2016-10-07

CE 5605: Traffic Management & Intelligent Transport Systems CE 5605: Traffic Management & Intelligent Transport Systems

Sources:

Amarasekara R.M., 2013, Slides for CE5605 Traffic

Road Signs, Markings and Management & Intelligent Transport Systems

Roadside Information Hunt JD, 2013, Slides for ENCI 575: Transportation
Engineering II: Traffic Systems Design and Operation

MoH&RD & RDA, Manual On Traffic Control Devices: Part I

Second Edition

Dimantha De Silva

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Traffic Control Devices

• Default Driving Rules
• Road Markings
• Signs
– Static vs Dynamic (variable message sign, VMS)
• Intersection Signals
• Barriers
– medians, channelization, speed humps, bus traps
• Ramp Metering Signals

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Legal Aspect Legal Responsibility

• Motor Traffic Act • Following persons and Authorities shall have
• In accordance with Government Gazette the jurisdiction to provide TCD
• Police Officer not below the rank of the Assistant Superintendent
(Extraordinary) No. 444/19 dated 13.03.87 of Police, for the purpose of any temporary regulation of traffic.
under Section 237 along with Section 164 • Local Authority of any area in the case of a road in charge of that
Local Authority.
• The legal responsibility for making • Road Development Authority in the case of roads coming within
regulations for the provision of Traffic Control the purview of the Authority.
• Sri Lanka Central Transport Board or a Regional Transport Board
Devices lies with the Minister of Transport in in concurrence with the Road Development Authority or the Local
accordance with the Section 237 of the Motor Authority and the Police for the purpose of indicating:
– (1) Place set apart for the parking of omnibuses belonging to such Boards.
Traffic Act (Chapter 203) as amended by the – (2) Places of Bus Stops for omnibuses belonging to the Boards.

Act No. 21 of 1981.

Traffic Control Devices Uniformity

• Manual on Traffic Control Devices (MTCD)
• Intervention – Published by Ministry of Highways & Road
• Where physical road elements on their own Development And Road Development Authority
do not (or ‘fail’ to?) guide drivers sufficiently – Terminology in MTCD
– avoid collisions (safety) • Shall - Mandatory
• Should - Advisory
– avoid excessive delay (capacity)
• May - Permissive
• Provide further guidance and control
• Sri Lanka is a Signatory to the convention for
adoption of international Traffic Signs in
Geneva 1968.
‘kind of like pointing out imperfections’ • TCD are uniform in terms of shape, size and
colour.

Traffic Control Devices Traffic Control Devices

• Basic Purpose: • Design Principle: Provide guidance
– clearly assign right-of-way to drivers – clear
– ensure orderly predictable movement of all traffic – brief and concise
– provide greater safety – readable and understandable
– facilitate more efficient effective traffic movement • Requirements in MTDC:
• Basic Functions: – fulfill a need
– regulate – command attention (size, colour, repetition, lights)
– advise – clear simple meaning
– guide (in large-scale way-finding) – command respect
– inform – provide adequate time for proper response
– channel (at small-scale)

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Traffic Control Devices

• Default Driving Rules
• Road Markings
• Signs
– Static vs Dynamic (variable message sign, VMS)
• Intersection Signals
• Barriers
– medians, channelization, speed humps, bus traps
• Ramp Metering Signals

Good Design
– clear – benefit of uniformity
– brief and concise
– readable and understandable
– command attention (size, shape colour)
– command respect
– driver behaviour ‘almost’ unconscious

North American Road

Driven on right side

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Good Design – also concerns placement

– noticeable
– uncluttered
– provide time (distance) for driver response

North American Road

Driven on right side

Bad Design
– cluttered
– unclear

North American Road

Driven on right side

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Sign Standards
• Reduce Information Processing for Driver

• Avoid Words
• Use Shapes and Colours
• Uniformity

Sign Visibility Sign Visibility

• Sheeting types
– Engineer Grade
• Older signs within life cycle
– High Intensity
• Warning, speed control, regulatory etc.
– Diamond Grade
• Guide signs - overhead
• Regulatory - lane control, stops, yields, one-
way
• Detour signage

Sign Visibility Signs

• Type of Traffic Signs
• Danger Warning Signs
• Regulatory Signs
• Informative Signs

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Sign Shapes and Colours

Regulatory
Danger Warning Signs
Warning
Guide
Services
Construction Work Zone
Category Background Object or Letters
Colour(s) Colour(s)
Regulatory Red White
Regulatory – Speed Limits White Red
Regulatory – Parking Blue Red
Warning Yellow Black
Street Names and Route Markers Green White
Information Blue White
Work Zones and Detours Orange Black

Merge Sign

• Merge sign placed in

advance of a merge
• two signs in conjunction
– Placed in gore

– Placed beside taper

Refer Manual of Traffic Control Devices

Regulatory Signs Regulatory Signs

1. Prohibitory Signs 1. Prohibitory Signs
2. Restrictive signs 2. Restrictive signs
3. Mandatory Signs 3. Mandatory Signs
4. Priority Signs 4. Priority Signs

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Regulatory Signs Special Regulatory Signs

Mandatory Signs

1. Prohibitory Signs
2. Restrictive signs
3. Mandatory Signs
4. Priority Signs

Sign Examples - Canada Sign Examples – 2009 Canada

Sign Examples - India Sign Examples - Japan

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Informative Signs Informative Signs

