2 - Characteristics of An RF System: Additive Noise
2 - Characteristics of An RF System: Additive Noise
2 - Characteristics of An RF System: Additive Noise
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Additive Noise
1 – Thermal Noise
- Due to thermal movement of charge carriers
- It is associated to all resistors or lossy components
- Uniform spectral density (white noise) highly
de-correlated
2 2
vn 4 RkTf in 4GkTf
vn
2 or in
2
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.1
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Additive Noise
• Noise Added by a Resistor
The equivalent noise power,
in
Z(f) Z(f)* Pn, of the impedance Z(f) is:
Pn
Pn S n f df
f2
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.2
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Additive Noise
2 – Shot Noise
- Due to the discontinuous current nature in a junction (potential barrier)
- It is associated to all semiconductor junctions and to the thermionic
emission in electronic tubes
- Uniform power spectral density (white noise)
2qI DC f
2
in
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.3
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Equivalent Noise Bandwidth
• Equivalent Noise Bandwidth
R
4kTR H f df
2 2
2 V0
H(f) V0 0
4kTR H f Max Bn
2
4kTRdf
1
H f df
2
The Equivalent Noise Bandwidth is given by: Bn
H f Max
2 0
0 L ( Q 0 RC )
Simple RLC resonator: Q
R
f f0
Bw 0 and Bn
Q 2 Q
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.4
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Equivalent Noise Bandwidth
Useful Signal Average Power
• Signal-to-Noise Ratio SNR
Noise Average Power
• Selectivity
Ps
SNR
S n Bn
If Bw f ; SNR if Bn
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.5
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Noise Factor
• Noise Factor (or Noise Figure)
RS
Na
NS Nso+Nao
N so N ao kTo kTe T
NF 1 or NF 1 e
N so kTo To
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.6
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Noise Factor
• Noise Factor and Signal-to-Noise Ratio
NS
RS
Na
SS
+
G So= G.SS
-
N so N ao N o G S s SNRi
NF 1
N so G N s So SNRo
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.7
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Noise Factor
• Noise Factor of an Attenuator
NS
RS
Na
+
SS -
G No = Nso + Nao = G.Ns + Nao=Ns
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.8
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Noise Factor
• Noise Factor of a Network Cascade (Friis Formula)
RS
Na1 Na2
NS G1 G2 No=Nso+Nao
NF1 NF2
G1 N s N a1 G2 N s N a 2
NF1 NF2
G1 N s G2 N s
G2 G1 N s N a1 N a 2 NF2 1
NF NF1
G1 G2 N s G1
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.9
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Noise Factor
• Noise Factor of a Network Cascade (Friis Formula) (cont.)
In general:
The 1st Stage determines the Noise Factor if its Gain is Sufficiently High !
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.10
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Noise Factor
Four Noise Parameters:
NFmin 2
Γ S Γ opt
IS YS Rn YL NF NFmin 4 rn
2 2
Ysopt (1 Γ S ) 1 Γ opt
Only depends on the Two-Port, [NFmin, Rn, Sopt], and on the Source Termination, S
It is invariant with the Load Termination !
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.11
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Oscillator Phase-Noise
• Phase-Noise in the RF System’s Oscillators
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.12
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
System’s Sensitivity
• System’s Sensitivity
Si
SNRo
Noi = NF kTB
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.13
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
System’s Sensitivity Calculation
GSM BTS Receiver Example
- Antenna-Receiver Coaxial Cable with Gc 1.5dB 0.71 NFc 1.5dB 1.41
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.14
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
System’s Sensitivity Calculation
GSM BTS Receiver Example
- Antenna-Receiver Coaxial Cable with Gc 1.5dB 0.71 NFc 1.5dB 1.41
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.15
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
System’s Sensitivity Calculation
GSM BTS Receiver Example
If,
Noise Factor : NF = 5.4 dB Sensitivity : Si = -105 dBm
MS Transmitted Power : Pt = 1 W (33 dBm)
MS Antenna Gain : GaTX = 0 dB BTS Antenna Gain : GaRX = 10 dB
MS Altitude: hMS = 1 m BTS Altitude: GaRX = 20 m
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.16
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Nonlinear System’s Properties
X(t)
S Y(t) xt x1 t y t y1 t
xt x2 t y t y2 t
If xt K1 x1 t K 2 x2 t y t K1 y1 t K 2 y2 t
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.17
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Nonlinear System’s Properties
• Linearity and Nonlinearity
Nonlinear System
X(t)
S Y(t) xt x1 t y t y1 t
xt x2 t y t y2 t
If xt K1 x1 t K 2 x2 t y t ??
