319

/V0/c/

THE USE OF SELECTED VOCALISES OF MARCO BORDOGNI IN THE

DEVELOPMENT OF MUSICIANSHIP FOR THE TROMBONIST, A

LECTURE RECITAL, TOGETHER WITH THREE RECITALS

OF SELECTED WORKS BY EUGENE BOZZA, JACQUES

CASTEREDE, PIERRE MAX DUBOIS, CHRISTIAN

GOUINGUENE, AXEL JORGENSEN, RICHARD

MONACO, LARS-ERIK LARSSON, ERHARD

RAGWITZ, AND OTHERS

DISSERTATION

Presented to the Graduate Council of the

University of North Texas in Partial

Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of

DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS

By

Randall T. Mitchell, B.S., M.M.

Denton, Texas
August, 1989
 Mitchell, Randall T., The Use of Selected Vocalises of

Marco Bordoani in the Development of Musicianship for the

Trombonist, a Lecture Recital. Together with Three Solo

Recitals. Doctor of Musical Arts (Trombone Performance),

August, 1989, 64 pp., 22 musical examples, bibliography, 55

titles.

This dissertation consists of three solo recitals and

one lecture recital. The repertoire of all programs is

composed of music written specifically for the trombone plus

two transcriptions of works for voice.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the use of

selected vocal pedagogical material as a means of developing

musicianship for the trombonist. The historical

relationship of the voice and the trombone is traced through

written documentation and musical composition. Similarities

between the development of legato technique for the vocal

student and the trombonist are examined. A brief history of

the vocalise and its pedagogical function is presented. The

development of expressive musical performance for the

trombonist is explored through the use of examples from

three different vocalises of Marco Bordogni.

 Tape recordings of all performances submitted as

dissertation requirements are on deposit in the University

of North Texas Library.

111
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

page
PERFORMANCE PROGRAMS

First Solo Recital vi

Second Solo Recital vii

Third Solo Recital viii

Lecture Recital . ix

LIST OF FIGURES . X

Chapter

I. INTRODUCTION. 1

II. HISTORICAL REFERENCES ATTRIBUTING VOCAL QUALITIES

TO THE TROMBONE 3
Historical Documentation and Graphic
Representations
Historical Compositions Using the
Trombone in a Vocal Style

III. SIMILARITIES OF LEGATO STYLE FOR THE TROMBONE AND

THE HUMAN VOICE 15

Vocal Legato
Trombone Legato

IV. A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE VOCALISE 22

V. THE TROMBONE AND THE VOCALISE 27

VI. THE TEACHING OF MUSICIANSHIP THROUGH THE

VOCALISE 30
Flexibility and Endurance
Phrasing and Breath Control
Dynamics and Expression
Tempo and Rubato
Ornamentation
Alternate Positioning
Phrase Shaping

IV
 VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 57

APPENDIX (Trombone Vocalise Editions) 58

BIBLIOGRAPHY 61

V
 North Texas State University
School of Music

Graduate Recital

RANDY MITCHELL, Trombone

Assisted by:

Louise Lerch, Piano

Ronald Christoph, Horn
Brian Standridge, Trumpet

Monday, April 23, 1984 8:00 p.m. Recital Hall

Sonata for Trombone Solo and Basso Anonymous

Allegro (ca. 1665)
Allegro-Fuga
Moderato
Allegro
Fantaisie .Sigismond Stojowski
(1869-1946)
Suite for Trombone and Piano (1965) Pierre Max Dubois
Humoresque (1930-)
Galop-Fantaisie
Pastourelle
Complainte
Rondeau
Intermission
Concertino for Trombone (1957) Lars-Erik Larsson
Preludium (1908-)
Aria: Andante sostenuto
Finale: Allegro giocoso
Sonata for Horn, Trumpet
and Trombone (1922) Francis Poulenc
Allegro moderato (1899-1963)
Andante
Rondeau
Presented i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of the
requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Musical Arts

VI
 NORTH TEXAS STATE UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF MUSIC

G 33
a*
Graduate Recital

^ i \) RANDY MITCHELL, Trombone

c s Assisted by

Mark Hierholzer, Piano

Monday, April 22, 1985 5:00 p.m. Concert Hall

Concerto Christian Gouinguene

(sur des themes d'Henicken)

Allegro
Sicilienne
Allegro vivo

Sonatine Erhard Ragwitz

(1933- )
Allegro ma non troppo
Adagio
Allegro molto

Suite, Op. 22 Axel J^rgensen

(1881-1947)
I. Triomphale
II. Menuet giocoso
III. Ballade et Polonaise

Intermission

Ballade Eugene Bozza

(1905- )

Variations on a March of Shostakovich Arthur Frackenpohl

(1924- )

Presented in partial fulfillment of the

requirments for the degree of
Doctor of Musical Arts

VII
 •iMMaaaiMKagmaiiiHayji

presents

Graduate Recital

RANDY MITCHELL, Trombone

Assisted by:
Hwa Jung Lee, Piano

Monday, January 23, 1989 8:15 p.m. Concert Hall

Capriccio da camera, Opus 35 (1961), .Bernhard Krol

(1920-)

La Femme a Barbe (1957). . Jose Berghmans

from "Tableaux Forains"
Sonata for Trombone and Piano (1969). . . Richard A. Monaco
Allegro (1930-1987)
Andante
Allegro molto
Intermission
Sonatine for Trombone and Piano (1958). . Jacques Casterede
Allegro vivo (1926-)
Andante sostenuto
Allegro
Sonatine-Impromptu (1985) Pierre Max Dubois
Tendrement et balance (1930-)
Quasi recitativo
Joyeusement

Presented in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Musical Arts

Vill
 presents
Lecture Recital

RANDY MITCHELL, Trombone

Assisted by:
John Tarver, Piano
Susan Masters, Soprano

Monday June 26, 1989 6:15 p.m. Recital Hall

THE USE OF SELECTED VOCALISES OF MARCO BORDOGNI IN THE

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUE AND MUSICIANSHIP
FOR THE TROMBONIST
Etude No. 20 .. . . G. Marco Bordogni
(1788-1856)
Etude No. 76 G. Marco Bordogni
Concerto for Trombone and Piano N. Rimsky-Korsakov
Andante cantabile (1844-1908)

Presented in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Musical Arts

IX
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Flexibility passage, Etude No. 20, measures 6-

7, Bordogni-Sluchin 35

2. Flexibility passage, Etude No. 20, measures 20-

24, Bordogni-Sluchin 36

3. Flexibility passage, Etude No. 20, measures 8-

9, Bordogni-Sluchin 37

4. Finishing the phrase, Etude No. 20, measures 27-

30, Bordogni-Sluchin 38

5. Catch breath, Etude No. 76, measures 13-14,

Bordogni-Rochut. 39

6. Pacing of the air, Etude No. 76, measures 25-26,

Bordogni-Rochut 40

7. Subtle dynamics, Etude No. 20, measures 6-7,

Bordogni-Sluchin 41

8. Use of vibrato, Etude No. 76, measures 1-4,

Bordogni-Rochut 42

9. Use of rubato, Etude No. 20, measures 2-3,

Bordogni-Sluchin 44

10. Scale passages, Etude No. 76, measures 13-16,

Bordogni-Rochut 45

11. Grace notes, Etude No. 20, measures 35-36,

Bordogni-Sluchin 46

12. Grace note development exercise . .47

13. The turn, Etude No. 76, measures 7-8, Bordogni-

Rochut
14. The turn, Etude No. 74, measure 26, Bordogni-
Rochut 48

x
15. The turn, Etude No. 74, measure 7, Bordogni-
Rochut . 49

16. The trill, Etude No. 74, measures 1-5, Bordogni-

Rochut . . .51

17. Trills in adjacent positions. . 51

18. Inverted mordent substitution for trill, Etude

No. 74, measures 1-5, Bordogni-Rochut 52
19. Alternate positions accelerate playing, Etude No.
20, measures 21-24, Bordogni-Sluchin . . . . . .53

20. Alternate positions smooth out legato, Etude No.

20, measures 2-3, Bordogni-Sluchin 54

21. Wide interval slur assist, Etude No. 20, measures

33-34, Bordogni-Sluchin 55

22. Shaping the phrase, Etude No. 20, measures 2-5,

Bordogni-Sluchin 56

XI
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Analogies to the expressive quality of the voice are

often made in trombonist's applied lessons and master

classes. This relationship is generally taken for granted

and has never been fully explained.

Vocalists have had the distinct advantage of having

text to serve as a guide for the expressive interpretation

of their music. They display a sense of expression and

rhythmic flexibility that many wind players seem to lack.

The interpretation of music by wind players (and

specifically, by trombonists) becomes a more abstract

proposition. There usually is no text to interpret, only

notes. Many method books available to wind instrument

students stress technique and deal very little with

expression.

The adaptation of vocal literature to develop

instrumental musicianship becomes a timely and important

question. Vocal literature used as trombone pedagogical

materials can be traced to the mid-nineteenth century.

Nevertheless, despite the long-standing importance of such

transcriptions, to date only two studies have been written

on the topic. A 1973 dissertation by Leroy Baxter at

 2

Arizona State University investigates the use of vocal

pedagogical materials from the Classic and Romantic eras for

trombone.1 A more recent study by Barbara Comelek, examines

vocal references concerning all wind instruments found in

performance practice treatises and handbooks.2 Comelek's

study, however, does not deal with the actual use of vocal

literature as instructional material.

Musicianship may mean many things to many people.

Entire books have been written on this elusive subject. For

the purposes of this paper, musicianship will encompass

those techniques that make expressive performance possible.

I shall review the "vocal" history of the trombone,

similarities of developing legato style in the voice and the

trombone, and specifically, the use of selected vocalises of

Marco Bordogni (1789-1856)3 as pedagogical materials to

develop musicianship for the trombonist. In the final

analysis, the performer must do more than merely play the

notes—he must make music!

