ENGINEERS ACADEMY

Power Systems Power System Stability |1

QUESTION BANK

1. A cylindrical rotor generator delivers 0.5 pu power (a) 0.87 (b) 0.74
in the steady-state to an infinite bus through a (c) 0.67 (d) 0.54
transmission line of reactance 0.5 pu. The
generator no-load voltage is 1.5 pu and the infinite Common Data Questions 4 & 5:
bus voltage is 1 pu. The inertia constant of the A generator feeds power to an infinite bus through
generator is 5 MW-s/MVA and the generator a double circuit transmission line. A 3-phase fault
reactance is 1 pu. The critical clearing angle, in occurs at the middle point of one of the lines. The
degrees, for a three-phase dead short circuit fault infinite bus voltage is 1 pu, the transient internal
at the generator terminal is voltage of the generator is 1.1 pu and the
(a) 53.5 (b) 60.2 equivalent transfer admittance during fault is 0.8
(c) 70.8 (d) 79.6 pu. The 100 MVA generator has an inertia constant
2. A 500 MVA, 21 kV, 50 Hz, 3-phase, 2-pole of 5 MJ/MVA and it was delivering 1.0 pu power
synchronous generator having a rated p.f. 0.9, has prior of the fault with rotor power angle of 30º.
a moment of inertia of 27.5 × 103 kg–m2. The system frequency is 50 Hz.
The inertia constant (H) will be
4. The initial accelerating power (in pu) will be
(a) 2.44 (b) 2.71
(c) 4.88 (d) 5.42 (a) 1.0 (b) 0.6
3. Consider a synchronous generator connected to (c) 0.56 (d) 0.4
an infinite bus by two identical parallel transmission
5. If the initial accelerating power is X pu, the initial
lines. The transient reactance X of the generator
acceleration in elect deg/sec, and the inertia
is 0.1 pu and the mechanical power input to it, is
constant in MJ-sec/elect deg respectively will be
constant at 1.0 pu. Due to some previous
disturbance, the rotor angle () is undergoing an (a) 31.4 X, 18 (b) 1800 X, 0.056
undamped oscillation, with the maximum value of (c) X/1800, 0.056 (d) X/31.4, 18
(t) equal to 130º. One of the parallel lines trip due
to relay maloperation at an instant when (t) = 6. A generator with constant 1.0 p.u. terminal voltage
130º as shown in the figure. The maximum value supplies power through a step-up transformer of
of the per unit line reactance, X such that the 0.12 p.u. reactance and a double- circuit line to an
system does not loss synchronism subsequent to infinite bus bar as shown in the figure. The infinite
this tripping is bus voltage is maintained at 1.0 p.u. Neglecting
1.00º the resistances and susceptances of the system,
the steady state stability power limit of the system
X
X = 0.1pu is 6.25 p.u. If one of the double-circuit is tripped,
then resulting steady state stability power limit in
X
p.u. will be
1.0

(t) One line trips

130º

(a) 12.5 p.u. (b) 3.125 p.u.