K 30 x1 t K 21 x1 t x2 t K12 x1 t x2 t K 03 x2 t L
3 2 2 3
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.18
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Nonlinear System’s Properties
• All Active Devices are Nonlinear
Amp
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DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Nonlinear System’s Properties
• 1st Order or Linear Response
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.22
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Nonlinear System’s Properties
2nd Order
0 2 0 0 -21 1/4.A1*2. H2(-1,-1)
Harmonic
0 0 2 0 1 1/4.A12 . H2(1,1)
Distortion
0 0 0 2 2 1/4. A22 . H2(2,2)
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.23
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Nonlinear System’s Properties
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.24
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Nonlinear System’s Properties
• 3rd Order Response
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.25
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Nonlinear System’s Properties
• 3rd Order Response (cont.)
Mixing Vector Response
m-2 m-1 m1 m2 Frequency - Response Amplitude Response Type
m
2 1 0 0 2-1
- 3/8.A1*. A2*2. H3(-2,-2,-1)
1 2 0 0 1-2
- 3/8.A1*2. A2*. H3(-2,-1,-1) Intermodulation
2 0 1 0 21
- 2,-
3/8.A1. A2*2. H3(- 2,
1) Distortion
0 2 0 1 12
- 3/8.A1*2. A2. H3(-1,-1,-2)
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.26
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Nonlinear System’s Properties
• 3rd Order Response (cont.)
(Phase Shift)
0 2 1 0 -1 3/8.A1*. |A1|2. H3(-1,-1,1)
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.27
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Nonlinear System Characterization
CW Characterization
ATT HPA
CW Generator DUT Spectrum and
Network Analyzers
AM/AM AM/PM
GainT
Phase
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.28
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Nonlinear System Characterization
Two-Tone Characterization
3dB
ATT HPA
DUT
Spectrum Analyzer
2 CW Generators
Some mixing products appear in spectral positions that are separated from the fundamentals
improving the characterization’s accuracy.
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.29
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Intermodulation Distortion
Two-Tone Characterization
Small-Signal Zone
Poutsinal rises at 1dB/dB
PoutDist rises at 3db/dB
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.30
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Intermodulation Distortion
Multi-Tone Characterization
To assess the Interference on the Adjacent-Channel we measure the
Adjacent-Channel Power Ratio, ACPR :
0 Bw / 2 0 Bw / 2
-5
-15
Potência Normalizada [dB]
-25
-35
-45
Sinal
-55
In the small-signal zone: ACPRI,S ¾ IMR2
-65
-75
ACPI ACPS
-85
1.85 1.87 1.89 1.91 1.93 1.96 1.98 2.00 2.02 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.10 2.12 2.14
Frequência [GHz]
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.31
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Intermodulation Distortion
Multi-Tone Characterization
An alternative ACPR definition, popular in wireless systems, is:
0 Bw / 2 0 Bw / 2
So ( ) d So ( ) d
5
0 Bw / 2 0 Bw / 2
,
0 Bw / 2 f RBw / 2 0 Bw / 2 f RBw / 2
-5
Sd ( ) d Sd ( ) d
-15
Normalized Power [dB]
-55
f f
-65
-75
ACPI ACPS An RBw typical value is RBw = 30kHz
-85
1.85 1.87 1.89 1.91 1.93 1.96 1.98 2.00 2.02 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.10 2.12 2.14
Frequency [GHz]
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.32
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Intermodulation Distortion
Multi-Tone Characterization
HPA ATT
Arbitrary Waveform DUT
Spectrum
Generator
Analyzer
5
-5
-15
Normalized Power [dB]
-25
-35
-45
-55
Co-Channel Distortion
-65
Uncorrelated Distortion
-75 Correlated Distortion (Signal)
Normalized Output Power
-85
1.85 1.87 1.89 1.91 1.93 1.96 1.98 2.00 2.02 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.10 2.12 2.14
Frequency [GHz]
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.33
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Intermodulation Distortion
Multi-Tone Characterization
To assess Co-Channel we can use a test of Noise Power Ratio, NPR :
-5
-15
In the Small-Signal Zone:
NPR
Normalized Power [dB]
-25
NPR(0) 1/6 IMR2
-35
-45
and
-55 NPR(0 Bw/2) 1/4 IMR2
-65
-75
-85
1.85 1.87 1.89 1.91 1.93 1.96 1.98 2.00 2.02 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.10 2.12 2.14
Frequency [GHz]
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.34
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Intermodulation Distortion
1dB de Compression Point
Large-Signal Zone
Poutsignal manifests obvious
Gain Compression (or Gain Expansion)
Since P1dB is a measure of the signal distortion, it is determined by the linear components. It
has, therefore, little value in mobile communication systems where very large Signal-to-
IMD ratios are required.