^eroy Everette Baxter, The Use of Selected Vocal

Materials from the Classical and Romantic Periods as a Method
of Teaching Musical Stvle Characteristics to Trombone Students
(Ed. D. dissertation, Arizona State University, 1975; Ann
Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, ADD 74-05456).
2
Barbara Comelek, Allusions to the Vocal Art in Selected
Wind Instrument Pedagogical Sources (D.A. dissertation, Ball
State University, Muncie, IN, 1985; Ann Arbor, Mich.:
University Microfilms, MBB 86-05937).
3
Marco Bordogni, an Italian operatic tenor, taught voice
at the Paris Conservatory from 1820 to 1856.
 CHAPTER II

HISTORICAL REFERENCES ATTRIBUTING VOCAL

QUALITIES TO THE TROMBONE

The actual date of the origin of the trombone is

shrouded in mystery. Contemporary scholarship has fixed the

time frame of origin to approximately the middle of the

fifteenth century.4 Since the inception of the sackbut, and

later the trombone, the instrument has enjoyed a close

association with the human voice and singing throughout its

use in western music history. This association takes

several forms: the playing of pieces that originally were

written for the voice; the doubling of voices in choirs; the

replacement or substitution of voices in choirs; and even

music written for the trombone in a vocal style.

To document each instance of the "vocal" use of the

trombone is beyond the scope of this paper. The following

portion of this chapter will cite specific instances showing

a comprehensive and progressive use of the trombone in a

flowing, expressive, and lyrical style associated with vocal

performance, hereafter referred to as vocal style.

A
Anthony C. Baines, "Trombone," The New Grove
Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 20 vols., ed. Stanley
Sadie (London: Macmillan, 1980), XIX, 166.
 Historical Documentation and

Graphic Representations

Information available on the earliest use of the

trombone comes from the fifteenth century in a graphic

representation of the instrument in a performance context.

A Florentine chest painting, "The Wedding of Adimari" (ca.

1420),5 illustrates a sackbut player as part of a dance

consort which also includes three shawms.6 An account of

the wedding of the Duke of Burgundy in 1468 mentions a motet

performed by three shawms and a sackbut.7

The early function of the trombone, as indicated in

these sources, was as a member of the alta musica. or the

alta band. According to Johannes Tinctoris, this was an

ensemble composed of "loud" (haut) instruments. Included in

the "loud" category were instruments such as the trombone,

bombarde, and shawm.8 The alta band served an aristocratic

function: that of providing dance music for court dances

and incidental music at festive occasions. The source of

music performed by the alta band was originally the body of

5
Anthony C. Baines, "Trombone," Groves Dictionary of
Music and Musicians. 5th ed., 10 vols., ed. Eric Blom (New
York: St. Martin*s Press, 1954), VIII, 555.
6
Anthony C. Baines, Brass Instruments. Their History
and Development (London: Faber and Faber, 1980), 107.
7
Ibid.. 108.
®Willi Apel, "Alta," Harvard Dictionary of Music , 2nd
ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982), 30.
 5

vocal music that included the motet and the French chanson.9

Later, the repertory included purely instrumental forms,

such as dance suites, along with vocally derived pieces.

Tinctoris, in his De inventione et usu musicae (ca. 1487),

makes note of an alta band composed of shawms and a

trombone.10 The trombone, according to Baines, played the

contratenor part within the ensemble.11

Toward the end of the fifteenth century, trombones were

first used in the performance of church music, a function

that was not surprising since the "warm, sombre tone" of the

trombone blended well with the voices.12 Church and city

records from the late fifteenth century in Italy document

detailed accounts of payment to trombonists for performing

civic and church services.13 Several sixteenth-century

paintings and woodcuts show trombones performing with church

choirs. Of particular interest is a portion of Hans

Burgkmair's engravings "The Triumph of Maximilian" (ca.

Egon Kenton, Life and Works of Giovanni Gabrieli. vol.

16 of Musicoloqical Studies and Documentsr ed. Armen
Carapetyan (N.p.: American Institute of Musicology, 1967),
468.
10
Baines, "Trombone," Groves Dictionary. VIII, 555.
u
Baines, Brass Instruments. 103.
12
Philip Bate, The Trumpet and Trombone. 2nd revised
ed. (New York: W.W. Norton, 1978), 146.
13
Ibid.. 229.
 6
1516). In one section, a wagon carrying a choir is

accompanied by a trombone and a cornetto."

The first firm technical information concerning the

trombone appears in Michael Praetorius • Svntacrma Musicum

(1619). Virdung had illustrated a trombone earlier in his

Musica aetutscht of 1511, but he provided no other

information. Praetorius not only illustrates a woodcut of a

consort of trombones, but he also describes their size and

keys. Importantly, he labels the consort with vocal

designations depending upon the individual playing register.

Praetorius even makes note that he prefers the tone of the

tenor trombone (rechteaemeine Posaun^ to that of the alto.15

Marin Mersenne gives the first description of the tone

and the use of the trombone. In his Harmonie Universella

(1636), he states that the trombone should not be sounded in

imitation of the trumpet. Instead, it should be sounded "so

that it imitates the voice and the most excellent method of

singing well."16

The folds in the tubing, the small narrow bore, and the

funnel shaped bell all assist the player to produce a mellow

"Georg Kinsky, Geschichte der Musik in Bildern

(Leipzig: Breitkopf and HSrtel, 1929), 76, no. 3.
15
Michael Praetorius, Svntacrma Musi cum (1619), 3
vols., trans, and ed. David Cokes (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1986), II, 43.
16
Marin Mersenne, Harmonie Universelle (1636), trans,
and ed. Roger E. Chapman (The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus
Nijhoff, 1957), 343, 346.
 7

sound on the sackbut. This gentleness of sound, combined

with the chromatic capability of the slide, made the

instrument a perfect companion to the vocal choir. The

sound of the instrument would blend with the voices rather

than overpower them.17

Daniel Speer, in his treatise Grund-richticrer

Unterricht der Musikalischen Kunst of 1687, also assigns

vocal designations to the three sizes of trombone (alto,

tenor, and bass). While Speer provides technical data, he

does not discuss the musical employment of the instrument.

A period of nearly 150 years (ca. 1700-1840) passed

before the trombone was again a subject in a written

treatise or text. In 1713, however, Johann Mattheson states

that the trombone is seldom used in England except in the

church and for solemn occasions.18 Over this period of

time, the trombone's traditional employment in opera and the

church continued. The one exception to this traditional

function in a supportive role occurred in Vienna, where the

instrument was used in church and court music in a soloistic

manner.

Hector Berlioz, in his Traite de 1'Instrumentation

(1844), makes several observations on the instrument and how

it should be employed. Prior to the writing of his

17
Bate, oo. cit.. 146.
18
Ibid. . 230.
 8

orchestration treatise, Berlioz, influenced by Beethoven's

employment of the trombone in his symphonies, had already

forged new ground in the use of the instrument. He states

that there are four types of trombones and "each bears the

name of the voice it resembles most in character and

range."19 He attributes further vocal qualities in his

description of the trombone:

In my opinion, the trombone is the true

head of that family of wind instruments which
I have named the epic one. It possesses nobility
and grandeur to the highest degree; it has all the
serious and powerful tones of sublime musical poetry,
from religious calm, and imposing accents to savage,
orgiastic outbursts. Directed by the will of a master,
the trombones can chant like a choir of priests,
threaten, utter gloomy sighs, and a mournful lament
or a bright hymn of glory, they can break forth
into awe-inspiring cries and awaken the dead or doom
the living with their fearful voices.20

Since the mid-nineteenth century, Berlioz's

orchestration treatise has significantly influenced the

compositional style of generations of composers in their

musical treatment of the trombone.

Hector Berlioz, Treatise on Instrumentation.

revised ed., ed. Richard Strauss, trans. Theodore Front (New
York: Edwin F.. Kalmus, 1948), 298.
20
Ibid.. 302.
 Compositions Using the Trombone

in a Vocal Stvle

In his book, Orchestration. Walter Piston writes

of the vocal nature of the trombone:

. . .the most suitable melodies for the trombone are

those having a kind of deliberate dignity and
solemnity, or those of a choral type. . .21

This quality was apparently recognized centuries ago

since the trombone has been strongly identified with vocal

connotations and styles over the ages. As has been already

noted, the alta band of the Renaissance performed pieces

that were derived from motets and popular songs of the day.

Because of the sackbut's ability to blend with voices, its

use extended to the doubling and reinforcement of individual

choir parts. Prime examples of vocal composition for the

trombone exist from the middle of the sixteenth century to

the present.

In the mid-sixteenth century, Florentine composers of

the Intermedio made use of trombone consorts.22 Corteccia's

intermedio II Commodo featured a motet written for solo

voice and four trombones. Trombones were particularly

associated with Olympian scenes and infernal or horrendous

21
Walter Piston, Orchestration (New York: W.W. Norton,
1955), 278.
jo
II Comodo (1539), La Cofanaria (1565), La
Pellegrina f!589K
 10

subjects.23 This association set the stage for a tradition

of programmatic writing for the trombone in opera from the

seventeenth century to the present.

As the sixteenth century melded into the seventeenth,

the polychoral music of the Venetian School combined

instruments with and in antiphonal opposition to voices.

The music of Adrian Willaert and Giovanni Gabrieli made

extensive use of the trombone in vocal-like settings. Jean

Baptiste Duval, French ambassador to Venice, commented upon

a Christmas day service in 1607 where "trombones, cornettos

and treble violins were united with voices of the singers in

grand harmony.11"

In the prelude to Orfeo. Monteverdi used a quintet of

trombones in chorus-like writing to underscore the

instrumental fanfare and to set the mood. Later, in Act

III, the words of Caronte, the boatman of the River Styx,

are supported by a choir of trombones, lending a dramatic,

sinister majesty to the scene. Monteverdi gives the

trombones a different role in The Coronation of Poppea. in

this opera, the trombones provide a solemn choral background

for the words of Seneca, Nero's aged and wise advisor.

