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HW5

This document contains 5 problems related to exponentials, one-parameter groups of diffeomorphisms, and their associated autonomous differential equations and integral curves. Problem 1 shows that the exponential of a block matrix has a particular block structure. Problem 2 gives a formula for the Jacobian of a function between vector spaces in terms of its exponential. Problems 3 and 4 define one-parameter groups on the interval (0,1) with associated differential equations x(1-x) and find their phase velocity fields. Problem 5 asks to sketch the integral curves of the one-parameter groups from problems 3 and 4 in extended phase space.

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76 views2 pages

HW5

This document contains 5 problems related to exponentials, one-parameter groups of diffeomorphisms, and their associated autonomous differential equations and integral curves. Problem 1 shows that the exponential of a block matrix has a particular block structure. Problem 2 gives a formula for the Jacobian of a function between vector spaces in terms of its exponential. Problems 3 and 4 define one-parameter groups on the interval (0,1) with associated differential equations x(1-x) and find their phase velocity fields. Problem 5 asks to sketch the integral curves of the one-parameter groups from problems 3 and 4 in extended phase space.

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jeremy
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HW 5

Our usual convention is that the ith coordinate of vectors x, y, u ,. . . , will


be denoted by xi , yi , ui , . . . , respectively. This convention will extend to vector
valued functions also. Thus if g : Rk → Rl is a map (not necessarily linear), then
gj will denote j th coordinate of g, for j = 1, . . . l. To be excruciatingly pedantic, if
πj : Rl → R is the projection to the j th coordinate, then gj : Rk → R is given by
gj = πj ◦ g. In this case we often write
 
g1
 .. 
g =  . .
gl

Exponentials.
(1) Let I2 be the identity 2 × 2 matrix, a, b ∈ R and M the matrix
 
a −b
M=
b a
over R and let λ ∈ R. Let A be the 2n × 2n real matrix:
 
M I2 0

 M I2 

 . . 
A=  M . 

 .. 
 . I2 
M
Show that
 tM
t2 /2!I2 tn−1 /(n − 1)!I2

e tI2 ...

 etM tI2 ... tn−2 /(n − 2)!I2 
etM tn−3 /(n − 3)!I2 

 ...
etA = .
 
.. 2

 . t /2!I2 

 tI2 
tM
e

(2) Let A be an n × n matrix. Let π : Rn+1 → Rn be the map which sends a


vector to its last n coordinates. In other words π(x) = y where yi = xi+1 ,
i = 1, . . . , n. Define a function f : Rn+1 → Rn by the formula:
f (x) = ex1 A π(x).
Show that the n × (n + 1) matrix f 0 (x) whose (i, j)th term is ∂fi /∂xj (x)
is given in block matrix notation by
f 0 (x) = [Aex1 A π(x) | ex1 A ]

1
One parameter groups. Let M be the open interval (0, 1) in R.
(3) Find a one-parameter group of diffeomorphisms {g t } on M such that its
associated autonomous differential equation is
ẋ = x(1 − x).

(4) For t ∈ R and x ∈ M define


x
gt x = ,
x + (1 − x)et
Show that g t x ∈ M and that {g t } is a one-parameter group of diffeomor-
phisms on M . Find the phase velocity field of {g t } and write down the
associated autonomous differential equation.

(5) Sketch the integral curves in the extended phase space of the one-parameter
groups occurring in problems (3) and (4) above. (See Lecture 4 for the
definitions of an integral curve and the extended phase space associated to
a one-parameter group.)

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