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.35
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Intermodulation Distortion
3rd Order Intercept Point
Small-Signal Zone
Poutsignal rises at 1dB/dB
PoutDist rises at 3db/dB
PS dB GdB Pin dB
C I dBc IMR2 2 IP3dB PS dB
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.36
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Intermodulation Distortion
3rd Order Intercept Point of a Weakly Nonlinear Two-Port Cascade
RS
G1 Gm GM
VS
IP3,1 IP3,m IP3,M
Contrary to additive noise, the distortion of any stage is correlated with the one generated in
all other stages. Therefore, it should be added in phase (voltage not power).
However, because the exact determination of this phase relationship requires complex
nonlinear analysis techniques, we will assume an average situation where all distortion
components are uncorrelated, and thus added in power.
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.37
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Intermodulation Distortion
3rd Order Intercept Point of a Weakly Nonlinear Two-Port Cascade
So, as we did for noise, we will start by the simplest case of a cascade of 2 two-ports.
According to the definition of the 3rd order Intercept Point, the IMD power at the output of
the first network is:
PS3 G1 Pin3
PIMDdB 3PS dB 2 IP3,1odB or PIMD
IP32o,1 IP32i ,1
and so its distortion contribution to the output of the 2 two-port cascade is:
This shows that, contrary to what happened to the noise contributions, nonlinear distortion
of the last stages (where signal level is higher) is more important.
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.38
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Intermodulation Distortion
3rd Order Intercept Point of a Weakly Nonlinear Two-Port Cascade
Adding up these two contributions, leads to a total output IMD power of:
Since the output signal power is PS = G1G2Pin , the IP3i can be calculated from
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.39
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Intermodulation Distortion
3rd Order Intercept Point of a Weakly Nonlinear Two-Port Cascade
RS
G1 Gm GM
VS
IP3,1 IP3,m IP3,M
The desired generalization of this result to a cascade of M two-port networks is now obvious,
leading to:
1
IP3i
1 G12
2 ...
G1...Gm 1 2
...
G1...GM 1 2
2 2
IP3i ,1 IP3i , 2 IP3i , m IP32i , M
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.40
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Dynamic Range
It is the Ratio between the Maximum and Minimum Detectable Signal Levels:
DRdB PinMax dB Pinmin dB
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.41
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
Dynamic range Calculation as a Function of IP3, Si and SNRo
2 1
DRdB IP3idBm SidBm SNRodB
3 2
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DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
The Dynamic-Range and the System’s Architecture
The block-diagram of a RF Tx/Rx is determined by the dynamic-range
maximization:
- High Gain and High Selectivity maximize SNR
- Small-Signal Level minimizes IMD
0 L ( Q 0 RC )
FPB - RLC: Q
R
f0 f0
Bw Bn
Q 2 Q
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.43
DETI-UA
2 – Characteristics of an RF System
The Dynamic-Range and the System’s Architecture
The Wireless Super-Heterodyne Tx/Rx I/Q Architecture:
Profs. José Carlos Pedro and Pedro Miguel Cabral Electronics for Telecommunications - 2018/2019 2.44