Ernie Hills, "16th Century Trombone Usage: The

Extant Music of the Florentine Intermedii," International
Trombone Association Journal XIV/4 (Fall 1986), 40.
24Kenton, op. cit.. 35.
 11

In the seventeenth century, Heinrich Schutz (1585-1672)

utilized a quartet of trombones along with continuo and bass

voice in two sections of his Svmphoniae Sacrae (1629). Fili

mi Absalon. and Attendite Popule meus both feature

antiphonal sections in which the trombones function both as

a solo chorus and an accompanimental choir. An extended

imitative vocal duet between the alto trombone and the bass

voice in Attendite Popule meus consumes a considerable

portion of the last half of that work.

Vienna became the center for trombone playing in the

eighteenth century. While the trombone was in decline

throughout much of Europe, Vienna became home to a number of

eminent trombonists.25 Between 1700 and 1750, a number of

works were written for trombone, voice and continuo. In

most cases, the trombone alternates phrases (in a vocal

style) with the singer, or functions in a duet with the

singer. Some compositions employ both techniques within the

same work.26

Although Johann Sebastian Bach used the trombone

sparingly, he did write parts for the instrument in fifteen

cantatas. The trombones are usually restricted to those

25,
C. Robert Wigness, The Soloistic use of the Trombone
in Eiqhteenth-Centurv Vienna (Nashville: The Brass Press,
1978), 41-42.
26
Examples may be found in Marc Antonio Ziani's motet
Alma Redemotoris Mater (1705), Joseph I's aria Alme inarate
(1705), J.J. Fux's antiphon Alma Redemptoris (1728) and Georg
Reutter's Requiem, in the "Tuba Mirum" and "Doitiine".
 12

cantata movements that involve the full chorus, and all but

one of those cantatas use one or more trombones in a vocal

doubling role. In the prelude movements that use only one

trombone, the instrument invariably doubles the voice that

carries the chorale melody, a throwback to the cantus firmus

technique of earlier centuries. Interestingly, trombones

are used in cantatas where the prelude movements are motet-

like, representing a return to a stylistic usage of the

trombone found in the Renaissance.27

Another great composer of the eighteenth century,

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, composed the cantata Die

Schuldiakeit des ersten Gebots in 1767. The "aria" (No. 5)

from this work is written for tenor, trombone, two violins,

two violas and continuo. The tenor voice and trombone parts

are written as a vocal duet.28 Perhaps the best examples of

writing for the trombone in a vocal style are found in

Mozart's masses. In these works, Mozart employed the

trombones in the now traditional church role of doubling of

the voice parts. He explored the lyrical possibilities of

the trombone in a beautiful duet between the tenor

instrument and the bass voice in the "Tuba Mirum" section of

the Reouiem mass.

27
Charles Sanford Terry, Bach's Orchestra (London:
Oxford University Press, 1932), 41.
28.
Wigness, op. cit.. 34.
 13

With the beginning of the nineteenth century, numerous

composers begin to explore the lyrical quality of the

trombone. Beethoven, for example, used a vocal approach to

writing for the trombones in the final movement of the Ninth

Symphony. At the andante maestoso, the instruments double

the voices in a fugue-like treatment. The entire second

movement of Berlioz's Svmphonie Funebre et Triomphal is a

trombone solo with orchestral (or band) accompaniment,

vocally titled "Recitative and Prayer." In this movement,

the solo trombone substitutes for the voice and becomes the

funeral orator delivering the eulogy and prayer for the

deceased patriots of the July Revolution. Similarly,

Rimsky-Korsakov used the trombone to "chant like a priest"

in a solo passage in his Russian Easter Overture. Mahler

featured a single trombone in an extended solo in the first

movement of his Third Symphony. The character of the solo

is also much like the operatic vocal style Berlioz employed

in his "Recitative and Prayer."

Representative lyrical applications of the trombone are

numerous in the twentieth century. Camille Saint-Saens1

only solo composition for the trombone, Cavatina. op. 144,

(1915) for trombone and piano, is a relatively short

composition in a song-like style bearing a vocal title. The

adagio movement of his Third Symphony also features the

trombone in a lyrical solo style. In Mathis der Maler.

 14

Hindemith uses the entire trombone section to intone in

unison the chorale melody "Es sungen drei Engel."

An application of vocal style to modern trombone

performance is found in the use of the trombone to

interpret, in a ballad style, a jazz or popular tune that

ordinarily would have been sung. One of the best examples

of trombone section writing in a lyrical vocal style is Dee

Barton's Here's That Rainv Dav. composed for the Stan Kenton

Orchestra. The incomparable vocal legato styling of Tommy

Dorsey's I'm Gettin' Sentimental Over You, remains a

standard for this type of playing.

In summary, over the ages, composers have recognized

the inherent lyrical capability of the trombone. A

consistent line of vocal compositional style and allusions

to the vocal qualities of the trombone may be traced back to

the first use of the instrument as it is known today.

 CHAPTER III

SIMILARITIES OF LEGATO STYLE FOR THE

TROMBONE AND THE HUMAN VOICE

Before discussing the similarities of legato style for

the trombone and the human voice, it is important to

understand the technical differences between the trombone

and other winds. One primary difference concerns the slide,

the mechanism through which the tubing length is altered.

All other brasses and woodwind instruments employ valves or

keys in order to shorten or lengthen the sounding tube. The

trombone, however, does not have the advantage of keys or

valves. Pitch changes are made by lengthening or shortening

the slide. With this device for changing pitches, there is

no mechanical separation of the air stream between notes.

With all keyed or valved instruments, there will be a

natural separation of the air stream when the valve or key

is opened or closed. This separation, in turn, produces a

clean articulation between notes, even if the tongue is not

used to define each note. It is possible to produce a

cleanly played and articulated legato passage by simply

tonguing the first note and providing a steady stream of

airas one changes the embouchure and opens or closes valves

or keys.

15
 16
Because of the slide, however, each note produced on

the trombone within a given harmonic must be lightly legato

tongued, a process that involves a "denting" of the steady

air stream with the tongue. Failure to use the legato

tongue on the trombone can produce a glissando or smear

between notes, an effect generally not desired unless

specifically called for in the music as a special effect. In

this regard, the trombone is the only wind instrument

capable of producing a vocal-like portamento. However,

these portamento effects only span the distance of a

diminished fifth between certain designated notes.1

Vocal Leaato

To sing legato is to pass from one tone

to another cleanly, suddenly, without
interrupting the flow of sound or allowing
it to slur through any intermediate tones.2

Smooth glissandi may be played between the following

notes on the tenor trombone: E to B-flat, B to f, e to fa-
flat, g-sharp to d1, b to f1, d1 to a-flat1, e1 to b-flat1, f-
sharp to c , g-sharp1 to d2, etc. In this paper, the
designation of notes will follow this guide:

C c el

2«
Manuel Garcia, A Complete Treatise on the Art of
Singing (Paris, 1841-1872), 2 vols., collated, trans, and
ed. Donald V. Paschke (New York: Da Capo Press, 1984), I,
57 •
 17
Thus does Manuel Garcia characterize smooth
vocalization, or legato, in his 1841 treatise on the voice.
He draws a distinct parallel between the voice and the
smooth but articulated notes of wind instruments and the
organ.3

Garcia stressed that a fine legato style is the result

of the development of agility through the study of

vocalization. He further states that all other styles of

singing are variations of smooth vocalization and are

therefore subordinate to it.4 Another noted vocal

pedagogue, Van A. Christy, is in agreement on this point.

In his work Expressive Singing. he states that "Legato style

is the foundation of singing technique.1,5 Both authors

agree that one develops legato style through using a steady

and continuous air stream.6 The glottis makes the proper

changes of vibration to alter the pitch.7 The goals and

results of good legato style are categorized by Garcia as

follows:

1. Perfect intonation
2. Equality of note value
3. Equality of strength

3
Ibid.. 57.
4
Ibid.. 57.

^ a n A. Christy, Expressive Singing. 2 vols., (Dubuque,

Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Co., 1967), I, 102.
6
'Christy, op. cit., 111. and Garcia, op. cit.. 57.
7
Garcia, op.cit.. 57.
 18
4. Equality of degree of legato
5. Harmony of timbres8

Legato passages with text must be sung in a clear and

precise manner so that the words of the text are easily

discernable to the listener. Good diction is of paramount

importance. Under the heading "Diction," Christy lists

three subsections: "Pronunciation," "Enunciation" and

"Articulation."9

Articulation is defined as "the action of the speech

organs in the formation of these consonants, vowels,

syllables and words."10 The articulation of these

consonants, vowels, syllables and words is accomplished

through the use of the tongue, lips and the jaw working

together.11 Of the three speech organs, the tongue plays

the most important role in the definition of text. The

tongue touches the rear of the teeth or the palate when

articulating text in the same manner one uses the tongue to

articulate regular speech. To illustrate the importance of

the use of the tongue, simply try to speak without its use.

®Manuel Gcircia, Hints on Sinaincr (Paris, 1894), trans.

Beata Garcia (New York: Joseph Patelson Music House Ltd.,
1982), 20.
9Christy, op. cit.. 86.
10
Ibid.. 86.
"ibid.. 107.
 19

It is virtually impossible to achieve recognizable speech or

musical articulation without it.

Trombone Legato

Andre Lafosse, in his treatise, Traite de Pedaaoaie du

Trombone a Coulisse (1955), considers the development of a

good legato technique on trombone second in importance only

to the perfection of the basic attack.12 Other writers who

discuss the development of trombone technique agree that

proper musical style is unattainable without a good

legato.13

There are four factors involved in the development of

superior legato technique:

1. A steady and continuous air stream

2. Use of a legato articulation
3. Quick and accurate slide movement
coordinated precisely with tongue movement
4. Adjustment of the embouchure for pitch
changes14

Like the singer, the trombonist must employ a constant

and consistent air stream throughout an entire note or

12
Andre Lafosse, Traite de Pedaaoqie du Trombone a
Coulisse (Paris: Alphonse Leduc, 1955), 28.
13
Edward Kleinhammer, The Art of Trombone Plavina.
(Evanston, IL: Summy-Birchard Co., 1963), 69. and Reginald
Fink, The Trombonist's Handbook (Athens, OH: Accura Music,
1977), 27.

"Kleinhammer, loc. cit.. Fink, loc. cit.. Lafosse, OP.

cit.. 28—29., and Dennis Wick, Trombone Technique. revised
ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1975), 52-54.
 20
phrase. The lips (embouchure) of the trombonist control the

frequency of vibration therefore controlling pitch changes.