• Advance Direction Signs • Direction Signs
• Map Type

• Overhead Mounted
• Stack Type

Informative Signs
• Lane Assignment Manufacturing
• Three or more Approaching Lanes
• High Traffic Volumes
• High Speed Traffic
• Insufficient space for ground mounting
• Complicates interchange
• Large percentage of trucks

Design Sheet – from Calgary Simulation

• General Rules

North American Road

Driven on right side

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Simulation Examples
• General Rules

North American Road North American Road

Driven on right side Driven on right side

Examples Examples

North American Road North American Road

Driven on right side Driven on right side

Examples Examples
• Timing for installation critical

North American Road North American Road

Driven on right side Driven on right side

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Examples Examples

North American Road

Driven on right side

Examples Examples
Guide and Info Signs

North American Road North American Road

Driven on right side Driven on right side

Installation of Traffic signs

• Position – Left Hand Side
• Over head signs - wide roads with high
speed travel
• Overhead signs 5m above road pavement
• Signs should be vertical but on grades it can
be tilted
• Lateral Clearance – at least 1.25m from
travel way
• Adequate distance
North American Road
Driven on right side

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Installation of Traffic signs Speed Limits

• Drivers almost never left to judge appropriate
upper bound speed
• Setting speed limit:
– consider distribution of observed speeds,
perhaps set limit at 85 percentile
– use 5 or 10 km/h rounding
• Just a guideline – Should be places on the best location to – keep under design speed (geometry and sight
suite the environment. distances)
– account for roadside environment and activity
– draw on and react to collision history

Speed Limits Speed Limits

– help road function as designed, provide for • Different types of speed limits
efficient and effective traffic movement, – linear - along a particular stretch of a road
so not too slow
– area-wide
– avoid creating ‘duck ponds’
– night
– appreciate political element
– truck
– minimum
– variable

Advanced Warning Speed Advisory

for Speed Drops
• Used to warn drivers that they are
approaching a speed reduction. • Recommendation rather than Regulation
– non-compliance penalty: physical rather than legal
• Always followed by a speed limit sign.
– consider passenger comfort
• The distance from the warning sign to the
– can provide greater margin of safety
posted speed sign is governed by the desired
– in general on tight curves and freeway ramps
transition (ie. 80-60 km/h) and the slope of
– consider uniformity
the roadway.
and driver conditioning

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Variable Speed Limits Variable Speed Limits

• Element of Intelligent Transportation Systems • Element of Intelligent Transportation Systems
(ITS) (ITS)
– monitor flow at locations, watching for slowdowns
• vehicle presence detectors
• speed detectors
– monitor environmental conditions
– identify appropriate speed limits for changed road
conditions
– display speeds on variable signs
– can provide more complete guidance in
combination with lane specific and message signs

Variable Traffic Management (ITS) Traffic Control Devices

• Default Driving Rules
• Road Markings
• Signs
– Static vs Dynamic (variable message sign, VMS)
• Intersection Signals
• Barriers
– medians, channelization, speed humps, bus traps
• Ramp Metering Signals

Road marking Classification of road markings

• Transverse marking- right angle to center line
• Convey message to road users on continuous of the road surface
basis
• Longitudinal Marking – Parallel to the center
• Clear markings allow effective traffic line of the road
management
• Pedestrian crossing marking
• Continuous lines generally restrictive and
broken lines generally permissive • Worded markings, Arrows and Box Junctions
• Colours of marking are white except at • Cycle or bus lanes
– Pedestrian crossings (yellow) • Parking Bays
– Parking restriction edge lines (yellow)
– Box junctions (yellow)

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Transverse marking Transverse marking

Transverse marking Transverse marking

Longitudinal Marking Longitudinal Marking

• Center line Marking
– Divide 2 lane roads
• Lane Marking
– Provided with roads with Minimum 6m width – Provides for the division of the road surface int o
traffic lanes

• Centerline Marking with reflective studs

– Arterial roads with high traffic at night

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Longitudinal Marking Longitudinal Marking

• Warning Marking • Single Continuous Line
– Warning to motorist of impending hazard and – Cannot cross except to turn
cautions the driver not to straddle unless its safe – Sight distance is poor.
– Longer marked length

Longitudinal Marking Longitudinal Marking

• Double Continuous line

Longitudinal Marking Longitudinal Marking

• Edge Line
• Recommended value of Visibility (s) by
assigned speeds

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Pedestrian Crossing Marking Pedestrian Crossing Marking

• Essential Road Markings • Essential Road Markings

Pelican Marking- Before/After Worded Markings

Lane Indication Arrows Lane Indication Arrows

• Correct lane to follow when approaching a

intersection or interchange.
• Nearest 15m from stop line
• Second 30m from the first line

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Box Junction Diagonal Hatched Marking

• Area within a junction a vehicle should not • Approach to a centre median or a island of a
wait stationary except for vehicles waiting to two way road.
turn right. • Indicate a area driver should not enter
• Deflects a driver away .

Chevron Marking Traffic Signal Lights

• Deflects drivers from a nose of a

channelissing island

Traffic Signal Lights Traffic Signal Lights

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Poor Signal Light Placement

Traffic Signal Lights

Traffic Signal Lights

Do we need it ?

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One Photo of a intresting Sign,

Marking or Information

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