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Project Class 12 On Polymers

This document is a chemistry project report submitted by Vasu Bhushan, a class 12 student, to his teacher Shashi Mam. It discusses polymers and includes a certification from Shashi Mam that Vasu has completed the project as expected and per CBSE guidelines. Vasu thanks Shashi Mam for her guidance and for giving him the opportunity to do this project, which helped him research and learn about polymers. The project then goes into various classifications and types of polymers as well as examples and applications.

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Vasu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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922 views18 pages

Project Class 12 On Polymers

This document is a chemistry project report submitted by Vasu Bhushan, a class 12 student, to his teacher Shashi Mam. It discusses polymers and includes a certification from Shashi Mam that Vasu has completed the project as expected and per CBSE guidelines. Vasu thanks Shashi Mam for her guidance and for giving him the opportunity to do this project, which helped him research and learn about polymers. The project then goes into various classifications and types of polymers as well as examples and applications.

Uploaded by

Vasu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Central Board of

Secondary
Education

Chemistry project
polymers

Submitted to : shashi mam

Submitted by : Vasu Bhushan

Class : XII Sci B (non med)

Board Roll No : 2634353


This is to certify that Vasu Bhushan of
class XII Science of Ajanta public
school has completed his project under
my supervision. He has taken proper care
and shown utmost sincerity in completion
of this project

I certify this project up to my expectation


and as per guidelines issued by CBSE

MRS SHASHI MAM


(CHEMISTRY TEACHER)
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my chemistry teacher Mrs shashi
mam who gave me this golden opportunity,
valuable suggestions and guidance to do this
wonderful project which helped me doing a lot
of research and I also came to know about so
many new thing.
POLYMERS
Polymers are substances containing a large
number of structural units joined by the same
type of linkage. These substances often form
into a chain-like structure. Polymers in the
natural world have been around since the
beginning of time. Starch, cellulose, and
rubber all possess polymeric properties. Man-
made polymers have been studied since 1832.
Today, the polymer industry has grown to be
larger than the aluminum, copper and steel
industries combined.
Polymers already have a range of applications
that far exceeds that of any other class of
material available to man. Current applications
extend from adhesives, coatings, foams, and
packaging materials to textile and industrial
fibers, composites, electronic devices,
biomedical devices, optical devices, and
precursors for many newly developed high-
tech ceramics.

Classification of
polymers

• 1. Natural polymers These polymers are


found in plants and animals. Examples are
proteins, cellulose, starch, resins and
rubber.
• 2. Semi-synthetic polymers Cellulose
derivatives as cellulose acetate (rayon) and
cellulose nitrate, etc. are the usual
examples of this sub category.

• 3. Synthetic polymers A variety of


synthetic polymers as plastic (polythene),
synthetic fibres (nylon 6,6) and synthetic
rubbers (Buna – S) are examples of man-
made polymers extensively used in daily life
as well as in industry. There are three
different types based on the structure of
the polymers.

Structural polymers
• 1. Linear polymers on Structure These polymers
consist of long and straight chains. The examples of
Polymers are high density polythene, polyvinyl chloride,
etc.

2. Branched chain polymers • These polymers contain


linear chains having some branches, e.g., low density
polythene.

• 3. Cross linked or Network polymers These are


usually formed from bi-functional and tri-functional
monomers and contain strong covalent bonds between
various linear polymer chains, e.g. bakelite, melamine,

Addition polymers
• Addition polymers are formed from repeated units of
monomer units possessing double and triple bonds.
• Polymers formed by addition of two different
polymers are called co-polymers

Condensation polymers
• The condensation polymers are formed by repeated
condensation reaction between two different bi-
functional or tri-functional monomeric units. In these
polymerisation reactions, the elimination of small
molecules such as water, alcohol, hydrogen chloride,
etc. take place. • The examples are terylene (dacron),
nylon 6, 6, nylon 6, etc. For example, nylon 6, 6 is
formed by the condensation of hexamethylene diamine
with adipic acid.
Classification of polymers based
on molecular forces

• A large number of polymer applications in different


fields depend on their unique mechanical properties
like tensile strength, elasticity, toughness, etc. These
mechanical properties are governed by intermolecular
forces, e.g., van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds,
present in the polymer.
• These forces also bind the polymer chains. Under this
category, the polymers are classified into the following
four sub groups on the basis of magnitude of
intermolecular forces present in them.

elastomers

• These are rubber – like solids with elastic properties.