They are analogous to the vocal cords of the singer. The

movement of the slide must be quick and coordinated

precisely with the stroke of the tongue in order to avoid

spaces between notes or unwanted glissandi. The tongue does

not stop the air stream when articulating a note, but only

dents or interrupts the air stream. This action is

analogous to the singer's articulation of syllables of the

text.

Even though the singer articulates syllables with the

tongue, lips and jaw, the trombonist primarily uses the

tongue to define each note. The lips are the vibrating

medium and should not be used to articulate individual

notes. The jaw is moved only to adjust the shape and size

of the oral cavity as related to register, and remains

basically in an open position at all times.

Dennis Wick states that "the human voice is probably

the only musical instrument that is better equipped" to

produce a good legato style.15 Lafosse directs trombone

teachers to use the example of "how a good singer sustains

legato in a song" as a model for the desired trombone

legato.16 Even Kleinhammer makes allusions to the voice in

15
Wick, op. cit.f 51-52.
15
Lafosse, op. cit. . 28.
 21
stating that "in legato passages the trombone. . .is closer
to the human voice than any other brass instrument."17

Thus, for both the singer and the trombonist, the basis

of good musical style and agility is a well developed legato

technique. The fundamentals of this technique are virtually

the same for both the singer and the trombonist. Finally,

the skillfully developed trombone legato should mirror those

qualities set forth by Manuel Garcia for singers: "perfect

intonation, equality of note value, equality of strength,

equality of degree of legato and a harmony of timbres."18

"Kleinhammer, op. cit..fig,

18 • •
Garcia, Hints on Singing. 20,
 CHAPTER IV

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE VOCALISE

The roots; of the vocalise lie in early solfeggio

exercises used by eighteenth-century Italian voice

teachers.1 Technically, the vocalizzo was to be performed

using one or more vowels while the solfeggio employed the

syllables of solmization.2 By the late eighteenth century,

the differences between vocalizzo and solfeggio became less

distinct. Collections of pre-existing compositions were

published in Paris in 1786 (and later at the Paris

Conservatory) that could be used either as solfeggi

exercises or vocalizzi.3

In early eighteenth-century Paris, the vocalise evolved

into two types of exercises. The first type, a variation of

solfeggi exercises, used pre-existing songs performed with

vowel sounds. The second type involved newly composed

etudes with piano accompaniment that were sung with vowel

j „ He.rm.an K l e ^ n ' "Solfeggio," Groves Dictionary of Music

gind Musicians, 5th ed., io vols., ed. Eric Blom (New York:
St. Martin's Press, 1954), VII, 878.

. 0 w e n Janders, "Vocalise," The New Grove Dictionary of

Wusic and Musicians, 20 vols., ed. Stanley Sadie (London:
Macmillan, 1980) , XX, 51.
3
Klein, loc. cit.

22
 23
sounds/ A sub-group of the second type of vocalise

consists of short, textless warxtiup and technique development

exercises sung with vowel sounds. These exercises are used

by many voice teachers today.5 Still another sub-group of

the second type consists of concert or performance pieces of

late Romantic or twentieth-century style entitled

"vocalise." These are textless accompanied compositions

meant to be performed as serious recital pieces rather than

etudes. This group is best represented by Rachmaninoff's

Vocalise, op. 34, no. 14 (1912), Ravel's Vocalise P.n

d*habanera (1907), Faure's Vocalise-etude (1907) and Vaughan

Williams' Three Vocalises for soprano and clarinet (1958).6

It is with the second type of vocalise, the originally

composed etudes with accompaniment, that this paper is

concerned.

Several nineteenth-century Parisian voice instructors

wrote collections of progressive exercises entitled

vocalises. The greatest amount of this compositional and

pedagogical work occurred in the first half of the century

even though the effort continued into the latter decades of

the century as well. The development of a smooth legato

style, control of the voice, and fine vocal agility similar

Janders, loc. cit.

5
Ibid.
6
Ibid.
 24
to that of the bel canto singers of the eighteenth century

became the prime objectives of these teachers. Each had his

own ideas as to how to accomplish this task and consequently

wrote original etudes tailored to develop particular aspects

of vocal technique with specific students.7

These vocalises have piano accompaniments and are

generally progressive in nature, therefore setting them at a

higher level than simply exercises for the voice.8 The

textless melody allows the singer to concentrate solely upon

tone, technique, and expression, much like the approach used

by instrumental performers.9

Marco Bordogni, Heinrich Panofka and Nicola Vaccai are

among the more noted teachers and writers of vocalises. A

second echelon of teachers and composers whose vocalises do

not approach the quality of those of the first group

includes Salvatore Marchesi, Mathilde Marchesi, Gaetano

Nava, Francesco Lamperti, Giuseppe Concone, and Ferdinand

Sieber. Many of the vocalises written by the first group

are virtuosic and demand experience and a high level of

vocal skill to perform.10

7
Ibid.

Willi Apel, "Vocalization," Harvard Dictionary of

1982^' 917 S d " ( C a m b r i d g e ' M a s s : Harvard University Press,

9
Klein, loc. cit.
10
Klein, loc. cit.
 25
Perhaps the most celebrated artist, singer, teacher,

and composer of the vocalise in his day was Giulio Marco

Bordogni (1789-1856). An Italian operatic tenor, Bordogni

enjoyed success in Italian operst houses and was later

employed for fourteen years at the Theatre-Italien in Paris.

As one of the outstanding tenors of his time, he was known

more for his vocal style and voice placement than for power

or acting ability. From 1820 until his death in 1856,

Bordogni taught voice at the Paris Conservatory.11

While tecLChing, he wrote an extensive series of

progressive vocalises that he published as his Methode_de

chant. The method is composed of thirteen volumes of

vocalises, the: last one of which contains duets. In all,

there are 120 vocalises and 12 duets in nine different

volumes. Some volumes contain duplications of earlier

vocalises but are transposed for different voices.12

Heinrich Panofka (1807-1887), a German-born violinist,

studied voice using Bordogni's method. Together with

Bordogni, he established the Academie du Chant des Amateurs

in 1842. Panofka moved to London in 1847 and while there

published his Practical Singing Tutor. His other vocal

works consisted of L'Art de chanter, op. 81; 24 Vocalises

n
Benny Sluchin, "G.M. Bordogni 1789-1856,"
International Trombone Association Journal XVII/2 (Spring
1989), 29. ~~
l2
Ibid.
 26

progressives, op. 85; 12 Vocalises d'artiste, op. 86; and

L'Ecole de chant.13

A contemporary of both Bordogni and Panofka, Giuseppe

Concone (1801-1861) moved to Paris in 1837. His reputation

was not that of a singer, but rather that of a teacher of

singing. Concone was a prolific writer of the vocalise and

published no fewer than five collections of etudes for all

voice ranges. u

Vocalises by S. Marchesi, M. Marchesi, Panofka, Sieber

and Concone still enjoy a limited use by voice teachers

today. They are generally easier than the Bordogni

vocalises and are accessible to students of limited

experience or ability. Because of their degree of

difficulty, most of the Bordogni vocalises require well

trained and experienced singers for effective musical

performances.

Albert Mell, "Heinrich Panofka," The New Grove

Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 20 vols., ed Stanley
Sadie (London: Macmillan, 1980), XIV, 157-158.

"Elizabeth Forbes, "Giuseppe Concone," The New Grove

Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 20 vols., ed. Stanley
Sadie (London: Macmillan, 1980), IV, 640.
 CHAPTER V

THE TROMBONE AND THE VOCALISE

In 1871, Paul Delisse became only the second trombone

teacher appointed to the Paris Conservatory, following Anton

Dieppo. Delisse is recognized as the first trombone teacher

to transcribe works of the great masters for pedagogical use

at the Conservatory.1

Paul Allard became the third trombone teacher at the

Conservatory in 1888, succeeding Paul Delisse. Allard

continued Delisse's tradition of transcribing works for his

students when he adapted the famous Arban cornet method for

trombone. Responsibility for the first transcribed use of

the vocalise also rests with Allard. He transcribed an

unknown number of vocalises of Marco Bordogni. Twenty-six

Bordogni etudes transcribed by Allard were published by

Alphonse Leduc through the efforts of Henri Couillaud in

1925.2

Allard's successor, Henri Couillaud, established the

vocalise as an important part of the trombone pedagogical

repertory. Couillaud transcribed a collection of 36

1
Andre Lafosse, Traite de Pedaaoaie du Trombone a
Coulisse (Paris: Alphonse Leduc, 1955), 17.
2
Ibid.

27
 28

vocalises of various composers, published in 1925 and a set

of vocalises by Henri Busser, published in 1927. In

addition, Couillaud transcribed a set of 36 Bordogni

vocalises in three volumes entitled Etudes de stvle.

published by Leduc in 1927. A set of Bordogni duets was

also transcribed by Couillaud in the late 1920's.3

Johannes Rochut, born in 1881, graduated with a first

prize from the Paris Conservatory in 1905 as a student of

Louis Allard/ In 1914, while a member and soloist of the

Garde Republicaine Band, he toured the United States and

received acclaim as a performer. In 1919, Rochut served as

trombonist and manager for the Concerts Koussevitskv. held

in Paris. When Koussevitsky took the conductor's post of

the Boston Symphony in 1925, he brought Rochut with him as

the principal trombonist. Rochvit remained in this position

for five years and then returned to Paris.5

In 1928, while still in America, Rochut transcribed and

published a collection of 120 Marco Bordogni vocalises for

trombone. Rochut also wrote several original etudes as well

as transcriptions of vocalises and compositions by Girolamo

Crescentini, Friedrich Dotzauer, Gioacchino Rossini, Johann

3
Ibid.
A
Fetter, "Joannes Rochut (1881-1952)." International
Trombone Association Journal. X/3 (Summer 1982), 22.
5-
Joannes Rochut, Lectures pour Trombone, ed. David
Fetter (Baltimore: David Fetter, 1984) , 26.
 29
Sebastian Bach and others. In 1902, Rochut transcribed 25
vocalises of the solfege lessons of Lucien Grandjany while
he was still a student at the Paris Conservatory. This body
of work has recently been published under the title Lectures
pour Trombone.6

Other vocalises have been adapted for use in teaching

trombone legato, most notably those of Giuseppe Concone.7

Similar works by Heinrich Panofka and Ferdinand Sieber have

also been transcribed.8 All of these vocalises are

generally more limited in range and are consequently easier

to perform than the Bordogni transcriptions. They do,

however, play a valuable role in making these types of

etudes available to younger, developing students.