t (c) 10.0 p.u. (d) 5.0 p.u.
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2| Power System Stability Electrical Engineering
7. A generator delivers power of 1.0 p.u. to an infinite with power P G in MW and costs C in Rs/h.
bus through a purely reactive network. The Determine (a) the most economical division of
maximum power that could be delivered by the load between the generators, and (b) and saving
generator is 2.0 p.u. A three-phase fault occurs at in Rs/day there by obtained compare to equal load
the terminals of the generator which reduces the sharing between machines.
generator output to zero. The fault is cleared after 11. The transient stability of the power system can
tc second. The original network is then restored. be effectively improved by
The maximum swing of the rotor angle is found (a) Excitation improved by
to be max = 110 electrical degree. Then the rotor
(b) Phase shifting transformer
angle in electrical degrees at t = tc
(c) Single pole switching of circuit breakers.
(a) 55 (b) 70
(d) Increasing the turbine valve opening
(c) 69.14 (d) 72.4
12. During a disturbance on a synchronous machine,
8. A generator feeds power, to an infinite bus which the rotor swings from A to B before finally settling
is maintained at 1 pu, through a double circuit down to a steady state at point C on the power
transmission line. A 3 fault occurs at the middle angle curve. The speed of the machine during
point of one of the lines. The transient internal oscillation is synchronous at point(s)
voltage of generator is 1.1 pu and equivalent
(a) A and B (b) A and C
transfer reactance during fault is 1.2 pu. If
mechanical input is maintained constant at 1 pu (c) B and C (d) only at C
and rotor angle was 30º. The initial accelerating 13. A 100 MVA, 11 kV, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 8-pole
power is synchronous generator has an inertia constant H
equal to 4 MJ/MVA. The stored energy in the
(a) 0.54 pu (b) 0.46 pu
rotor of the generator at synchronous speed will
(c) 0.32 pu (d) 0.63 pu
E
be H 
9. Three 50 Hz generating units operate in parallel G
within same generating station, have ratings
(a) 100 MJ (b) 400 MJ
G1: 11 kV, 200 MVA, 0.8 pf, 5 MJ/MVA
(c) 800 MJ (d) 12.5 MJ
G2: 11 kV, 500 MVA, 0.9 pf, 10 MJ/MVA
14. Steady state stability of a power system is the
G3: 11 kV, 100 MVA, 0.8 pf, 8 MJ/MVA ability of the power system to
The equivalent inertia constant on 500 MVA base (a) Maintain voltage at the rated voltage level.
is (b) Maintain frequency exactly at 50 Hz.
(a) 7.7 MJ/MVA (b) 13.6 MJ/MVA (c) Maintain a spinning reserve margin at all
times.
(c) 23 MJ/MVA (d) 10 MJ/MVA
(d) Maintain synchronism between machines and
10. A constant load of 300 MW is supplied by two
on external tie lines.
200 MW generators, 1 and 2, for which the
15. A power station consists of two synchronous
respective incremental fuel costs are
generators A & B of ratings 250 MVA and
dC1 500MVA with inertia 1.6 p.u. and 1.0 p.u.,
 0.1PG1  20 respectively on their own base MVA ratings. The
dPG1
equivalent p.u. inertia constant for the system on
100MVA common base is
dC2
 0.12 PG2  15 (a) 2.6 (b) 0.615
dPG 2
(c) 1.625 (d) 9.0

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Power Systems Power System Stability |3
16. In a system, there are two generators operating
in parallel. One generator, of rating 250 MVA,
has an inertia-constant of 6 MJ/MVA while the ~ V=1.00º
Xd
other generator of 150 MVA has an inertia- E
constant of 4 MJ/MVA. The inertia-constant for
19. A synchronous generator, having a reactance of
the combined system on 100 MVA common base
0.15 p.u., is connected to an infinite bus through
is ______ MJ/MVA.
two identical parallel transmission lines having
17. A synchronous motor is receiving 50% of the reactance of 0.3 p.u. each. In steady state, the
power, from an infinite bus. If the load on the generator is delivering 1 p.u. power to the infinite
motor is suddenly reduced to 80% of the previous bus. For a three phase fault at the receiving end
value, swing of the motor around its new
of one line, calculate the rotor angle at the end
equilibrium position.
of first time step of 0.05 seconds. Assume the
18. An alternator is connected to an infinite bus as voltage behind transient reactance for the
shown in figure. It delivers 1.0 p.u. current at 0.8 generator as 1.1 p.u. and infinite bus voltage as
p.f lagging at V = 1.0 p.u.. The reactance Xd of 1.0 p.u. Also indicate how the accelerating powers
the alternator is 1.2 p.u. Determine the active will be evaluated for the next time step if the
power output and the steady state power limit. breaker clears the fault, (i) at the end of an interval
Keeping the active power fixed, if the excitation (ii) at the middle of an interval.
is r educed, find the critical excitation
corresponding to operation at stability limit. 

# 100-102, Ram Nagar, Bambala Puliya

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4| Power System Stability Electrical Engineering

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

1. Ans. (d) 13. Ans. (b)
2. Ans. (b) Inertia constant (H) =
3. Ans. (c) kinetic energy stored in rotor in MJ
4. Ans. (c)
Machine rating in MVA(S)
5. Ans. (b)
Kinetic energy stored in rotor
6. Ans. (d)
H × S = 4 × 100 = 400 MJ
7. Ans. (c)
8. Ans. (a) 14. Ans. (b)
9. Ans. (b) Reactive power compensation is required at the
converter stations. The inter connection of two
10. Ans. (a) PG1 = 140.9 MW, PG2 = 159.1 MW
systems is alone by using isolation transformers
(b) Net saving = Rs 218.16/day so that the fault on one side will not be reflected
11. Ans. (c) on to other side. By using dc transmission corona
The transient stability of a power system can be can be reduced but not completely avoided.
improved by fast excitation system, use of high 15. Ans. (d)
speed circuit breakers, use of high speed governers,
Inertia constant,
single pole circuit breakers, and by dynamic
resistance switching. 1
H  MVA rating  S
In case of alternator terminal, the line to ground
fault is more severe. In order to maintain transient Sold
stability employ single pole breaker operation. In H A new = H A old 
Snew
case of a transmission line the frequently occurring
fault is line to ground fault. In this case instead of 250
= 1.6   4.0 p.u.
opening all the 3 lines if we open one line on which 100
fault is occurred then the net electrical power Sold
transferred during fault will not be zero. Hence HB new = H B old  S
accelerating power is reduced and hence the new