In these elastomeric polymers, the polymer chains are
held together by the weakest intermolecular forces.
These weak binding forces permit the polymer to be
stretched. • A few ‘crosslinks’ are introduced in
between the chains, which help the polymer to retract
to its original position after the force is released as in
vulcanised rubber. The examples are buna-S, buna-N,
neoprene, etc.

Fibers
• Fibres are the thread forming solids which possess
high tensile strength and high modulus. These
characteristics can be attributed to the strong
intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding.
• These strong forces also lead to close packing of
chains and thus impart crystalline nature. The examples
are polyamides (nylon 6, 6), polyesters (terylene), etc.

Thermoplastic polymers
• These are the linear or slightly branched long chain
molecules capable of repeatedly softening on heating
and hardening on cooling. These polymers possess
intermolecular forces of attraction intermediate
between elastomers and fibres. Some common
thermoplastics are polythene, polystyrene, polyvinyls,
etc

Thermosetting polymers
• These polymers are cross linked or heavily branched
molecules, which on heating undergo extensive cross
linking in moulds and again become infusible. These
cannot be reused. Some common examples are
bakelite, urea-formaldelyde resins, etc.
copolymerisation
• Copolymerisation is a polymerisation reaction in
which a mixture of more than one monomeric species
is allowed to polymerise and form a copolymer. The
copolymer can be made not only by chain growth
polymerisation but by step growth polymerisation also.
It contains multiple units of each monomer used in the
same polymeric chain. For example, a mixture of 1, 3 –
butadiene and styrene can form a copolymer.

RUBBER
1. Natural rubber
• Rubber is a natural polymer and possesses elastic
properties. It is also termed as elastomer and has a
variety of uses. It is manufactured from rubber latex
which is a colloidal dispersion of rubber in water. •
Natural rubber may be considered as a linear polymer
of isoprene (2-methyl-1, 3- butadiene) and is also
called as cis – 1, 4 – polyisoprene.

• Vulcanisation of rubber:
Natural rubber becomes soft at high temperature
(>335 K) and brittle at low temperatures (On
vulcanisation, sulphur forms cross links at the reactive
sites of double bonds and thus the rubber gets
stiffened. The probable structures of vulcanised rubber
molecules are depicted below:
Preparation of synthetic
rubbers
• 1. Neoprene
Neoprene or polychloroprene is formed by the free
radical polymerisation of chloroprene.

2. Buna – N
Buna –N is obtained by the copolymerisation of 1, 3 –
butadiene and acrylonitrile in the presence of a
peroxide catalyst.
Biodegradable polymers

1. Poly β -hydroxybutyrate – co-β-hydroxy valerate


(PHBV)
• It is obtained by the copolymerisation of 3-
hydroxybutanoic acid and 3 – hydroxypentanoic acid.
PHBV is used in speciality packaging, orthopaedic
devices and in controlled release of drugs. PHBV
undergoes bacterial degradation in the environment.

Classification based on
growth polymers
• There are two broad types of polymerisation
reactions, i.e., the addition or chain growth
polymerisation and condensation or step growth
polymerisation.
Addition Polymerisation or Chain Growth
Polymerisation
• In this type of polymerisation, the molecules of the
same monomer or diferent monomers add together on
a large scale to form a polymer. The monomers used
are unsaturated compounds, e.g., alkenes, alkadienes
and their derivatives. This mode of polymerisation
leading to an increase in chain length or chain growth
can take place through the formation of either free
radicals or ionic species. However, the free radical
governed addition or chain growth polymerisation is
the most common mode.

•Free radical mechanism:


The polymerisation of ethene to polythene consists of
heating or exposing to light a mixture of ethene with a
small amount of benzoyl peroxide initiator. The process
starts with the addition of phenyl free radical formed
by the peroxide to the ethene double bond thus
generating a new and larger free radical. This step is
called chain initiating step. As this radical reacts with
another molecule of ethene, another bigger sized
radical is formed. The repetition of this sequence with
new and bigger radicals carries the reaction forward
and the step is termed as chain propagating step.
Ultimately, at some stage the product radical thus
formed reacts with another radical to form the
polymerised product.

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