Ibid.. ii.
7
Giuseppe Concone, 15 Vocalises, op. 12, ed. Willam
Cramer (North Easton, MA: Robert King Music, n.d.); Legato
Etudes, ed. John Shoemaker (New York: Carl Fischer 1969)•
Selection of Concone Studiesr ed. Donald Reinhart (Brvn
Mawr, PA: Theodore Presser, 1943); Giuseppe Concone and
Heinrich Panofka, Studies in Legato, ed. Reginald Fink (New
York: Carl Fischer, 1969); Miller, Donald, ed. 40 Legate
Studies, Op. 17 (Buffalo, NY: Ensemble Publications, n.d.).
8
Giuseppe Concone and Heinrich Panofka. Studies in
Legato, ed. Reginald Fink (New York: Carl Fischer 1969)-
Ferdinand Sieber, 60 Musical Studies,. 2 vols., ed.'David L.
Kuehn (San Antonio, TX: Southern Music, 1969).
 CHAPTER VI

THE TEACHING OF MUSICIANSHIP THROUGH USE

OF THE BORDOGNI VOCALISE

The vocalise clearly serves a pedagogical function in

the development of musicianship for the singer; and, the

transcriptions of those vocalises accomplish a similar goal

for the trombonist. In this discussion of the development

of the trombonist's musicianship, examples cited are drawn

from Benny Sluchin's edition of The Complete Book of

Vocalises, Volume l1 of the Marco Bordogni vocalises and

Johannes Rochut's transcriptions of the Marco Bordogni

vocalises. Rochut's transcriptions, the Melodious Etudes

for Trombone, are published in three volumes.2 The

Melodious Etudes are an invaluable source material for the

teaching of legato technique and they are probably the most

commonly used trombone study material throughout the world.

The Bordogni vocalises are ordered in a progressive

sequence based upon the difficulty of the vocalise. They

are not grouped by key relationships or by a particular

Benny Sluchin, ed., Giulio Marco Bordocrni; The

Complete Book of Vocalises for Trombone. 7 vols. (Coloqne:
Tezak, 1987). *
2
Johannes Rochut, Melodious Etudes for Trombone. 3
vols. (New York: Carl Fischer, 1928).
30
 31
skill or challenge to be developed and perfected. Some keys

have been altered by Rochut to better fit the needs of the

trombone. In most cases these alterations take the form of

changing the key from a flat key to a sharp key (i.e. E-flat

to E). This provides more etudes and challenges in keys not

traditionally used with regularity by trombonists.

The vocalises require comprehensive musical skills in

order to interpret them in the proper manner. Each etude

contains several challenges and skills to be learned, but

they do not concentrate on the development of one particular

skill to the esxclusion of others. A special problem may be

emphasized, e.g, the mixing of duple and triple subdivisions

of the beat, but there are still passages that demand

flexibility, .phrasing, dynamics, pacing and other techniques

within the etude.

Piano accompaniments were written for all of the

Bordogni vocalises. This sets these etudes apart from the

standard technical etudes commonly used in the teaching

studio. With the addition of the accompaniment, the

trombonist now must also concentrate on musicality and the

blend of the trombone with the piano, in addition to the

technical demands posed by the etude. The etude no longer

is an exercise in notes, but now becomes a musical ensemble

and performance piece, demanding all of the necessary facets

of good musicianship. As such, these etudes are suitable

for recital programming.

 32
Until recently, the accompaniments were not available

with the trombone editions. Originally, all 120 vocalises

for voice and piano were published by the G. Schirmer

Company. These are now out of print. Currently, two voice

and piano editions are available. These are published by

Belwin Mills and are entitled 24 Easy vocalisea, which

contains etudes found in Volume One of Rochut's Melodious

Etudes, and Thirtv-six Vocalises, which contains etudes

found in Volumes Two and Three of Rochut's Melodious

Etudes.3 These two voice and piano editions only encompass

half of the existing 120 vocalises! However, a new trombone

edition of the Bordogni vocalises edited by Benny Sluchin is

now in preparation. This edition will include all

accompaniments and will be published in seven volumes of

which, Volume One is currently available. All original

Bordogni keys, tempo markings, phrasing and dynamics will be

retained in the new edition.4

According to Lafosse, one must consider the development

of a smooth, controlled and well sustained legato technique

3 • « •
A listing matching these piano accompaniments to the
Rochut edition numbering system may be found in the
International Trombone Association Journal. XII/3 V(January
1984) 25-26.
4
The preface of the Sluchin edition lists the entire
number of the Bordogni vocalises and matches them with the
Rochut edition numbering system.
 33
as the foundation for good musical style.5 Keeping Manuel

Garcia*s above-mentioned five goals of vocal legato

development in mind, regular weekly practice of the vocalise

provides the student with the means of developing the proper

legato technique.

The development of a good legato revolves around the

careful coordination of three elements: the air stream, the

tongue and the slide. The trombonist must cultivate a

steady air stream that is consistent through the entire

phrase. The tongue should articulate each note cleanly with

a soft attack in precise coordination with a quick, secure

slide movement. Uneven notes, poor slide location

(intonation) and slow slide movement producing unwanted

portamento effects are to be avoided at all costs. Indeed,

the student's goal in practicing these etudes should be to

rid his playing of such unwanted problems.

Only when the legato skill has been developed to a

sufficient degree can the trombonist approach the Bordogni

etudes successfully. Once this is accomplished, the etudes

provide an excellent vehicle for the development of lip

flexibility, phrasing and breath control, dynamics and

expression, tempo and rubato, key and scale relationships,

ornamentation, alternate positioning, and phrase shaping.

5
Andre La fosse, Traite de Pedacrocrie dii Trombone a
Coulisse (Paris: Alphonse Leduc, 1955), 28.
 34
Lip Flexibility and Endurance

Lip flexibility and agility are outgrowths of a good

legato style. Flexibility is that quality of the embouchure

that allows the player to shift rapidly from note to note,

while maintaining precise control over the notes. Intervals

of a second or third do not pose major problems unless

carried over a wide range or performed at a fast tempo.

Interval leaps of a fourth or larger are challenging at any

tempo. The Bordogni vocalises present lip flexibility

challenges in a number of ways:

1. Several interval leaps in consecutive order (Fig.

1)

2. Moderate interval leaps mixed with stepwise motion

(Fig. 2)

3. Wide interval leaps mixed with stepwise motion

(Fig. 3)

Figure 1 illustrates an arpeggiated figure over the

span of a minor tenth. Taken by themselves, the individual

intervals are not difficult. However, a chain of such

intervals in this ascending pattern and at a moderate tempo

will present problems of flexibility. This problem should

be approached as if slurring over the wide interval made by

using only the lowest and highest notes of the arpeggio.

This necessitates a radical embouchure shift as well as a

firm, even air stream with breath pressure increasing to

 35
lift up to e-flat1,6 and then a lessening of pressure with

the embouchure shift slurring back down to c. In effect, a

faster air stream is used when slurring from a low note to a

high note. The figure should not be slurred from one note

up to the next, and to the next, and so on, but should be

thought of as a smooth lift from the lowest note to the

highest note and back to the lowest note, with the lip

allowing all of the written pitches in between to sound.

if

Slurring from note to note to note will' create a stilted,

unrhythmic phrase. The above technique will produce a

smooth, flowing musical phrase. (Fig. 1)

Figure 1. Flexibility passage, Etude No. 20, measures 6-7,

Bordogni-Sluchin.

£
Am sTRCAtt >

Interval leaps mixed with notes in stepwise motion pose

a different type of problem. Stepwise motion is slurred

with relative ease, however a leap inserted into a such a

passage requires an instantaneous embouchure shift and an

adjustment of the air stream. In Figure 2, the phrase opens

6
In this paper, the designation of notes will follow
this guide:
 36
with an interval leap followed by stepwise motion. This

pattern is repeated twice with the entire phrase ascending

from f to g1. Complicating this passage are grace notes

before each three note motive. Again, the ascending phrase

must be supported as if slurring from f to g1 with a steady

air stream that increases in breath pressure as the notes go

higher. More breath pressure is used to blow over the wider

intervals than is used for the stepwise notes. (Fig. 2)

Figure 2. Flexibility passage, Etude No. 20, measures 20-

24, Bordogni-Sluchin.

Figure 3 is a third type flexibility challenge. This

two measure phrase is composed primarily of stepwise motion.

The phrase starts with a wide interval leap of a minor

seventh. Interspersed between the scale passages of the

following measure are four interval leaps of an octave. The

wide leaps are difficult enough as they stand, but the tempo

requires a quick embouchure shift to drop to the octave and

then return. In this situation, it becomes easy to "ghost"

the lower note of the octave by letting up on the firmness

of the air stream and not focusing the embouchure. As

important as it is to blow into an ascending interval (as

illustrated in Figures l and 2), it is equally important, in

 37
this case, to blow down through the descending interval,

keeping the embouchure focused upon the desired pitch. In

this example, the octave shifts are accomplished through a

natural slur not requiring a change of position, but

requiring an extreme shift of the embouchure and a focused

air stream. (Fig. 3)

Figure 3. Flexibility passage, Etude No. 20, measures 8-9,

Bordogni-Sluchin.

In all cases, the air stream must remain constant and

1

uninterrupted. Embouchure shifts must be directly

coordinated with the tonguing of each note and the

compression of the air stream.

At a minimum, the ranges of the vocalises span an

interval of an eleventh (usually an even wider interval).

Much of the writing is in the upper portion of this range.

