for wastewater treatment. Among, Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR)
is one of the recent methods used in this field. The basic concept of the process consists of passing
wastewater up through a packed bed of particles at a velocity sufficient to fluidize the particles.
As the flow of the wastewater passes upward through the biological bed, very dense concentrations
of microorganisms growing on the surface of the bed particles consume the biodegradable waste
contaminants in the liquid. Various types of packing materials can be used.FBR combines the best
features of activated sludge and trickling filtration into one process.
3. BEHAVIOUR OF FLUIDIZED BED
Fluidization is an operation by which the beds of solid particles are transformed into a fluid like
state through contact with a fluid. The fluidized bed offers the advantage of proper mixing over
other contacting methods in which the bed materials are fully suspended in a fluid stream. Several
factors affect the bed behaviour out of which the following parameters have been studied in the
present work for knowing the quality of fluidization.
Minimum Fluidization Velocity (umf)
Bed Pressure Drop (ΔP)
Bed Expansion Ratio (R)
Bed Fluctuation Ratio (r)
Fluidization quality (FQ)
At gas flow rates above the point of minimum fluidization, a fluidized bed appears much like a
vigorously boiling liquid; bubbles of gas rise rapidly and burst on the surface, and the emulsion
phase is thoroughly agitated. The bubbles form very near the bottom of the bed, very close to the
distributor plate and as a result the design of the distributor plate has a significant effect on
fluidized-bed characteristics. Catalytic reactions in dense bubbling fluidized beds usually use fine
Geldart A solids that have a very small minimum fluidizing velocity. Consequently, industrial
operations are usually run at many multiples of umf, or with u0/umf >>1, ub/umf >>1. For this
situation, Kunii and Levenspiel proposed a “bubbling bed model”. It is based on following
assumptions:
Fresh feed gas containing reactant A at CAi enters the bed and, on contact with the fine catalyst
powder, reacts there according to a first-order reaction.
The bed consists of three regions: bubble, cloud and emulsion, with the wake region considered
to be part of the cloud. We designate these regions by the letters b, c, and e; we designate the
reactant concentration at any level in these regions as CAb, CAc, and CAe, respectively.
At low gas velocities in the range of fluidization, the rising bubbles contain very few solid particles.
The remainder of the bed has a much higher concentration of solids in it and is known as the
emulsion phase of the fluidized bed. The bubbles are shown as the bubble phase. The cloud phase
is an intermediate phase between the bubble and emulsion phases. After the drag exerted on the
particles equals the net gravitational force exerted on the particles, that is
ΔP = g(ρc −ρg) (1 − ε)h (3.2)
For Rep < 10, the minimum fluidization velocity is given by:
Additionally, identifying the types, advantages and disadvantages, design parameters and
applications of the process are the specific objectives of the pepper.
6. If FBR is operated properly, there is no need to provide secondary setting tank, which leads to
a saving in the total cost of plant.
7. The system operation is simple and reliable
Disadvantages
Main disadvantage of FBR is the pumping power required to operate and the proper design of
inlet and outlet arrangement for proper distribution of flow.
Inert support. The FBR is operated at higher up flow liquid velocities of about 20m/hr. To provide
100 percent bed expansion. Effluent recycle is used to provide sufficient up flow velocity. The
reactor depth ranges from4 to 6m.Besides sand, other packing materials have been considered for
use in FBRs including diatomaceous earth, union and cation exchange resins, and activated carbon.
Solids capture is minimal in the anaerobic FBR due to the high turbulence and thin biofilms
developed. With little solids captured, the process is better suited for waste waters with mainly
soluble COD. Solids discharged in the effluent from the sloughed biofilm are minimized by biofilm
inventory in the reactor. As biomass accumulates on the FBR packing, the net particle density
decreases and the migrates to the top of the reactor. Periodic removal of these solids can control
biofilm sloughing and minimize effluent TSS concentration. The removed particles are
mechanically processed to separate the biomass from the sand, which is returned to the FBR. For
example; MacDonald, [40] reported the design criteria and evaluated the operating performance
of upflow-expanded bed biofilm reactors for denitrification at Rancho California Wastewater
Reclamation plant (Riverside County, Southern California), which has a design capacity of 23.6
MLD. The reactor is designed for a loading of 3.0 kg of NO3 – N per day per m-3 of expanded
bed volume. The upflow velocity is 0.4 cm s-1 and the reactor has an empty bed contact time of
10 minutes at design flows.
Table 1.Design Criteria for FBR of Rancho California Wastewater Reclamation plant.
8. Applications of FBR
Fluidized Bed Reactors have been extensively studied in wastewater treatment due to their
advantages such as accumulation of a large amount of biomass on the support media, high
organic loading rates, a high specific surface area, short retention times, and mixing
characteristics. Fluidized Bed Biofilm Reactors can be used for BOD removal, Nitrification
and Denitrification. Aerobic FBBRs are frequently used to treat groundwater contaminated
with hazardous substances. In these applications activated carbon is used for the packing to
provide both carbon adsorption and biological degradation.
10 REFERENCES
1. Keavins, D. L., ed. Fluidization Technology, vol. I and II. Washington, D.C.:Hemisphere
Publishing Co. in association with McGraw-Hill I(1975), II(1976).
2. Davidson, J. F., and D. L. Keairns, Fluidization. Proceedings of the Second Engineering
Foundation Conference, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
3. Kunii, D., and O. Levenspiel, Fluidization Engineering, 2nd Ed., (Boston: Butterworth, 1991).
4. Pollution Prevention and Abatement: Phosphate Fertilizer Plants, Draft Technical Background
Document, Environment Department, Washington, D.C. World Bank, 1996.
5. Kunii, D. and Levenspiel, O., Fluidization Engineering, 2nd edn., p.431-436,Butterworth-
Heineman, Boston, 1991.
6. Grace, J. R., and J. M. Matsen, Fluidization. New York: Plenum Press, 1980.