transient stability is improved, 500

= 1.0   5.0 p.u.
 Pacc  Pmechanical  Pelectrical  100

12. Ans. (a)  Heq = H A new  H B new

When the synchronous machine swings from A to = 4.0 + 5.0 = 9.0 p.u.
B due to disturbance and settles at a point ‘C’, then 16.
during this process, rotor angle
Moment of inertia
'' increases until synchronous speed is achieved
and the mechanical input and electrical output are SH
balanced. The rotor will be having synchronous M= MJ – sec / (elect-rad)
f
speed at point ‘A’ and also at point ‘B’ before it
finally settles. H = Inertia constant of rotor
S = MVA rating of alternator
Pe For a given frequency
f = constant
Pmax
B 1
C  S
H
A
 S2 H1
 S1 = H2
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Power Systems Power System Stability |5
Case(i): for 250MVA generator 0.40  0.4 min = cos  min  cos  0
S1 = 250MVA,
0.40  cos  0 = 0.4 min  cos  min
H1 = 6 MJ/MVA
S = Sbase = 100MVA 30  
0.4   cos30 = 0.4 min  cos  min
6 180
100
 =
250 H 21 1.07546 = 0.4 min  cos  min
H21 = 15 By trial & error method
Case(ii): for 150MVA generator min = 17º
S1 = 150MVA, 18.
H1 = 4 MJ/MVA E = V0º  jIa X d
S = Sbase = 100MVA
E = 1.00º  j1  36.86 1.2 
H22 = 6
 for whole system the total moment of inertia E = 1.9696 29.17º
Heq = H21 + H22   = 29.17º
Heq = 15 + 6 = 21 Active power output
17. (Pe) = VI cos
= 0.8 P.u.
P Steady state power limit
EV
= X
d

1.9696  1.0
= 1.64 P.u.
1.2
C By keeping active power fixed if the excitation is

min 0
reduced, then the critical excitation corresponding
to operation at stability limit be E1
Initially
Mechanical Input (PS1) = Electrical output E1V
 0.8 = sin 90
(Pel) = 0.5 Pmax Xd

Pe1 = Pmax sin 0 (  = 90º at stability limit)

But
0.8  1.2
0.5Pmax = Pmax sin 0 E1 =  0.96 p.u.
1.0
0 = sin 1 0.5  30º 19.
Pe2 = Ps 2   0.8   0.5Pmax To find the rotor angle at the end of first time step:
Before fault
But Pe2 = Pmax sin  c
EV
0.4Pmax = Pmax sin  c Pm1 = X
1eq

c = 23.578º
1.1  1.0
= 0.15  0.3 || 0.3  3.67 p.u.
0  
 0  min  0.4 =  sin  d
 min

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1  Ps  During fault
0 = sin  
 Pm1  Pm2 = 0
1  1.0 
0 = sin    15.826º  Pe2 = 0
 3.67 
 n = n 1    t 2 1.0
 Pa =  0.5 P.u.
2
Pa
where, =
M 0.5
 1 = 0   0.05 2
4
Pa 1.11  10
 1   t 2
M 1 = 11.26º
Pa Rotor angle
= 0   t  2
M 1 = 0  1
Let us consider the inertia constant of generator = 15.826 + 11.26º
as H = 1.0 P.u.
= 27.087º
SH (i) If the breaker clears fault at the end of 2nd
 M=
180f step (or) interval then the accelerating power
will be considered as the average of before
1.0  1.0 and after faults,
=  1.11 104 P.u.
180  50 (ii) If the breaker clears the fault at the middle of
We have to calculate the accelerating power as the 2nd interval then we have to consider the
average of accelerating power before and after accelerating power same as that of beginning
fault. of that interval, i.e. Pa = Ps – Pm sin0.
Where
Pa1  Pa 2
Hence Pa = Pa avg  =0 + P PS = mechanical input
2
(or) shaft power.
0  Ps  Pe2 1.0  Pm2 sin 0 
= =
2 2

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