Many phrases will span the entire range of the vocalise in

one or two measures. These techniques of lip flexibility

would not be possible without the efficient use of air

cultivated in developing the legato technique. The fact

that most Bordogni etudes are demanding from an endurance

 38
standpoint also helps in the development of a strong,

flexible embouchure.

Phrasing and Breath Control

All phrases in the Bordogni etudes are well marked with

the customary slur indications. To shape the phrases

accurately, the air stream must flow steadily and freely

through each one. The player must not allow the consistent

push of the air to diminish until completion of the last

note of the phrase.

Clipping the last note of the phrase will destroy the

desired smooth and continuous effect. This often occurs

when the student runs out of breath at the end of a phrase

and shortens the last note in order to get a breath as soon

as possible. The g at the end of the first phrase in Figure

4 should be held its full length and then the breath should

be taken. (Fig. 4)

Figure 4. Finishing the phrase, Etude No. 20, measures 27-

30, Bordogni-Sluchin.

rail. a phjcert

Trying to stretch one breath over too many phrases may

result in a clipped phrase end, a progressively weaker sound
or intonation problems. Students also tend to clip the
 39
phrase when fast passages allow little time for a breath.

In these cases, the last note is shortened in order to steal

time for a breath. In any event, the final note of each

phrase should always be properly completed. This "finishing

the phrase" is important in creating a smooth, supple legato

style. Even though a reasonable amount of time should be

allotted to take a relaxed breath, care must be exercised so

that taking breaths does not disrupt the legato effect and

produce a disjunct, choppy style. It is advisable to take

breaths when the opportunity presents itself. A series of

small "catch" breaths will often carry the student through

difficult or awkward sections. (Fig. 5)

Figure 5. Catch breath, Etude No. 76, measures 13-14,

Bordogni-Rochut. CATCH
—-— —— »RffATH

Pacing of the air flow is just as important as knowing

when to breathe. Some phrases are unusually long. In these

circumstances, the student must apportion the air in such a

way as to provide a minimum amount in an efficient way.

"Gusting" air through phrases causes the notes to sound

overblown and raucous, wastes air and does not provide the

desired smoothness of style and agility. Students who

overpower phrases with the brute force of the air generally

 40
are unable to sustain sound through a long phrase and their

playing seems heavy and inflexible.

The actual amount of air needed to cause the lips to

vibrate is minimal, except when playing at a loud dynamic

level. The important factor is air support and breath

pressure and not volumes of air flowing through the lips.

On long flowing phrases (Fig. 6), more air is used

internally to support breath pressure than actually flows

through the lips causing them to vibrate. This is economic

use of the air stream and is necessary for proper pacing of

air through phrases. Tones should float through the

instrument on the stream of air, not be kicked or thrust

through by brute force.

Figure 6. Pacing of the air, Etude No. 76, measures 25-26,

Bordogni-Rochut.

./ra s -U

Dynamics and Expression

While phrase markings are plentiful in the Rochut

etudes, only a limited number of dynamic markings are

evident. Rochut actually removed some of the original

Bordogni dynamics. The absence of dynamics causes the

student to call upon his training and sense of musical

 41
interpretation rather than just following the written

dynamic "road signs." The dynamics provided by the author

and editor should be applied to overall sections of the

music. Dynamic contrast within phrases, however, is the

responsibility of the performer.

The natural rise and fall of the melodic line provides

ample opportunity for subtle nuances in dynamics. Slight

crescendos in ascending passages, decrescendos in descending

passages, dynamic peaks at the high or low note of each

phrase, the terracing of dynamics in sequential patterns,

and crescendos or decrescendos leading to cadences or

fermatas are all common ways to shape a phrase dynamically.

These nuances should not be exaggerated or overdone to any

degree since the performance can become cliched and maudlin.

Figure 7 is an example of a crescendo rising through an

ascending arpeggiated line and then decrescendoing as the

line falls. There should be a slight stretching of the top

and bottom notes of each arpeggio. (Fig. 7)

Figure 7. Subtle dynamics, Etude No. 20, measures 6-7,

Bordogni-Sluchin.

The player should be encouraged to use vibrato as a

means of expression on longer notes within phrases. A
 42

subtle lip, jaw or slide vibrato is appropriate for the

Bordogni vocalises. A jazz style slide vibrato is not

appropriate stylistically and should not be used* A

combination of vibrato and a crescendo or decrescendo on

longer note values prevents them from becoming stagnant and

boring. Vibrato provides musical interest for the etude as

it warms the sound.

Figure 8 combines vibrato on longer notes with a

dynamic contrast based on the rise and fall of the melodic

line. The effect created is one of smooth controlled tone

with a relaxed and melodious flow of the notes. These

nuances lend necessary expression, character and interest to

the melodic line. (Fig. 8)

Figure 8. Use of vibrato, Etude No. 76, measures 1-4,

Bordogni-Rochut.
VI1,

In all cases, the dynamic expression should be subtle

and reflect the character of the particular etude. The

proper balance of subtle expression with smooth, flexible

legato style should always be foremost in the mind of the

student who practices the etude.

 43

Tempo and Rubato

Bordogni assigned tempo designations and metronomic

markings to virtually all of his vocalises. The student,

however, who practices and performs these etudes with

unwavering metronomic precision not only does the study an

injustice, but also fails to "make music."

In many etudes, the metronomic markings are given in a

subdivision of the main beat. For example, in Etude No. 76,

the meter is 6/8, but the metronomic indication is eighth

note equals 96. Initially, the etude should be practiced

with this subdivision. Learning difficult rhythms and

awkward passages is easier when subdividing. Once the etude

is learned and the flow of the line is achieved, the student

should approach the performance of the etude as if the

dotted quarter note was to receive the main pulse and not

the eighth note. This produces more flowing, musical

phrases and allows the player to add more character to his

interpretation.

Besides observing the rallentandos and ritardandos

prior to major cadences, the student must let the music

proceed at its own pace. As with dynamics and expression,

the tempo marking is a general overall designation. With

that as a point of departure, tii& use of rubato within

phrases becomes necessary.

 44

As was the case with dynamics, the subtle use of rubato

by the performer in correlation with the rise and fall of

the melodic line provides a more musical interpretation. In

many cases, the agogic weight provided by longer notes calls

for those notes to be stretched, particularly at high points

or at the ends of phrases (Fig. 9).

The repeated interval of a major second in the first

measure of Figure 9 calls for a speeding, up of the tempo

through the descending melodic line, and a slowing of tempo

as the line ascends to the g. The quarter note g, being the

longest note of the phrase, carries the agogic weight and

should be slightly stretched. The last note of the phrase

must be held full value in order to finish the phrase

statement.

Figure 9. Use of rubato, Etude No. 20, measures 2-3,

Bordogni-Sluchin.
«TR£TtH

SfMO Uf.... SuoUMft

When using rubato, the overall tempo and natural pacing

of the piece must be kept in mind. Overuse or

indiscriminate use of rubato will destroy the sense of tempo

and pacing and, carried to extremes, results in what could

be described as incorrect rhythm.

 45

Kev and Scale Relationships

Extended scale passages, scale fragments and arpeggios

that reinforce the tonality are frequently found in the

vocalises. Prior to practicing these etudes, the student

should have mastered all major and minor scales so that when

these patterns appear in the etude, their execution is

automatic. The scale challenges that occur in these etudes

include incomplete scales, modal scale fragments and scale

passages that do not start on tonic. These types of scale

fragments are generally not learned when normally practicing

scales for lessons or scale juries.

The stepwise movement of scales and interval leaps of

arpeggios provide challenges for smooth legato playing,

slide coordination and breath support, particularly at

faster tempos. (Fig. 10)

Figure 10. Scale passages, Etude No. 76, measures 13-16,

BordogniHRochut.

E. M'T"', Scalp To 13E OoMltMNT

EMAXoR. SCAiX

Ornamentgition

A large percentage of Bordogni vocalises contains

various types of ornamentation. Two types of ornaments,

 46

grace notes and turns (arupettos), occur with regular

frequency. A third ornament, the trill, occurs less

frequently.

Grace notes or short appoaaituras are placed before the

beat. Negotiating a single grace note within a phrase will

not tax the student, but phrases that have several grace

notes within them may be problematic. It is difficult to

maintain a fluid legato line while playing successive grace

notes. Many students think of grace notes as extraneous

appendages and tend to play them in that manner. This

approach produces a stilted and choppy phrase. The player

must think of grace notes as integral members of the phrase.

A series of grace notes occurs in Figure 11. The

phrase begins with the first grace note and not the first

major note. The attack of the first grace note must be firm

and focused as if the note was one of a longer duration.

However, this grace note figure requires a light, quick

"tah" articulation with the tip of the tongue leading

immediately to the d with a softer articulation. This

results in a quick double stroke of the tongue for each

grace note figure. All grace notes are articulated with a

lighter touch of the tongue on the same flowing air stream

while blowing to the end of the phrase. (Fig. 11)

Figure 11. Grace notes, Etude No. 20, measures 35-36,

Bordogni-Sluchin.
 47

During practice, if difficulty is encountered in a

passage such as Figure 11, it may be helpful to reduce the

passage to a single repeated note exercise (Fig. 12). The

rhythm should remain the same. It is easier to achieve the

proper style and articulation by using the same repeated

note. Start by developing proper flow of the air by playing

the phrase without the grace notes. Once smoothness and air

flow is achieved, add in the grace notes with the lighter,

focused, tongued articulation. When all notes speak evenly

and a smooth flow is developed, return to the original

phrase notes and duplicate the articulation and air flow

developed with the repeated note exercise. The interval

movement to different notes will require an adjustment of

breath pressure, but the articulation and flow of the air

should be the same. (Fig. 12)

Figure 12. Grace note development exercise.

r,
Fox. SrtO0THM<SS AMb FL6U) NOTES TWC PHR4S6
AIR STREAM > ->

Turns appear less frequently than grace notes. They

are sometimes written out and at other times designated by

the symbol for a turn ( C O ) • Once again, the turn must be

thought of as an integral part of the phrase from the air-

stream standpoint. Using a quick, light soft legato

 48

articulation while maintaining steady breath pressure will

keep the notes of the turn clean and even.

In general, grupettos should be executed rhythmically

according to the following guidelines:

1. All turns are five-note patterns consisting of the

principal note, the upper neighbor, the principal
note, the lower neighbor and the principal note.

2. When the principal note is divisible by two, the

grupetto has a duple subdivision in a ratio of one
note to four notes. For example:
or 3/8 =r
ftr= rfe^rr ft
This is the normal method of execution.
^
(Fig. 13)

Figure 13. The turn, Etude No. 76, measures 7-8, Bordogni-
Rochut.

3. An alternate method to number two above may be

used when the tempo is fast enough to disallow
graceful slide execution of the grupetto in a
style commensurate with the vocalise. Using the
same example at a faster tempo: (Fig. 14)
90

rtr = uus u
Figure 14. The turn, Etude No. 74, measure 26, Bordogni-
Rochut.

a
f'f Pfyfrrrrriri-i
 49
4. The third type of execution occurs when the
principal note is divisible by three, normally a
dotted rhythm ( f £ ) . In this case, the turn is
always executed as a triplet:
J =
nr rtforr
in order to provide the proper rhythmic placement
of the eighth note (in this case).7 (Fig. 15)

Figure 15. The turn, Etude No. 74, measure 7, Bordogni-

Rochut.

A distinct advantage of playing the Rochut etudes is

that the student encounters these variants of ornamentation
and learns to deal with them in a musically correct way.
Trills occur in very limited numbers and in many cases
they cannot be easily performed on trombone. They are more
idiomatic of valved brass than the trombone and are the most
difficult type of ornament to execute musically on the
trombone. Those found in the trombone's upper register (b-
flat to c2) can usually be executed as a lip trill. A lip
trill requires extreme flexibility of the embouchure and
firm breath pressure. The lip trill is easier to perform if

'Joseph Jean B. L. Arban, Arban's Famous Method for

Trombone. ed. for trombone Charles L. Randall and Simeone
Mantia (New York: Carl Fischer, 1936), 91-106.
 50

it occurs in the upper register between partials of the same

overtone series. This is usually not the case in the

Bordogni vocalises. Those below b-flat are generally

unplayable and are best omitted. Trills with the valve of

the "F" attachment are usually stiff and mechanical and do

not fit the style of the vocalises. For this reason, the

use of valve trills on these etudes should be avoided.

Figure 16 illustrates two trills typical of the

Bordogni vocalises. Both trills are too low in the overtone

series to trill between partials of the same series. In

this case another method must be employed. For the first

trill, the two notes to be trilled may be located in

adjacent slide positions by using alternate positions. The

upper trill note should slur from a longer position to the

lower trill note in a shorter position (Fig. 17). This

creates a trill between different partials of different

overtone series usually called "against the grain" playing

by trombonists. There will, therefore, be a slight

separation or "bump" between the two notes. The trill

starts on the sixth position c1 and is slurred to and from

the fifth position b-flat, with a flexible, rapid embouchure

change while maintaining constant and firm breath support.

The trill is started slowly and gradually speeds up.

Certain syllables aid in the proper use and position of the

tongue, lips, and oral cavity over the duration of the trill

(Fig. 17). As the trill continues, the slide position is

 51

gradually shortened to remain in fifth position until the

completion of the trill. This causes an upper pitch

adjustment to c-sharp1, but as the trill started on c1, this

slight change is not noticeable. The second trill is

executed in the same manner, except that the standard

accepted slide positions may be used as the two notes, e-

flat1 and d-flat1, occur naturally in adjacent slide

positions (Fig. 17).

Figure 16. The trill, Etude No. 74, measures 1-5, Bordogni-
Rochut.

r rtf.f *>f,r

Figure 17. Trills in adjacent positions.

I «•
(6 *S") C£__V) » *

Tiklk #e «k eft «K ce «K«e Ace «k

9fkA»Y •
Stett> »F "iRtt-i- i m c X C A •

The trills originally written in these pieces are

idiomatic and feasible requirements for singers. Because of

the unique nature of the trombone slide, the execution of

trills can be a problem in the transcriptions of these same

pieces. A possible substitution for unplayable trills is to

play an inverted mordant (Fig.18). This may prove more

 52

desireable than leaving the trill out completely. In some

cases, though, the omission of the ornament may be the best

policy. (Fig 18)

Figure 18. Inverted mordent substitution for trill, Etude

No. 74, measures 1-5, Bordogni-Rochut.

Alternate Positioning

The use of alternate positions for the trombonist is

fundamental to the 'development of smooth legato and

efficiency of execution. Woodwind players simply depress or

release keys to change pitch. Players of valved brass

instruments depress valves in combination with variable lip

tension to create pitch changes. The trombonist, however,

alters lip tension and physically maneuvers the slide

through seven positions in order to change pitches. The

unwieldy shifting of the slide through various position

combinations takes more time, speed and effort than the

simple depression or release of valves.

Alternate positions provide the trombonist with a means

to accelerate playing, smooth out legato, assist in

 53

slurring, and avoid long and awkward slide movements. In

short, alternate positions allow more efficient playing.

Alternate positions may be used to shorten slide

movements between notes, therefore accelerating playing

speed.8 Alternate positions are used for d1, which avoids

an awkward back-and-forth slide motion. This provides an

easier more fluid slide motion where more notes may be

played in a single direction motion of the slide. (Fig. 19)

Figure 19. Alternate positions accelerate playing, Etude

No. 20, measures 21-24, Bordiogni-Sluchin.
1 i III

A more fluid melodic line is possible when slurring in

stepwise motion to the same partials of different overtone

series (Fig. 20). Playing Figure 20 using standard

positions would necessitate slurring up from one partial of

an overtone series to a different partial of another

overtone series while extending the slide. A natural

separation or "bump" will occur disrupting the smooth line.

Playing b-flat in fifth position and slurring to c1 in third

position uses the fifth partial of two separate overtone

'Numbers used in these figures indicate the normal

accepted slide positions. Numbers in parenthesis indicate
alternate positions.
 54

series, avoids the "bump", and produces a smoother legato

line. (Fig. 20)

Figure 20. Alternate positions smooth out legato, Etude

No. 20, measures 2-3, Bordogni-Sluchin.
i i I it »
(& S S S s)

The use of alternate positions may make a large

interval slur easier to execute. Figure 21 shows a stepwise

passage with a large interval leap of a minor seventh in the

center of the phrase. Normally, first position b-flat would

be slurred out to third position a-flat1. This would

require a slide extension movement and would necessitate

filling out a longer tube length with air as well as using

increased breath pressure blowing into the upward slur.

Playing the b-flat in fifth position and slurring up to the

a-flat1 in third position, makes the physical properties of

the instrument work to the player's advantage. By

shortening the slide when slurring up to a note, the air

already in the tubing is compressed and assists the breath

pressure used in slurring to the higher note. This

technique is particularly invalueible when negotiating wide

interval slurs at a fast tempo. (Fig. 21)

 55

Figure 21. Wide interval slur assist, Etude No. 20,

measures 33-34, Bordogni-Sluchin.

Phrase Shaping

Each musical composition usually has a high point or

pivot point9 of that piece. This is usually a point toward

which the etude has been building harmonically and

melodically and after which there is a controlled descent to

the final cadence. This high point could be a section of

the loudest, most dynamic playing, the highest notes of the

piece, the most difficult section of the piece or a

combination of all three circumstances. One creates musical

tension in building to this high point, and upon reaching

it, there is a release of that tension and a feeling of

relaxation thsit flows to the end.

The identification of this high point is fundamental to

the proper interpretation of the entire etude. It controls

how one should approach the etude and the manner of playing

and techniques used to reach this high point.

9
Philip Farkas, The Art of Musicianship (Bloomington,
IN: Musical Publications, 1976), 9.
 56

Each phrase is a small etude. Within the phrase

one finds a similar pivot point or a point where the tension

is resolved and relaxation occurs. Identifying this pivot

will enable the player to musically shape the phrase. The

proper use of dynamics, rubato, vibrato, and articulation

also serves to shape the phrase. Without this shaping,

there is no direction to the music. (Fig. 22)

Figure 22. Shaping the phrase, Etude No. 20, measures 2-5,
Bordogni-Sluchin.
PiverT TSJsio

•^RESOLUTION RESoLuT (ON

The three etudes selected to illustrate the techniques

of the development of musicianship in this chapter are

typical of the Bordogni vocalises. They are comprehensive

in the requirement of numerous skills and techniques

demanded of the trombonist. As illustrated, many of these

techniques are related to others while some may stand alone.

The etudes require students to practice conscientiously the

skills necessary to perform them properly. In so doing,

students go beyond merely playing the correct notes and

develop a more musical approach toward performing.

 CHAPTER VII

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

Throughout its history in Western music, the trombone

has performed vocally derived music and has enjoyed its own

body of literature composed in a lyrical vocal style. The

development of a flowing, supple legato style is very

similar for the voice and the trombone. Literature written

to develop these techniques for the vocal student has a

direct application to the development of the same techniques

for the trombonist.

The vocalises of Marco Bordogni provide excellent

pedagogical material for the trombonist. The practice and

performance of these vocalises develops the trombonist's

technique and musicality in an expressive and lyrical style.

Application of those valuable qualities of musicianship

to literature for the trombone becomes the next major step.

The correct performance of the tenor trombone solo of the

"Tuba mirum" from Mozart's Requiem, requires the same

techniques and expression as learned from the vocalises.

The vocalises prepare the trombonist to take a more musical

approach when performing of the body of trombone solo and

ensemble literature.

57
 APPENDIX

TROMBONE VOCALISE EDITIONS

58
 APPENDIX

Trombone Vocal iise Editions

Tenor Trombone

Bordogni, G. Marco. Etudes de style. 3 vols., ed. Henri

Couillaud. Paris: Alphonse Leduc, 1927.

.. 36 Advanced Leaato Studies, ed. Keith Brown. New

York: International Music Corp., 1975.

. 24 Leaato Studies, ed. Keith Brown. New York:

International Music Corp., 1972.

Busser, Henri. Douze Etudes Melodiaues. ed. Henri

Couillaud. Paris: Alphonse Leduc, 1927.

Concone, Giuseppe. 15 Vocalises. Op. 12, ed. William

Cramer. North Easton, MA: Robert King Music, n.d.

. Leaato Etudes, ed. John Shoemaker. New York: Carl

Fischer, 1969.
_______ Selection of Concone Studies, ed. Donald Reinhart.
Bryn Mawr, PA: Theodore Presser, 1943.

and Heinrich Panofka. Studies in Leaato. ed.

Reginald Fink. New York: Carl Fischer, 1969.

Faure, Gabriel, Henri Rabaud, et. al. Pieces melodiaues.

vols., ed. Henri Couillaud. Paris: Alphonse Leduc,
1925.
Miller, Donald, ed. 40 Leaato Studies for Trombone. Op. 17.
Buffalo, New York: Ensemble Publications, Inc., n.d.

Rochut, Joanmjs. Lectures pour Trombone, ed. David Fetter,

Baltimore, MD: David Fetter, 1984.
Rochut, Johannes, ed. Melodious Etudes for Trombone. 3
vols. New York: Carl Fischer, 1928.
Sluchin, Benny, ed. Giulio Marco Bordoani: The Complete
Book of Vocalises for Trombone. 7 vols. Cologne:
Tezak, 1987.
59
 60

Bass Trombone and Tuba

Bordogni, G. Marco. 4 3 Bel Canto Studies, ed. Chester

Roberts. North Easton, MA: Robert King Music, 1972.

Melodious Etudes, ed. Allen Ostrander. New York:

Carl Fischer, n.d.
Concone, Giusesppe and Heinrich Panofka. Studies in Legato,
ed. Reginald Fink. New York: Carl Fischer, 1969.

Sieber, Ferdinand. 60 Musical Studies (for tuba), 2 vols.,

ed. David L. Kuehn. San Antonio, TX: Southern Music,
1969.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books and Articles

Apel, Willi. "Alta," Harvard Dictionary of Music. 2nd ed.,

ed. Willi. Apel. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University
Press, 1982, 30.
"Vocalization,11 Harvard Dictionary of Music. 2nd
ed., ed. Willi Apel. Cambridge Mass: Harvard
University Press, 1982, 917-918.

Appleman, D. Ralph. The Science of Vocal Pedagogy.

Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press, 1967.

Baines, Anthony C. Brass Instruments. Their History and

Development. London: Fabesr and Faber, 1980.

. "Trombone," Grove Dictionary of Music and

Musicians. 5th ed., 10 vols., ed. Eric Blom. New York:
St. Martin's Press, 1954, VIII, 555.

"Trombone," The New Grove Dictionary of Music and

Musicians. 20 vols., ed. Stanley Sadie. London:
Macmillian, 1980, XIX, 166.

Bate, Philip. The Trumpet and Trombone. 2nd revised ed.

New York: W.W. Norton, 1978.

Baxter, Leroy Everette. The Use of Selected Vocal Materials

from the Classical and Romemtic Periods as a Method of
Teaching Musical Stvle Characteristics to Trombone
Students. Ed. D. dissertation, Arizona State
University, 1973.
Berlioz, Hector. Treatise on Instrumentation, revised ed.,
ed. Richard Strauss, trans. Theodore Front. New York:
Edwin F. Kalmus, 1948.
Christy, Van A. Expressive Singing. 2 vols. Dubuque, IA:
Wm. C. Brown Co., 1967.
Comelek, Barbara. Allusions to the Vocal Art in Selected
Wind Instrument Pedagogical Sources. D.A.
dissertation, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 1985.

61
 62

Duerksen, George. "The Voice of the Trombone," Brass

Anthology. Evanston, IL: Instrumentalist Co., 1980,
362-363.
Farkas, Philip, The Art of Brass Plavinq. Bloomington,
Indiana: Brass Publications, 1962.
. The Art of Musicianship. Bloomington, Indiana:
Musical Publications, 1976.
Fetter, David. "Joannes Rochut (1881-1952)," International
Trnmhnne Association Journal X/3 (Summer 1982), 22-23.

Fink, Reginald. The Trombonist's Handbook. Athens, Ohio:

Accura Music, 1977.
Forbes, Elizabeth. "Concone, Giuseppe," The New Grove
Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 20 vols., ed.
Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillian, 1980, IV, 640.

Fuller-Maitland, J. A. "Bordogni, Marco." Grove Dictionary

of Music and Musicians. 5th ed., 10 vols., ed. Eric
Blom. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1954, I, 814.

Garcia, Manuel. A Complete Treatise on the Art of Singing

(Paris, 1841-1872), 2 vols., collated, ed. and trans.
Donald V. Paschke. New York: Da Capo Press, 1984.

Hints on Singing (Paris, 1894), revised ed., trans.

Beata Garcia. New York: Joseph Patelson Music House
Ltd., 1982.
Gregory, Robin. The Trombone. London: Faber and Faber,
1973.

Gualerzi, Giorgio. "Bordogni, Marco." The New Grove

Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 20 vols., ed.
Stanley Sadie. London: Meicmillan, 1980, III, 18.

Hills, Ernie. "16th Century Trombone Usage: The Extant

Music of the Florentine Intermedii," International
Trombone Association Journal XIV/4 (Fall 1986) , 40-41.

Humfeld, Neil. "Bordogni Vocalise-Exercise, Etude or Solo?"

International Trombone Association Journal XII/1
(1984), 25-26.
Janders, Owen. "Vocalise," The New Grove Dictionary of
Music and Musicians. 20 vols., ed. Stanley Sadie.
London: Macmillan, 1980, XX, 51.
 63

Kenton, Egon. Life and Works of Giovanni Gabrieli. vol. 16

of Musicoloaical Studies and Documents, ed. Armen
Carapetyan. N.p.: American Institute of Musicology,
1967.
Kinsky, Georg. Geschichte der Musik in Bildern. Leipzig:
Breitkopf and Hartel, 1929.
Klein, Herman. "Solfeggio," Grove Dictionary of Music and
Musicians. 5th ed., 10 vols., ed. Eric Blom. New York:
St. Martin's Press, 1954, VII, 878.

Kleinhammer, Edward. The Art of Trombone Playing.

Evanston, IL: Summy-Birchard Co., 1963.

Lafosse, Andre. Methode Complete de Trombone a Coulisse. 2

vols. Paris: Alphonse Leduc, 1946.
. Traite de Pedaaoaie du Trombone a Coulisse. Paris:
Alphonse Leduc, 1955.
Mell, Albert. "Panofka, Heinrich," The New Grove Dictionary
of Music and Musicians. 20 vols., ed. Stanley Sadie.
London: Macmillan, 1980, XIV, 157-158.

Mersenne, Marin. Harmonie Universelle (1636), trans, and

ed. Roger E. Chapman. The Hague, Netherlands:
Martinus Nijhoff, 1957.
Miller, Richard. The structure of Singing: System and Art
in Vocal Technigue. London: Schirmer Books, 1986.

Piston, Walter. Orchestration. New York: W.W. Norton,

1955.
Praetorius, Michael. Syntagma Musicum (Wolfenbuttel, 1618-
1619), 3 vols., trans, and ed. David Cookes. Oxford:
Claredon Press, 1986.

Sluchin, Benny, "G. M. Bordogni 1789-1856," International

Trombone Association Journal XVII/2 (Spring 1989), 29-
31.
Speer, Daniel, Grund-richtiger Unterricht der Musikalischen
Kunst . . . . Ulm: Verlag George Wilhelm Kuhnen, 1687.
Microcard of the original copy in the Sibley Library,
Eastman School of Music, Rochester, New York.
Terry, Charles Sanford. Bach's Orchestra. London: Oxford
University Press, 1932.
 64

Vernnard, William. Singing—The Mechanism and the

Technigue. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Edwards Bros.
Inc., 1950.
Wick, Dennis. Trombone Technigue. revised ed. London:
Oxford University Press, 1975.
Wigness, C. Robert. The Soloistic Use of the Trombone in
Eighteenth Century Vienna. Nashville: The Brass
Press, 1978.
Yeo, Douglas. "A Pictorial History of Low Brass Players in
the Boston Symphony," International Trombone
Association Journal XIV/4 (1986), 12-21.

Unpublished Materials

Cramer, William F. "The Bordogni. Vocalises as Pedagogical

Material," Workshop Notes, International Trombone
Workshop, Belmont College, Nashville, TN, May 1988.

Marsteller, Loren, "Style and Interpretation of

Bordogni/Rochut and Blazevich Etudes," Workshop Notes,
International Trombone Workshop, Belmont College,
Nashville, TN, May 1987.

Music

Arban, Joseph Jean B. L. Arban11 s Famous Method for

Trombone. ed. Charles L. Randall and Simone Mantia.
New York: Carl Fischer, 1932.
Bordogni, G. Marco. Thirtv-six Vocalises. Melville, New
York: Belwin Mills Publishing Corp., n.d.

Bordogni, G. Marco. 24 Easy Vocalises. Melville, New York:

Belwin Mills Publishing Corp., n.d.

Concone, Giuseppe. 15 Vocalises. Op. 12, ed. William

Cramer. North Easton, MA: Robert King Music, n.d.
. Legato Etudes, ed John Shoemaker. New York: Carl
Fischer, 1969.
. Selection of Concone Studies, ed. Donald Reinhart.
Bryn Mawr, PA: Theodore Presser, 1943.

_ and Heinrich Panofka. Studies in Legato, ed.

Reginald Fink. New York: Carl Fischer, 1969.
 65

Miller, Donald, ed. 40 Legato Studies for Trombone. Op. 17.

Buffalo, New York: Ensemble Publications Inc., n.d.

Panofka, Heinrich. The Art of Singing, Op. 81. Melville,

New York: Belwin Mills Publishing Corp., n.d.

Rochut, Johannes, ed. Melodious Etudes for Trombone, 3

vols. New York: Carl Fischer, 1928.
Sluchin, Benny, ed. Giulio Marco Bordoani: The Complete
Rook of Vocalises for Trombone. 7 vols. Cologne:
Tezak, 1987.